Are you here: Interesting

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

The genius of classical literature

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is known to the world as a writer, poet, playwright, publicist and critic. A man of remarkable talent and an amazing master of words, he is famous both in Ukraine, where he was born, and in Russia, where he moved over time.

Especially Gogol is known for his mystical heritage. His stories, written in a unique Ukrainian language, which is not literary in the full sense of the word, convey the depth and beauty of Ukrainian speech, known to the whole world. The greatest popularity of Gogol was given by his "Viy". What other works did Gogol write? Below is a list of works. These are sensational stories, often mystical, and stories from the school curriculum, and little-known works of the author.

List of writer's works

In total, Gogol wrote more than 30 works. Some of them he continued to finish, despite the publication. Many of his creations had several variations, including "Taras Bulba" and "Viy". Having published the story, Gogol continued to reflect on it, sometimes adding or changing the ending. His stories often have multiple endings. So, next we consider the most famous works of Gogol. The list is in front of you:

"Ganz Kühelgarten" (1827-1829, under the pseudonym A. Alov).
“Evenings on a farm near Dikanka” (1831), part 1 (“Sorochinsky fair”, “Evening on the eve of Ivan Kupala”, “Drowned woman”, “Missing letter”). The second part was published a year later. It includes the following stories: "The Night Before Christmas", "Terrible Revenge", "Ivan Fedorovich Shponka and his Aunt", "The Enchanted Place".
Mirgorod (1835). Its edition was divided into 2 parts. The first part included the stories "Taras Bulba", "Old World Landowners". The second part, completed in 1839-1841, included "Viy", "The Tale of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich."
"Nose" (1841-1842).
"Morning of a business man". It was written, like the comedies Litigation, Fragment and Lakeyskaya, from 1832 to 1841.
"Portrait" (1842).
"Notes of a Madman" and "Nevsky Prospekt" (1834-1835).
"Inspector" (1835).
The play "Marriage" (1841).
"Dead Souls" (1835-1841).
Comedies "Players" and "Theatrical tour after the presentation of a new comedy" (1836-1841).
"Overcoat" (1839-1841).
"Rome" (1842).

These are published works that Gogol wrote. The works (a list by year, to be more precise) indicate that the writer's talent flourished in 1835-1841. And now let's go through the reviews of Gogol's most famous stories.

"Viy" - the most mystical creation of Gogol

The story "Viy" tells about the recently deceased lady, the centurion's daughter, who, as the whole village knows, was a witch. The centurion, at the request of his beloved daughter, forces the funeral worker Khoma Bruta to be read over her. The witch, who died through the fault of Khoma, dreams of revenge...

Reviews of the work "Viy" - continuous praise for the writer and his talent. It is impossible to discuss the list of Nikolai Gogol's works without mentioning everyone's favorite Viy. Readers note bright characters, original, unique, with their own characters and habits. All of them are typical Ukrainians, cheerful and optimistic people, rude but kind. It is impossible not to appreciate the subtle irony and humor of Gogol.

They also highlight the unique style of the writer and his ability to play on contrasts. During the day, the peasants walk and have fun, Khoma also drinks, so as not to think about the horror of the upcoming night. With the advent of evening, a gloomy, mystical silence sets in - and Khoma again enters the circle outlined in chalk ...

A very short story that keeps you in suspense until the last page. Below are stills from the 1967 film of the same name.

Satirical comedy "The Nose"

The Nose is an amazing story, written in such a satirical form that at first it seems fantastic absurdity. According to the plot, Platon Kovalev, a public person and prone to narcissism, wakes up in the morning without a nose - it is empty in its place. In a panic, Kovalev begins to look for his lost nose, because without it you won’t even appear in a decent society!

Readers easily saw the prototype of Russian (and not only!) Society. Gogol's stories, despite being written in the 19th century, do not lose their relevance. Gogol, whose list of works for the most part can be divided into mysticism and satire, very subtly felt modern society, which has not changed at all over the past time. The rank, the external gloss are still held in high esteem, but the inner content of a person is of no interest to anyone. It is Plato's nose, with an outer shell, but without inner content, that becomes the prototype of a man richly dressed, rationally thinking, but soulless.

"Taras Bulba"

"Taras Bulba" is a great creation. Describing the works of Gogol, the most famous, the list of which is provided above, it is impossible not to mention this story. In the center of the plot are two brothers, Andrei and Ostap, as well as their father, Taras Bulba himself, a strong, courageous and utterly principled man.

Readers especially emphasize the small details of the story, on which the author focused attention, which enlivens the picture, makes those distant times closer and more understandable. The writer studied the details of the life of that era for a long time, so that readers could more vividly and vividly imagine the events taking place. In general, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, whose list of works we are discussing today, has always attached particular importance to trifles.

Charismatic characters also made a lasting impression on readers. The tough, merciless Taras, ready to do anything for the sake of the Motherland, the brave and courageous Ostap and the romantic, selfless Andrey - they cannot leave readers indifferent. In general, the famous works of Gogol, the list of which we are considering, have an interesting feature - an amazing, but harmonious contradiction in the characters' characters.

"Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka"

Another mystical, but at the same time funny and ironic work by Gogol. The blacksmith Vakula is in love with Oksana, who promised to marry him if he gets her little slippers, like the queen herself. Vakula is in despair... But then, quite by chance, he comes across evil spirits, having fun in the village in the society of a witch. It is not surprising that Gogol, whose list of works contains numerous mystical stories, involved a witch and a devil in this story.

This story is interesting not only for the plot, but also for the colorful characters, each of which is unique. They, as if alive, appear before the readers, each in his own way. Gogol admires some with slight irony, he admires Vakula, and teaches Oksana to appreciate and love. Like a caring father, he chuckles good-naturedly at his characters, but it all looks so soft that it causes only a gentle smile.

The character of the Ukrainians, their language, customs and foundations, so clearly described in the story, could only be described in such detail and lovingly by Gogol. Even joking about the "Muscovites" looks cute in the mouths of the characters in the story. This is because Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, whose list of works we are discussing today, loved his homeland and spoke of it with love.

"Dead Souls"

Sounds mystical, right? However, in reality, Gogol did not resort to mysticism in this work and looked much deeper - into human souls. The main character Chichikov seems to be a negative character at first glance, but the more the reader gets to know him, the more positive features he notices in him. Gogol makes the reader worry about the fate of his hero, despite his hard-hitting actions, which already says a lot.

In this work, the writer, as always, acts as an excellent psychologist and a real genius of the word.

Of course, these are not all the creations that Gogol wrote. The list of works is incomplete without the continuation of Dead Souls. It was his author who allegedly burned it before his death. Rumor has it that in the next two volumes, Chichikov was supposed to improve and become a decent person. Is it so? Unfortunately, now we will never know for sure.

The theme of the "little man" was first revealed by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. This idea was continued in the future by N. V. Gogol and F. M. Dostoevsky.

Consider the work of A. S. Pushkin "The Stationmaster", where the theme of the "little man" is revealed through a description of the character of Samson Vyrin.

The problem of the “little man”, his “hard fate” was also solved by N.

V. Gogol in his story "The Overcoat". In this work, Nikolai Vasilyevich spoke about the "eternal" titular adviser. Gogol described him as follows: "... short, somewhat pockmarked, somewhat reddish, even somewhat blind-sighted, with a small bald head on his forehead, with wrinkles on both sides of his cheeks and a complexion that is called hemorrhoidal ...". When we imagine this person, a smile appears on the face, one might even say a grin. A feeling of superiority and neglect is born. But when you get acquainted with the life of Akaky Akakievich, with his daily routine, you understand that apart from work, to which he devotes all his time, he has no other entertainment, you begin to feel more and more about his fate and position. The interests of the official are miserable and meager, and the ultimate dream is a new overcoat. An overcoat for Akaky Akakievich, in my opinion, is not a thing, not a wardrobe item, it is protection from the outside world, from eternal mockery and ridicule. He wants to hide in it from others. Resignation, humility, inability to stand up for oneself - these are the main features of Bashmachkin's character. This is exactly what people around him use. Everyone laughs at him, allowing themselves to let go of sharp remarks in the direction of Akaky Akakievich. The official only, silently, listens to these nasty things. He has no fortitude, he cannot answer and protect himself. But everything can change, and for Akaky Akakievich, the day of finding the overcoat became a real holiday. He instantly became stronger, and bold thoughts appeared in his head: “shouldn’t we put the marten on the collar?”. He had a fun lunch, happily went to work, where everyone appreciated his new thing. The official even accepted a birthday invitation from his colleague. But the whole irony of the author lies in the fact that on the way back from Akaky Akakievich, unknown people took away his overcoat. It must be said that having lost a new little thing, he suffered in the same way as people usually suffer about the loss of their closest and dearest person. Having lost his overcoat forever, he lost his last strength along with it. The loss of an overcoat was too difficult a test for an official. Akaky Akakievich could not survive this grief, he developed a severe fever, and soon died. The most terrible thing in this story is that many people simply forgot about him, society did not care about the poor official. Everyone laughed at his misfortune, no one tried to support and reassure Bashmachkin. Having described the image of Akaky Akakievich, Gogol was able to tell us about the problem of the “little man”.

F. M. Dostoevsky also revealed the theme of the “little man” in his work “White Nights”. But it seems to me that Dostoevsky's "little man" is different from the heroes of Pushkin and Gogol. After all, Dostoevsky's dreamer is "small" only because he is different from others. He is distinguished by his cordiality, mercy, participation, and finally by his kind heart. The dreamer leaves this gray, boring world, into his own world, into the beautiful world of illusions and dreams. We see a striking contrast between real life and the one in which Dostoevsky's dreamer exists. And the hero says that he will never be able to change. He lives in ghostly dreams and loneliness.

The hero of Dostoevsky, after a conversation with Nastya, realized and was afraid of his future. But he understood that, having lived for so many years in this way: night dreams and illusions, dreams and fairy tales, returning every morning to gloomy and gray Petersburg, he would no longer be able to change anything.

