Fiction as verbal art. World literature

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ART LITERATURE AS THE ART OF THE WORD. THE LITERARY PROCESS

Fiction(from Latin “letter”, “letter”) is a kind of art that masters the world in an artistic word.

Art is the reproduction of life in artistic images. It has always been and is one of the most important factors in the spiritual life of mankind, because it stimulates creative activity enriches a person's life with emotional experiences and reflections.

Exist different types art. they are conditionally divided into three types.

The first includes the so-called spatial arts, which include painting, sculpture and architecture, art photography. They have the name "spatial" because the objects that they depict, a person perceives in a motionless form, as if frozen in space.

The second type is temporary art forms, which include music, singing, dance, pantomime and fiction. They are called temporary because, unlike the static form of the image, characteristic of the spatial arts, they reproduce life in Russia, in its development, which takes place over a certain period of time.

The third type is the so-called synthetic art forms, combining elements of both spatial and temporal types. The form of the image in the theater, cinema and television is realized both in space and in time.

The types of art differ also in the material in which their works stand and which they use for the artistic reproduction of life. Behind such “material” signs, we define literature as the art of speech, in comparison, for example, with sculpture - the art of stone or clay, painting - the art of paint, tanka - the art of rhythmic body movements, pantomime - the art of gestures and facial expressions, music - the art of sounds and etc.

Literature is the highest form of art, it has advantages over other types, because it works with the word, therefore it is able not to be limited in the image, the disclosure of the inner and outer world of a person, his subtlest experiences. This is its main difference from other types of art. The meaning of the word was accentuated in the Bible (the Gospel of John), where its divine essence was proclaimed. The word is the main element of literature, which creates a connection between the material and the spiritual.

So, the word is the material of the literary image. Even the German philosopher Hegel called the word the most plastic material. By means of the word - this most flexible material - it is possible to reproduce what is depicted by almost every other kind of art. Thus, poetry, by means of its sound organization, approaches music. Prose verbal images can create the illusion of a plastic image, and so on. In addition, the word is the only material of art that makes it possible to depict human speech. Words can describe sound, color, smell, convey mood, “tell” a melody, “draw” a picture. The verbal image can compete with the picturesque and musical. And yet it has its limits. Literature uses only words.

In prehistoric times, literature existed in orally. With the advent of writing, a new stage in the development of literature began, although folklore has not lost its significance as the basis of literature to this day.

Literature exists in three forms of artistic text (genera): epic (literally - a story), lyrics (literally - something performed to the sounds of a lyre), drama (literally - action). One form differs from another in the way of forming an artistic image. For example, drama combines works intended for performance on stage, its genres: tragedy, comedy, drama, melodrama, farce. The lyrics are most often plotless, characterized by high emotionality, subjectivity, saturation of the artistic image. The purpose of the epic is to lay out a consistent story about a series of events. In written literature, epic genres are novel, story, short story, short story, essay. The characteristics of each of these genres also require clarification. So, for example, the historical traditions of antiquity formed the basis for the medieval chivalric and comic novel, and then developed into everyday, historical, adventure, love and other novels.

No other artistic experience can replace artistic reading. This is explained by the reliance of literature on natural speech, in which the experience of mankind is concentrated, its focus on creative perception, on the work of the imagination, fantasy, on capturing the deep meaning (subtext).

The types of art are not isolated, they are in contact with each other, complement each other, widely and comprehensively revealing the life of a person, the depths of her soul. Each species contributes something new, original, to the treasury of world artistic culture. In particular, mythological and literary plots and motifs are often used as the basis for many works of other types of art - painting, sculpture, theater, ballet, opera, music, cinema.

The worldwide literary process is the historical movement of world literature that develops in complex relationships and interactions. This is at the same time the history of the creation and accumulation of moral, ethical and artistic values from ancient times to the present.

World (world) literature is a term introduced by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in the 19th century. Goetev's understanding of world literature provides for the joint development of the literatures of individual nations, which, while interacting, at the same time retain their originality and uniqueness.

Until a certain time, the literary process in each country had a relatively closed, purely national character. But with the development of economic and cultural ties with many national and local literatures, one world literature is formed.

The global literary process is conditioned by the development of various national literatures, which have their own originality, but at the same time exist. general patterns characteristic of the literature as a whole.

The literary process in different countries and national cultures goes through similar stages, and the development of genres, methods and styles reflects this.

National literature is the literature of a separate nation, people, which has its own national identity, is conditioned by a number of factors (primarily the mentality of the people) and is reproduced in the system of content and formal-stylistic features inherent in the works of representatives of certain nations.

Development and operation literary process occurs both for a certain era and throughout the history of a nation, country, world. Several stages of development are known in the history of world literature.

Each writer relies on the traditions of both immediate and distant (in time and space) predecessors, participants in the literary process of the national and foreign literatures, to a certain extent, using all the experience artistic development humanity.

An important role in the literary process is played by the interaction of literature with other types of art, with cultural and social phenomena, with science, and philosophy. The history of literature is closely connected with the history of society, but it has its own internal laws of development.

Stages of development of world literature

Mythology, oral folk art

Ancient literature (VIII century BC - V century AD)

Literature of the Middle Ages ( V-XV centuries)

Renaissance literature (X V-XVII centuries)

Literature of the 17th century: baroque and classicism

Literature of the Enlightenment (late 17th - 18th centuries): enlightenment realism, enlightenment classicism, sentimentalism, rococo

19th century literature: romanticism and realism

Literature of the late 19th - second half of the 20th centuries: modernism (other directions are developing in parallel - realism, romanticism)

Literature of the last third of the XX - early XXI centuries: postmodernism, development of other directions

One of the challenges facing society modern system education is the upbringing of a cultural personality, the formation of not only material, but also spiritual needs. This task has become relevant in connection with the revision in modern society. The formation of the cultural needs of the new generation is carried out by familiarization with the best examples, with artistic values accumulated by human civilization throughout its existence. In addition, children need to be introduced to the history of culture.

