Activities of national cultural centers. Project "Center of National Cultures

N. M. Bogolyubova, Yu. V. Nikolaeva

FOREIGN CULTURAL CENTERS AS AN INDEPENDENT ACTOR OF FOREIGN CULTURAL POLICY

A feature of the bilateral cultural relations of modern Russia with foreign countries is the creation of favorable conditions for opening branches of various organizations involved in the promotion of national culture and language abroad. In modern scientific and analytical literature, one can find various designations applied to them: “foreign cultural, cultural-educational, cultural-information center”, “foreign institute of culture”, “foreign cultural institution”. Despite the differences in the terminology used, these concepts refer to organizations created to promote the national culture and language of a certain state beyond its borders and maintain its international authority through the development of cultural ties.

The concept of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation "Foreign cultural policy of Russia" notes the special role of such organizations in modern international relations. The document emphasizes the need to provide the cultural centers of foreign countries with maximum opportunities to demonstrate their national culture in Russia. “This process is of great importance not only in terms of familiarizing the Russian public with the cultural heritage and cultural values ​​of other countries and peoples, but also for the formation of a reputation appropriate for Russia in the world as an open and democratic state. One of the main tasks of Russia's foreign cultural policy is to form the image of our country as "one of the world's centers of culture, a venue for reputable international exhibitions, festivals and art competitions, tours of the best foreign groups and performers, meetings of representatives of the creative intelligentsia, days of culture of other countries"2. Many of these events are organized with the direct participation of foreign cultural centers that have opened in our country as a result of democratic reforms.

World practice shows that many countries now have such organizations, but the largest, most authoritative and active are the cultural centers of France, Great Britain, and Germany. It was these countries that were the first to realize the important role of culture as an effective foreign policy tool. At present, foreign cultural centers have been created by many states: Spain, the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries, the USA. Asian states and states are actively developing their cultural centers: China, Japan, Korea. Thus, in the fall of 2007, the Confucius Institute was opened at St. Petersburg State University. The increasing role of these organizations as participants in modern cultural exchange is confirmed by the constant growth of their number, the expansion of geography and scope of activities,

© N. M. Bogolyubova, Yu. V. Nikolaeva, 2008

an increase in the volume of work, as well as a variety of forms and directions of their activities.

Foreign cultural centers can rightly be called the most important actors in foreign cultural policy. The activities of such centers, as a rule, are part of the cultural mission carried out by the consulate and diplomatic missions of the country abroad. However, unlike other diplomatic bodies, foreign cultural centers have certain specifics. It is they who most effectively contribute to the formation of a panoramic view of the culture of their own country outside its borders, make a significant contribution to the preservation of a multicultural picture of the world, do a lot of work to foster a respectful attitude towards representatives of other cultures, involve a wide range of participants in a dialogue, cultivating a sense of tolerance for relation to members of other cultures. And, finally, thanks to the events they carry out, they enrich the cultural space of the country in which they work.

From the point of view of scientific issues, the study of foreign cultural centers as an actor in international relations is new and is still under development. We have to admit that both in domestic and foreign science there are no serious, generalizing works on this topic. The theoretical base has not been developed, the question of developing a definition of the concept of "foreign cultural center" is open, their role in modern international relations has not been studied. On the other hand, practice shows that it is foreign cultural centers that are currently doing a significant amount of work to develop intercultural relations and implement the tasks of foreign cultural policy. Based on the experience gained and based on the specifics of the activities of these organizations, the following definition can be proposed: foreign cultural centers are organizations of various status that aim to promote the national culture and language of their country abroad and realize this goal through a variety of cultural and educational programs. These organizations may differ in institutional features, sources of funding, directions and forms of activity. Some of them work closely with the ministries of foreign affairs of their country (for example, the British Council, the French Institute, the Goethe Institute), some are organizations independent of the Foreign Ministry (for example, the Alliance Française, the Dante Society). Despite their differences, they are united by a common goal - to create a positive image of their country abroad, using its cultural potential.

The first cultural centers as an independent actor in international cultural relations appear at the end of the 19th century. In the postwar period, the network of cultural centers in the world was constantly expanding. The scope of their activities began to include numerous events aimed at a wide audience, such as exhibitions, international film and music festivals. During this period, their work in the educational sphere expands and becomes more complicated. Now foreign cultural centers have firmly taken their place in the modern foreign cultural policy of many states. The purpose of these centers correlates with the foreign policy objectives of the country they represent. Cultural centers use education, science and art as a tool to achieve their goals. Despite the different areas and forms of work, as a rule, three main areas can be distinguished in their activities: educational, including linguistic, cultural, and informational. Concerning nature

these organizations among scientists there is no consensus. However, most of them consider foreign cultural centers to be public institutions, one of the functions of which is “the socialization of individuals in the process of mastering the cultural heritage of other countries by accumulating information resources, expanding access to new information technologies and methods of involving people in an active understanding of the surrounding reality in order to form they have intercultural competence and tolerant thinking”3.

