“Sanskrit”, an overview essay: the history, features, mysticism of Sanskrit. The oldest language Sanskrit programming language of the future Dead language Sanskrit

The Sanskrit language is the divine language of antiquity and the programming language of the future. The influence of this language has directly or indirectly spread to almost all the languages ​​of the planet (according to experts, it is about 97%). If you speak Sanskrit, you can easily learn any language in the world.

The best and most efficient computer algorithms were created not in English, but in Sanskrit. Scientists in the United States, Germany and France are creating software for devices that work in Sanskrit. At the end of 2021, several developments will be presented to the world, and some commands, such as "send", "receive", "forward", will be written in current Sanskrit.

Ancient, which transformed the world several centuries ago, will soon become the language of the future, controlling bots and guiding devices. Sanskrit has several main advantages that scholars and linguists admire, some of them consider it a divine language - it is so pure and harmonious. Sanskrit also reveals some of the secret meanings of the hymns of the Vedas and Puranas, ancient Indian texts in this unique language.

Of all the languages ​​in the world, Sanskrit has the largest vocabulary, while it makes it possible to pronounce a sentence with a minimum number of words.

Amazing facts of the past

The Vedas written in Sanskrit are the oldest in the world. Hindus believe that they have been preserved unchanged in oral tradition for at least 2 million years.

Modern scientists date the creation of the Vedas to 1500 BC. e., that is, "officially" their age is more than 3500 years.

They have a maximum time interval between oral dissemination and written fixation, which falls on the 5th century AD.

Sanskrit texts cover a wide variety of topics, from spiritual treatises to literary works (poetry, drama, satire, history, epic, novels), scientific works in mathematics, linguistics, logic, botany, chemistry, medicine, as well as works of explanation. obscure things for us - "raising elephants" or even "cultivating curved bamboo for palanquins." The ancient library of Nalanda included the largest number of manuscripts on all topics until it was looted and burned by Muslim terrorists.

Sanskrit poetry is remarkably diverse, with over 100 written and over 600 oral works.

Sanskrit is the mother of most North Indian languages. Even the tendentious pseudo-Aryan intrusion theorists who ridiculed the Hindu texts, after studying it, recognized the influence of Sanskrit and accepted it as the source of all languages.

The Indo-Aryan languages ​​developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, which in turn evolved from the Proto-Aryan Sanskrit. Moreover, even the Dravidian languages ​​(Telugu, Malalam, Kannada, and to some extent Tamil), which do not originate from Sanskrit, borrowed so many words from it that Sanskrit can be called their adopted mother.

The process of forming new words in Sanskrit continued for a long time, until the great linguist Panini, who wrote the grammar, established the rules for the formation of each word, compiling a complete list of roots and nouns.

After Panini some changes were made, they were streamlined by Vararuchi and Patanjali. Any violation of the rules laid down by them was recognized as a grammatical error, and therefore Sanskrit has remained unchanged from the time of Patanjali (about 250 BC) to our times.

For a long time, Sanskrit was used mainly in the oral tradition. Before the advent of printing in India, Sanskrit did not have a single written alphabet. It was written in local alphabets, which includes more than two dozen scripts. This is also an unusual occurrence. Reasons for establishing Devanagari as a writing standard are the influence of the Hindi language and the fact that many of the early Sanskrit texts were printed in Bombay, where Devanagari is the script for the local Marathi language.

Sanskrit, like all literature written in it, is divided into two large sections: Vedic and classical. The Vedic period, which began in 4000-3000 BC. e., ended around 1100 AD; the classical began in 600 BC. and continues to the present.

Vedic Sanskrit merged with classical Sanskrit over time. However, a fairly large difference remains between them, although the phonetics are the same. Many old words were lost, many new ones appeared. Some meanings of words have changed, new phrases have arisen.

The sphere of influence of Sanskrit spread in all directions of Southeast Asia (now Laos, Cambodia and other countries) without the use of military action or violent measures from India.

The attention paid to Sanskrit in India (the study of grammar, phonetics, etc.) until the 20th century came, surprisingly, from outside. The success of modern comparative linguistics, the history of linguistics and, ultimately, linguistics in general, originates in the enthusiasm for Sanskrit by Western scholars such as A. N. Chomsky and P. Kiparsky.

Sanskrit is the scientific language of the three world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism (together with Pali) and Jainism (second after Prakrit).

It is difficult to classify it as a dead language: Sanskrit literature continues to thrive thanks to the novels, short stories, essays and epic poems that are written in this language.

There are works of great complexity, including works that describe several events at the same time using wordplay or use words that are several lines long.

Sanskrit is the official language of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Today, there are several Indian villages (in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Karnataka and Uttara Pradesh) where this language is still spoken. For example, in the village of Mathur in Karnataka, more than 90% of the population knows Sanskrit.

There are even newspapers in Sanskrit! Sudharma, printed in Mysore, has been published since 1970 and now has an electronic version.

At the moment, there are about 30 million ancient Sanskrit texts in the world, 7 million of which are in India. This means that there are more texts in this language than Roman and Greek combined. Unfortunately, most of them have not been catalogued, and therefore a lot of work is required to digitize, translate and systematize the available manuscripts.

Sanskrit in modern times

Sanskrit enriches science by passing on the knowledge contained in such books as the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, Mahabharata, Ramayana and others. To this end, it is studied at the Russian State University and especially at NASA, which contains 60,000 palm leaves with manuscripts. NASA has declared Sanskrit "the only unambiguous spoken language on the planet" that is suitable for computers. The same thought was expressed back in July 1987 by Forbes magazine: "Sanskrit is the language most suitable for computers."

NASA presented a report that America is building the 6th and 7th generation of computers based on Sanskrit. The project end date for the 6th generation is 2025 and the 7th generation is 2034. After that, it is expected that there will be a boom in Sanskrit learning around the world.

In seventeen countries of the world there are universities for the study of Sanskrit for technological knowledge. In particular, a protection system based on the Indian Shri Chakra is being studied in the UK.

There is an interesting fact: the study of Sanskrit improves mental activity and memory: students who have mastered this language begin to better understand mathematics and other exact sciences and receive higher marks in them. School of James Jr. In London, she introduced the study of Sanskrit as a compulsory subject for her students, after which her students began to study better. This example was followed by some schools in Ireland.

Studies have shown that the phonetics of Sanskrit has a connection with the energy points of the body, so reading or pronouncing Sanskrit words stimulates them, increasing the energy of the whole body, thereby increasing the level of resistance to diseases, relaxing the mind and getting rid of stress.

Also, Sanskrit is the only language that uses all the nerve endings in the language; when pronouncing words, the general blood supply improves and, as a result, the functioning of the brain. This results in better overall health, according to the American Hindu University.

Sanskrit is the only language in the world that has existed for thousands. Many languages ​​descended from him have died, many others will come to replace them, but he himself will remain unchanged.

231 years ago, on November 14, 1788, Mikhail Lazarev was born in Vladimir, a Russian naval commander and admiral, a participant in several round-the-world voyages and other sea voyages, a discoverer and explorer of Antarctica.

Having traveled a long and difficult path from midshipman to admiral, Lazarev not only took part in the most key naval battles of the 19th century, but also did a lot to improve the coastal infrastructure of the fleet, stood at the origins of the establishment of the Admiralty and the founding of the Sevastopol Maritime Library.

The life path and exploits of MP Lazarev in the historical material of the Research Institute of Military History of the Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia.

Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev devoted his entire life to serving the Russian Navy. He was born in the family of a nobleman, Senator Pyotr Gavrilovich Lazarev, who came from the nobles of the Arzamas district of the Nizhny Novgorod province, was the middle of three brothers - the future Vice Admiral Andrei Petrovich Lazarev (born in 1787) and Rear Admiral Alexei Petrovich Lazarev (born in 1787). in 1793).

Already after the death of their father, in February 1800, the brothers were enrolled as ordinary cadets in the Naval Cadet Corps. In 1803, Mikhail Petrovich passed the exam for the rank of midshipman, becoming the third best student out of 32 students.

E. I. Botman. Portrait of Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. 1873

In June of the same year, for further study of maritime affairs, he was assigned to the battleship Yaroslav, which operated in the Baltic Sea. And two months later, together with the seven best-performing graduates, he was sent to England, where for five years he participated in voyages in the North and Mediterranean seas, in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. In 1808, Lazarev returned to his homeland and passed the exam for the rank of midshipman.

During the Russo-Swedish War of 1808-1809, Mikhail Petrovich was on the battleship Blagodat, which was part of the flotilla of Vice Admiral P. I. Khlynov. During the fighting near the island of Gogland, the flotilla captured a brig and five transports of the Swedes.

When evading the superior English squadron, one of the ships - the battleship Vsevolod - ran aground. On August 15 (27), 1808, Lazarev and his crew on a lifeboat were sent to help. It was not possible to refloat the ship, and after a fierce boarding battle with the British, the Vsevolod was burned, and Lazarev and the crew were captured.

In May 1809 he returned to the Baltic Fleet. In 1811 he was promoted to lieutenant.

Mikhail Petrovich met the Patriotic War of 1812 on the 24-gun brig "Phoenix", which, along with other ships, defended the Gulf of Riga, participated in the bombardment and landing in Danzig. For bravery, Lazarev was awarded a silver medal.

After the end of the war in the port of Kronstadt, preparations began for a round-the-world trip to Russian America. The frigate "Suvorov" was chosen to participate in it, in 1813 Lieutenant Lazarev was appointed its commander. The ship belonged to the Russian-American Company, which was interested in regular sea traffic between St. Petersburg and Russian America.

On October 9 (21), 1813, the ship left Kronstadt. Having overcome strong winds and thick fogs, passing the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak straits (between Denmark and the Scandinavian Peninsula) and avoiding a collision with French and Danish ships allied to them, the frigate arrived in Portsmouth (England). After a three-month stop, the ship, passing along the coast of Africa, crossed the Atlantic and stopped for a month in Rio de Janeiro.

At the end of May 1814, the Suvorov entered the Atlantic, crossed the Indian Ocean, and on August 14 (26) entered Port Jackson (Australia), where he received the news of the final victory over Napoleon. Having continued sailing across the Pacific Ocean, at the end of November the frigate arrived at the Novo-Arkhangelsk port, where the residence of the chief manager of Russian America A. A. Baranov was located.

During the voyage, on the approach to the equator, a group of coral islands was discovered, to which Lazarev gave the name "Suvorov".

After wintering, the frigate made a trip to the Aleutian Islands, where it received a large cargo of furs for delivery to Kronstadt. At the end of July 1815, the Suvorov left Novo-Arkhangelsk. Now his path lay along the coasts of North and South America, bypassing Cape Horn.

During the voyage, the frigate made a call at the Peruvian port of Callao, becoming the first Russian ship to visit Peru. Here Mikhail Petrovich successfully carried out the trade negotiations entrusted to him, having received permission for Russian sailors to trade without any additional taxes.

Rounding Cape Horn, the ship passed through the entire Atlantic Ocean and arrived in Kronstadt on July 15 (28), 1816. In addition to a large cargo of valuable furs, Peruvian animals were delivered to Europe - nine llamas, one each of vigonii and alpacas. Under sail on the way from Kronstadt to Novo-Arkhangelsk "Suvorov" was 239 days, and on the way back - 245 days.

The route of navigation of M.P. Lazarev on the frigate "Suvorov" in 1813 - 1815

At the beginning of 1819, Lazarev, already an experienced commander and navigator, received under his command the Mirny sloop, which was preparing for an expedition to the Antarctic Circle.

After two months of preparation, re-equipment of ships, sheathing of the underwater part of the hull with copper sheets, selection of a team and preparation of provisions, Mirny, together with the Vostok sloop (under the general command of its commander, Lieutenant Commander F. F. Bellingshausen), in July 1819 left Kronstadt. Having made a stop in the capital of Brazil, the sloops headed for the island of South Georgia, nicknamed the "entrance gate" to Antarctica.

The voyage took place in difficult polar conditions: among icy mountains and large ice floes, with frequent storms and snowstorms, heaps of floating ice that slowed down the movement of ships.

Thanks to the excellent knowledge of the sea by Lazarev and Bellingshausen, the ships never lost sight of each other.

Making their way among the icebergs to the south, on January 16 (30), 1820, the sailors reached a latitude of 69 ° 23´5. This was the edge of the Antarctic continent, but the sailors did not fully realize their feat - the discovery of the sixth part of the world.

Lazarev wrote in his diary:

On the sixteenth we reached latitude 69° 23'5, where we encountered ice of extraordinary height, extending as far as sight could reach. However, we didn’t enjoy this amazing spectacle for long, because soon it became cloudy again and it snowed as usual ... From here we continued our way to the east, attempting to the south at every opportunity, but, not reaching 70 °, we invariably came across an icy mainland.

After vain attempts to find a passage, the commanders of the ships, after consulting, decided to retreat and turned north. The crews of the sloops were in constant nervous tension, they were plagued by dampness and cold. Bellingshausen and Lazarev made every effort to ensure normal living conditions. The Vostok and Mirny went to the Australian port of Jackson for wintering.

Swimming of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev in 1819 - 1821

On May 8 (20), 1820, the repaired ships headed for the shores of New Zealand, where they plied the waters of the little-studied southeastern Pacific Ocean for three months, discovering a number of islands. In September, the ships returned to Australia, and two months later they headed back to Antarctica.

During the second voyage, the sailors managed to discover the island of Peter I and the coast of Alexander I, which completed their research work in Antarctica.

So Russian sailors were the first in the world to discover a new part of the world - Antarctica, refuting the opinion of the English traveler James Cook, who claimed that there is no mainland in the southern latitudes, and if it exists, then only near the pole, in areas not accessible for navigation.

The ships were on the march for 751 days, 527 of them under sail, and traveled over 50,000 miles. The expedition discovered 29 islands, including a group of coral islands named after the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 - M. I. Kutuzov, M. B. Barclay de Tolly, P. Kh. Wittgenstein, A. P. Yermolov, N. N. Raevsky, M. A. Miloradovich, S. G. Volkonsky.

For a successful voyage, Lazarev, bypassing the rank of lieutenant commander, was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank.

Sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny". Artist Y. Sorokin

In March 1822, MP Lazarev was appointed commander of the newly built 36-gun frigate Kreyser.

At that time, the situation in Russian America became aggravated, American industrialists savagely exterminated valuable fur-bearing animals in our possessions. It was decided to send the Cruiser frigate and the Ladoga sloop, commanded by his older brother Andrei, to distant shores. In August of the same year, the ships left the Kronstadt raid.

After stopping in Tahiti, each ship went on its own course, the Ladoga - to the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Cruiser - to the shores of Russian America. For about a year, the frigate guarded Russian territorial waters from smugglers. In the summer of 1824, the sloop "Enterprise" replaced it, and the "Cruiser" left Novo-Arkhangelsk. In August 1825, the frigate arrived in Kronstadt.