Literature is interested in the phenomena of nature and society, social issues, psychological and spiritual problems of the individual, and much more that exists in the real world. The system and genres reflect certain aspects of reality through dramatization, epic narration or lyrical immersion.

The classification of literature can be carried out by dividing it into artistic, scientific, educational, historical and reference. In addition to those listed, there are many other types of literature and new ones are constantly emerging.

In turn, fiction as an art form is divided into the following genera: epic, lyric and drama. The epic includes such genres as epic, novel, short story, story, short story, etc. Lyrics include a poem, a ballad, a poem, etc. Drama - tragedy, comedy, etc.

The epic is one of the three main literary genres, reflecting real life through narrative, description and reasoning.

Lyrics are the main kind of fiction, reflecting reality through a variety of personal experiences. The main form of lyrics is poetic.

Drama, along with epic and lyrics, is the main type of literature, which is represented by works created in the form of dialogues and intended, as a rule, to be staged.

Literature as a form of art is a historical phenomenon, all its components and individual elements are in permanent interaction. Literature is a living and moving process, art system images, which sensitively responds to everything, even the slightest changes that occur in real life.

Summary of the lesson on the topic: “Literature as the art of the word and its role in the spiritual life of a person”

Compiled by: Evdokimova S.V.,

Teacher of Russian language

and literature

Simferopol

Type of lesson : a lesson in the assimilation of new knowledge.

Lesson type : combined

Lesson Objectives:

educational: to determine the role of fiction as the art of the word and its relationship with other types of art, to give an overview of literary trends and to conduct a brief review of the literature course of grade 9

Developing: develop interest in fiction, develop a culture of coherent speech, enrich vocabulary students.

Educational: to cultivate a sense of respect for the arts, to develop interest in the culture of their country.

Technologies: a lesson using ICT and gaming technologies

Equipment: multimedia presentation; computer, multimedia projector.

Intersubject communications Keywords: literature, fine arts.

Advance task. One day before the lesson, 3 students receive individual tasks: 1) prepare a presentation on the arts;

2) find and prepare an expressive reading of poems about the word.

DURING THE CLASSES.

I. Organizational moment. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

I I. Actualization of basic knowledge in the form of a conversation

Have you ever wondered why art exists?

What do you understand by the word art? (Art is an area of human activity that seeks to satisfy one of the spiritual needs of a person, namely: love for beauty.)Slide #4

What is the role of art in the formation of man? (The reasons for the emergence of art must be sought in the desire of a person to decorate himself. Each era supplemented art with something of its own).

III. Perception and assimilation educational material

teacher's word

Samples of musical works, literature, painting, architecture, etc. are a reflection of the centuries-old desire of our ancestors for beauty, ideal, wisdom. Moreover, it is worth noting that works of art have an impact not only on the area of human feelings, they simultaneously affect the consciousness of a person, holistically transforming it.

Art educates, enlightens, makes it possible to know the world through its figurative expression in words, in sound, in color, and after that, to create your own image of the world, which a priori cannot contain destructive concepts.

Works of art always carry the experiences of the creator, his view of the world, his place in it. Therefore, the power of the influence of art on people is so great: it awakens a reciprocal feeling in a person.

Kinds of art.

Art is divided into two types:

tonic (poetry, music);

figurative (architecture, sculpture, painting with its areas).

Each type of art models the world in artistic images that are unique to it by means and on the appropriate material:

a) in fine arts they are created by drawing lines, dashes,
dots, spots, paints different colors on canvas, paper, board;

b) sculptural the image is created by cutting lines, angles, roundness, grooves on wood, stone, marble;

c) musical - a combination of sounds of different heights, strengths, timbres.

Questions to the class:

What kind of art, in your opinion, is the most perfect? Why?

What is the type of art from which you get the greatest pleasure, satisfaction? Motivate your own thought.

Continuation of the conversation on questions.

What is fiction? Why has it existed for so many centuries? What is a person looking for in fiction?

Why is literature called the art of the word? Remember what you know about the origin of the word "literature".

That is characteristic feature fiction?

Who is the creator of fiction?By using artistic word writers depict important characteristic events, phenomena, character traits of people; talk about their life, work, struggle, feeling, inner world, beliefs; nature is described.

Fiction as the art of the word traces its history from oral folk art- songs, fairy tales, heroic epos, etc.

Literature is what is created by writers and written down on paper.

Let's turn to the dictionary of literary terms:

Literature (from the Latin litera - letter, writing) - an art form in which the main means of figurative reflection of life is the word.

Fiction - a kind of art capable of revealing the phenomena of life in the most versatile and wide way, showing them in motion and development.(Recording definitions in a dictionary) Slide number 4

Writing in a notebook

Epos, lyrics, drama are the main types of literature. Slide #5

What genres of fiction do you know? Slide #6

Word - an inexhaustible source of knowledge and an amazing tool for creating artistic images. In the words, in the language of any people, its history, its character, the nature of the Motherland are imprinted, the wisdom of centuries is concentrated. living word rich and generous. It has many shades. It can be formidable and affectionate, inspire horror and give hope. No wonder the poet Vadim Shefner said this about the word:

Words can kill, words can save
In a word, you can lead the shelves behind you.
In a word, you can sell and betray and buy,
The word can be poured into smashing lead.

In literary works, with the help of the artistic word, you can copy everything that is accessible to the mind and imagination of a person: past and present events, objects, phenomena.

What is the role of the word in work of art?

The main source of literature is word . Through the images created by the word, the author tries tocaptivate the reader"enable" it into action, make it presence in time and space the work is "real". Such "participation" is necessary for a full and deeper understanding of what is written.

