The correct choice of words in oral and written speech in different situations requires great caution and a lot of knowledge. Some words are absolutely neutral, and therefore they can be used in any life situation. Others, on the contrary, carry a certain emotional coloring, and can both emphasize the feelings that the speaker wants to express, and give out what he would like to hide from others.

There is also a separate category of words related to the so-called vocabulary of limited use. It may differ from common vocabulary, for example, by the territory of its distribution or the field of professional activity to which it belongs, or by the social group resorting to these expressions. Therefore, it is very important to understand what is common vocabulary, and which words belong to limited vocabulary (the diagram is given below). First of all, you should understand the division of the vocabulary of the Russian language.

General information

Starting a conversation about the division of the lexical composition of the Russian language into groups, first of all they talk about the vocabulary of the general and the vocabulary of a limited sphere of use. The latter, as already mentioned, is divided into dialectisms, professionalisms and jargon, which includes both words used by "declassed elements" and ordinary youth slang, and the first is more monolithic and is divided only into two groups: stylistically neutral vocabulary and emotionally colored . Guided by this classification, you can outline for yourself an approximate framework for the use of certain words.

Vocabulary of general use

This category is the most extensive, including the main vocabulary of the Russian language, actually representing its lexical core. This part of the vocabulary fund is also called the national one, since the words of general use are used in their speech and understood by all native speakers of the Russian language or their vast majority. This is a kind of base of the literary language, the use of which is possible both in oral and written speech. Moreover, it is the vocabulary of general use that is the foundation on which elements of the vocabulary of limited use are then located - terms, slang, professionalism.

Examples include the following words: go, eat, work, read, book, food, water, fruit, animal, winter, spring, summer, word, girl, head and others.

Besides? vocabulary of general use can be divided into two broad groups: stylistically neutral words and emotionally charged ones. The latter is more common in oral speech, journalistic or artistic text. It makes speech more lively, prevents it from becoming like a dry text of a dictionary or encyclopedia article, helps to express the feelings of the speaker or the attitude of the author of the article to what he writes about.

It should also be noted that there is a constant exchange between common and limited vocabulary. Sometimes neutral words move into the category of jargon or professionalism, and, to become the vocabulary of general use.

Limited vocabulary: types

This part of the lexical composition of the Russian language includes several groups, within which some division can also be made. The vocabulary of limited use, for example, includes words inherent in any dialects, special vocabulary, which includes terms and professionalism, any jargon (including slang). At the same time, the first and last types are not included in the literary norm of the Russian language and are often used only in oral communication.

Dialect vocabulary

The language in each individual region of the country has its own specific features: phonetic, grammatical and, of course, lexical. Often, it is lexical features that make it difficult for visitors to understand the speech of the local population. In general, dialect vocabulary can be divided into several groups:

• phonetic dialectisms;
• grammatical dialectisms;
• lexical dialectisms.

Phonetic dialectisms differ from the literary norm only in the pronunciation of words, and therefore do not complicate the understanding of what has been said too much. As an example, the replacement of the sound "c" with the sound "ch" and vice versa in some northwestern dialects: tselovek, nemchi. Or the softening of the syllable "ka" characteristic of southern dialects: bochkya, Vankya.

Grammatical dialectisms are words that are used differently than in the normalized version of the language. For example, South Russian dialects are characterized by the use in the feminine gender of those words that, according to the literary norm, are words of the middle gender: the whole field, whose meat.

Lexical dialectisms are the most specific, often it is by them that the dialect of one locality is distinguished from the dialect of another locality. In the dialect vocabulary, a special group is distinguished, called ethnographisms - words that denote objects and concepts that are characteristic of a particular area. Such words are often used in fiction, due to them a special expressiveness is given to the literary text, and the speech of the characters - reliability, "naturalness".

Special vocabulary

The words of limited use vocabulary also include professionalisms used exclusively in a certain field of activity. Often such words are commonly used words that have acquired an additional meaning that is understandable to all representatives of any profession. At the same time, some of the professionalisms are the unofficial name of any subject or process, and the official name will already be a term.