Each of the three writers: A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol and M. F. Dostoevsky “little people” turned out differently. But one way or another, they all managed to squeeze one very important thought: no matter what rank a person has, what place he occupies in society, what he is fond of and what he dreams of, everyone deserves respect. We need to be able to consider a personality in each of the people around us, we need to be able to stand up for the weak, understand and support a person in difficult times. Considering yourself better and more worthy than others is a mistake. The Persian poet Saadi said: “He who does not want to lift the fallen, let him be afraid of falling himself, for when he falls, no one will stretch out his hand.”

Samples of the objective world in the works of N.V. Gogol

The image of a person surrounded by the world of things inevitably turns the object into an integral part of the character's image: the image of the object in the mind of the reader accompanies the image of the hero or even becomes its figurative equivalent, a metaphorical replacement.

The very problem of the material world in the works of the named writer seems to be extremely important and significant, since the connection between a person and the objective environment surrounding him is extremely strong in Gogol, on the one hand, and mobile, on the other hand, since things often turn into a person, and a person - in things. In turn, the presence of such a connection is an artistic feature of the writer's style, thereby determining its originality and originality.

From the collection “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” to “Petersburg Tales” and “Dead Souls”, Gogol’s material world undergoes an obvious artistic evolution: from the brightness of colors and patterned patterns to the dullness of the image and color monotony. The national flavor inherent in the collection “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” is replaced by the prose of urban life with its grotesque-realistic descriptions in “Petersburg Tales”, the material realities presented by the author come into closer contact with the inner world of the characters, reflect the surrounding reality more fully and more accurately. In "Dead Souls" Gogol's talent is revealed as the talent of a grotesque writer of everyday life with his ability to show the inner world of this or that hero through the objects surrounding him.

The material world is of interest to Gogol both in itself, as independently living, having its own character and laws of development (an independent subject of the image), and as a manifestation of the features of the world of people. Often these or those things help to reveal the essence of human relationships, to reveal the features of the way of life in general.

The material world in the work of N.V. Gogol can rightfully be considered the most important subject of description and a means of revealing the inner world of characters, since the thing in Gogol becomes not only a means of social characterization of the hero, but also expresses his place in the moral world, position in society.

I believe that the analysis of a literary text in lessons or extracurricular activities from such an angle (“Object-symbol and character.” “Object as a means of creating the image of a person”) will aim students to “revise” Gogol’s works read in the past and look at them in a new way , and when performing creative tasks, demonstrate their analytical abilities, skills and abilities of independent research work.

Tasks for the lesson-research "The title image in the story of N.V. Gogol" Overcoat ":

1. The place of the image of the overcoat in the system of images of the story.

2. Prove that in Gogol's story the image of an overcoat plays a plot-forming role.

3. Find a description of the overcoat in the text of the story. What are the main techniques used

Gogol to create an image of an overcoat?

4. How does the image of the overcoat help in revealing the image of Akaky Akakievich?

5. What is the symbol of the overcoat in the story?

6. Why is the image of the overcoat placed in the title of the story?

(Materials for the lesson)

Although the reader's attention is riveted primarily to the image of Akaky Akakievich, the overcoat in the system of images of N.V. Gogol's story occupies a central place. The overcoat is not only the most important means of creating the image of a "little man", petty official Bashmachkin, but also an object that plays a plot-forming role. And most importantly - this object becomes a symbol of the world, which Akaki Akakievich was born from and which destroys him. Also, the image of the overcoat receives a rich content and becomes one of the most important means of expressing the author's position in relation to Gogol's contemporary bureaucratic Russian reality, which replaces true spiritual values with imaginary values.

The appearance of the image of an overcoat is associated with a tie. “Akaky Akakievich for some time began to feel that he was somehow especially strongly baked in the back and shoulder, despite the fact that he tried to run across the legal space as soon as possible. He finally thought whether there were any sins in his overcoat. Having examined her carefully at home, he discovered that in two or three places, namely on the back and on the shoulders, she had become an exact sickle; the cloth was so worn out that it was seething and the lining was spread out.

The image of the old overcoat was created by the author with the help of hyperbole and grotesque: "the cloth ... was worn out, which was see through", "the lining was spread", "it had a strange device: the collar decreased more and more every year, because it served to undermine other parts of it." On the game of two meanings of the word “undermining” (in the language of tailors - “hemming, repair”, and in Russian the verb “undermine” means “damage, eroding or corroding from the inside” or “weaken, degrade”) Gogol built an internal contradiction of the image : each attempt to bring the overcoat into a decent form, order, means its greater destruction. Using the method of impersonation, Gogol draws an overcoat as a living being: like a person, she has “sins”, a “noble name”, which Akaky Akakievich’s colleagues take away, calling her “hood”. A miserable, dilapidated overcoat symbolizes poverty, the poverty of the spirit of the miserable official Bashmachkin.