The active work of foreign cultural centers in Russia falls on the 90s. XX century, when in the new conditions it became possible to open various public organizations. The analysis of their activities is indicative both in theoretical and practical terms. As a theoretical problem, the phenomenon of foreign cultural centers is of particular interest for understanding the features of the foreign cultural policy of foreign countries, the mechanisms for its implementation and the development of our own model for the implementation of cultural exchange aimed at creating a positive image of the country and its people abroad. In practical terms, the work of foreign cultural centers can be considered as an example of the implementation of cultural ties and the promotion of one's culture abroad. At present, many centers and institutions have opened in Russia, representing the culture of various countries of the world. There is also a tendency to a constant increase in their number, expansion of geography, areas and forms of work. In St. Petersburg, for example, cultural centers of many countries are currently represented: the British Council, the Goethe German Cultural Center, the Danish Cultural Institute, the Dutch Institute, the Israeli Cultural Center, the Finnish Institute, the French Institute, a branch of the Alliance Francaise Association, etc. It is planned opening of the Instituto Cervantes, representing the culture of Spain. All these organizations carry out work enriching the cultural life of our city and acquainting Petersburgers with the culture of the country they represent.

Among the foreign organizations opened in Russia, from our point of view, the work of the cultural centers of Great Britain and the Scandinavian countries, which have their offices in St. Petersburg, is of the greatest interest. The principles of their organization and the peculiarities of their work can serve as original models for the implementation of the process of promoting their national culture and language abroad. In addition, the activities of some of them most clearly demonstrate the problems that these organizations sometimes face in Russia.

One of the largest foreign cultural centers with numerous representative offices in Russia is the British Council. The activities of the British Council on the territory of the Russian Federation are regulated by the Russian-British Agreement on cooperation in the field of education, science and culture of February 15, 1994. For the first time, a representative office of this organization was created in the USSR in 1945 and lasted until 1947. The branch of the British Council was again opened at the Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in the USSR in 1967. In the Soviet Union, the British Council was mainly involved in supporting the teaching of the English language. The revitalization of the cultural activities of the British Council began after perestroika. At present, the main direction of the cultural policy of the British Council in Russia can be called education. The British Council implements various educational programs, including internships, student and teacher exchanges, organizing advanced training courses, providing

scholarships for studying in the UK, conducting exams in English. A significant place in the activities of the British Council is occupied by pilot and innovative projects that are of strategic importance for the successful solution of the key tasks of education reform in Russia. For example, the British Council proposed a project related to civic education. A number of projects are aimed at reforming the teaching of English in the Russian primary and secondary school system, promoting democratic values ​​in education through civic education and democratic governance.

Among the cultural events of the British Council, it is worth noting the tour performances of the Cheek By Jaul Theater on the stage of the Maly Drama Theater in St. Petersburg, an exhibition of contemporary British sculpture and painting in the halls of the Russian Museum, a production of Benjamin Britten's opera The Turn of the Screw at the Hermitage Theater. An annual project of the British Council in St. Petersburg is the New British Film Festival, held every spring. Recently, the British Council has opened a discussion club "Fashionable Britain", which holds "round tables" for those who are interested in the modern culture of the country and current trends in the life of British society. For example, one of the discussions was devoted to tattoos4.

In the early 2000s in the activities of the British Council, difficulties arose related to the determination of its legal status in Russia from a legal and financial point of view in connection with the adoption of the law on non-profit organizations5. On the basis of this Federal Law, in June 2004, the Federal Service for Economic and Tax Crimes (FSENP) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation filed charges against the British Council for tax evasion from funds received as a result of the implementation of commercial educational programs6. In 2005, the financial side of the problem was resolved, the British Council reimbursed all losses associated with non-payment of taxes. However, it should be emphasized that so far there is no special document defining the status of this organization. Thus, the problem associated with the insufficient development of the legal framework governing the activities of the British Council in the Russian Federation remains relevant.