The word becomes a special material when the artist's hand touches it. And it gives him special character, special sound.

What is the power of the word in fiction? (In the ability to reveal the beauty of the world, convey feelings, thoughts, reflect reality).

Both the painter and the writer depict the phenomena of life. But the poet does this with the help of words, and the artist draws objects with paints, pencil, charcoal. Although the poet cannot literally draw the subject in the way that the painter does, he can draw objects and describe in words the impression that this object or this phenomenon made. Language is capable of accurately expressing the thoughts and feelings evoked by the impressions of life.

Verbal description requires active work reader's imagination. The writer draws only individual features, and our imagination completes the picture. And, of course, the pictures of all people are different.

Expressive reading poems (L. Beethovin's "Moonlight Sonata" sounds).

Slides №7,8

1 student

The word can warm, inspire and save,

Make happy and ram the ice.

The word can bring us thousands of troubles,

Insult and ruthlessly hurt.

And so let's say sternly:

"So that there are no unnecessary troubles in life

You have to think, guys, over every word,

For weightless words on no light!" E. Asadov

2 student

The word is just a shell

The film, the sound is empty, but in it

The pink dot beats

It glows with strange fire.

A vein is beating, a zipper is twisting,

And you don't care

What's in your shirt lucky

Appears.

From time immemorial the word has power,

And if you are a poet

And when the ways of another

You don't have in the world

Don't describe ahead of time

No fights, no love

Beware of predictions

Don't call death!

The word is just a shell

A film of human lots,

Any line on you

Sharpens a knife in your verses. A. Tarkovsky

Fiction - a type of art that reflects reality by means of words in figurative writing. It is our ("reader's") perception and deep feeling for the fate of the heroes that indicates that literature is an art, the art of the word.

Shocks from works of art fundamentals human personality forced to speak almost about the magical effect of spiritual culture on a person.It transforms his world, activates cognitive, emotional abilities, liberates spiritual forces. Here, we need to talk about the responsibility of the creator to the reader, the viewer of his "texts", because the ideas embedded in the images are perceived and assimilated better, more accessible. Due to the fact that literary works transform the surrounding reality into a new author's world, a person, turning to the art of the word, enriches his vision.

So, the role of art in the formation of personality is great.It is both an impulse to learn new things, to creativity, and a way of forming value-oriented criteria, and a way of education, communication, and the opportunity to get aesthetic pleasure,to instill a taste, to be realized asunique personality, build your own image of the world, the ability to surviveunexperienced, to experience what did not happen and, finally, to be saved in the experienced present.

6 . The teacher about the main objective of the course and its program .

In the 9th grade, you have to take one more step towards the knowledge and understanding of literature. You will meet with literary masterpieces. The works included in the 9th grade program are called masterpieces of Russian culture.

How do you understand the word masterpiece? ( A masterpiece is a work of art, literature, exceptional in its merits, an exemplary creation of the author.)

Let's turn to the textbook to get acquainted with the program of the course.

Notebook entry:

The main sections of the 9th grade literature course:Slide number 9

(Demonstration of paintings of the era of romanticism by I.K. Aivazovsky "The Ninth Wave", "Italian Landscape" and realism by I.E. Repin "Barge haulers on the Volga", V.G. Perov "Troika", "Apprentices - artisans carry water").

You have yet to experience the pleasure of communicating with the writers of the 19th and 20th century.

IV . Consolidation of educational material. The game "Who wins?"

(I often play this game at the end of the lesson. It is interesting for the students, it captures them, and it helps us to check the educational material).

The class is divided into 3 teams, and each team comes up with 2 questions (a question for each rival team) on the material of the lesson.

The task of the team is to ask a question that makes it difficult to answer. The team whose question remains unanswered wins. (All students of this team receive "5").

v. The result of the lesson Slide number 18

Art is a great magician and a kind of time machine. Any writer, observing, studying life, embodies with the help of words everything that he saw, felt, understood. Literature has a special power of education in human beings. It enriches us with very special knowledge - knowledge about people, about their inner world. Literature as the art of the word has an amazing ability to influence the minds and hearts of people, helps to reveal the true beauty of the human soul.

Today at the lesson you opened the artistic world of literature, heard the poems of poets, felt loving attention and respect for living life and man, nature, the world as a whole.

VI. Reflection. Determining the level of educational achievements of students. Commenting on the score. slide number 19

VII. home task . Read "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".

Cognitive perspectives of literature: With the help of the word, reality is comprehended not only from the sensual, but also from the mental, mental side; With the help of the word, literature calls the reader to an independent dialogue, a dispute with the author; Fiction is the art of reproducing the human voice carrying an emotionally charged thought.

Robert Rozhdestvensky I'll drown in your eyes - Can I? After all, drowning in your eyes is happiness! I'll go and say hello! I love you very- Difficult? No, it's not hard, it's hard. It is very difficult to love - Do you believe? I'll go up to a steep cliff, I'll fall - Will you have time to catch it? Well, if I leave, will you write? It's hard for me without you! I want to be with you - Do you hear? Not a minute, not a month, but for a long time A very long time, all my life- Do you understand? So together always - Do you want to? I'm afraid of the answer- You know? You answer me, but only with your eyes. You answer me with your eyes - Do you love? If yes, then I promise you that you will be the happiest. If not, then I beg you Don't reproach with your eyes, don't, Don't pull you into the pool, But you remember me a little I will love you- May I? Even if you can't...I will! And I will always come to the rescue, If it will be difficult for you!

Literature at the beginning of its history was a performing art, as it existed only in oral form. With the advent of writing, performing forms of literature did not disappear (folklore), but the main lines of its development acquired a non-performing character.