There are two overcoats in the story: old and new. Building the image of an overcoat, Gogol, relying on the principle of contrast, uses epithets, details, comparisons in the description (“a thin wardrobe”, “it’s completely rotten”, “you touch it with a needle - and now it’s creeping”, “blow the wind, and it will scatter "-" there is no better cloth," a solid thick calico "was even better than silk and even looked slicker and glossier"), organizes the plot around the subject (the old overcoat is the subject of ridicule and mockery of officials, the new one is the reason for congratulations, "a great solemn holiday, dinner). All this helps the reader to understand the depth of the symbolic content of the overcoat image.

What does the new overcoat mean for Akaky Akakievich? What is the symbolic, generalizing meaning of the image of the overcoat in Gogol's work?

The new overcoat is not only Bashmachkin's protection from the northern frost, it is a sign of his belonging to the bureaucratic structure - corresponding to his title of titular adviser. Staying in this social environment kills all lofty feelings and creativity in an official. Akaky Akakievich is hopelessly mediocre, unintelligent, he cannot even rewrite, having altered the paper a little. He does not live with people, but in his office. He serves with love, and in rewriting he sees some kind of his own, diverse and pleasant world, he even had favorite letters. This is a dead world. Therefore, Bashmachkin's life is filled with one passion. Passion for an overcoat becomes a substitute for a genuine spiritual craving for love, inherent in every living person. The word "passion" is not Gogol's, but it seems to quite accurately convey the tension, the irresistibility of his hero's desire to become the owner of a new overcoat. The irony of the author lies in the very incommensurability of the object of aspiration and the imperious force with which it is expressed. “From now on, it was as if his very existence had become somehow fuller ...”, “he became somehow more alive, even firmer in character, like a person who had already defined and set a goal for himself ...”, “sometimes fire was shown in his eyes, the most daring thoughts even flashed through my head: shouldn’t we put a marten on the collar, for sure? The solution of a simple everyday problem is erected on a high pedestal. The discrepancy between one and the other, creating a vivid comic effect, evokes bitter thoughts in the reader about the impoverishment and perversion of the hero’s soul, its insignificance and emptiness, leads to an understanding of the author’s position in relation to Gogol’s modern bureaucratic world, in which the external and internal have changed places: for some, the uniform replaced the personality, for others, the rank replaced the person. The value of a person is determined by rank, clothing, home, i.e. according to formal features, which becomes a conditional expression of the strict hierarchical orderliness and impersonality of human existence.

The short possession of a new overcoat completely changed Bashmachkin's position in the world of officials: "all day long, exactly the biggest solemn holiday," Akaki Akakievich in the spotlight, "in the happiest mood."

The loss of the overcoat becomes for Akaky Akakievich tantamount to the loss of the meaning of life, the loss of himself. He is now defenseless against frost and dies of a cold, but in essence, due to the fact that he has again become insignificant. This was emphasized by his visit to the "significant person".

In the image of an overcoat, N.V. Gogol showed a characteristic detail of a Russian official of the middle

XIX century, and also expressed the idea of a deep dependence of behavior, the inner world of a person on the structure of the social environment.

Lesson-excursion to the museum of literary heroes

(materials for the lesson)

Theme: The subject as a means of creating the image of a hero / based on the poem by N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls" /

Purpose: for the implementation of the project, continue work in groups to identify details, artistic means, techniques in the text of Gogol's poem, with the help of which the author creates images of heroes; use expanded images of objects to characterize landlords; repeat about paradox, grotesque, oxymoron; help students prepare an exhibit for the Museum of Literary Heroes and create its legend; educate students' interest in the studied works of art.

The non-standard lesson "Excursion to the Museum of Literary Heroes" will help the teacher bring the student closer to the work, hero, writer, "slow down over the line." This interesting form of organizing a lesson, the basis of which is the group project activity of students, the result is the presentation of the project, requires a lot of painstaking work and preparation. Children receive a task: to prepare a museum exhibition either based on a book, or a hero (heroes) of a book, i.e. detail-exhibit, sound design of the tour.

Tasks for groups:

Prove that N.V. Gogol uses enumeration of objects and expanded images of individual objects to create images of landowners and their houses.

Prove that in "Dead Souls" the object is a symbol of a person's qualities, can symbolize the state of his soul (give examples of such details, reveal their meaning).

Prove that many images of objects are built on a paradox - using the grotesque, oxymoron.

For the museum:

– prepare an exhibit for demonstration (aesthetic design, labels in the spirit of the time)

- come up with a "legend" for each exhibit (why is this important for understanding the character of the hero, his role, the author's intention, the idea of the work)

- provide for a "zest" - a surprise (musical accompaniment, staging, special effects)

– time the presentation time - 3-5 minutes

Teacher's word. The image of the object is a symbol of the qualities of the character in Gogol's poem.