For exemplary performance of the task, Lazarev was promoted to captain of the 1st rank and awarded the Order of Vladimir, III degree.

At the beginning of 1826, Mikhail Petrovich was appointed commander of the battleship Azov, which was under construction in Arkhangelsk, at that time the most advanced ship of the domestic navy.

The commander carefully selected his crew, which included Lieutenant P. S. Nakhimov, midshipman V. A. Kornilov and midshipman V. I. Istomin - the future leaders of the defense of Sevastopol.

His influence on his subordinates was unlimited, Nakhimov wrote to a friend:

It is worth listening, my dear, how everyone treats the captain here, how they love him! ... Indeed, the Russian fleet has not yet had such a captain.

Upon the ship's arrival in Kronstadt, it entered service with the Baltic squadron. Here Mikhail Petrovich had a chance to serve for some time under the command of the famous Russian Admiral D.N. Senyavin.

In 1827, Lazarev was appointed part-time chief of staff of the squadron, equipped for a campaign in the Mediterranean. In the summer of the same year, a squadron under the command of Rear Admiral L.P. Heyden entered the Mediterranean Sea and joined with the French and English squadrons.

British Vice Admiral Edward Codrington, a student of Admiral Nelson, took command of the combined fleet, it included 27 ships (11 English, seven French and nine Russian) with 1.3 thousand guns. The Turkish-Egyptian fleet consisted of over 50 ships with 2.3 thousand guns. In addition, the enemy had coastal batteries on the island of Sphacteria and in the Navarino fortress.

On October 8 (20), 1827, the famous Battle of Navarino took place. "Azov" was in the center of a battle curved line of four battleships. It was here that the Turks sent their main blow.

The battleship "Azov" had to fight simultaneously with five Turkish ships, with artillery fire it sank two large frigates and a corvette, burned the flagship under the flag of Tagir Pasha, forced the 80-gun battleship to run aground, after which it ignited and blew it up.

In addition, the ship under the command of Lazarev destroyed the flagship of Muharrem Bey.

At the end of the battle at Azov, all the masts were broken, the sides were broken, and 153 holes were counted in the hull. Despite such serious damage, the ship continued to fight until the last minute of the battle.

Russian ships bore the brunt of the battle and played a major role in the defeat of the Turkish-Egyptian fleet. The enemy lost a battleship, 13 frigates, 17 corvettes, four brigs, five fireships and other ships.

For the battle of Navarino, the battleship "Azov", for the first time in the Russian fleet, was awarded the highest award - the stern St. George's flag.

Lazarev was promoted to rear admiral and was awarded three orders at once: the Greek - the Commander's Cross of the Savior, the English - Baths and the French - St. Louis.

Subsequently, Mikhail Petrovich, being the chief of staff of the squadron, cruised in the Archipelago and participated in the blockade of the Dardanelles, cutting off the Turks from Constantinople.

"Navarin battle". Artist I. Aivazovsky

Since 1830, Lazarev commanded a brigade of ships of the Baltic Fleet, in 1832 he was appointed chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet, and the following year - fleet commander, governor of Nikolaev and Sevastopol. Mikhail Petrovich held this post for 18 years.

Already at the beginning of 1833, Lazarev led the successful campaign of the Russian fleet and the transfer of 10,000 troops to the Bosphorus, as a result of which an attempt to capture Istanbul by the Egyptians was prevented. Russia's military assistance forced Sultan Mahmud II to conclude the Unkiar-Iskelesi Treaty, which raised Russia's prestige high.

The consolidation of Russia in the Caucasus was perceived with particular hostility by England, which sought to turn the Caucasus with its rich natural resources into its colony.

For these purposes, with the active support of England, a movement of groups of religious fanatics (muridism) was organized, one of the main slogans of which was the annexation of the Caucasus to Turkey.

To violate the plans of the British and Turks, the Black Sea Fleet needed to block the Caucasian coast. To this end, for operations off the coast of the Caucasus, Lazarev allocated a detachment, and later a squadron of the Black Sea Fleet, consisting of six armed ships. In 1838, a place was chosen for basing the squadron at the mouth of the Tsemes River, which marked the beginning of the construction of the Novorossiysk port.

In 1838-1840, with the direct participation of Lazarev, troops of the troops of General N. N. Raevsky (junior) landed from the ships of the Black Sea Fleet, which cleared the coast and mouths of the Tuapse, Subashi and Pazuape rivers from the enemy, a fort named after Lazarev was built on the banks of the latter . The successful activity of the Black Sea Fleet prevented the implementation of the aggressive plans of the British and Turks in the Caucasus.

Lazarev was the first to organize a two-year expedition of the frigate "Fast" and the tender "Hurry" in order to describe the Black Sea, which resulted in the publication of the first Black Sea sail.

Under the personal supervision of Lazarev, plans were drawn up and the area was prepared for the construction of the Admiralty in Sevastopol, docks were built. In the Hydrographic Depot reorganized on his instructions, many maps, sailing directions, regulations, manuals were printed and a detailed atlas of the Black Sea was published.

Under the leadership of Mikhail Petrovich, the Black Sea Fleet became the best in Russia. Serious progress was made in shipbuilding, he personally supervised the construction of each ship.

Under Lazarev, the number of ships of the Black Sea Fleet was brought to full complement, and naval artillery was improved. In Nikolaev, an admiralty was built taking into account all the achievements of technology of that time, and the construction of an admiralty near Novorossiysk began.

MP Lazarev was well aware that the sailing fleet was becoming obsolete and that it should be replaced by a steam one. However, technological backwardness did not allow Russia to quickly make such a transition.

Lazarev directed all his efforts so that steamships appeared in the Black Sea Fleet. He achieves this by commissioning the construction of iron steam ships with all the latest improvements. Preparations were made for the construction in Nikolaev of the screw 131-gun battleship Bosphorus (laid down after the death of Lazarev in 1852).

In 1842, Mikhail Petrovich secured orders for the construction of shipyards for the Black Sea Fleet of five steam frigates Khersones, Bessarabia, Krym, Gromonosets and Odessa.

In 1846, he sent his closest assistant captain 1st rank Kornilov to the English shipyards to directly supervise the construction of four steamships: Vladimir, Elbrus, Yenikale and Taman. All steamships were built according to Russian designs and draft drawings.

Lazarev paid much attention to the cultural growth of sailors. On his instructions and under his leadership, the Sevastopol Maritime Library was reorganized and the Assembly House was built, and many other public and cultural institutions were organized.

The admiral paid great attention to the defensive structures of Sevastopol, bringing the number of guns that defended the city to 734 units.

The Lazarev school was harsh, and sometimes it was not easy to work with the admiral. However, those sailors in whom he managed to awaken the living spark that lived in himself became true Lazarevites.

Mikhail Petrovich brought up such outstanding sailors as Nakhimov, Putyatin, Kornilov, Unkovsky, Istomin and Butakov. The great merit of Lazarev is that he trained the cadres of sailors who ensured the transition of the Russian fleet from sailing to steam.

The admiral has always cared little about his health. However, at the end of 1850, stomach pains intensified, and on the personal instructions of Nicholas I, he was sent to Vienna for treatment. The disease was severely neglected, and local surgeons refused to operate on him. On the night of April 11 (23), 1851, at the age of 63, Lazarev died of stomach cancer.