Literature is one of the art forms, the same as sculpture or choreography Word means of expression and thought form of literature, the symbolic basis of its imagery. In the beginning there was a word... This is how the Bible speaks of the creation of the universe. The artistic world created by literature arises precisely according to this formula.

Construction material sculpture, painting, film clay, paint, film pre-socially processed, "humanized". The building material of literature is the word Hegel called the word the most plastic material, directly belonging to the spirit. The word in a literary work is flexible, mobile, changeable and definite in its sense. It trembles in the poet's hand like a freshly caught fish. The word is a verbal sign.

And I also asked the money changer, In the heart of timidity is deeper, How to tell me for the beautiful Lala, How to tell her that she is "mine"? And the money changer answered me briefly: They don’t talk about love in words, They only sigh furtively about love, Yes, eyes, like yachts, burn. The kiss has no name, The kiss is not an inscription on the coffins. Red rose kisses glow, Petals melting on the lips. From love do not require bail, With it know the joy and trouble. “You are mine,” only hands can say, That they tore off the black veil I asked the money changer today, What gives a ruble for half a fog, How can I say for the beautiful Lala In Persian gentle “I love”? Today I asked the money changer, Lighter than the wind, quieter than the Van jets, How can I call the word for the beautiful Lala affectionate "kiss"? S. A. Yesenin

With flexibility and limitless expressive possibilities words, literature is capable of absorbing elements of the artistic content of any art. Images of other types of art can be translated into the language of literature. Leo Tolstoy in "War and Peace", for example, describing the dance of Natasha Rostova, creates an almost visible choreographic image; Hugo in the Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris» reproduces the image of an architectural work; Pushkin in " The Bronze Horseman» sculptural image of Falcone.

In the words, in the language of any people, its history, its character, the nature of the Motherland are imprinted, the wisdom of centuries is concentrated. The living word is rich and generous. It has many shades. It can be formidable and affectionate, inspire horror and give hope. No wonder the poet Vadim Shefner said this about the word: With a word you can kill, with a word you can save, With a word you can lead regiments behind you. The word can be sold and betrayed and bought, The word can be poured into smashing lead

Literature genres: Structural Romance Short story Poem Poem Tragedy Comedy Melodrama Vaudeville Thematic Historical novel Psychological novel Adventure novel Functional Ode Epigram

Genres and types of literature from Aristotelian times were considered the main stylistic factors: Epic Lyric Drama Essays Genres Epic Dramatic Tragic Lyrical Styles

Essay (from French essai "attempt, test, essay"), a literary genre of prose writing of a small volume and free composition. The essay implies freedom of creativity and expresses the individual impressions and thoughts of the author on a particular occasion or subject and does not claim to be an exhaustive or defining interpretation of the topic. The essay can be historical and biographical, literary critical, philosophical, popular science, fiction character. The content of the essay evaluates, first of all, the personality of the author - his worldview, thoughts and feelings. In terms of volume and function, the essay borders, on the one hand, on a scientific article and a literary essay (with which an essay is often confused), on the other hand, on a philosophical treatise.

Essay form letter word open letter speech essay Addressees readers audience friend interlocutor person with whom they are arguing

An essay is a way to tell about the world through yourself and about yourself with the help of the world. A. Elyashevich

LOVE Now like a snake, curled up in a ball, It conjures at the very heart, Now it coos for whole days like a dove On a white window, Then it flashes in bright hoarfrost, It seems like a left-handed man in the slumber ... But faithfully and secretly leads From joy and peace. He knows how to sob so sweetly In the prayer of a yearning violin, And it's scary to guess it In a still unfamiliar smile. November 24, 1911, Tsarskoye Selo A. Akhmatova

Task: Write an essay. Approximate topics for a literary and journalistic essay: “They say that love is a gift from God. Is it so?" “The one who has never sought either friendship or love is a thousand times poorer than the one who has lost both of them” (Jean Paul) “Love is the desire to live” (M. Gorky) “To love deeply means to forget about yourself "(J. J. Rousseau) "The greatest happiness in life is the confidence that you are loved" (V. Hugo). “Love gives nobility even to those whom nature has denied it” (W. Shakespeare).

Not renounce loving. After all, life does not end tomorrow. I will stop waiting for you, and you will come quite suddenly. And you will come when it is dark, when a blizzard hits the glass, when you remember how long we have not warmed each other. And you want so much warmth that you didn’t like once, that you won’t be able to wait out three people at the machine. And, as luck would have it, the tram, the subway will crawl, I don’t know what is there. And the blizzard will sweep the paths on the distant approaches to the gates ... And in the house there will be sadness and silence, the wheezing of the counter and the rustle of the book, when you knock on the door, running upstairs without a break. You can give everything for this, and I believe in it so much that it’s hard for me not to wait for you, without leaving the door all day Veronika Tushnova

Artistic image in literature

The artistic image is a complex phenomenon that includes the individual and the general, the characteristic and the typical. An artistic image is an image from art, which is created by the author of a work of art in order to most fully reveal the described phenomenon of reality. An artistic image is nothing more than a sign, i.e. a means of semantic communication within a given culture or related cultures

« Eternal images» artistic images of works of world literature, in which the writer, on the basis of the life material of his time, managed to create a durable generalization applicable in the life of subsequent generations. So, in Prometheus, the features of a person who is ready to give his life for the good of the people are summarized; The image of Don Quixote, created by the famous Spanish writer Miguel Cervantes (XVI-XVII centuries), embodies a noble, but devoid of vital ground, daydreaming; Hamlet, hero of Shakespeare's tragedy XVI beginning XVII century), a nominal image of a bifurcated man, torn by contradictions