N.V. Gogol, an unusually observant artist, was able to find a reflection of a person's character in the little things of life surrounding him. A person is entangled in a "mud of trifles." The spiritual world of Gogol's heroes is so shallow, insignificant that the thing bears the imprint of the character of the person to whom it belongs, and may well express their inner essence. Therefore, a person and an inanimate object often come close. One helps to understand the other more deeply; and the object acts as a means of creating the image of a person, being a symbol of his qualities, his state of mind. Let us recall the first lines of Dead Souls. “A rather beautiful spring cart, in which bachelors ride: retired lieutenant colonels, staff captains, landowners with about a hundred souls of peasants, drove into the gates of the hotel in the provincial city of NN - in a word, all those who are called gentlemen of the middle hand.” Nothing more is said about the chaise, it is characterized through people. But then the reflected beam, as it were, falls on them. However, much more often people reveal themselves through things that belong to them. For example, Chichikov's box helps to look into the inner world of Pavel Ivanovich. “Here it is the internal arrangement: in the very middle of the soap dish, behind the soap dish there are six or seven narrow partitions for razors; then square nooks for a sandbox and an inkwell, with a boat hollowed out between them for pens, sealing wax, and everything that is more authentic; then all sorts of partitions with lids and without lids for what is shorter, filled with visiting, funeral, theater and other tickets, which were folded up as a keepsake. The entire upper drawer with all the partitions was taken out, and under it there was a space occupied by piles of papers in a sheet, then followed by a small secret drawer for money, which moved out imperceptibly from the side of the box. He was always so hastily advanced and moved at the same moment by the owner that it is probably impossible to say how much money was there. Thus, the secrets of the human soul of an enterprising businessman, an energetic acquirer with carefully concealed illegal intentions are revealed.

Many images of Gogol's poem are built on a paradox using the grotesque, oxymoron. Today we will make an excursion to the museum of the literary heroes of the poem "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, the exhibits will be objects and things of the character, which have become not only the counterparts of their owners, but also an instrument of their satirical denunciation - this is a feature of N.V. Gogol's poetics

Student presentation. Exhibit presentations. Project protection.

A distinctive feature of Manilov's character is uncertainty, idle daydreaming, inactivity, mismanagement. Gogol ironically remarks: "Everyone has his own enthusiasm, Manilov had nothing." This is a naive, complacent, sugary idle talker. And on his things lies the imprint of the hero's personality: something is missing or something superfluous in them ... The object symbolizing the state of Manilov's soul is heaps of ashes lined up on the windowsill - the result of many hours of senseless dreams. And finally, the book, bookmarked on page 14, which he, the most educated person, in his opinion, had been constantly reading for two years. Gogol used the technique of paradox.

Cudgel-headed Box is immersed in the world of household trifles, concerned with only one thing - a penny profit. And she doesn’t know how to handle a penny either: the money lies like a dead weight in her motley bags. Hoarding, petty hoarding are manifested in numerous thread bags, torn and preserved salop, an old deck of cards. The clock seems to hardly count the time, with a strange wheezing, hissing. Grotesque - time stops

Nozdrev is a man of broad nature. He loses a lot of money with a light heart or can buy a bunch of unnecessary things. This is a "historical man", because. many of his combinations end with a "story" - a scandal, a fight. Nozdrev is a reckless braggart, a master of "pouring bullets", a liar. It seems that the subject that characterizes the state of his soul is an immortal hurdy-gurdy. She performs a mazurka, but the game is interrupted by the song "Mahlbrug went camping" and suddenly ends with a waltz. A very lively pipe does not want to calm down and continues to whistle for a long time. The whole character of Nozdryov is captured here: restless, mischievous, violent, ready at any moment to mischief, to play a dirty trick, to do something unforeseen, inexplicable.

Sobakevich bears little resemblance to other landowners. He is a prudent owner, a cunning huckster, a tight-fisted fist. He is laconic, has an iron grip, everything is solid with him - for centuries. Imagine a pot-bellied walnut office on absurd four legs, a table, a chair, armchairs, each of which seemed to say: “And I, too, Sobakevich. And I also look like Sobakevich!” And the paintings, which depict "heroes with such thick thighs and unheard-of mustaches that a shiver passed through the body." The grotesque image of a cheesecake, larger than a plate, as it were, personifies Sobakevich's bestial appetite, his power.

Plyushkin is the owner of a permanent number of things, but the good accumulated by him did not bring him happiness and peace. Its stocks rot, become unusable. The constant fear for his property turns Plyushkin into a slave of things, "a hole in humanity." His soul is personified with a dried-up cracker from an Easter cake brought by his daughter for Easter, which expresses senseless hoarding, stinginess, and suspicion. The hero drags everything into the house: an old rag, a bucket, a sole, a shard. Gogol grotesquely depicts "a clock with a stopped pendulum, to which a spider has already attached a web." According to the dictionary of symbols, a stopped clock is death. A spider in Christian symbolic thinking is an evil opposition to a good bee, and in most cases serves to depict sinful thoughts that will suck blood out of a person. And in the people it is believed that the spider is the soul of a dead person.

And here is another important item. For its image, the author uses an oxymoron - the chandelier should illuminate, carry light, and it hung "in a canvas bag, from the dust it became like a silk cocoon in which a worm sits."

The heroes of N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" are people deprived of spirituality, incapable of any high spiritual movement. They are limited and primitive in their aspirations. Their interests almost never go beyond the limits of vulgar materiality. Hence the special attention of the writer to the depiction of the life of these people. Things, furniture, household items play a very active role in the narrative, helping to more clearly highlight certain character traits of the characters.