The activities of the British Council can be viewed as a kind of independent model for organizing a foreign cultural center. This is due to the fact that the British Council goes beyond the traditional framework of the work of such organizations. He focuses on various innovative projects, largely focused on cooperation with government or business structures. For example, he participates in a program to reform the education system of the Russian Federation, in contrast to the Goethe Institute, which focuses mainly on helping to study the culture of Germany. The British Council is an example of an authoritative cultural center, in whose activities the whole range of tasks is solved, corresponding to the foreign cultural policy of the state, in contrast to the "French model", based on the involvement in the process of promoting the national culture of a significant number of organizations, among which the main functions are distributed.

Another model of organization with similar objectives can be seen in the example of the Nordic Council of Ministers, which represents the culture of the Scandinavian countries abroad. This is an interstate consultative organization established in 1971, whose members are Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Finland and Sweden. The northern territories also take part in its work: the Faroe and Aland

islands, Greenland. In February 1995, the Information Bureau of the Nordic countries began to work in St. Petersburg. The main goal of the Nordic Council of Ministers is to develop and strengthen regional cooperation, to create and develop contacts with central and local authorities. The organization coordinates projects and scholarship programs in the Nordic countries, conducts seminars, courses, cultural events, develops cooperation in the field of science, culture and art. This organization carries out its activities in the following areas: political and economic cooperation, culture and education, environmental protection, the fight against international crime. In the early 90s. culture, education, research projects were identified as priority areas of activity.

The main issues included in the programs of the Nordic Council of Ministers in our country reflect the priority areas in the interaction of the Nordic states with Russia. These are, first of all, ecology, social policy and health issues, projects for the study of Scandinavian languages ​​and various cultural projects. The activity of the information office of the Nordic Council of Ministers in St. Petersburg is mainly aimed at popularizing the culture and teaching the languages ​​of the Nordic peoples. Thus, days of northern languages ​​have become traditional, as well as film festivals of directors from countries that are members of the Council of Ministers, exhibitions of photographs and drawings by Russian and Scandinavian artists. In 2006, the Sweden: Upgrade project was launched. It is a journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow through the Vologda region and the Volga region. Its goal is to present the image of a new Sweden, to acquaint Russians with the new achievements of Sweden in the economy, science, culture, education, art and tourism. Meetings are expected between Russian and Swedish businessmen, scientists and cultural figures, organization of concerts, exhibitions, film screenings. Thus, within the framework of the program, in March 2006, the trade and industrial exhibition Swedish Brands and Feelings was held in the Central Exhibition Hall "Manezh" in St. Petersburg with the participation of the largest Swedish companies. In April of the same year, a choreographic evening "Andersen-project" was held at the St. Petersburg Conservatory with the participation of Danish and Latvian ballet troupes dedicated to the 200th anniversary of G.-Kh. Andersen. The ballet "The Girl and the Chimney Sweep"7 was staged.

The Nordic Council of Ministers can serve as an example of another way of organizing the work of a cultural centre. A feature of its activities is the unification of the efforts of participants aimed at achieving common goals that are relevant for the entire region in matters of foreign cultural policy. At the same time, most of the member countries of this organization have their own foreign cultural representations: the Swedish Institute, the Institute of Finland, the Danish Institute of Culture, the Northern Forum, etc. From our point of view, this example can be used to create a similar interstate structure with the participation of the CIS countries that have common goals in terms of the implementation of foreign cultural policy and common cultural traditions, formed even before the collapse of the USSR.

Of course, the above examples of French cultural centers, the British Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers do not exhaust the whole picture of foreign cultural centers represented in Russia and in St. Petersburg in particular. No less effective work is carried out by other similar organizations - French cultural centers, the Goethe Institute, the Institute of Finland, the Italian Institute of Culture. An analysis of the work of such organizations allows us to draw a number of conclusions. Exchange

in the line of cultural centers, it has features that are associated primarily with the promotion of its own culture abroad and the creation of a positive image of the country. To solve these problems, such areas of cooperation as culture and education are traditionally chosen. These tasks are solved most effectively in the form of touring exchanges, exhibition activities, educational grants and programs.

The presence of an extensive network of foreign cultural centers in Russia reflects the interest of many countries in cooperation with our country. At the same time, the experience of foreign cultural centers in Russia points to certain difficulties. First, the problems that have arisen in the work of the British Council indicate the need for a clear definition of the legal and financial status of these organizations. Secondly, the absence of a single leading center, a single program often leads to duplication of the activities of the above-mentioned organizations. Perhaps the development of a common concept of their work, orderliness and their unification into one complex institution would make it possible to increase the efficiency of their activities and improve interaction with each other. Thirdly, the unbalanced distribution of these organizations among Russian regions attracts attention. This seems relevant, given the geographical features of Russia, in which there are many remote regions that are not covered by the processes of active cultural exchange. Cultural centers are located mainly in the European part of Russia, while Siberia, the Far East, the Urals represent a huge segment of cultural life in which there are no foreign centers.