For example, the term used to refer to metal frozen in a ladle is frozen, but at the same time the metallurgists themselves call it a "goat". In this case, it is the "goat" that will be professionalism.

"Skin" - professionalism, used outside the environment of specialists. The corresponding official name would be "sandpaper".

It should be noted that professionalisms are less "systemic" - they are born in oral speech, exist for a certain amount of time, and then disappear, being replaced by new words. But sometimes they are fixed, becoming full-fledged terms. There is an exchange between professional words and terms, similar to the exchange between general vocabulary and vocabulary of limited use - part of the words constantly moves from one group to another.

Subspecies of special vocabulary - terms

A term is a word denoting a certain object or concept, and, as a rule, having no additional meaning, unambiguity is a mandatory feature for words of this category, and the terminological "base" of any sphere covers all objects, phenomena and processes that take place in it . Unlike other words and their meanings, terms are created on purpose. Careful work on them implies the elimination and establishment of a clear framework for its use, its relationship with other terms from this field of activity.

Jargon

Argo, or, as it is also called, jargon, is that layer of the vocabulary of the Russian language, the use of which is typical for certain social groups, these are words that are understandable only to "their own". Over time, some of the slang words seep into the vocabulary of general use, becoming words that are used by all native speakers, regardless of social status and social circle. Examples are the words swindler, smart, linden (meaning "fake").

They are also found in fiction, performing approximately the same role as dialect vocabulary. Due to them, the speech of fictional characters becomes more natural. In addition, with their help, the author can embody the stylistic idea and the general idea of ​​the work, which fully justifies the use of "reduced" vocabulary.

For example, in the novel "After the Wedding" by Granin, in the speech of the main characters, one can find the expression "It's me in the order of chatter", that is, "I'm just talking about nothing."

Youth slang

Since youth is a fairly large social group, its slang should be taken out as a separate item, since it is very extensive, even without touching on the slang of various subcultures and movements. Here you can find many examples of "rethinking" common words, which is why "wheelbarrow" becomes synonymous with the word "car", parents become "ancestors", and they say "he faded away" about a person who has quietly passed away.

A separate group are the words of student slang. Therefore, the “tails” of failed exams trail behind the negligent student, in the test book there is a nest of “boas” (the grade is “satisfactory”), and the “late Styopa” or “stipukha” turns out to be just a scholarship that fellow students can’t wait for.

Conclusion

Summing up, we can say that the lexical stock of the Russian language is incredibly extensive and only enriches itself over time. Moreover, the division of words into any groups is very conditional, because the process of transition of words from one category to another is continuous and inevitable. It helps to avoid the creation of rigid frameworks and unnecessarily strict rules for the use of a particular word, leaving the speaker free to choose means that correspond to the purpose of a particular statement.

Vocabulary of the Russian language, depending on the nature of the functioning, is divided into two large groups - commonly used and limited by the scope of use. Vocabulary of a limited scope of use is common within a certain area or among people united by profession, social characteristics, common interests, pastime, etc. Such words are used mainly in oral irregular speech. However, artistic speech does not refuse to use them: writers find in them the means to stylize the artistic narrative, to create the speech characteristics of the characters. This includes: dialectisms, terminological and professional vocabulary, jargon and slang vocabulary

Dialect vocabulary

Dialect vocabulary is words that are used mainly by people living in the same area. For example, in Russian folk dialects there are words “kozyulya” (snake), “baz” (yard), “veksha” (squirrel) etc.

Most often, dialect words have synonyms in the literary language with a different root: kochet - rooster, chapura - heron. But there are also words that name objects and phenomena that are characteristic of the life of the population of only a given area or that are somehow specific different from similar ones. For example, " plakhta” in southern dialects means a skirt made of a piece of fabric wrapped around the waist and not stitched. The meanings of some dialectisms differ from the meanings of the same words in the literary language. For example, the word " eyelid”in northern dialects has the meaning“ lid", word " cloud” denotes a thunderstorm.