It seems that the above work on the image of the character when studying Gogol's works from this angle will help students to further understand the depth of the symbolic content of the images of such objects as Oblomov's dressing gown and sofa in Goncharov's novel, Chekhov's "case" Belikov, Kuprin's garnet bracelet, etc.

Literature

Galanov B.E. Painting with a word: Portrait. Landscape. Thing. M .: Soviet writer. 1972. – 184 p.

Gogol N.V. Selected writings. M.: Fiction. 1987. - 703. (B - teachers)

Dobin E.S. Art details. Observations and analysis. L .: Soviet writer. 1975. – 191.

Kislitsyna T.G. Orthodox culture at school. Lessons of Russian literature. Moscow: Spiritual origins. 2004. - 223.

Mashinsky S.I. Artistic world of Gogol. M.: Enlightenment. 1979. - 432.

Chertov V.F. Word - image - meaning: a philological analysis of a literary work. M.: Bustard. 2006. - 444.

UMK ed. B. A. Lanina. Literature (10-11) (basic, advanced)

Literature

Man-epoch in Russian literature: what to tell students about Nikolai Gogol?

One of the most mysterious Russian classics. The author of works that, quite unexpectedly for contemporaries, turned out to be significant and had a huge impact on the development of the entire national culture. What can you tell your students about it? What can I remind the eleventh graders, and at the same time myself, about the personality of this inimitable Russian genius?

What is the point?

Nikolai Gogol is a very versatile writer; attentive and curious, writing about the surrounding reality - and yet not entirely in the spirit of realism. Gogol always has a lot of mysticism, grotesque. And this is most likely due to the writer's incredibly vivid imagination - or he had such a special vision of reality. He saw it that way - and what he saw sometimes turns out to be stronger than any imagination.

“Who called Gogol a realist? I remember my school textbooks - Gogol was only a realist in them. What is so realistic? The devil on which Vakula flies to Petersburg? Cherevichki that the queen gives him for Oksanka? Solokha, who is a witch herself? What is so realistic about it? Or, perhaps, a nose that has come off and is walking around St. Petersburg on its own? In Gogol, everything is built on a magnificent writer's imagination. He remembers that even as a child he did this: as soon as a person passes by him, and he, as a boy, conjectures his biography. Who was this person? What family does he live in? Where is he going? What does he want to become? And this is how phantoms were born, Gogol's phantoms - ghosts inhabiting the artistic world of Gogol. Everything in Gogol is too, incredibly bright, memorable. This world looks like an amazing creation of the writer's imagination and writer's fantasy. (B. Lanin).

So, Gogol invented, that is, created entire worlds. Upon arrival in St. Petersburg, he tries to invent St. Petersburg - and suddenly, after the “Petersburg Tales”, depression, nightmares and megalomania become fashionable in this city. In The Inspector General, he came up with a county town and types of provincial officials - and he himself was surprised when they recognized real people (the famous “everyone got it, but I got it the most”, said by Emperor Nicholas I).

"Dead Souls" is a fictional journey through Russia. Miserable and plentiful, dreamy and powerless, wasteful and hoarding - in the face of caricature landowners who appeared before Chichikov's eyes - this Russia was perceived by contemporaries as real, as the last truth about it. The worlds invented by Gogol were perceived as real, real, more truthful than the truth.

When preparing for a conversation with students about Gogol, it is worth emphasizing precisely this unique ability of Gogol - to invent worlds that then become real. Invite students to put themselves in the place of the writer, create their own fiction. For example, draw a plan of the neighborhood where your school is located and come up with the mythology of the places that you marked on the plan. How does fiction become similar to the truth, in some sense even more truthful?

This is a good task to do by dividing the class into groups and creating virtual classrooms for each group. To do this, use the “Classwork” service of the LECTA digital platform: it already has templates for creative tasks that students will have to fill in with their observations.

The questions and tasks presented in the notebook correspond to the content of the textbook included in the "Algorithm of Success" system (authors B.A. Lanin, L.Yu. Ustinova, V.M. Shamchikova), taking into account the structure of state certifications in 9 and 11 kdassa (OGE and USE). The educational material is accompanied by colorful illustrations that make it possible to intensify work on the development of students' speech. Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard of General Education (2010).

About personality and life path

Where did Gogol "grow up" from? When he began to study at the Nezhinsky Lyceum, Sumarokov and Trediakovsky were considered modern literature. When he passed away, Gogol himself was modern literature. Gogol had two "godfathers": Pushkin and Belinsky, but his school teachers were bad; the literature teacher was so indifferent and illiterate that one of the students copied a chapter from "Eugene Onegin" and gave it to him as his own - but he did not notice. He didn’t praise, he didn’t shame: he passed - and that’s okay.

Teacher - this was one of Gogol's first pseudonyms. So he signed his first articles and poems. He had a presentiment of his mission: to become a teacher of the nation, to take the place of a person who would prepare Russia for its exceptional spiritual mission in the world. He longed for a chair, dreamed of teaching: he began to lecture on history, but teaching is not accomplished by passion alone, it requires both heavy routine preparation and the painstaking work of a researcher. In general, Gogol's teaching mission failed. In the meantime, he did not succeed - he wrote, published and gradually became the new "star" of Russian literature.