And, finally, there is an uneven representation of foreign cultures themselves in Russia, since far from all modern states have strong, competitive cultural organizations to carry out high-quality, effective work to promote their own culture abroad. Nevertheless, despite certain problems, the activities of foreign cultural centers are an integral part of modern cultural exchange and allow many people to get to know the culture of other peoples better and join the spiritual values ​​of their foreign contemporaries.

Undoubtedly, cultural centers are one of the examples of modern cultural cooperation, developing in various directions and forms. Their example testifies to the desire to institutionalize and formalize the issues of foreign cultural policy both in Russia and abroad. In the coming millennium, the world has faced numerous problems that require urgent solutions - these are terrorism and xenophobia, the loss of national identity in the context of globalization. To solve these problems, it is necessary to develop a dialogue, build new principles of cultural cooperation, so that a different culture does not cause alertness, but really contributes to the enrichment of national traditions and mutual understanding.

Russia's desire to enable representatives of foreign culture to express themselves, to form among Russians an idea of ​​its diversity, to develop a sense of respect for representatives of other cultures can also contribute to the solution of a number of political problems that are relevant to our country. Many interethnic conflicts, including terrorist acts, arise as a result of misunderstanding, ignorance of foreign cultural traditions, which entails hostility and interethnic tension. Cultural ties, being a means of “soft diplomacy”, contribute to smoothing out and mitigating such contradictions, which is especially important to take into account at the beginning of the new millennium, when cases of terrorism and extremism have become much more frequent.

1 Abstracts "Foreign cultural policy of Russia - year 2000" // Diplomatic Bulletin. 2000. No. 4. S. 76-84.

3 Public Administration in the Sphere of Culture: Experience, Problems, Ways of Development // Proc. scientific-practical. conf. Dec 6 2000 / Scientific. ed. N. M. Mukharyamov. Kazan, 2001, p. 38.

4 The British Council // http://www.lang.ru/know/culture/3.asp.

5 Federal Law of January 10, 2006 No. 18-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2006. January 17th.

6 BBC Russia. The British Council is expected to pay taxes. June 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_3836000/3836903.stm.

7 Nordic Council of Ministers // http://www.norden.org/start/start.asp.

Dmitrieva I.V., Ph.D.

The article attempts to compare the national cultural organizations that currently exist in Moscow with their prototypes that operated in the first decades of the twentieth century, describes the main functions and some of the achievements that they came to during their activities.

Key words: cultural center, Moscow House of Nationalities, national minorities, tolerance.

Moscow has preserved and continued the centuries-old traditions of the city of intercultural interaction, which has created a unique Moscow cultural environment, an atmosphere of interethnic trust.

One of the types of service activities among representatives of various nationalities living on the territory of the Russian Federation, and in particular in Moscow and the Moscow region, remains the organization of voluntary societies aimed at preserving and developing the culture of various peoples, familiarizing representatives of a foreign environment with their culture, facilitating the process of acculturation and integration, etc.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the strengthening of the role of ethno-cultural self-determination in Moscow, a large number of different societies, organizations, centers, communities, etc., appeared, the purpose of which was to promote the culture of individual peoples. At present, there are more than 40 such societies. Let us dwell on the example of individual organizations that were formed in the 1990s and, delving into history, we will trace the history of the existence of their prototypes in Moscow and the region in the first third of the 20th century.

The Moscow House of Nationalities (MDN) has been successfully operating in Moscow for many years. The idea of ​​creating the Moscow House of Nationalities belongs to Mayor Yuri Luzhkov. In the late 1990s, it was decided to give the mansion of the princes Kurakins, located on Novaya Basmannaya Street, 4, to the Moscow House of Nationalities.

Representatives of national communities and organizations operating in Moscow freely realize their ethno-cultural interests in MDN. More than 100 accredited national public organizations are represented here, which have expressed a desire to work under the auspices of the Moscow government. The work carried out at the MDN is aimed at interethnic harmony, maintaining stability, and fostering a sense of tolerance. Organization and holding of international and national festivals and competitions is one of the most important activities of the House.

Almost all societies and organizations set themselves the following goals and objectives: promoting the development of national culture; study of the history and development of the cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia; restoration and preservation of monuments of historical significance; preservation of national languages ​​and customs; mutual assistance; defending the rights and interests of a person in the government and public organizations; promoting improvement in interethnic relations in Moscow; establishing relations with other public organizations; creative, cultural ties, education. In addition, work is underway to acquaint Russians with the achievements of national cultures in various areas of material and spiritual life and to promote the development of friendly ties between peoples, expanding all-round economic and cultural cooperation between countries.