Dialect words are not included in the literary language, but some of them are used in works of art to convey the peculiarities of the speech of the inhabitants of a certain area, to create local color. Some dialect words can be listed in dictionaries marked “ region” - regional: gorodba (reg.) - fence, fence.

They are divided into groups:

• 1. Lexical dialectisms - words known only to speakers of the dialect and beyond its borders, having neither phonetic nor word-forming variants. For example, in South Russian dialects there are words beetroot (beetroot), tsibulya (onion). In the common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects, concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.
• 2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words that name objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki- "Pies prepared in a special way", othersa nk- "special potato pancakes." Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the national language, since the objects themselves, designated by these words, have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothes, food, plants, etc.
• 3. Lexico-semantic dialectisms - words that have an unusual meaning in a dialect: scream(someone) - "to call", myself -"master, husband", etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.
• 4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in a dialect cai (tea), chep (chain)- the consequences of "clatter" and "clatter", characteristic of the northern dialects.
• 5. word-building dialectisms - words that have received a special affixal design in the dialect: peven (rooster), guska (goose).
• 6. Morphological dialectisms - forms of inflection not characteristic of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person ( go, go); the ending -am nouns in the instrumental plural ( under the pillars); the ending e for personal pronouns in the genitive singular: me, you and etc.

Common and restricted words. The main part of the vocabulary of the Russian language is made up of commonly used words a, that is, such words that all Russian people use, regardless of profession and place of residence. For example, nouns father, mother, son, daughter adjectives good, beautiful, long numerals one, two, three pronouns l, you, he verbs to speak, walk, write when we write.

Words limited in use include dialectisms, professionalisms. Dialectic words are words that are used mainly by residents of the same locality. So, the word kuren dom is used in the dialect of the Don Cossacks, rye shoots are called winter in the north, and in the south of greenery, winter felted shoes in Siberia are called pimami pim el. h im. and in the European part of Russia felt boots.

Many dialect words become common and are included in synonymous groups, for example, a common house, a North Russian hut, a South Russian hut. In works of art, dialectisms are used to convey the peculiarities of the speech of the inhabitants of a certain area. Using dialectisms in speech, one must remember the advice of K. Paustovsky. A local word can enrich the language if it is figurative, harmonious and understandable. Professionalisms are special words that are used mainly by people of the same profession.

In mathematics, for example, there are such special words as denominator, numerator, multiplier, addendum, subtrahend, dividend, etc. There are such special words in the science of language phonetics, graphics, spelling, orthoepy, vocabulary, morphemic, morphology, syntax and others. Special words denoting scientific concepts are called terms. Some terms are used only by specialists in one field, doctors, physicists, etc. There are also commonly understood terms that have entered the literary language: sum, horizon, start, etc. In works of art, professionalisms are used to describe people's activities.

End of work -

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Polysemy and richness of Russian vocabulary

At the same time, language invariably fulfills its most important purpose as a means of communication. Language is the repository of human thought. It connects times, generations. Changes in language occur constantly. But they are not always noticeable during the life of one generation. Most..

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All topics in this section:

Vocabulary and phraseological wealth of the Russian language
Vocabulary and phraseological wealth of the Russian language. Words and phraseological units name objects, phenomena, signs and actions of the surrounding world. The more a person knows the world, including himself

Lexical meaning of the word
The lexical meaning of the word. The word is the basic unit of language. Words are made up of phrases and sentences. Words differ from each other primarily in sound composition and meaning. Take the word table

Single and multiple words
single and multiple words. Single-valued words are words with one lexical meaning, for example, a coat of arms is a distinctive sign of a state or city, which is depicted on flags, coins, seals.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word
Direct and figurative meaning of the word. Polysemantic words have direct and figurative meanings. The direct meaning of a word is its main lexical meaning. For example, the word howl refers to the sounds produced

Archaisms
Archaisms. The lexical composition of the Russian language reflects the history of the people. Words are living witnesses of historical events, the development of science, technology, culture, changes in everyday life. Many words with disappeared

Neologisms
Neologisms. The vocabulary of the language is closely connected with the life of society. The historical development of society, the development of science and technology, literature and art, changes in everyday life cause

Special vocabulary.