Gogol and contemporaries. At some point, Gogol was introduced to his "literary father", Pushkin - and Pushkin gave him the plot. After that, Pushkin laughed: "So you can be robbed, then at least scream." The ideas of The Government Inspector and Dead Souls are all donated plots that today are inseparable from Gogol's personality.

But Gogol did not make friends with Belinsky, although he was a member of the critic's circle of friends. They rarely met; Gogol was more to the heart of the Slavophiles: Aksakov, Shevyrev - however, Gogol did not care much about which trend the people dear and close to his heart belonged to. In many ways, Belinsky created Gogol as a writer when, in his famous article, he foreshadowed the decline of Pushkin. The events coincided so that the article was understood unequivocally: the end of the Pushkin era is coming, and here is a new genius, a new star of Russian literature, Gogol.

Petersburg. This city is one of the main characters in Gogol's works. At one time, the writer dreamed of becoming an official, doing public service. And where? Of course, in St. Petersburg! In the story “The Night Before Christmas”, the heroes see Petersburg as young Gogol expected to see it: huge buildings, the splendor of rich mansions, lights, smart people ... And so Gogol himself went there in a carriage, and as they approached, the passengers all caught the glimpses Petersburg lights: even from afar to catch the first bright light of this stunning city, with its European taste and gloss. Gogol jumped out so often that on the way he managed to freeze his ears and nose. They arrived in Petersburg... And Petersburg turned out to be a cold, impregnable, homeless city - with people who speak differently, with positions that look inaccessible, with doors that do not open. And the letters of recommendation with which Gogol came to St. Petersburg did little to help him.

Gogol as we do not know him. What was he like with his contemporaries? Memories say that it was not easy to communicate with him: the character is difficult and unpredictable. Gogol treated himself very strangely: he ate poorly, never cared about how he looked, was very embarrassed by his reprimand, girls were rarely seen next to him - yes, perhaps they were not seen at all. Gogol had many fears and oddities. For example, he was morbidly suspicious; at some point he decided that he was sick with a fatal stomach disease and that only spaghetti would suit him from food, which they know how to cook only in Rome. Gogol loved Rome in general: it was a saving grace for him, he missed the sun in Petersburg. But, I must say, he also paid tribute to other European cities with pleasure: he visited Düsseldorf, Paris, Nice, joyfully traveled around Switzerland, admired the snow-capped peaks of the Alps. There, far from home, he wrote his great works about Russia - and he was proud of it, and said that this is how he works: that the farther he is, the better he sees Russia, the better he imagines and perceives it.

Mystic writer. Mysterious death. Gogol was always terribly afraid that he would be buried alive. He insisted that obvious traces of decay should appear on the body - only after that he asked to be buried. Is it any wonder that his posthumous history is full of superstitions, rumors, conjectures. When the burial was moved after the revolution, rumors appeared that Gogol's head had disappeared from the coffin, that, judging by the skeleton, he was moving in the coffin - that is, his death could have been a lethargic dream. Another rumor was that the lining of the coffin was scratched from the inside. Russian clinician V.F. Chizh, after Gogol's death, wrote a long article in which he substantiates in detail the presence of a serious mental illness in Gogol by religious exaltation, a sharp change in mood and unpredictable behavior. But, as you know, such diagnoses are not made posthumously.

These are all rumors, but what really happened? After his devastating correspondence with Belinsky, Gogol still carries ideas within himself, he wants to rise above this fuss, he feels a surge of holiness in himself. He visited the Holy Land, kissed the tomb of the Lord, felt how wrong his life was, what a cold person he came to this tomb. He carries a completely different message. But this message was not given to sound. Gogol passed away in the prime of his talent - in fact, starving himself to death.

We can say that his talent was controlled by the man himself, who, perhaps, did not realize this scale. He did not understand who lives in it. He presented himself as a teacher, and he was a great writer. He imagined himself a teacher of the nation, but it turned out that he opens the horizons of the human imagination.

On the iconic works of Gogol

Burn manuscripts. Every student knows about the sad fate of the second volume of "Dead Souls" - but this is far from the only case when they had to put their creations on fire. There, in St. Petersburg, at the very beginning of his career as a writer, Gogol sent his poem to a magazine - and it was unexpectedly published. He was so delighted that he gave the Hanz Küchelgarten, his poem in the spirit of German romanticism, to the press. And she was so scolded that she had to run around bookstores and buy up all the copies. And burn. Remember: this was the first time he burned his creations. More than once he will make a decision - to betray his creations to fire.

"Overcoat". It would seem that this is a typical story for the natural school, which discovered the image of the “little man”. With a great soul, with great human conceit, with a great desire to take a completely different place: but in Akaky Akakievich there is none of this. Is he even human? In fact, all he is made of is his ridiculous stumbling name and his overcoat. And he threw off this overcoat - and became a real demon of St. Petersburg. And Gogol's mysticism envelops the city and rumbles over it like the laughter of a poor clerk gone forever. After all, he takes his place over St. Petersburg only after death - taking revenge, punishing, flying over this strange cold stone bag - like the devil in one of his unexpected guises.