His ashes were transported to Russia and interred in Sevastopol in the Vladimir Cathedral. M. P. Lazarev, P. S. Nakhimov, V. A. Kornilov and V. I. Istomin are buried in the basement of this cathedral in the form of a cross, with their heads to the center of the cross.

The burial place of Admiral MP Lazarev in the Vladimir Cathedral, Sevastopol.

In 1867, in this city, which was then still in ruins after the Crimean War of 1853-1856, the solemn opening of the monument to MP Lazarev took place. At the opening, Rear Admiral I. A. Shestakov made a brilliant speech in which he vividly outlined the merits of the famous admiral in creating the Russian fleet and educating the high qualities of Russian sailors.

The geographical discoveries made by M. P. Lazarev are of world-historical significance. They are included in the golden fund of Russian science. Mikhail Petrovich was elected an honorary member of the Geographical Society.

The St. Petersburg Naval Assembly in memory of the remarkable Russian Admiral M.P. Lazarev in 1995 established a silver medal, which is awarded to employees of the sea, river and fishing fleet, educational institutions, research institutes and other naval organizations that have made a great contribution to the cause development of the fleet, who made significant voyages, as well as taking a significant part in the creation of equipment for the fleet and previously awarded the gold badge of the Naval Assembly.

The Russian people lovingly keep the memory of the outstanding Russian admiral, deservedly placing him among the best naval commanders of our Motherland.

Medal of M. P. Lazarev of the St. Petersburg Maritime Assembly

The UN confirms that Sanskrit is the mother of all languages. The influence of this language has directly or indirectly spread to almost all the languages ​​of the planet (according to experts, it is about 97%). If you speak Sanskrit, you can easily learn any language in the world. The best and most efficient computer algorithms were created not in English, but in Sanskrit. Scientists in the United States, Germany and France are creating software for devices that work in Sanskrit. At the end of 2021, several developments will be presented to the world, and some commands such as "send", "receive", "forward" will be written in the current Sanskrit.

The ancient language of Sanskrit, which transformed the world centuries ago, will soon become the language of the future, controlling bots and guiding devices. Sanskrit has several main advantages that scholars and linguists admire, some of them consider it a divine language - it is so pure and harmonious. Sanskrit also reveals some of the secret meanings of the hymns of the Vedas and Puranas, ancient Indian texts in this unique language.

Amazing facts of the past

The Vedas, written in Sanskrit, are the oldest in the world. They are believed to have been preserved unchanged in oral tradition for at least 2 million years. Modern scholars date the creation of the Vedas to 1500 BC. e., that is, "officially" their age is more than 3500 years. They have a maximum time interval between oral dissemination and written fixation, which falls on the 5th century AD. e.

Sanskrit texts cover a wide variety of topics, from spiritual treatises to literary works (poetry, drama, satire, history, epic, novels), scientific works in mathematics, linguistics, logic, botany, chemistry, medicine, as well as works of explanation. obscure subjects for us - "raising elephants" or even "growing curved bamboo for palanquins." The ancient library of Nalanda included the largest number of manuscripts on all topics until it was looted and burned.

Sanskrit poetry is remarkably diverse, with over 100 written and over 600 oral works.

There are works of great complexity, including works that describe several events at the same time using wordplay or use words that are several lines long.

Sanskrit is the mother of most North Indian languages. Even the tendentious pseudo-Aryan intrusion theorists who ridiculed the Hindu texts, after studying it, recognized the influence of Sanskrit and accepted it as the source of all languages. The Indo-Aryan languages ​​developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, which in turn evolved from the Proto-Aryan Sanskrit. Moreover, even the Dravidian languages ​​(Telugu, Malalam, Kannada, and to some extent Tamil), which do not originate from Sanskrit, borrowed so many words from it that Sanskrit can be called their adopted mother.

The process of forming new words in Sanskrit continued for a long time, until the great linguist Panini, who wrote the grammar, established the rules for the formation of each word, compiling a complete list of roots and nouns. After Panini some changes were made, they were streamlined by Vararuchi and Patanjali. Any violation of the rules laid down by them was recognized as a grammatical error, and therefore Sanskrit has remained unchanged from the time of Patanjali (about 250 BC) to our times.

For a long time, Sanskrit was used mainly in the oral tradition. Before the advent of printing in India, Sanskrit did not have a single written alphabet. It was written in local alphabets, which includes more than two dozen scripts. This is also an unusual occurrence. The reasons for establishing Devanagari as the standard of writing are the influence of the Hindi language and the fact that many of the early Sanskrit texts were printed in Bombay, where Devanagari is the script for the local Marathi language.

Of all the languages ​​in the world, Sanskrit has the largest vocabulary, while it makes it possible to pronounce a sentence with a minimum number of words.

Sanskrit, like all literature written in it, is divided into two large sections: Vedic and classical. The Vedic period, which began in 4000-3000 BC. e., ended around 1100 AD. e.; the classical began in 600 BC. and continues to the present. Vedic Sanskrit merged with classical Sanskrit over time. However, a fairly large difference remains between them, although the phonetics are the same. Many old words were lost, many new ones appeared. Some meanings of words have changed, new phrases have arisen.

The sphere of influence of Sanskrit spread in all directions of Southeast Asia (now Laos, Cambodia and other countries) without the use of military action or violent measures from India.

The attention paid to Sanskrit in India (the study of grammar, phonetics, etc.) until the 20th century came, surprisingly, from outside. The success of modern comparative linguistics, the history of linguistics and, ultimately, linguistics in general, originates in the enthusiasm for Sanskrit by Western scholars such as A. N. Chomsky and P. Kiparsky.

Sanskrit is the scientific language of Hinduism, Buddhist teachings (together with Pali) and Jainism (second after Prakrit). It is difficult to classify it as a dead language: Sanskrit literature continues to thrive thanks to the novels, short stories, essays and epic poems that are written in this language. In the last 100 years, authors have even been awarded some literary awards, including the respected Jyanpith in 2006. Sanskrit is the official language of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Today, there are several Indian villages (in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Karnataka and Uttara Pradesh) where this language is still spoken. For example, in the village of Mathur in Karnataka, more than 90% of the population knows Sanskrit.

There are even newspapers in Sanskrit! Sudharma, printed in Mysore, has been published since 1970 and now has an electronic version.

At the moment, there are about 30 million ancient Sanskrit texts in the world, 7 million of which are in India. This means that there are more texts in this language than Roman and Greek combined. Unfortunately, most of them have not been catalogued, and therefore a lot of work is required to digitize, translate and systematize the available manuscripts.

Sanskrit in modern times

In Sanskrit, the number system is called katapayadi. She assigns a certain number to each letter of the alphabet; the same principle is incorporated in the construction of the ASCII table. Drunvalo Melkizedek's book The Ancient Secret of the Flower of Life provides an interesting fact. In the sloka (verse), the translation of which is as follows: “O Lord Krishna, smeared with yoghurt of worship of milkmaids, O savior of the fallen, O lord of Shiva, protect me!” After applying katapayadi, the number 0.3141592653589793238462643383279 was obtained. If you multiply it by 10, you get the number pi to the thirty-first digit! It is clear that the probability of a simple coincidence of such a series of numbers is too unlikely.

Sanskrit enriches science by passing on the knowledge contained in such books as the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, Mahabharata, Ramayana and others. To this end, it is studied at the Russian State University and especially at NASA, which contains 60,000 palm leaves with manuscripts. NASA has declared Sanskrit "the only unambiguous spoken language on the planet" that is suitable for computers. The same thought was expressed back in July 1987 by Forbes magazine: "Sanskrit is the language most suitable for computers."