The vocabulary of the modern Russian language contains a large number of special words denoting certain concepts from the field of various professions, labor processes, scientific and technical activities, social practice, sports, etc.

The question of the classification of special vocabulary is extremely difficult, because. special vocabulary is formed and functions in numerous areas of the most diverse professional, labor and scientific and technical activities, as well as in certain teams that are not directly related to production (for example, in various sports teams).

The second main issue related to the study of special vocabulary is the question of the linguistic essence of the term. In the study of this issue, there are two approaches - normative (putting forward a number of requirements for the term: unambiguity, accuracy, brevity, lack of synonyms, etc.) and descriptive (requiring a distinction between redundant and non-redundant features - at different levels).

In the history of the development and enrichment of the vocabulary of the Russian language, professional and terminological vocabulary has played a very important role.

A significant part of the terms has acquired new meanings in the modern general literary language, i.e. there was a determinologization ... the splitting of the general semantics of the word into separate independent meanings (terminological and general literary), for example, excitement, accumulate, contact, potential, demagnetize ...

Determinologized vocabulary occupies a prominent place in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language and is widely used to enhance the expressiveness of oral and written statements.

Slang and slang vocabulary.

In various social groups and labor collectives, under the influence of certain socio-psychological factors, lexical units with a reduced professional coloring may appear, which together form professional jargons (jargon - French jargon, or slang - English slang). The jargons that make up the lexical base of this or that jargon are usually used in a narrow circle of people who have common professional interests or some other social community.

Professional jargons became quite widespread in the pre-revolutionary period among craftsmen who had a "guild" organization (tailors, shoemakers, printers, etc.). For example, in the speech of printers (newspapermen) there were and continue to be slang words: veneer - "a thin metal plate inserted between the lines of the set, a goat -" omission of letters and words in the print ", blunder -" a gross mistake made in printing. Examples of jargon used in other professional groups: suitcase - "dense young spruce forest" (hunters), mormyshka - "artificial bait for fish" (fishermen).

Argotisms are also very close to slang vocabulary. Argo (French argot - closed) is a closed social dialect, which is characterized by the presence of artificially invented words that replace common vocabulary and are used either for the purpose of conspiracy or for the sake of deliberate "protrusion" by the carriers of this argo of their social isolation and "dissimilarity" with generally accepted norms of social behavior.

Replete with argotism and the speech of the so-called "camp" - criminals.

Here are the words from their speech usage: urkagan - "hero of the underworld", raspberry - "shelter, brothel", olive - "bullet", maidan - "bazaar", bochata - "watch", jackal - "beggar", wick - " disabled person", corral - "bunks", knocking - "informing", informer - "informer".

Youth slang (jargon) is quite widespread in the school and student environment of our days. His vocabulary material is lexical and phraseological units, which are very far from the true beauty, expressiveness and penetration of the Russian word.

The source of modern youth slang is, first of all, the psychological expression in which a young person can be and which encourages him to be original, to try to "impress" and demeanor, and hairstyle, and style of dress, and, finally, his speech. Although the emergence and spread of youth slang is due to certain socio-psychological reasons, the very fact of the existence of this phenomenon does great harm to the improvement of speech culture and the education of intelligence among the younger generation of our time, because. sometimes deprives many of its representatives of the ability to understand the deepest meaning of the lofty works of literary genius, to feel the beauty of the pure Russian word and the aesthetics of living Russian speech.

The following words can serve as examples of youth argotism: truncate - "understand, grasp the meaning", give out ~ "do something especially spectacular", perform - "it is inappropriate to say anything", frame (sya) - "attract the attention of a girl ( young men).