Thus, the "Moscow Society of Greeks" was formed in 1989 for the 3,500 residents of Greek nationality registered by the 1989 census in Moscow, who occupy the 20th place among Muscovites in terms of numbers. Within the framework of the society, a musical and choreographic children's and youth group "Ennosi" and a children's choir work. The native language is studied at secondary school No. 551 with a Greek ethnocultural component, as well as at the Sunday school at the Church of All Saints in Kuliki.

Interestingly, the Hellenic Cultural and Educational Society of Greek Citizens Living in Moscow and the Moscow Province was supposed to be organized as early as 1923. A corresponding statement of Greek citizens and a draft charter of the society were sent to the Moscow Council. However, on February 7, 1923, the sub-department of the Balkan countries of the Department of the West of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs refused the initiators to implement their project "in view of the lack of sufficient grounds and not recognizing the activity of the society as useful from the political side." Obviously, the number of representatives of the Greek diaspora and the orientation towards the activation of exclusively political, more precisely, communist organizations, served as the main reason for such an attitude of the authorities towards civil initiative.

Let's turn to another example. The regional public organization "Community of the Crimean Tatars" was registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation in 1998. The census of the Crimean Tatars, conducted especially for them by the USSR State Statistics Committee in January 1991, showed that 397 people who called themselves Crimean Tatars lived in Moscow at that time.

All Moscow Crimean Tatars were notified about the organization of the society. Therefore, everyone who wanted to came to the thematic meetings held by his board. In addition to meetings, the community organized mass events dedicated either to the national day of mourning on May 18, or to national holidays (for example, Eid al-Adha), where, with the help of sponsors, treats and concerts are arranged, to which artists from the Crimea are invited. The society has its own printed organ - "Bulletin of the Community of the Crimean Tatars", which is published, although irregularly, but as far as possible, covering the inner life of the Moscow diaspora of the Crimean Tatars.

As you know, the Tatars are the second largest people in the Russian Federation after the Russians. Tatar culture has a rich cultural heritage, and the Tatar intelligentsia has always been distinguished by an active civic position. It is indicative that at the beginning of the 20th century the Tatars were the largest ethnic and cultural minority living in Moscow and on the periphery. Numerous clubs and red corners for the Tatars were located in Podolsk, Kasimov ( Tver? - probably, this is an enumeration, tk. Kasimov is now in the Ryazan region. and was not Tver), Mytishchi and, of course, in Moscow. Their situation in most cases was unsatisfactory - lack or complete absence of premises, insufficient funding, limited number of personnel. All this limited the possibilities of national clubs, although in those years they had the same functions as similar societies at the end of the 20th century: they included educational programs and national classes, numerous circles, libraries, and represented the interests of representatives of national minorities in the workplace.

On August 28, 1924, at the initiative of the sub-department of national minorities of the Moscow Committee of the RCP (b) and MONO, the Moscow Provincial Central Tatar Workers' Club named after. Yamasheva. During the first year of its work, the club spread its activities throughout the province and established contact with the districts, traveling there both for performances and with reports and consultations from the leadership. The members of the club consisted of 582 people from 18 to 35 years old. The work was mainly propaganda and demonstration, which explains the most intensive work of art circles, the frequent organization of performances and concerts. Among them are drama, choral, visual arts, music and physical education, literary, scientific and technical and natural sciences, as well as circles for the elimination of illiteracy and political. In addition, women's and children's circles were organized. In the first year of its activity, the club was able to cover a third of the Tatars living in the Moscow province with cultural and educational work, which amounted to about 2 thousand people, however, the reports indicate that such work does not cover the working Tatars of Moscow and the Moscow province with such work.

Another center of work among the Tatars of Moscow was the Tatar House of Education, which existed in the 1930s. In addition to the illiteracy liquidation point and the library, a kindergarten worked under it. The drama club of the House of Education covered the factories and plants of the region with its work. However, the premises of the House of Education were often used for other purposes (for example, for housing workers and employees). Among the shortcomings, the regulatory authorities, designed to aim any public structures at solving urgent socio-economic problems and the ideologization of any activity, noted the absence of shock work and methods of social competition, which made it possible to give an unsatisfactory assessment of the work of the House.

There is very scarce information about cultural and educational work among the Gypsies at the beginning of the century, relating mainly to Moscow. There was a gypsy club with circles functioning under it (choir, cutting and sewing, drama, educational program and political). Club attendance was very poor, perhaps due to poor facilities.