NASA presented a report that America is building the 6th and 7th generations of computers based on Sanskrit. The project end date for the 6th generation is 2025 and the 7th generation is 2034. After that, it is expected that there will be a boom in Sanskrit learning around the world.

In seventeen countries of the world there are universities for the study of Sanskrit for technological knowledge. In particular, a protection system based on the Indian Shri Chakra is being studied in the UK.

There is an interesting fact: the study of Sanskrit improves mental activity and memory. Students who master this language begin to better understand mathematics and other exact sciences and receive higher marks in them. School of James Jr. In London, she introduced the study of Sanskrit as a compulsory subject for her students, after which her students began to study better. This example was followed by some schools in Ireland.

Studies have shown that the phonetics of Sanskrit has a connection with the energy points of the body, so reading or pronouncing Sanskrit words stimulates them, increasing the energy of the whole body, thereby increasing the level of resistance to diseases, relaxing the mind and getting rid of stress. Also, Sanskrit is the only language that uses all the nerve endings in the language; when pronouncing words, the general blood supply improves and, as a result, the functioning of the brain. This results in better overall health, according to the American Hindu University.

Sanskrit is the only language in the world that has existed for millions of years. Many languages ​​descended from it have died; many others will come to replace them, but he himself will remain unchanged.

Sanskrit is an ancient literary language that existed in India. It has a complex grammar and is considered the progenitor of many modern languages. In literal translation, this word means "perfect" or "processed". It has the status of the language of Hinduism and some other cults.

Spread of the language

The Sanskrit language was originally predominantly spoken in the northern part of India, being one of the languages ​​for rock inscriptions dating back to the 1st century BC. Interestingly, researchers do not consider it as the language of a particular people, but as a specific culture that has been common among the elite strata of society since antiquity.

Mostly this culture is represented by religious texts related to Hinduism, as well as Greek or Latin in Europe. The Sanskrit language in the East has become a way of intercultural communication between religious figures and scientists.

Today it is one of the 22 official languages ​​in India. It is worth noting that its grammar is archaic and very complex, but the vocabulary is stylistically diverse and rich.

The Sanskrit language has had a significant influence on other Indian languages, mainly in the field of vocabulary. Today it is used in religious cults, the humanities, and only in a narrow circle as a conversational one.

It is in Sanskrit that many artistic, philosophical, religious works of Indian authors, works on science and jurisprudence were written, which influenced the development of the culture of all of Central and Southeast Asia, Western Europe.

Works on grammar and vocabulary are collected by the ancient Indian linguist Panini in the work "Octateuch". These were the world's most famous works on the study of any language, which had a significant impact on the linguistic disciplines and the emergence of morphology in Europe.

Interestingly, there is no single system of writing in Sanskrit. This is explained by the fact that the works of art and philosophical works that existed at that time were transmitted exclusively orally. And if there was a need to write down the text, the local alphabet was used.

It was only at the end of the 19th century that Devanagari became established as the script for Sanskrit. Most likely, this happened under the influence of Europeans, who preferred this particular alphabet. According to a common hypothesis, Devanagari was brought to India in the 5th century BC by merchants who arrived from the Middle East. But even after mastering writing, many Indians continued to memorize texts in the old fashioned way.

Sanskrit was the language of literary monuments by which one can form an idea of ​​ancient India. The oldest script for Sanskrit that has come down to our time is called Brahmi. It is in this way that the famous monument of ancient Indian history called "The Ashoka Inscriptions" was recorded, which is 33 inscriptions carved on the walls of caves, by order of the Indian king Ashoka. This is the oldest surviving monument of Indian writing and the first proof of the existence of Buddhism.

History of occurrence

The ancient language Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-European language family, it is considered to be the Indo-Iranian branch. He had a significant influence on most modern Indian languages, primarily Marathi, Hindi, Kashmiri, Nepali, Punjabi, Bengali, Urdu and even Romani.

It is believed that Sanskrit is the oldest form of the once common language. Once within the diverse Indo-European family, Sanskrit underwent sound changes similar to other languages. Many scholars believe that the original speakers of ancient Sanskrit came to the territory of modern Pakistan and India at the very beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. As evidence for this theory, they cite a close relationship with the Slavic and Baltic languages, as well as the presence of borrowings from the Finno-Ugric languages ​​that do not belong to Indo-European.

In some studies of linguists, the similarity of the Russian language and Sanskrit is especially emphasized. It is believed that they have many common Indo-European words, with the help of which objects of fauna and flora are designated. True, many scholars adhere to the opposite point of view, believing that the speakers of the ancient form of the Indian language Sanskrit were the indigenous inhabitants of India, linking them with the Indian civilization.

Another meaning of the word "Sanskrit" is "the ancient Indo-Aryan language". It is to the Indo-Aryan group of languages ​​that Sanskrit belongs to the majority of scientists. Many dialects originated from it, which existed in parallel with the related ancient Iranian language.

Determining which language is Sanskrit, many linguists come to the conclusion that in ancient times in the north of modern India there was another Indo-Aryan language. Only he could transfer to modern Hindi some part of his vocabulary, and even phonetic composition.

Similarities with Russian

According to various studies of linguists, the similarity between the Russian language and Sanskrit is great. Up to 60 percent of Sanskrit words have the same pronunciation and meaning as Russian words. It is well known that one of the first to study this phenomenon was Natalya Guseva, Doctor of Historical Sciences, a specialist in Indian culture. Once she accompanied an Indian scholar on a tourist trip to the Russian North, who at some point refused the services of an interpreter, saying that he was happy to hear living and pure Sanskrit so far from home. From that moment Guseva began to study this phenomenon, now in many studies the similarity between Sanskrit and the Russian language is convincingly proved.

Some even believe that the Russian North has become the ancestral home of all mankind. The relationship of the northern Russian dialects with the oldest language known to mankind is proved by many scientists. Some suggest that Sanskrit and Russian are much closer than it might initially seem. For example, they say that it was not the Old Russian language that originated from Sanskrit, but exactly the opposite.

There are indeed many similar words in Sanskrit and Russian. Linguists note that words from the Russian language today can easily describe almost the entire sphere of human mental functioning, as well as its relationship with the surrounding nature, which is the main thing in the spiritual culture of any people.

Sanskrit is similar to the Russian language, but, arguing that it was the Old Russian language that became the founder of the most ancient Indian language, researchers often use frankly populist statements that only those who fight against the Rus, helping to turn the Russian people into animals deny these facts. Such scientists frighten with the coming World War, which is being waged on all fronts. With all the similarities between Sanskrit and the Russian language, most likely, we have to say that it was Sanskrit that became the founder and progenitor of the Old Russian dialects. Not the other way around, as some would argue. So, when determining whose language it is, Sanskrit, the main thing is to use only scientific facts, and not go into politics.

Fighters for the purity of Russian vocabulary insist that kinship with Sanskrit will help cleanse the language of harmful borrowings, vulgarizing and polluting factors.

Examples of language kinship

Now, using a good example, let's see how similar Sanskrit and Slavic are. Take the word "angry". According to Ozhegov's dictionary, it means "to be irritated, angry, to feel anger towards someone." At the same time, it is obvious that the root part of the word "heart" is from the word "heart".

"Heart" is a Russian word that comes from the Sanskrit "hridaya", thus they have the same root -srd- and -hrd-. In a broad sense, the Sanskrit concept of "hridaya" included the concepts of soul and mind. That is why in Russian the word "angry" has a pronounced heart affect, which becomes quite logical if you look at the connection with the ancient Indian language.