Dialect vocabulary.

The general folk vocabulary, which forms the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language, is opposed by groups of words that are known only to a limited circle of people, united by a territorial-dialect or social community.

The set of lexical units that make up a specific affiliation of a particular territorial dialect and are common in the speech of only the local population forms a dialect vocabulary.

Dialect vocabulary remains outside the literary language and, as already noted, is used only in the oral speech of speakers of a particular territorial dialect. In addition, dialect vocabulary can be used by writers in works of art for the speech characterization of characters or general stylization of speech.

However, excessive "saturation" of dialect vocabulary of the vocabulary material of the work leads to a decrease in artistry, makes it difficult to understand.

Many dialect words penetrate the literary language, gradually become fixed in it, and even lose their dialect specificity. Such words are perceived by speakers as words of a literary language with one or another shade of emotionality and expressiveness. In this way, in the 19th century the following words entered the literary language and gradually lost their dialect specificity in it: hunger strike, kids, smartass, confusion, tedious, etc.

It is necessary to delimit many colloquial words from dialect vocabulary. For example, colloquial-vernacular (not dialectal) are the words: blond, plump, thrashing, very tightly, flicker, foist, hungry man, dohlyak, muzzle, yell, swindle, stunned, mob, hard worker, canteen, hard worker, be rude, squishy, ​​hang around and etc.

The concept of commonness

Communication with the help of language is carried out primarily within specific social groups. Each of these groups, on the one hand, uses a single, common vocabulary, and on the other hand, it is distinguished by the peculiarity of the use of certain categories of words.

In this regard, the vocabulary of the Russian language can be systematized taking into account such a parameter as general use - limited use.

What is general use? How can it be evaluated?

The use of a word is measured by the number of people who actively use it in their speech, and the number of facts of its use. All this is included in the concept frequency, which is the most significant indicator of the word's usage. The problem of frequency is solved by frequency dictionaries.

Common vocabulary

The basis of the Russian language is common vocabulary . This is the backbone of a national literary dictionary, this is the core, without which language is unthinkable, communication is impossible, the vast majority of words of which are stable in their use and are commonly used in all styles of speech. Those. the popular vocabulary merges with the notion of common language.

Vocabulary limited in its use

The limited use of vocabulary can be explained by both sociolinguistic and linguistic factors. Nr:

1) belonging of native speakers to a particular social group;

2) the dependence of the vocabulary used on the conditions, forms, goals of communication (i.e., on styles).

a) Terminology- this is the most representative part of the special vocabulary, limited in use. At present, terminology has become a special scientific discipline, in the development of which not only linguists, but also specialists in computer science, science of science, representatives of all sciences take part.

The terminology is classified as "language of science" . There are three layers of vocabulary in the language of science:

1) non-terminological vocabulary, represented mainly by words with an abstract and generalized meaning;

2) general scientific vocabulary;

3) proper terminological vocabulary, or highly specialized terms characteristic of a particular field of science or technology, constituting a terminological system.

The ideal requirement for the term is the requirement of unambiguity and lack of synonymy. And many highly specialized terms meet this requirement,

Nr: phoneme, archphoneme, sememe…

But in terminology, a special type of homonymy is common: in different term systems, the same lexemes can be used to denote different concepts.

Nr: hyperbole (lit. and mat.),

reduction (linguistic, biology, technical, medical, history)…

Explanatory dictionaries consider this phenomenon as polysemy, but since each of these terms is included in its own terminological system, which does not correlate with the other, it would be more correct to define this phenomenon as intersystem terminological homonymy.

Sometimes the terminological meaning develops in commonly used words:

bow - "the front of the ship",

The rule of lack of synonymy for terms is often violated:

prefix - prefix, ending - inflection…

Terms, unlike common words, have authors: biosphere- IN AND. Vernadsky;

spaceship- S.P. Korolev.

