In total, they have the largest number of pigs. Geography of beef cattle breeding (cattle, pigs, sheep), poultry farming

Animal husbandry is a branch of agriculture that specializes in breeding domestic animals. The main purpose of the industry is the production of food products: meat, milk, eggs, animal fats, etc. Animal husbandry provides raw materials (wool, skins) for individual industries. It satisfies the needs of society in horse-drawn transport, in working cattle and sports animal husbandry. As part of the world animal husbandry, the main branches are distinguished: cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding and poultry farming, as well as horse breeding, camel breeding, reindeer breeding, sericulture and beekeeping.

In developed countries, animal husbandry is the most important high-commodity branch of agriculture, closely related to crop production. More than 80% of the grain is fed to livestock, and in developing countries - less than 40%. Livestock production per capita is one of the most significant indicators of the country's economy. In developed countries, more than 115 kg of milk and more than 85 kg of meat are produced per capita. In developing countries, these figures do not exceed 55 and 36 kg. Most of the livestock is kept on pastures. Pasture animal husbandry has both consumer and commercial character.

The largest countries in terms of the number of cattle are shown in Table. 5.14. Over the past decades, the number of livestock has increased in Brazil, China, Sudan, Argentina and Mexico and slightly decreased in India, the USA, Australia, and Russia.

Table 5.14

Countries by number of cattle, pigs, sheep (million heads)

	Number of cattle, 2015		Number of pigs, 2015		Sheep population, 2013
Brazil				Australia
				Zealand
		Brazil
				Great Britain
Argentina
Australia
New Zealand

There are areas of dairy, meat and meat and dairy (or milk and meat) cattle breeding, which is associated with a forage base. Dairy cattle are bred in areas where there is a juicy fodder base (pastures and hayfields of the steppe, forest-steppe and forest zones). Beef cattle are bred on the roughage of deserts and dry steppes.

Asia leads in terms of livestock, with a third of the world's livestock. More than 20% of the livestock is concentrated in Latin America. Cattle provide more than 30% of the world's meat production and the bulk of milk. Commercial beef cattle breeding is developed in Latin America (Brazil, Argentina), in certain regions of the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and China. Dairy cattle breeding is confined to the forest zone of the temperate zone of Western and Eastern Europe and North America.

The largest countries in terms of the number of pigs are shown in Table. 5.14. Of the world's nearly billion livestock, more than 50% are in China, and more than 6% in the United States. Over the past decades, China and Brazil have significantly increased the number of pigs. Pig breeding is characterized by high productivity with short terms of production and undemanding to feed and environmental conditions. This industry is characterized by high concentration in densely populated areas, around large cities and in countries with intensive potato and beet growing.

The largest number of sheep is in China (see Table 5.14). In developing countries, low-productive sheep breeding is represented. The world is dominated by extensive transhumance, or nomadic or semi-nomadic sheep breeding, developed in the natural zones of steppes, deserts and semi-deserts, as well as in mountainous regions. The main product of sheep breeding is wool. There are fine-wool, semi-fine-fleece, semi-coarse-wool and coarse-wool sheep breeding. Fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced sheep produce high-quality wool for the production of fabrics and furs. Fine-fleeced sheep are bred mainly in temperate latitudes, steppes or deserts. The livestock of semi-fine-fleeced sheep is confined to areas with a milder and more humid climate and developed intensive agriculture. Semi-coarse-wool and coarse-wool sheep breeding has been developed in the tropical deserts of African and Asian countries. Goats are bred mainly in Asia and Africa. China and India have the largest number of goats.

Poultry farming is ubiquitous. In economically developed countries, poultry farming is the most industrialized livestock sector with a stage-by-stage specialization (egg production, incubators, chicken rearing, poultry meat processing). There is a meat direction (mainly the USA and the EU) and egg production (everywhere). China has the largest poultry population.

Developed countries lead in meat production, but developing countries are rapidly increasing their share. In world meat production, pork accounts for about 40%, poultry meat is in second place - 29.3%, followed by beef - 25.0%, lamb - 5%. In recent decades, meat production in China has grown especially rapidly, in addition to which the United States and Brazil occupy the second and third places. Brazil and the US are the world's largest meat exporters. The United States leads in meat consumption per capita (120.2 kg per person per year). Kuwait and Australia follow. New Zealand and Denmark have lost ground in recent decades.