The main means of artistic expression EPITHETS are colorful, figurative definitions, most often expressed by adjectives. Examples: Stately aspens babble high above you; Long, hanging branches of birches barely move, a mighty oak stands ... (I.S. Turgenev) The air is clean and fresh, like a kiss of a child (M.Yu. Lermontov)

COMPARISON is a comparison of one object or phenomenon with another, giving the description a special figurativeness, visibility, pictoriality. Eyes like the sky, blue; The leaves are yellow, like gold ... (A. Tvardovsky) There, like a black iron leg, the poker ran, galloped (K. Chukovsky) A white snow drift rushes along the ground like a snake (S. Marshak) The main means of artistic expression

METAPHOR - the use of a word in figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena (in other words, an unnamed comparison) The similarity can manifest itself: In shape (a ring on the hand is a smoke ring); By color (gold medallion - golden curls); According to the impression (black veil - black thoughts) According to the arrangement of objects (animal tail - comet tail) According to other signs ... A fire of red mountain ash burns in the garden ... (S. Yesenin) - the poet compared the fiery color of the clusters with a flame. The comparison in this case would look like this: Clusters of mountain ash turn red like a flame, and autumn tree like a fire.

Brilliant books are inexhaustible, they again and again make people think about the main thing: about themselves, about human destiny and the fate of mankind. They are like a mirror in which everyone new Age sees himself

Questions Why is literature called the art of the word? Show with examples what the art of the word is? What did you learn from literature about love and betrayal, about death and immortality, about nobility and meanness? Is such knowledge important for a person? How has literature helped your own spiritual development? What useful can give a modern person reading the literature of the past?

Come up with and write down Invent and write down in notebooks a literary text on the theme “Autumn in the Forest”, using epithets, comparisons and metaphors. Think up and write down Think up and write down epithets for the word clouds; comparisons to the word sun; metaphor for the expression the wind blows)

Conclusion: Art is a great magician and a kind of time machine. Any writer, observing, studying life, embodies with the help of words, everything that he saw, felt, understood. Literature has a special power of education in a human being. It enriches us with very special knowledge - knowledge about people, about their inner world. Literature as the art of the word has an amazing ability to influence the minds and hearts of people, helps to reveal the true beauty of the human soul.

Creativity It happens like this: some kind of languor; In the ears the clock does not stop; In the distance, a rumble of fading thunder. Unrecognized and captivated voices I imagine both complaints and groans, Some secret circle is shrinking, But in this abyss of whispers and ringing There rises one, all victorious sound. It is so irremediably quiet around him, That you can hear the grass growing in the forest, How dashingly it walks on the ground with a knapsack... But now I heard the words And signal bells of light rhymes, Then I begin to understand, And just dictated lines Lie down in a snow-white notebook. A. Akhmatova Presentation prepared for MHC lesson in the 9th grade according to the program of G.I. Danilova as a teacher of fine arts and MHC Petrova Oksana Viktorovna MBOU Toguchinsky district Gornovskaya secondary school

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RK

KAZAKH UNIVERSITY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD LANGUAGES NAMED AFTER ABYLAI KHAN

Individual project

Specialty: foreign philology (RHF)

Discipline: Introduction to Literary Studies

Completed by: Kibler Victoria

Checked by: Lyudinina O.E.

Almaty 2014

Introduction

Literature as the art of the word

Spatial and temporal arts

Homer's techniques for "translating" the "language" of spatial arts into the "language" of poetry

The creative process of the writer

Semantics of terms denoting forms of human presence in a literary work

Introduction

literature spatial creative term

Literature works with the word - its main difference from other arts. The meaning of the word was given in the Gospel - the divine idea of the essence of the word. The word is the main element of literature, the link between the material and the spiritual. The word is perceived as the sum of the meanings given to it by culture. Through the word is carried out with the common in world culture. Visual culture is one that can be perceived visually. Verbal culture - meets the needs of a person more - the word, the work of thought, the formation of personality (the world of spiritual beings). There are areas of culture that do not require a serious attitude. There is literature at depth that requires a deep relationship, experience. Works of literature are a deep awakening of the inner forces of a person in various ways, because. literature has material.

Literature as the art of the word

The language of fiction carries a huge aesthetic beginning, therefore the author of a work of art determines the speech norm, is the creator of the language. Artistic speech incorporates a variety of forms of speech activity. For many centuries, the language of fiction was determined by the rules of rhetoric and oratory. Speech (including written) had to be convincing, impressing; hence the characteristic speech techniques- numerous repetitions, "decorations", emotionally colored words, rhetorical (!) questions, etc. The authors competed in eloquence, the style was determined by increasingly strict rules, and the literary works themselves were often filled with sacred meaning(especially in the Middle Ages). As a result to XVII century(the era of classicism) literature turned out to be accessible and understandable to a rather narrow circle educated people. Conversational speech is related to the communication of people in their privacy, so it is simple and free from regulation. In the XIX - XX centuries. Literature as a whole is perceived by writers and scientists as a peculiar form of conversation between the author and the reader; it is not for nothing that an address like “my dear reader” is associated primarily with this era. Artistic speech often also includes written forms non-artistic speech (for example, diaries or memoirs), it easily allows deviations from the language norm and implements innovations in the field of speech activity (recall, for example, the word creation of Russian futurists). Today in works of art you can find the most modern forms speech activity - SMS quotes, excerpts from emails and more. Moreover, different types of art are often mixed: literature and painting / architecture, literature and music, etc. The imagery of speech is very often achieved through the use of words in a figurative sense. For example: work is in full swing. The words that the writer uses in a figurative sense are called tropes (this is the Greek word in translation - “image, turn, turn”). Among the tropes, the most frequently encountered and used are: Epites, Comparisons, Metaphors. METAPHOR - the use of a word in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena (in other words, an unnamed comparison). Metaphor creates an image that is conveyed to the reader or listener. The term “literature” also refers to any works of human thought fixed in the written word and possessing public importance. Literature is technical, scientific, journalistic, reference, epistolary, etc. However, in the usual and stricter sense, works of artistic writing are called literature.