In 1931, a gypsy studio-theater "Romen" was organized in Moscow under the People's Commissariat of Education. It consisted mainly of "gypsy youngsters", many of the students of the studio were former nomads. The gypsy studio was not provided with premises and worked in the premises of the Latvian Club. In the future, "Romen" received the status of the State Gypsy Theater and worked as a cultural center, leading amateur circles on the periphery. Theater "Romen" successfully conducts its work to this day.

In the early 1990s in Moscow, a gypsy cultural and educational society "Romano Kher" was organized. Under him, the children's ensembles "Gilori", "Luludi", "Yagori", the vocal and choreographic group "Gypsies of Russia" were organized. In children's ensembles, in addition to choreographic and vocal classes, the language, history and culture of the Roma are studied.

Ensemble "Gilori" ("Song") is a qualified team, consisting of 20 children aged 6 to 15 years old, who have achieved a fairly high level of performance in the field of national vocal and choreographic art. This is evidenced by the title of laureate of the international festival of gypsy art in Poland, which he received in 1992.

The Jewish community of the capital also showed itself quite actively. Since March 1918, the "Provisional Organized Bureau of Gehover" functioned in Moscow. The organization "Gehover" was a union of Zionist student youth (founded in 1912, existed until the merger in 1924 with a similar organization into a single All-Russian Society of Zionist Youth), was engaged in cultural and self-educational work and had organized cells in many cities of Russia. The Society published an information leaflet, “News of the Provisional Organized Bureau of Gehover,” supplied local circles with literature on Zionist and common Jewish questions, and sent out instructors to organize new points. The bureau was located at the address: Chistye Prudy, 13, apt. eleven. .

At present, the Regional Jewish National-Cultural Autonomy of the City of Moscow “MENKA” operates in Moscow. She considers her functions to be "culture, education and intercultural dialogue" .

Many national societies in the capital of the Russian Federation dream of opening their own national schools and kindergartens. This work has been especially active since 1990. Thus, in the premises of school No. 1241 of the Central District of Moscow (metro station "Ulitsa 1905 Goda"), an experimental multinational school with 20 departments operates.

With the transition of the school to a full five-day school, the so-called national knowledge cycle was introduced. It includes the native language, folklore, folk epic, native literature, history, culture of the people, national songs, dances, music, fine arts, arts and crafts, folk crafts and crafts, sewing, embroidery, cooking national dishes, folk customs and rituals, national etiquette, national games and sports. As can be seen from the above, the school covers almost the entire spectrum of components of the national culture.

The considered national organizations are only a small part of the large network of national societies that are active and fruitful in the territory of the Russian Federation, and in particular in Moscow and the Moscow region. All their work is aimed at interethnic harmony, maintaining stability, fostering a sense of tolerance. The main, and most often the only source of financial income of societies is membership fees. Meanwhile, each company is a legal entity and has the opportunity to open its own bank account.

The main tasks of Moscow ethno-cultural organizations is to preserve inter-ethnic peace and harmony in the city. Unfortunately, in recent years, newspaper articles and television programs often appear in which irresponsible journalists stir up inter-ethnic tension, ethnic and religious intolerance. From the very beginning of its activity, the Moscow House of Nationalities, together with other public organizations, draws the attention of the city authorities to the inadmissibility of such cases, and contributes to countering the destabilization of public order. Thanks to the principled position of the Moscow Government and national cultural associations, the city manages to maintain peace and harmony. The historical experience of ethno-cultural public organizations shows that the purposeful use of the huge cultural potential and skills of tolerant behavior is an important basis for the social policy of the authorities of such large metropolitan areas as Moscow.

Sources and literature

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12.URL: http://www.mdn.r u/information/sections/Evrei1/. Date of access: 12.12.2009.

13 URL: http://www.mdn.r u/information/se ctions/Greki1/. Date of access: 12.12.2009.

Multinationality of Russia. Most regions of Russia are multi-ethnic communities (for example, 120 nationalities live in Moscow, 113 nationalities live in the Republic of Buryatia, 119 nationalities live in the North Caucasus, etc.). In this regard, regionalism is a natural, organic principle of the territorial organization of ethno-cultural processes. Manifested in customs, types of mentality, cultural characteristics (for example, the "Siberian character", the culture of Siberia), it is determined by a common identity, culture, history, geography. The cultural development of the regions presupposes the revival and development of the national cultures of all the ethnic groups inhabiting the region, and sets serious tasks in the field of the development of languages ​​and national education.