Cow's milk accounts for 83%, buffalo - 13% of 100% of world output, where India leads, producing more than 146 million tons of this product in 2014, including buffalo milk. This is followed by the USA, China, Brazil Germany, Russia, France, New Zealand, Great Britain and Pakistan. In recent years, milk production has grown particularly rapidly in India, China and Brazil. New Zealand produced 4,420 kg of milk per capita in 2014, 11 times more than Australia, the world's second-largest producer.

The maximum average milk yield per cow is typical for Israel and is about 12000 l/year. This is significantly higher than in the Netherlands and the USA. Many countries of Western Europe are distinguished by high milk yields. In Russia in recent years they amounted to slightly less than 7000 l/year. Developing countries have rather low average milk yields. New Zealand, Australia, USA, Argentina and Belarus export milk powder.

Butter production in developed countries has been declining in recent years. There is a rapid growth in the production of this product in India, which ranks first in the world. New Zealand leads in butter production per capita, over 114 kg/year. Cheese production in the world is growing. 70% of cheeses are produced in Europe (France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy) and the USA. The main increase in the volume of cheese comes from these regions.

The largest wool producers - Australia (253 thousand tons), China (158 thousand tons), New Zealand (134 thousand tons) - occupied in 2011

over 50% of the world's wool production. Large wool production is available in South Africa, Great Britain, Argentina and Uruguay. Nearly 70% of the world's wool exports come from Australia.

Raising pigs shows sustainable development and exists in the positions of the leading branch of the world animal husbandry. The livestock is regularly increased, which leads to a constant increase in production. The last 8 years have been marked by an increase in pork output by 18%.

Pig breeding is one of the most rapidly developing areas of animal husbandry. With a constant increase in the number of animals, the rate of production of meat products increases. For 2015, total production was based on 118 million tons, and then increased by another 2.6 million tons, which was a percentage of 2.3%.

The development of pig breeding in the world is uneven. China is confidently at the forefront of pork producers. In 2015, China produced 57.6 million tons of pork. During this period, the total production of Chinese pork in the world field was 49% and increased by another 4% in a year.

Pig farming in China shows an increase in quantitative (growth in the number of animals) and qualitative indicators of farming. The latter is a regular increase in slaughter weight. These achievements became possible thanks to more intensive fattening of animals, work to improve the breeding and productive properties of various breeds of pigs, which was achieved as a result of crossing individuals of the domestic market and import representatives. Chinese breeds of pigs are distinguished by their multiparity and milkiness, while breeds imported into the country from the United States (in particular, Hampshire, Duroc, Yorkshire and others) and other countries (Chester White, Landrace) have large weight and a tendency to intensive growth as characteristic features. .

Among the largest producers of pork, the second place belongs to the United States of America. The annual level of pork meat produced is 10.5 million tons, which occupies 9% of the world market. The United States specializes in breeding local and hybrid breeds of pigs. The most common are the local Hampshire, Duroc and Landrace.

Following China and the United States are Germany with a production volume of 5.5 million tons, Spain (3.5 million tons), Vietnam (3.4 million tons), Brazil (3.1 million tons). Russia closes the list of leaders with a gross volume of 3 million tons. These five countries together account for 16% of the global pig production market. The European market, with a constant decrease in the number of livestock, shows regular figures in terms of production volumes. This is achieved by increasing the slaughter weight, which became possible after working on technologies for hybridization, crossing and improving animal feeding.

The top ten pork producers based on slaughtered livestock at the moment are as follows:

• Chinese company WH Group (48.3 million heads);
• JBS Foods International from Brazil (28 million heads);
• Smithfield Foods of the USA (27.9 million heads);
• JBS USA also from USA (22.3 million heads);
• Danish Crown company (22 million heads);
• Another US representative Tyson Foods Inc. (19.9 million heads);
• German Tonnies (17.5 million heads);
• Chinese producer Yurun Group (16.6 million heads);
• Vion Food Group Ltd. from the Netherlands (15.7 million heads);
• Shuanghui Development from China (15 million head).

For the period of 2015, the total volume of world exports amounted to 11 million tons of meat. This figure is 3.6% more than in the previous period. Export accounted for 9% of this volume. The leading exporters were Germany (1.78 million tons of meat), the USA (1.53 million tons), Spain (1.25 million tons), Denmark (1.1 million tons), the Netherlands (0.95 million tons), Canada (0.87 million tons) and Belgium (0.7 million tons). These countries accounted for 75% of the world's total pork exports. Spain showed the largest increase in exports - over the period of 2015, the country made a jump in pork exports by a total of 17%.