Spatial and temporal arts

If you plunge headlong into modern art history literature and try to independently define all the types of art that mankind has created over the years of its development, you will very soon come to the conclusion that this is not a very simple and ambiguous question. You will be surprised to find out that in the modern art criticism literature of the world there is no description of a single, and not in doubt, not to mention criticism, schemes or systems for classifying art forms.

To reveal the issue of spatio-temporal types of art, it is necessary to understand the classification of types of art. All species differ in specific ways of displaying the world and used for perception by the senses. It is on these grounds that it is determined which of the three types of groups of the classical classification fits one or another type:

1) The group of spatial arts - it is also static, perceived by sight, works from this group have a clear attachment to the disclosure of the artistic image to the spatial construction. This group includes: architecture, photography, painting, sculpture. spatial views arts they are called because for this group of arts, spatial construction in the disclosure of various artistic images is essential.

2) A group of temporary arts - it is also dynamic, perceived by ear (not in all cases), they are called arts because in them key value acquires a composition unfolding in time to reveal the image. This group includes: literature and music.

3) The group of spatio-temporal arts - it is also synthetic, is perceived simultaneously by hearing and vision, they are called because they simultaneously profess both spatial and temporal priorities in revealing the image. Spatio-temporal arts are sometimes called spectacular or synthetic. These include: cinema, theater, choreography.

The essential difference between the types of arts and the necessity of their existence is due to the fact that none of them, by its own means, can give an artistic comprehensive picture of the world. Such a picture of the world can only be created by the entire artistic culture of man, which has been formed for centuries, as the creator of genuine art - art, which, in turn, consists of certain types arts.

Homer's techniques for "translating" the "language" of spatial arts into the "language" of poetry

Without touching here on the question of how the poet can succeed in depicting bodily beauty, one can, however, consider the following statement to be an indisputable truth. Since the whole boundless realm of perfection is open to the poet for imitation, the external, outer shell, in the presence of which perfection becomes beauty in sculpture, can only be for him one of the most insignificant means of awakening in us an interest in his images.

Homer has two kinds of beings and actions: visible and invisible. Painting cannot allow this difference: everything is visible to it, and it is visible in the same way.

If it is true that painting, in its imitations of reality, uses means and signs that are completely different from the means and signs of poetry, namely: painting - bodies and colors taken in space, poetry - articulate sounds perceived in time - if it is indisputable, that the means of expression must be in close connection with the expression, it follows that the signs of the expression, located next to each other, should designate only such objects or such parts of them as actually appear to be located next to each other; on the contrary, the signs of expression, following one after another, can designate only such objects or such parts of them, which actually appear to us in a temporal sequence.

In works of art, where everything is given only simultaneously, in coexistence, it is possible to depict only one moment of action, and therefore it is necessary to choose the most significant moment, from which both the previous and subsequent moments would become understandable.

I find that Homer does nothing but sequential actions, and that's it. individual items he draws only to the extent of their participation in the action, moreover, usually no more than one feature. What is surprising if the painter sees little or no work for himself where Homer paints?

To characterize each thing, as I said, Homer uses only one trait. A ship for him is either a black ship, or a full ship, or a fast ship, or, at the most, a well-equipped black ship. Homer is not included in the further description of the ship. If, however, special circumstances sometimes force Homer to stop our attention for a longer time on some material object, then this still does not result in a picture that the painter could reproduce with his brush; on the contrary, with the help of innumerable devices, he is able to break up the image of this object into a number of moments, in each of which the object appears in a new form, while the painter must wait for the last of these moments in order to show in a finished form that which we have seen the emergence of. at the poet. So, for example, if Homer wants to tell how Agamemnon was dressed, he makes him put on one after another part of the dress before our eyes: a soft chiton, a wide cloak, beautiful sandals, a sword. Only when dressed does the king take the scepter. Instead of depicting the scepter, he tells us its story. We first see him in Vulcan's workshop; then it shines in the hands of Jupiter, then it is the sign of the dignity of Mercury; then it serves as a commanding rod in the hands of the warlike Pelops, a shepherd's staff in Atreus, etc.

Thus I finally get to know this scepter better than if a poet had placed it before my eyes, or if Vulcan himself had handed it to me.

Since verbal designations are arbitrary designations, we can use them to list sequentially all the parts of an object that actually appear before us in space. But such a property is only one of the properties that belong to speech in general and to the designations used by it, from which it does not yet follow that it is especially suitable for the needs of poetry. The poet cares not only about being understandable, his images must not only be clear and distinct - this is what the prose writer is also satisfied with. It is in this sense that we discussed above the concept of a poetic picture. But the poet must paint constantly. Descriptions of material objects, excluded from the realm of poetry, are therefore quite appropriate where there is no talk of poetic illusion, where the writer turns only to the mind of readers and deals only with clear and as complete as possible concepts.

The creative process of the writer

"The secret of writing lies in the eternal and involuntary music in the soul. If it is not there, a person can only "make himself a writer."

Different people are predisposed to artistic creativity to varying degrees: ability - giftedness - talent - genius. An artist who is on a higher rung of this creative ladder retains those qualities that are inherent in those who are located on its lower rungs, but must certainly have a number of additional high merits.

Capabilities artist, according to the American psychologist Guilford, six tendencies are suggested: fluency of thinking, associativity, expressiveness, the ability to switch from one class of objects to another, adaptive flexibility, the ability to give art form necessary outlines. Abilities ensure the creation of artistic values of public interest.

giftedness implies a keen attention to life, the ability to choose objects of attention, to fix in memory the theme of associations and connections dictated by creative imagination An artistically gifted person creates works that have a stable significance for this society for a significant period of its development. Giftedness is the ability to focus attention on objects worthy of selective attention, to extract impressions from memory and include them in the system of associations and connections dictated by creative imagination.