"Inspector". Another work that had a huge resonance immediately after its publication. However, Gogol himself was sincerely surprised why the public laughs at The Inspector General, which is actually a satirical play. How so, but he did not want to laugh, not to ridicule. Yes, and how surprised: “I only told about six provincial officials! What are they attacking me? Yes, I would try to tell about the capital, about St. Petersburg ... ".

"Dead Souls". This is a key work in Gogol's work, a great idea borne over the years. The novel was supposed to reflect Dante's Hell: that is, "Dead Souls" is Chichikov's journey through the hell of Russia of that time; he descends lower and lower, meeting all the Russian demons - stupidity, greed, greed. He begins his journey with the sweet-spoken Manilov, and ends with Plyushkin, sexless, disgusting and frightening, remember this programmatic definition: “a hole in humanity”? This is a journey through the Aristotelian vices of man, this is an immersion in the depths of human silence and soullessness. And, finally, a tall figure rises above this, at which everyone looks in horror: “Isn’t he Napoleon?”

The entire community met the first volume of the novel unanimously, in a single burst of delight. They applauded Gogol, admired Gogol. He felt that he was accepted - although fame was not his ultimate goal. Everyone was waiting for the continuation of the novel - and suddenly Gogol goes to the Holy Sepulcher, becomes a religious writer and thinker. Then he spends time abroad, as if playing for time, then an exacerbation of the disease - either physical or mental ... Then, finally, he announces that the second volume is almost ready. And suddenly - a ridiculous plot with the publication of "Selected places from correspondence with friends." The thin pamphlet that Gogol gives to Pletnev for publication must be published in a printing house in such a way that few people know it, so that it does not fall into the hands of enemies - and of course, the rumor about it spreads instantly. The book meets with an incredibly harsh, sharp response from Belinsky: he calls Gogol a champion of ignorance, an obscurantist, a champion of the whip. They were not close, they did not see each other so often - but still the reproach from Belinsky, the man who opened the way for him, proclaimed him Pushkin's successor, was a very tangible blow for Gogol.

He answered the letter, Belinsky continued - and said that calling him an angry person is nothing, he is not angry: he is furious, he is dejected. It was a terrible disappointment for Belinsky to read selected passages from correspondence with friends written by the author of Dead Souls, The Government Inspector, and The Overcoat. Probably, all this difficult history was the impetus for sending the second volume of "Dead Souls" into the fire.

Subsequently, this correspondence was banned: Belinsky's letter to Gogol turned out to be one of the most forbidden topics for reading. It was a black mark, the death penalty was due for reading this work. Butashevich-Petrashevsky, one of the first major Russian utopians, raised this black mark: a provocateur turned out to be in his circle - and Dostoevsky turned out to be one of the regulars of the circle. Among others, he was sentenced to death. Dostoevsky wrote later that he would never forget this: he was being taken to the square, he was counting the last minutes of his life. There are seven, five, one left ... They put a bag on his head, drums beat ... And at the last moment - hard labor instead of the death penalty. For what? For reading Belinsky's letter to Gogol.

“The second volume of Dead Souls is Gogol's attempt to write everything that Tolstoy, Turgenev and Dostoevsky will write later. This is an attempt to see something that is not there yet,” Dmitry Bykov believes. Without reading the second volume, try to dream up - where will Chichikov move in the second half of the 19th century and who will he meet? First, come up with and fix, then get acquainted with the contents of volume 2 via the Internet and compare. This task can be performed based on the textbook of teaching materials by B. Lanin for grades 7, 8, 9.

Editor's Choice

What kind of fish can be salted at home: choices and cooking tips Salt white fish

Fish is a source of nutrients necessary for the life of the human body. It can be salted, smoked,...

What is yantra, types of yantra meaning

Elements of Eastern symbolism, Mantras, mudras, what do mandalas do? How to work with a mandala? Skillful application of the sound codes of mantras can...

wood burning technology

Modern tool Where to start Burning methods Instruction for beginners Decorative wood burning is an art, ...

How to calculate the specific gravity in different areas?

The formula and algorithm for calculating the specific gravity in percent There is a set (whole), which includes several components (composite ...

Geography of beef cattle breeding (cattle, pigs, sheep), poultry farming

Animal husbandry is a branch of agriculture that specializes in breeding domestic animals. The main purpose of the industry is...

Analysis of the market share of an enterprise is an effective tool for a successful business What share in sales is considered the norm

Market share of a company How to calculate a company's market share in practice? This question is often asked by beginner marketers. However,...

The seventh technological mode is cognitive

First mode (wave) The first wave (1785-1835) formed a technological mode based on new technologies in textile...

Types of one-part sentences

§one. General data Recall: sentences are divided into two-part, the grammatical basis of which consists of two main members - ...

The concept of dialect. What is a dialect? Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia gives the following definition of the concept of a dialect (from the Greek diblektos - conversation, dialect, dialect) - this is ...

New

Popular

The concept of the human personality in the later works of N.V. Gogol