As the largest pork producer, China occupies a rather modest niche in world exports - about 0.7% for the period of 2015. The vast majority of the products produced are sold domestically. Compared to China, the largest pork exporters supply a third or more of their production to foreign markets, and Denmark exports more than 74% of the total pork production in the country.

Denmark shows a high level of pig breeding. The most common breed of pigs is Landrace. In Denmark, centralized breeding work has been established, which is carried out through the National Committee for the Breeding of Pigs. In the country, pork production is carried out by small farms and large companies, all of which exist in the status of a private business.

Although the pig industry in the world is quite developed, a number of countries are in dire need of importing meat to the domestic market. This is due to the high demand for it from consumers. The size of world pork imports is about 10.4 million tons of meat in 2015. This is 2% more than the previous year. The top five importers include the following countries:

• Italy (up to 1 million tons per year);
• Germany (about 0.9 million tons);
• Japan (about 800 thousand tons);
• China (770 thousand tons);
• Mexico (720 thousand tons).

These countries account for about 40% of the total pork imports in the world. Over the past year, the demand for pork from Italy has been stable, while Germany and Japan reduced their requests by 7% and 4.7%, respectively.

Trade restrictions that exist on the world pork market are introduced in the form of import tariffs on imported meat and are associated with the desire of governments to support national meat producers by restricting its import from abroad. Duty-free pork trade is carried out within the framework of the European Union.

For example, the largest importer of pork in the world, Italy, has introduced the following rates for the import of meat:

• Carcasses, half carcasses: $300 per ton for meat imported from Peru, $256 per ton from Central America, $600 per ton for other countries, including China and the United States;
• Hams, shoulder blades, cuts from them: $435 per ton from Peru, $373 from Central America, $871 - other countries;
• Other parts: $336 per ton for Peru, $287 for Central America, $673 per ton for other countries.

The US fees are as follows:

• Carcasses, half carcasses: $55 per ton when imported from Cuba or Korea;
• Hams, shoulder blades, cuts from them: $72 for Cuba, Korea, $14 for other countries, excluding Mexico, Canada, Chile, Australia, Peru and others.

Import to other countries is not subject to duty.

>> Livestock of the world

§ 3. Animal husbandry of the world

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Specialists of the Expert-Analytical Center for Agribusiness "AB-Center" www.site prepared another. Below are some excerpts from the study.

Pig breeding in Russia in 2016 showed a positive trend in the growth of livestock and meat production.

Pigs

The number of pigs in Russia in farms of all categories as of January 1, 2017 totaled 22,033.3 thousand heads. In relation to January 1, 2016, the livestock increased by 2.4% or by 526.8 thousand heads, by January 1, 2015 - by 2.9% or by 614.1 thousand heads, by January 1, 2014 - by 12.7% or 2,487.2 thousand heads.

In the structure of the pig population, 83.4% accounted for agricultural organizations, 14.6% - for households, 2.0% - for peasant farms.

An analysis of long-term trends shows an increase in the number of pigs over 5 years by 27.7%, over 10 years - by 36.1%.

In 2016, the number of pigs in Russia reached the level of 1995, while in relation to 1990, there is a decrease in the number of livestock - by 42.5%. At the same time, due to improved quality indicators (such as herd turnover), pork production over this period (when comparing data for 1990 and 2016) decreased slightly.

The number of pigs by region. Rating 2016

The Belgorod region is the leader in the number of pigs as of January 01, 2017 - 4,137.4 thousand heads. A year earlier, this figure was 3,954.4 thousand heads. The share of the Belgorod region in the total number of pigs in the Russian Federation is 18.8%.

In the Kursk region on January 1, 2017, the number of pigs totaled 1,480.9 thousand heads (6.7%), which is 8.1% or 111.1 thousand heads more than on January 1, 2016.

The third place is occupied by the Tambov region - 990.8 thousand heads, which is 9.1% or 82.9 thousand heads higher than the same date in 2016. The share of the region in the total Russian livestock was 4.5%.

In the Chelyabinsk region, as of January 01, 2017, the number of pigs totaled 751.1 thousand heads. For comparison, on January 01, 2016 - 676.1 thousand heads. The share of the region in the total population of the Russian Federation was at the level of 3.4%.