The composition of the terminological vocabulary differs from the common fund also in that most of the words in it are nouns, which are most suitable for expressing concepts: acidity, unambiguity, sprinkling…

There is no sharp boundary between terms and common vocabulary, because they interact and live according to the laws of one living lexical system.

b) Professionalism- words that are usually a kind of doublet of some highly specialized terms (Shmelev D.N.).

Nr: steering wheel - "steering wheel";

error - "overlay";

synchrophasotron - "pan";

freestyle wrestlers - "freestyle wrestlers";

sell tickets - "fly around";

musicians who play stringed instruments and".

There are also accentological professionalisms:

compass - compass;

quarter - quarter;

report - report…

Professionalisms, unlike terms, are colloquial and colloquial in color and are often outside the literary language.

It must be borne in mind that some linguists (N. M. Shansky) put a different meaning into the concept of professionalism: they confuse them with terms.

Nr: scalpel, alibi, dagger, print...

c) jargon- these are words specific to the oral speech of social groups of people united not so much professionally as by way of life, social status, belonging to the same generation.

Jargons come close to professionalisms in the sense that one can talk about military, naval, sports, clerical jargon, and also that jargons are outside the literary language.

But the difference is that jargon is subject to fashion and therefore unstable, i.e. they are characterized by a rapid change of means of expression specific to a given speech. The most widespread "slang-colored" vocabulary among young people. It forms youth jargon, or slang.

The main factor determining the formation of jargon, or slang, is the need for "one's own", more expressive emotionally expressive secondary names.

The semantic volume of slang vocabulary is limited:

- phenomena that indicate any production life steppe, gosy, tail, foreign country, pitchfork (pipe), tower ...;

- words expressing a positive or negative assessment

cool, awesome, iron, giant; dregs, crap, boots, goat…;

- the most reduced vocabulary

ancestors, sharaga, heal ....

It is clear that this is a kind of language game, but the game should not turn into a manner of speech, because it will lead to a decrease in the overall level of speech culture.

The concept of jargon is related to the concept "argo". This is a conditional speech of a separate professional or social group of people, characterized by a special set of words and expressions (D.N. Shmelev).

Argo differs from jargon in that it is a "secret, classified" language. Before the revolution, such a secret language was used, for example, by artisans, small merchants (ofeni), whose life was connected with constant movements and who needed to keep professional secrets of trade. Such a secret language is necessary (and still is) for the declassed elements, opposed to all other native speakers.

G) outside the literary language are and dialectisms. They are brought together with jargon and professionalism by the oral form of existence. In all other respects, they differ significantly.

The following groups of lexical dialectisms are distinguished:

1) Lexical dialectisms that name well-known objects and have synonyms in the literary language.

Nr: gutara - to speak;

elan - glade;

kochet, gorlan - a rooster;

bazgat - beat;

inflate - fill.

2) Lexical dialectisms, denoting realities specific to a particular area and not having synonyms in the literary language.

Nr: kurzhak - winter frost,

yaga - a sheepskin coat made from the skin of wolves or dogs.

3) Lexico-semantic dialectisms are words that coincide in sound appearance with the words of the literary language, but have a special meaning in the dialect (homonyms):

ram - small laying of sheaves in the field ( Olonets );

ram - a type of mushroom ( Pskov );

ram - a bird of the wader family ( Smolensk );

ram - a clay washstand of a special shape ( vladim ).

There are also ethnographic dialectisms (ethnographisms)- these are words that name objects and phenomena characteristic of a particular area. These are the names of rituals, clothes, plants, etc.

Nr: baraba(ur.) - dance;

barmak(Donsk.) - flat forks of a special kind;

barguzun(Sib.) - northeast wind on Baikal.

The use of dialectisms is very wide: as in oral communication as expressive speech means, and in fiction ... Local data are interesting: according to T. I. Erofeeva, in the speech of educated residents of the city of Perm there are more than a hundred lexical dialectisms:

milestone (washcloth),