Talent generates artistic values that have enduring national and sometimes even universal significance. "Most prefer the middle ground between mediocrity and genius - talent. Not everyone wants to change their whole life for art. And how many times does a genius regret his choice at the end of his career! "It was better not to surprise the world and live in this world", - says Ibsen in his last drama" (Shestov. 1991).

Genius fully expressing the essence of his time, most often, as it were, does not fit in his era. It can be said that he pulls the thread of tradition from the past to the future, and therefore part of his work belongs to the past, and part to the future. And only mediocre contemporaries see only what is in genius from the present, and even that they see incompletely. Genius creates the highest universal human values that are significant for all time. The genius of the artist is manifested both in the power of perception of the world, and in the depth of the impact on humanity. However, artistic genius is not a form of mental pathology, and according to Gogol's fair judgment, "art is the instillation of harmony and order in the soul, and not embarrassment and disorder" . This applies both to the impact of the work on the public and to the process artistic creativity.

2. Artistic creativity as a specific activity

Artistic creativity is a mysterious process. I. Kant said: "... Newton could present all his steps, which he had to take from the first principles of geometry to his great and deep discoveries, not only to himself, but also to everyone else and destined them for succession; but no Homer or Wieland cannot show how complete fantasies and at the same time ideas rich in thoughts appear and combine in his head, because he himself does not know this and, therefore, cannot teach this to anyone else.So, in the scientific field, the greatest inventor differs from miserable imitator and student only in degree, while from one whom nature has endowed with the ability to fine arts, it differs specifically (Kant. T. 5. S. 324-325).

3. Creativity as the embodiment of a plan

The creative process begins with an idea. The latter is the result of the perception of life phenomena and their understanding by a person on the basis of his deep individual characteristics (degree of giftedness, experience, general cultural training). The paradox of artistic creativity: it begins with the end, or rather, its end is inextricably linked with the beginning. The artist "thinks" as a viewer, the writer as a reader. The idea contains not only the writer's attitude and his vision of the world, but also the final link in the creative process - the reader. The writer at least intuitively "plans" the artistic impact and post-reception activity of the reader. The purpose of artistic communication feedback affects its initial link - the idea.

1) The idea is characterized by unformed and at the same time semiotically unformed semantic certainty, outlining the outlines of the theme and idea of the work. In the idea "it is still unclear through the magic crystal" (Pushkin), the features of the future artistic text are distinguished.

2) The idea is first formed in the form of intonational "noise", embodying the emotional and value attitude to the topic, and in the form of the outlines of the topic itself in a non-verbal (= intonational) form. 3) The idea is inherent in the potential for symbolic expression, fixation and embodiment in images. The factor that generates an artistic concept in its unique originality is creative (creating a deep layer of the personality), the center of creativity, a kind of creative core of the personality, which determines the invariant of all artistic decisions. Everything is grouped around this center. created by the artist(See: Rozanov. 1990, p. 39). In the writer's work there are invariants due to the deep generative layer of his spiritual world. The writer creates his own artistic world. At the same time, each poet is distinguished by his vision of reality, which manifests itself in any cell of his texts.

Creativity is the process of translating the idea into a sign system and the system of images growing on its basis, the process of objectifying thoughts in the text, the process of alienating the idea from the artist and transferring it through the work to the reader, viewer, listener.

4. Artisticcreativity - creation

unpredictable artistic reality

Art does not repeat life (as the theory of reflection says), but creates a special reality. Artistic reality may be parallel to history, but it is never its cast, its copy.

“Art differs from life in that it always runs away from repetition. In everyday life, you can tell the same anecdote three times and three times, causing laughter, to turn out to be the soul of society. In art, this form of behavior is called “cliché.” Art is a recoilless tool, and its development is determined by the dynamics and logic of the material itself, the previous fate of the means that require finding (or prompting) every time a qualitatively new aesthetic solution

5. Psychological mechanisms of artistic creativity

Jung believed that psychology can be linked to aesthetics. There is a boundary zone between these sciences - the psychology of art (the psychology of creativity and the psychology of perception).

Artistic creativity begins with a heightened attention to the life of the world and involves "rare experiences" (Goethe), the ability to keep them in memory and comprehend.

Memory - the psychological factor of creativity. With the artist, it is not mirrored, but selective and has a creative character. The painter Falk ordered his students to memorize impressions from nature and then write sketches from memory. It is well known how important memory was in Proust's work. Considering that reality is artistically formed precisely in memory, he resurrected the past and then captured the memories in the work.

Imagination combines and creatively reproduces blocks of ideas, impressions and images stored in memory, combines and draws in the mind of the artist living pictures that he fixes in an artistic text. Thanks to the imagination, living pictures appear in the mind of the artist. The imagination has many varieties: phantasmagoric - in Hoffmann, philosophical and lyrical - in Tyutchev, romantically sublime - in Vrubel, painfully hypertrophied - in Dali, full of mystery - in Bergman, realistically strict and grotesque - in Fellini. creative imagination fundamentally different from a hallucination. According to Flaubert, when you hallucinate, you experience horror and feel that you are dying, while the fruits of the imagination bring joy and aesthetic pleasure.

Associations - thoughts or images arising from the sight of an object or from the perception of a statement; by establishing similarities, or by repulsion, thanks to memory or finding analogies with the help of the subconscious; "Roll-calls" between the impressions of existence arising from contiguity, similarity and contrast, leaps of the imagination unpredictable by logic, comparing these impressions and unexpected conjugations of phenomena far removed from each other. All stream of consciousness literature is based on associative thinking. Associations arise on the basis of previous experience. The word is by its nature polysemantic, multivalent and provides the poet with the richest possibilities of associations. No art form can do without associations.