But why then do the word "angry" have such a pronounced negative effect? It turns out that even the Indian Brahmins connected passionate affection among themselves in a single pair with hatred and anger. In Hindu psychology, malice, hatred and passionate love are considered emotional correlates that complement each other. Hence the well-known Russian expression: "From love to hate is one step." Thus, with the help of linguistic analysis, it is possible to understand the origin of Russian words associated with the ancient Indian language. Such are the studies of the similarities between Sanskrit and the Russian language. They prove that these languages ​​are related.

The Lithuanian language and Sanskrit are similar to each other, since initially Lithuanian practically did not differ from Old Russian, it was one of the regional dialects, similar to modern northern dialects.

Vedic Sanskrit

Particular attention in this article should be given to Vedic Sanskrit. You can get acquainted with the Vedic analogue of this language in several monuments of ancient Indian literature, which are collections of sacrificial formulas, hymns, religious treatises, for example, the Upanishads.

Most of these works are written in the so-called New Vedic or Middle Vedic languages. Vedic Sanskrit is very different from classical Sanskrit. The linguist Panini generally considered these languages ​​to be different, and today many scholars consider Vedic and classical Sanskrit as variations of dialects of one ancient language. At the same time, the languages ​​themselves are very similar to each other. According to the most common version, classical Sanskrit just came from the Vedic.

Among the Vedic literary monuments, the Rig Veda is officially recognized as the very first. It is extremely difficult to date it with accuracy, and, therefore, it is difficult to estimate where the history of Vedic Sanskrit should be calculated from. In the early era of its existence, sacred texts were not written down, but simply spoken aloud and memorized, they are memorized even today.

Modern linguists distinguish several historical strata in the Vedic language based on the stylistic features of texts and grammar. It is generally accepted that the first nine books of the Rig Veda were created precisely on

Epic Sanskrit

The epic ancient language Sanskrit is a transitional form from Vedic Sanskrit to Classical. A form that is the latest version of Vedic Sanskrit. It went through a certain linguistic evolution, for example, at some historical period, subjunctives disappeared from it.

This variant of Sanskrit is a pre-classical form, it was common in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Some linguists define it as a Late Vedic language.

It is generally accepted that it was the original form of this Sanskrit that was studied by the ancient Indian linguist Panini, who can be confidently called the first philologist of antiquity. He described the phonological and grammatical features of Sanskrit, preparing a work that was as accurate as possible and shocked many by its formalism. The structure of his treatise is an absolute analogue of modern linguistic works devoted to similar studies. However, it took modern science thousands of years to achieve the same accuracy and scientific approach.

Panini describes the language that he himself spoke, already at that time actively using Vedic turns, but not considering them archaic and obsolete. It is during this time period that Sanskrit undergoes active normalization and orderliness. It is in epic Sanskrit that such popular works as the Mahabharata and Ramayana, which are considered the basis of ancient Indian literature, are written today.

Modern linguists often pay attention to the fact that the language in which epic works are written is very different from the version presented in the works of Panini. This discrepancy is usually explained by the so-called innovations that occurred under the influence of the Prakrits.

It is worth noting that, in a certain sense, the ancient Indian epic itself contains a large number of prakritisms, that is, borrowings that penetrate into it from the common language. In this it differs greatly from classical Sanskrit. At the same time, Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit was the literary language in the Middle Ages. Most of the early Buddhist texts were created on it, which eventually assimilated to classical Sanskrit to one degree or another.

Classical Sanskrit

Sanskrit is the language of God, many Indian writers, scientists, philosophers, and religious figures are convinced of this.

There are several varieties of it. The first examples of classical Sanskrit reach us from the 2nd century BC. In the comments of the religious philosopher and founder of yoga, Patanjali, which he left on the grammar of Panini, one can find the first studies in this area. Patanjali claims that Sanskrit is a living language at the time, but it may eventually be supplanted by various dialectal forms. In this treatise, he acknowledges the existence of Prakrits, that is, dialects that influenced the development of ancient Indian languages. Due to the use of colloquial forms, the language begins to narrow, and the grammatical notation is standardized.

It is at this point that Sanskrit freezes in its development, turning into a classical form, which Patanjali himself designates with a term meaning "completed", "finished", "perfectly made". For example, the same epithet describes ready-made dishes in India.

Modern linguists believe that there were four key dialects in classical Sanskrit. When the Christian era came, the language practically ceased to be used in its natural form, remaining only in the form of grammar, after which it ceased to evolve and develop. It became the official language of worship, it belonged to a certain cultural community, without being associated with other living languages. But it was often used as a literary language.

In this position, Sanskrit existed until the XIV century. In the Middle Ages, Prakrits became so popular that they formed the basis of neo-Indic languages ​​and began to be used in writing. By the 19th century, Sanskrit was finally forced out by the national Indian languages ​​from their native literature.

A noteworthy story that belonged to the Dravidian family was in no way connected with Sanskrit, but from ancient times competed with it, since it also belonged to a rich ancient culture. In Sanskrit, there are certain borrowings from this language.

Today's position of the language

The Sanskrit alphabet has approximately 36 phonemes, and if we take into account the allophones that are usually considered when writing, the total number of sounds increases to 48. This feature is the main difficulty for Russians who are going to learn Sanskrit.

Today, this language is used exclusively by the upper castes of India as the main spoken language. During the 2001 census, over 14,000 Indians admitted that Sanskrit was their primary language. Therefore, officially it cannot be considered dead. The development of the language is also evidenced by the fact that international conferences are held regularly, and Sanskrit textbooks are still being reprinted.

Sociological studies show that the use of Sanskrit in oral speech is very limited, so that the language does not develop anymore. Based on these facts, many scientists classify it as a dead language, although this is not at all obvious. Comparing Sanskrit with Latin, linguists note that Latin, having ceased to be used as a literary language, has long been used in the scientific community by narrow specialists. Both of these languages ​​were constantly updated, went through stages of artificial revival, which were sometimes associated with the desire of political circles. Ultimately, both of these languages ​​became directly associated with religious forms, even though they were used in secular circles for a long time, so they have a lot in common.

Basically, the displacement of Sanskrit from literature was due to the weakening of the institutions of power that supported it in every possible way, as well as to the high competition of other spoken languages, the speakers of which sought to instill their own national literature.

A large number of regional variations have led to the heterogeneity of the disappearance of Sanskrit in different parts of the country. For example, in the 13th century, in some parts of the Vijayanagara empire, Kashmiri was used in some areas along with Sanskrit as the main literary language, but Sanskrit works were better known outside of it, most common in the territory of the modern country.

Today, the use of Sanskrit in oral speech is minimized, but it continues to be in the written culture of the country. Most of those who have the ability to read the vernaculars are also able to read Sanskrit. It is noteworthy that even Wikipedia has a separate section written in Sanskrit.

After India gained independence in 1947, more than three thousand works were published in this language.

Studying Sanskrit in Europe

Great interest in this language remains not only in India itself and in Russia, but throughout Europe. Back in the 17th century, the German missionary Heinrich Roth made a great contribution to the study of this language. He himself lived for many years in India, and in 1660 he completed his book in Latin on Sanskrit. When Roth returned to Europe, he began publishing excerpts from his work, lecturing at universities and before meetings of specialist linguists. Interestingly, his main work on Indian grammar has not been published until now, it is kept only in manuscript form in the National Library of Rome.