The relevance of ethnocultural centers. (Further, the ethnic cultural center - EKC). The system of (ethnic orientation) socio-cultural institutions is demanded for life by dynamically changing socio-economic and political conditions. The crisis state of society causes crises of national relations, especially manifested chauvinistic and national extremist sentiments, inhumane actions towards national minorities, migrants in society. Weaken and prevent them are capable of socio-cultural institutions of ethno-cultural orientation, which are an expanded system that includes national representations, national-cultural autonomies, centers, associations, fraternities, unions, etc. Regulatory documents that mark the mission of ethnic culture in the development of the cultural diversity of Russia, which is the subject of intercultural interaction and communication, providing peoples with the right to preserve and develop their national identity, and organic entry into the world community, as well as the role of specialists in ethnocultural activities in these processes:

• - National Doctrine of Education (2000),
• - "The concept of modernization of Russian education until 2010",
• - Federal target program "Culture of Russia for 2006-2010",
• - Materials of the meeting of the State Council of the Russian Federation (2006),
• - The concept of development of education in the field of culture and art for 2008-2015 (2008),
• - The concept of development of universities of culture and arts of the Russian Federation (for the period up to 2010) (2007) and others.

Normative documents and programs of the UN and UNESCO:

• - "The concept of sustainable development",
• - "Recommendations for the preservation of folklore",
• - "Masterpieces of the oral and intangible heritage of the peoples of the world", etc. Documents that ensure the participation of socio-cultural institutions in the formation of future specialists:
• - Federal Law No. 156-FZ of November 27, 2002 "On Employers' Associations" (as amended on December 1, 2007);
• - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 21, 2005 No. 36 “Rules for the development, approval and implementation of the State Educational Standards for software, providing for the participation of employers in their development”;
• - Order of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated 30.12. 2004 No. 152 on the establishment of a council for state educational standards for vocational education with the introduction of representatives of employers' associations into it;
• - Letter of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated November 12, 2004 No. AS-827 / 03 “On the mechanism for amending the existing State Educational Standards of the Higher Professional Education, taking into account the requirements of employers”;
• - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 24, 2008 No. 1015 “On approval of the rules for the participation of employers in the development and implementation of state policy in the field of vocational education”, etc.

Socio-cultural institutions of ethnic orientation are organized associations of people. Institutes of the socio-cultural sphere are a numerous network of institutions that provide cultural activities, the processes of creation, dissemination and development of cultural values, as well as the inclusion of people in a certain subculture that is adequate for them. These include institutions dealing with the preservation and development of ethnic culture, creating conditions for the population to meet ethnic needs and interests.

ECC as a socio-cultural institution of ethno-cultural orientation - represent associations of people that perform socially significant functions of preserving and developing the traditional culture of an ethnic group, ensuring the joint achievement of goals based on the fulfillment by members of the ethnic group of their social roles, set by ethno-cultural values, norms and patterns of behavior in a multi-ethnic community.

Ethno-cultural association - a voluntary, self-governing association of citizens - representatives of an ethnic community living in a different ethnic environment and exercising the right to national and cultural self-determination, which is created in order to preserve national and cultural identity, develop national self-consciousness, language, education, customs and rituals.

Ethno-cultural associations, being the regulators of the national cultural policy in the regions, act as a special institution of civil society, capable of attracting ethnic diasporas to participate in solving the problems of society, and a modern cultural institution that organizes educational, cultural, educational, leisure and other activities of the multi-ethnic population.

Types of ethnic associations.

According to the implementation, priority areas and forms of work, ethnocultural associations can be classified as:

• 1) powerful ethno-national cultural centers created in the largest economic regions by a national minority that has its own state formation outside the region of residence (for example, Tatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, etc.);
• 2) fraternities, national associations of people deprived of their class: Cossacks, representatives of ethnic identity with their own cultural tradition (for example, Old Believers);
• 3) ethno-cultural centers for the revival and preservation of the cultural traditions of small peoples; centers "Revival of the small Motherland"; cultural centers of the spiritual direction, etc.

1) ethno-connotated institutions: social communities (ethnos, ethnic groups, ethnic diasporas, etc.); specialized institutions (ethno-cultural associations, national cultural centers, Houses of Nationalities, Houses of Friendship of Peoples, houses and centers of folklore, houses of crafts, children's centers of folk culture, etc.). Their essence lies in the integrative potential, in uniting efforts to educate the ethnic self-awareness of the individual, his tolerant attitude towards the multi-ethnic community, in organizing joint, coordinated and coordinated.

Regional and municipal models of ethnocultural revival.