Inspiration - a specifically creative state of clarity of thought, the intensity of its work, the richness and speed of associations, deep insight into the essence of life's problems, a powerful "ejection" of life and artistic experience accumulated in the subconscious and its direct inclusion in creativity, heightened virtuosity in feeling form. Inspiration gives rise to extraordinary creative energy, it is almost synonymous with creativity. Since ancient times, the symbol of poetry and inspiration has been winged horse Pegasus. Inspiration makes the creative process especially fruitful.

6. Conscious and subconscious

Consciousness and subconsciousness are components of the creative process of creating a work. The important role of the subconscious in artistic thinking has already led Plato and others ancient Greek philosophers to the interpretation of creativity as an ecstatic, divinely inspired, Bacchic state. For Homer, the rhapsodist is a singer illuminated from above, and Pindar called the poet the prophet of the muses. The aesthetics of romanticism absolutized the role of the unconscious in the creative process. Consciousness determines many essential aspects of creativity. It controls the goal, the super-task of creativity and the main contours of the artistic concept of the work, highlights the "bright spot" in creative thinking and organizes the entire experience of the artist around this light. "Bright spot" provides self-observation and self-control of the artist, helps him self-critically analyze, evaluate the draft and bring it to perfection. Consciousness helps the artist to conduct a critical analysis of all his work and draw conclusions that contribute to the further growth of skill.

Ideas that pass from the subconscious into consciousness are not always correct, since there are no logical criteria for truth in the subconscious. It is beauty that is the criterion for the transfer of images from the subconscious to consciousness, where a strict verification of the material received from the subconscious is carried out. Born by the subconscious, selected by the aesthetic sense, the image enters the consciousness. Here it is logically verified, enlightened by the mind, processed (thought out, substantiated, connected With cultural fund and enriched by it). Thus, first an aesthetic feeling (at the level of intuition), then strict logic (at the level of consciousness) produce a "natural selection" from a multitude of ideas and images. "Survive" only the most beautiful and true. The transition from the subconscious to consciousness is associated with a huge creative increment. An idea or image logically verified by the mind deepens and gets its completeness.

Semantics of terms,denoting the forms of human presence in a literary work

In literary works, images of people are invariably present and, as a rule, fall into the center of attention of readers, and in some cases, their likenesses: humanized animals, plants and things ( fairy tale hut on chicken legs). There are different forms of human presence in literary works. This is a narrator-narrator, a lyrical hero and character capable of revealing a person with the utmost fullness and breadth. This term is taken from French and is of Latin origin. The ancient Romans used the word “persona” to denote a mask worn by an actor, and later a face depicted in a work of art. As synonymous this term now there are phrases "literary hero" and " actor". However, these expressions also carry additional meanings: the word “hero” emphasizes the positive role, brightness, unusualness, exclusivity of the depicted person, and the phrase “actor” emphasizes the fact that the character manifests himself mainly in performing actions.

A character is either the product of the writer’s pure fiction (Gulliver and the Lilliputians in J. Swift; Major Kovalev who lost his nose in N.V. Gogol) or the result of inventing the appearance of a really existing person (whether historical figures or people biographically close to the writer, or even himself); or, finally, the result of the processing and completion of already known literary heroes, such as, say, Don Juan or Faust. Along with literary heroes as human individuals, sometimes group, collective characters turn out to be very significant (the crowd on the square in several scenes of "Boris Godunov" by A. S. Pushkin, testifying to the opinion of the people and expressing it).

The character has a dual nature. He, firstly, is the subject of the depicted action, the stimulus for the unfolding of events that make up the plot. Secondly, and this is perhaps the main thing, the character has an independent significance in the composition of the work, independent of the plot (event series): he acts as a carrier of stable and stable (sometimes, however, undergoing changes) properties, traits, qualities.

Characters are characterized by the actions they perform (almost in the first place), as well as by the forms of behavior and communication (because not only the what a person does, but also how he behaves at the same time), traits of appearance and close environment (in particular, things belonging to the hero), thoughts, feelings, intentions. And all these manifestations of a person in a literary work have a certain resultant - a kind of center, which M.M. Bakhtin called core of personality, A.A. Ukhtomsky - dominant determined starting intuitions person. To designate a stable core of consciousness and behavior of people, the phrase is widely used value orientation. Value orientations (they can also be called life positions) are very heterogeneous and multifaceted. Consciousness and behavior of people can be directed to the values of religious and moral, actually moral, cognitive, aesthetic. They are also connected with the sphere of instincts, with bodily life and the satisfaction of physical needs, with the desire for fame, authority, and power.

Author invariably expresses his attitude to the position, attitudes, value orientation of his character. At the same time, the image of the character appears as the embodiment of the writer's concept, idea, i.e. as something whole within the framework of another, wider, proper artistic integrity (work). He depends on this integrity, one might say, serves it according to the will of the author. With any serious mastery of the character sphere of the work, the reader inevitably penetrates into spiritual world author: in the images of the characters he sees the creative will of the writer. The attitude of the author to the hero can be predominantly either alienated or kindred, but not neutral. Writers have repeatedly spoken about the closeness or alienation of their characters. In literary works, one way or another, there is a distance between the character and the author. It takes place even in the autobiographical genre, where the writer comprehends his own life experience from a certain time distance. The author can look at his hero as if from the bottom up (the lives of the saints), or, on the contrary, from the top down (works of accusatory satirical nature). But the most deeply rooted in literature (especially of the last centuries) is the situation of the essential equality of the writer and the character (but not identity).

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Fiction as verbal art. World literature

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