Active study of Sanskrit in Europe began at the end of the 18th century. For a wide range of researchers, it was discovered in 1786 by William Jones, and before that, its features were described in detail by the French Jesuit Kerdu and the German priest Henksleden. But their work was not published until after Jones's, so they are considered subsidiary. In the 19th century, acquaintance with the ancient language Sanskrit played a decisive role in the creation and development of comparative historical linguistics.

European linguists were delighted with this language, noting its amazing structure, sophistication and richness, even in comparison with Greek and Latin. At the same time, scientists noted its similarity with these popular European languages ​​​​in grammatical forms and verb roots, so that, in their opinion, this could not be an ordinary accident. The similarity was so strong that the vast majority of philologists who worked with all three of these languages ​​did not doubt the existence of a common ancestor.

Language research in Russia

As we have already noted, in Russia there is a special attitude towards Sanskrit. For a long time, the work of linguists was associated with two editions of the "Petersburg dictionaries" (large and small), which appeared in the second half of the 19th century. These dictionaries opened a whole era in the study of Sanskrit for Russian linguists, they became the main Indological science for the whole coming century.

Professor of Moscow State University Vera Kochergina made a great contribution: she compiled the "Sanskrit-Russian Dictionary", and also became the author of the "Sanskrit Textbook".

In 1871, the famous article by Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was published under the title "The Periodic Law for the Chemical Elements". In it, he described the periodic system in the form in which it is known to all of us today, and also predicted the discovery of new elements. He named them "ekaaluminum", "ekabor" and "ekasilicium". For them, he left empty spaces in the table. We talked about the chemical discovery in this linguistic article not by chance, because Mendeleev here showed himself as a connoisseur of Sanskrit. Indeed, in this ancient Indian language, "eka" means "one." It is well known that Mendeleev was a close friend of the Sanskrit researcher Betlirk, who at that time was working on the second edition of his work on Panini. The American linguist Paul Kriparsky was convinced that Mendeleev gave Sanskrit names to the missing elements, thus expressing recognition of the ancient Indian grammar, which he highly valued. He also noted a special similarity between the periodic table of elements of the chemist and Panini's Shiva Sutras. According to the American, Mendeleev did not see his table in a dream, but came up with it while studying Hindu grammar.

Nowadays, interest in Sanskrit has significantly weakened; at best, individual cases of the coincidence of words and their parts in Russian and Sanskrit are considered, trying to find reasoned justifications for the penetration of one language into another.

We all know that speech is an expression of the culture of its speakers. Any speech is a certain sound vibration. And our material universe also consists of sound vibrations. According to the Vedas, the source of these vibrations is Brahma, who, through the pronunciation of certain sounds, creates our universe with all its types of living beings. It is believed that the sounds emanating from Brahman are the sounds of Sanskrit. Thus, the sound vibrations of Sanskrit have a transcendental spiritual basis. Therefore, if we come into contact with spiritual vibrations, then a program of spiritual development is turned on in us, our heart is cleansed. And these are scientific facts. Language is a very important factor influencing culture, the formation of culture, the formation and development of the people.

In order to elevate a people or, on the contrary, to lower them, it is enough to introduce the corresponding sounds or the corresponding words, names, terms into the language system of this people.

Researches of scientists about Sanskrit and Russian language.

The first Italian traveler Philip Sosetti, who visited India 400 years ago, addressed the topic of the similarity of Sanskrit with world languages. After his travels, Sosetti left a work on the similarity of many Indian words with Latin. The next was the Englishman William Jones. William Jones knew Sanskrit and studied a significant part of the Vedas. Jones concluded that Indian and European languages ​​are related. Friedrich Bosch - a German scientist - philologist in the middle of the 19th century wrote a work - a comparative grammar of Sanskrit, Zen, Greek, Latin, Old Church Slavonic, German.

Ukrainian historian, ethnographer and researcher of Slavic mythology Georgiy Bulashov, in the preface of one of his works, where the analysis of Sanskrit and Russian languages ​​​​is written - “all the main foundations of the language of tribal and tribal life, mythological and poetic works, are the property of the entire group of Indo-European and Aryan peoples . And they come from that distant time, the living memory of which has been preserved to our time in the most ancient hymns and rituals, the sacred books of the ancient Indian people, known as the "Vedas". Thus, by the end of the last century, linguist studies showed that the fundamental basis of the Indo-European is Sanskrit, the oldest of all modern dialects.

Russian scientist folklorist A. Gelferding (1853, St. Petersburg), in a book about the relationship of the Slavic language with Sanskrit, writes: “The Slavic language in all its dialects has retained the roots and words that exist in Sanskrit. In this respect, the closeness of the compared languages ​​is unusual. The Sanskrit and Russian languages ​​do not differ from each other in any permanent, organic changes in sounds. Slavic does not have a single feature alien to Sanskrit."

A professor from India, a linguist, a great connoisseur of Sanskrit dialects, dialects, dialects, etc. Durgo Shastri came to Moscow at the age of 60. He did not know Russian. But a week later he refused an interpreter, arguing that he himself understands Russians quite well, since Russians speak corrupted Sanskrit. When he heard Russian speech, he said that - "you speak one of the ancient dialects of Sanskrit, which used to be common in one of the regions of India, but is now considered extinct."

At a conference in 1964, Durgo presented a paper in which he gave many reasons that Sanskrit and Russian are related languages, and that Russian is a derivative of Sanskrit. Russian ethnographer Svetlan Zharnikova, candidate of historical sciences. The author of the book - On the historical roots of the North Russian folk culture, 1996.

Quotes - the vast majority of the names of our rivers can be translated from Sanskrit without distorting the language. Sukhona - from Sanskrit means easily overcome. Kubena is sinuous. Ships - a stream. Darida - giving water. Padma is a lotus. Kama - love, attraction. There are many rivers and lakes in the Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions - Ganges, Shiva, Indigo, etc. The book has 30 pages of these names in Sanskrit. And the word Rus comes from the word Russia - which in Sanskrit means holy or bright.

Modern scientists attribute most European languages ​​to the Indo-European group, defining Sanskrit as the closest to the universal proto-language. But Sanskrit is a language that no people in India has ever spoken. This language has always been the language of scholars and priests, much like Latin for Europeans. This is a language artificially introduced into the life of the Hindus. But how then did this artificial language appear in India?

The Hindus have a legend that says that once upon a time they came from the North, because of the Himalayas, to them seven white teachers. They gave the Indians a language (Sanskrit), gave them the Vedas (those very famous Indian Vedas) and thus laid the foundations of Brahminism, which is still the most popular religion in India, and from which Buddhism in turn emerged. Moreover, this is a fairly well-known legend - it is studied even in Indian theosophical universities. Many Brahmins consider the Russian North (the northern part of European Russia) to be the ancestral home of all mankind. And they go to our north on a pilgrimage, just like Muslims go to Mecca.

Sixty percent of Sanskrit words coincide both in meaning and in pronunciation with Russian words completely. Natalya Guseva, an ethnographer, doctor of historical sciences, a well-known expert on the culture of India, the author of more than 160 scientific works on the culture and ancient forms of the Hindu religion, spoke about this for the first time. Once upon a time, one of the respected scientists of India, whom Guseva accompanied on a tourist trip along the rivers of the Russian North, refused an interpreter in communication with local residents and, tearing up, remarked to Natalya Romanovna that he was happy to hear live Sanskrit! From that moment, her study of the phenomenon of the similarity of the Russian language and Sanskrit began.