6. Voronezh region - 713.7 thousand heads, share in the all-Russian livestock - 3.2%.

7. Krasnoyarsk Territory - 618.7 thousand heads, 2.8%.

8. Lipetsk region - 567.3 thousand heads, 2.6%.

9. Altai Territory - 561.4 thousand heads, 2.5%.

10. Tver region - 525.7 thousand heads, 2.4%.

11. Omsk region - 506.0 thousand heads, 2.3%.

12. Republic of Tatarstan - 465.1 thousand heads, 2.1%.

13. Republic of Bashkortostan - 450.5 thousand heads, 2.0%.

14. Rostov region - 411.2 thousand heads, 1.9%.

15. Kemerovo region - 410.1 thousand heads, 1.9%.

16. Stavropol Territory - 395.5 thousand heads, 1.8%.

17. Novosibirsk region - 379.3 thousand heads, 1.7%.

18. Orel region - 374.8 thousand heads, 1.7%.

19. Krasnodar Territory - 365.2 thousand heads, 1.7%.

20. Tyumen region - 342.4 thousand heads, 1.6%.

The number of pigs as of January 1, 2017 in farms of all categories in the regions not included in the TOP-20 totaled 6,748.0 thousand heads (30.6% of the total number of pigs in Russia).

Pork production in Russia in 2016

In 2016, Russia produced 3,388.4 thousand tons of pork in terms of slaughter weight (4,346.1 thousand tons in live weight). Over the year, the volume of production in slaughter weight increased by 9.3% or 289.7 thousand tons, over 5 years - by 39.6% or 960.8 thousand tons, over 10 years - by 99.4% or by 1,689.2 thousand tons. The volumes of 2016 exceeded the volumes of 1991 and almost equaled those of 1990.

The structure of pork production in 2016 was distributed as follows: 80.5% fell on agricultural organizations, 18.2% - on households, 1.3% - on peasant farms.

Pork production by region. Rating 2016

The main pork producer in 2016 is the Belgorod region. The volume of production in the region in 2016 amounted to 613.9 thousand tons in slaughter weight (787.4 thousand tons in live weight). The share in the all-Russian pork production is 18.1%. In relation to 2015, production increased by 5.1% or 29.6 thousand tons.

The Kursk region in 2016 is in second place with a share of 6.6% of the total pork production in Russia (225.0 thousand tons in carcass weight). During the year, production increased by 11.1% or 22.4 thousand tons.

In 2016, the Tambov region produced 156.8 thousand tons of pork in slaughter weight (201.1 thousand tons in live). The share of the region in the total volume of production is 4.6%. For comparison, in 2015, the region produced 147.4 thousand tons of pork.

The fourth place in the ranking of regions in 2016 was occupied by the Pskov region, where they produced 119.3 thousand tons in carcass weight (153.0 thousand tons in live), which is 45.9% or 37.5 thousand tons more than than in 2015. The share of the Pskov region in the total Russian pork production was at the level of 3.5%.

The share of the Voronezh region in the total volume of pork production in 2016 amounted to 3.4% or 114.2 thousand tons in carcass weight (146.5 thousand tons in live). During the year, production increased by 31.2% or 27.2 thousand tons.

In addition to these regions, the TOP-20 largest regions of pork producers in farms of all categories in 2016 included:

6. Chelyabinsk region (production volume - 108.0 thousand tons in slaughter weight, share in total pork production - 3.2%).

7. Krasnoyarsk Territory (92.2 thousand tons, 2.7%).

8. Lipetsk region (88.9 thousand tons, 2.6%).

9. Altai Territory (81.4 thousand tons, 2.4%).

10. Tver region (80.8 thousand tons, 2.4%).

11. Omsk region (76.4 thousand tons, 2.3%).

12. Republic of Tatarstan (75.8 thousand tons, 2.2%).

13. Republic of Bashkortostan (66.8 thousand tons, 2.0%).

14. Krasnodar Territory (66.8 thousand tons, 2.0%).

15. Tyumen region (61.2 thousand tons, 1.8%).

16. Udmurt Republic (55.8 thousand tons, 1.6%).

17. Rostov region (54.9 thousand tons, 1.6%).

18. Novosibirsk region (54.6 thousand tons, 1.6%).

19. Sverdlovsk region (53.7 thousand tons, 1.6%).

20. Stavropol Territory (53.0 thousand tons, 1.6%).

The total pork production in 2016 in farms of all categories in the regions not included in the TOP-20 amounted to 1,089.0 thousand tons in carcass weight (32.1% of the total pork production).