One of these models is national-cultural autonomy - a form of extraterritorial public self-determination of ethnic communities, acting in order to independently resolve issues of preserving identity, developing language, education, and national culture. Currently, there are 14 federal and more than 300 regional and local national-cultural autonomies in Russia. The largest number of national-cultural autonomies were created by Germans (68 in 24 subjects of the Russian Federation), Tatars (63), Jews (29), Armenians (18), Ukrainians and other ethnic groups. Their activities are coordinated by the Advisory Council for National-Cultural Autonomies under the Government of the Russian Federation (2002). Basic forms of activity. These include: the creation of public theatres, cultural centers, museums, libraries, clubs, studios, archives, etc.; organization of creative unions and groups of professional and amateur art, circles; holding mass events in the field of national culture (festivals, competitions, reviews, exhibitions, etc.). Ethnocultural activity is a complex set of various activities (cognitive, artistic and creative, pedagogical, design, technological, expert, etc.) aimed at: preserving and developing folk art culture; organization of cultural and leisure activities of an ethnic association; development of national consciousness and national identity of members of the diaspora population of the region; for ethno-pedagogical activities, which ensure the involvement of the younger generation in ethnic culture. The concept of "professional ethnocultural activity" is reduced to the content of the specialist's activity, to the totality of the functions performed by him in the ethnocultural center (organizational and managerial, artistic and creative, projective, pedagogical, etc.). The professional activity of a specialist is a complex, hierarchically built, multifunctional, multi-level and dynamically developing structure with great opportunities for wide switching from one function to another and levels of professional activity. The optimal and most useful activity of ethno-cultural associations is manifested in the solution of various socio-cultural problems related to issues of cultural self-determination and the development of one's ethnic group; - implementation of goals aimed at establishing interethnic, intercultural contact, fostering ethnic tolerance.

The main functions of the ECC are to form ethnic self-consciousness, ethnic identification, ethnic stereotypes of the representatives of the diaspora by means of ethnic history and culture, language, emotional closeness with the ethnic community;

Ethnic socialization through a system of successive ties in a team of different ages;

• - creating a favorable ethno-social environment for the ethnic group in a multi-ethnic environment, through active participation in the cultural life of the region;
• - ethno-consolidating functions of members of an ethnic group, creating conditions for maintaining a cultural distance between peoples in order to prevent cultural and everyday assimilation;
• - atmospheres for relieving tension in interethnic relations, their harmonization and prevention of interethnic conflicts; support and protection of the individual in a crisis society.

The socio-cultural potential of ethno-cultural associations is enormous and goes beyond the purely ethnic aspect. The associations actualize the civic activity of members of the diaspora in the form of environmental, cultural, religious movements, participation in the implementation of targeted regional programs for the revival and development of ethnic groups, etc.

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• Immigrants and Drugs (Demographic, Statistical and Cultural Analysis), Alexander Reznik, Richard Izrailovitz. The book is devoted to the study of the problem of drug use by Russian-speaking immigrants in Israel. The basis of this book was the results of research carried out in the framework of a number of international ...

• Specialty HAC RF24.00.01
• Number of pages 153

CHAPTER 1

1.1. ethnos in the formation and development of national culture

1.2. Ethnic culture: concept and principles of study

1.3. Intercultural dialogue of various ethnic groups

CHAPTER 2. ACTIVITIES OF NATIONAL CULTURAL

CENTERS IN BURYATIA

2.1. Legal prerequisites for the creation of national cultural centers

2.2. Value guidelines for the activities of national cultural centers and communities

2.3. Prospects for the activities of national cultural centers of Buryatia

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "National-cultural centers as a factor in the stability of intercultural relations in a multi-ethnic society"

Similar theses in the specialty "Theory and History of Culture", 24.00.01 VAK code

• Buryat ethno-cultural processes in the context of the transformation of Russian society: 1990s - 2000s. 2009, Doctor of Historical Sciences Amogolonova, Darima Dashievna

• Socio-pedagogical conditions for the preservation of the ethnic culture of Russian Germans: On the example of the Altai Territory 2005, candidate of pedagogical sciences Sukhova, Oksana Viktorovna

• Socio-pedagogical foundations for the formation of the ethnoculture of youth: Based on the materials of the Republic of Tajikistan 2001, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Latypov, Dilovar Nazrishoevich

• Ethnocultural identity as a socio-philosophical problem 2001, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences Balykova, Aryuuna Anatolyevna

• The system of professional training of specialists in ethnocultural activities 2007, doctor of pedagogical sciences Solodukhin, Vladimir Iosifovich

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Theory and history of culture", Gapeeva, Antonina Vladimirovna

List of references for dissertation research candidate of culture Sciences Gapeeva, Antonina Vladimirovna, 2002

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