And, indeed, it is surprising: somewhere there, far to the south, beyond the Himalayas, peoples of the Negroid race live, the most educated representatives of which speak a language close to our Russian language. Moreover, Sanskrit is close to the Russian language in the same way that, for example, the Ukrainian language is close to Russian. There can be no question of any other such close coincidence of words between Sanskrit and any other language except Russian. Sanskrit and the Russian language are relatives, and if we assume that the Russian language, as a representative of the family of Indo-European languages, originated from Sanskrit, then the assumption that Sanskrit originated from the Russian language is also correct. So, at least, says the ancient Indian legend.

There is another factor in favor of this statement: as the well-known philologist Alexander Dragunkin says, a language derived from some other language always turns out to be simpler: fewer verbal forms, shorter words, etc. A person here follows the path of least resistance. Indeed, Sanskrit is much simpler than the Russian language. So we can say that Sanskrit is a simplified Russian language, frozen in time for 4-5 thousand years. And the hieroglyphic writing of Sanskrit, according to Academician Nikolai Levashov, is nothing more than the Slavic-Aryan runes, slightly modified by the Hindus.

The Russian language is the most ancient language on Earth and the closest to the language that served as the basis for most of the world's languages.

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html"> in Sanskrit and Russian. Vibration value. https://wowavostok.livejournal.com/8204256.html We all know that speech is an expression of the culture of its speakers. Any speech is a certain sound vibration. And our material universe also consists of sound vibrations. According to the Vedas, the source of these vibrations is Brahma, who, through the pronunciation of certain sounds, creates our universe with all its types of living beings. It is believed that the sounds emanating from Brahman are the sounds of Sanskrit. Thus, the sound vibrations of Sanskrit have a transcendental spiritual basis. Therefore, if we come into contact with spiritual vibrations, then a program of spiritual development is turned on in us, our heart is cleansed. And these are scientific facts. Language is a very important factor influencing culture, the formation of culture, the formation and development of the people. In order to elevate a people or, on the contrary, to lower them, it is enough to introduce the corresponding sounds or the corresponding words, names, terms into the language system of this people. Researches of scientists about Sanskrit and Russian language. The first Italian traveler Philip Sosetti, who visited India 400 years ago, addressed the topic of the similarity of Sanskrit with world languages. After his travels, Sosetti left a work on the similarity of many Indian words with Latin. The next was the Englishman William Jones. William Jones knew Sanskrit and studied a significant part of the Vedas. Jones concluded that Indian and European languages ​​are related. Friedrich Bosch - a German scientist - philologist in the middle of the 19th century wrote a work - a comparative grammar of Sanskrit, Zen, Greek, Latin, Old Church Slavonic, German. Ukrainian historian, ethnographer and researcher of Slavic mythology Georgiy Bulashov, in the preface of one of his works, where the analysis of Sanskrit and Russian languages ​​​​is written - “all the main foundations of the language of tribal and tribal life, mythological and poetic works, are the property of the entire group of Indo-European and Aryan peoples . And they come from that distant time, the living memory of which has been preserved to our time in the most ancient hymns and rituals, the sacred books of the ancient Indian people, known as the "Vedas". Thus, by the end of the last century, linguist studies showed that the fundamental basis of the Indo-European is Sanskrit, the oldest of all dialects now.Russian scientist folklorist A. Gelferding (1853, St. Petersburg) in a book about the relationship of the Slavic language with Sanskrit, writes: “The Slavic language in all its dialects has retained the roots and words that exist in Sanskrit. In this regard, the closeness of the compared languages ​​is extraordinary. Sanskrit and Russian languages ​​do not differ from each other in any permanent, organic changes in sounds. Slavonic does not have a single feature alien to Sanskrit." A professor from India, a linguist, a great connoisseur of Sanskrit dialects, dialects, dialects, etc. Durgo Shastri came to Moscow at the age of 60. He did not know Russian. But a week later he refused an interpreter, arguing that he himself understands Russians quite well, since Russians speak corrupted Sanskrit. When he heard Russian speech, he said that - "you speak one of the ancient dialects of Sanskrit, which used to be common in one of the regions of India, but is now considered extinct." At a conference in 1964, Durgo presented a paper in which he gave many reasons that Sanskrit and Russian are related languages, and that Russian is a derivative of Sanskrit. Russian ethnographer Svetlan Zharnikova, candidate of historical sciences. The author of the book - On the historical roots of the North Russian folk culture, 1996. Quotes - the vast majority of the names of our rivers can be translated from Sanskrit without distorting the language. Sukhona - from Sanskrit means easily overcome. Kubena is sinuous. Ships - a stream. Darida - giving water. Padma is a lotus. Kama - love, attraction. There are many rivers and lakes in the Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions - Ganges, Shiva, Indigo, etc. The book has 30 pages of these names in Sanskrit. And the word Rus comes from the word Russia - which in Sanskrit means holy or bright. Modern scientists attribute most European languages ​​to the Indo-European group, defining Sanskrit as the closest to the universal proto-language. But Sanskrit is a language that no people in India has ever spoken. This language has always been the language of scholars and priests, much like Latin for Europeans. This is a language artificially introduced into the life of the Hindus. But how then did this artificial language appear in India? The Hindus have a legend that says that once upon a time they came from the North, because of the Himalayas, to them seven white teachers. They gave the Indians a language (Sanskrit), gave them the Vedas (those very famous Indian Vedas) and thus laid the foundations of Brahminism, which is still the most popular religion in India, and from which Buddhism in turn emerged. Moreover, this is a fairly well-known legend - it is studied even in Indian theosophical universities. Many Brahmins consider the Russian North (the northern part of European Russia) to be the ancestral home of all mankind. And they go to our north on a pilgrimage, just like Muslims go to Mecca. Sixty percent of Sanskrit words coincide both in meaning and in pronunciation with Russian words completely. Natalya Guseva, an ethnographer, doctor of historical sciences, a well-known expert on the culture of India, the author of more than 160 scientific works on the culture and ancient forms of the Hindu religion, spoke about this for the first time. Once upon a time, one of the respected scientists of India, whom Guseva accompanied on a tourist trip along the rivers of the Russian North, refused an interpreter in communication with local residents and, tearing up, remarked to Natalya Romanovna that he was happy to hear live Sanskrit! From that moment, her study of the phenomenon of the similarity of the Russian language and Sanskrit began. And, indeed, it is surprising: somewhere there, far to the south, beyond the Himalayas, peoples of the Negroid race live, the most educated representatives of which speak a language close to our Russian language. Moreover, Sanskrit is close to the Russian language in the same way that, for example, the Ukrainian language is close to Russian. There can be no question of any other such close coincidence of words between Sanskrit and any other language except Russian. Sanskrit and the Russian language are relatives, and if we assume that the Russian language, as a representative of the family of Indo-European languages, originated from Sanskrit, then the assumption that Sanskrit originated from the Russian language is also correct. So, at least, says the ancient Indian legend. There is another factor in favor of this statement: as the well-known philologist Alexander Dragunkin says, a language derived from some other language always turns out to be simpler: fewer verbal forms, shorter words, etc. A person here follows the path of least resistance. Indeed, Sanskrit is much simpler than the Russian language. So we can say that Sanskrit is a simplified Russian language, frozen in time for 4-5 thousand years. And the hieroglyphic writing of Sanskrit, according to Academician Nikolai Levashov, is nothing more than the Slavic-Aryan runes, slightly modified by the Hindus. The Russian language is the most ancient language on Earth and the closest to the language that served as the basis for most of the world's languages. Source
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