What is the form of a fairy tale. The development of creative imagination of preschoolers in the process of writing fairy tales

A fairy tale is a specific phenomenon that unites several genres. Russian fairy tales are usually divided into the following genres: about animals, magical and everyday (anecdotal and novelistic). In historical terms, fairy tales are a rather late phenomenon. The prerequisite for their creation in each nation was the decomposition of the primitive communal system and the decline of the mythological worldview. The most ancient are fairy tales about animals, later fairy tales and anecdotes appeared, and even later short stories.

Basic artistic feature fairy tales - their plot. The plot arose due to the conflict, and the conflict was generated by life. At the heart of a fairy tale there is always an antithesis between a dream and reality. In the world of a fairy tale, a dream triumphs. In a fairy tale always appears main character, the action unfolds around it. The victory of the hero is a mandatory setting of the plot, a fabulous action does not allow violation of chronology or development parallel lines, it is strictly sequential and unilinear.

Fairy tales can be combined in one story. This phenomenon is called contamination (from Latin contaminatio - "mixing.

Fairy tales have the usual epic development: exposition - plot - development of action - climax - denouement. Compositionally, a fairy tale plot consists of motives. A fairy tale usually has a main central motif. Fairy tale motifs are often tripled: three tasks, three trips, three meetings, etc. This creates a measured epic rhythm, a philosophical tone, and restrains the dynamic impetuousness of the plot action. But the main thing is that triplings serve to reveal the idea of ​​the plot. Elementary plots consist of only one motif (probably ancient myths were such). More complex view are cumulative plots (from the Latin cumulare - "increase, accumulation") - resulting from the accumulation of chains of variations of the same motive. Telling fairy tales they used traditional beginnings and endings - initial and final formulas. They have been applied particularly consistently in fairy tales. The most typical are: In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived...(beginning); Made a feast for the whole world. And I was there, I drank honey-beer, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth(ending). The beginning led the listeners out of reality into the world of a fairy tale, and the ending brought them back, jokingly emphasizing that the fairy tale is the same fiction as the very same honey beer, which did not enter the mouth.

Tales about animals (or animal epic) are distinguished by the main feature that their main characters are animals. Structurally, the works of the animal epic are diverse. There are single-motif tales ("The Wolf and the Pig", "The Fox drowns the jug"), but they are rare, since the principle of repetition is very developed. First of all, it manifests itself in cumulative plots. different kind. Among them - a three-time repetition of the meeting ("Bast and ice hut"). Plots are known with a multiple line of repetition ("Foolish Wolf"), which can sometimes claim to develop into a bad infinity ("The Crane and the Heron"). But most often cumulative plots are presented as multiply (up to 7 times) increasing or decreasing frequency. The last link has a resolving possibility.

For the composition of fairy tales about animals great importance has contamination. Only in a small part of these tales are stable plots, but in the main, the index does not reflect plots, but only motives. The motifs connect with each other in the process of storytelling, but are almost never performed separately.

The genre form of the fairy tale was determined in folklore quite late, only after the decline of the mythological worldview. Hero of a fairy tale - a common person, morally and economically infringed as a result of the historical reorganization of the everyday way of life. Actually, the fairy tale conflict is a family conflict, it is in it that the social nature of the fairy tale genre is manifested. Two conflicts of different historical depths - mythological and family - are united within the same genre thanks to the image of the protagonist, who in all his modifications combines mythological and real (everyday) features.

From mythology, the tale inherited two types of hero: "high" (hero) and "low" (fool); the fairy tale itself generated the third type, which can be defined as "ideal" (Ivan Tsarevich). A hero of any type is usually the third younger brother and is named Ivan.

Most ancient type hero - a hero, miraculously born from a totem. endowed with enormous physical strength, it expresses the early stage of human idealization. Around the extraordinary strength of the hero. The main role of the heroine of a fairy tale is to be an assistant to the groom or husband. The fairy tale is one of the largest narrative forms of classical folklore. All her plots retain the traditional uniformity of the composition: his kingdom road to another kingdom - in another kingdom - road from another kingdom - his own kingdom. According to this narrative logic, a fairy tale combines into a whole (into a plot) a chain of motives.

Traditional stylistics played a certain role in the construction of fairy-tale plots: beginnings, endings, as well as internal formulas of a compositional nature.

The presence of formulas is a clear sign of the style of a fairy tale. Many formulas are pictorial in nature, associated with wonderful characters, they are a kind of marking.

The fairy tale actively used the poetic style common to many folklore genres: comparisons, metaphors, words with diminutive suffixes; proverbs, sayings, jokes; various nicknames for people and animals Formulas depicting a wonderful horse, Baba Yaga, are widely known. Some fairy tale formulas go back to conspiracies, they retain clear signs of magical speech (calling a wonderful horse,

Household fairy tales. In everyday fairy tales, a different view of a person and the world around him is expressed. At the heart of their fiction are not miracles, but reality, folk everyday life.

The events of everyday fairy tales always unfold in one space - conditionally real, but these events themselves are incredible Due to the improbability of events household tales and are fairy tales, not just everyday stories. Their aesthetics requires an unusual, unexpected, sudden development of action. In everyday fairy tales, sometimes purely fantasy characters, such as hell, grief, share. The plot develops due to the clash of the hero not with magical powers, but with complex life circumstances. The hero comes out unscathed from the most hopeless situations, because he is helped by a happy coincidence of events. But more often he helps himself - with ingenuity, resourcefulness, even trickery. Everyday fairy tales idealize the activity, independence, intelligence, courage of a person in his life struggle.

The artistic sophistication of the narrative form is not characteristic of everyday fairy tales: they are characterized by brevity of presentation, colloquial vocabulary, and dialogue. Everyday fairy tales do not tend to triple motives and generally do not have such developed plots as fairy tales. Tales of this type do not know colorful epithets and poetic formulas.

Of the compositional formulas, the simplest concept is common in them lived once as a signal for the beginning of a fairy tale. It is archaic in origin.

The artistic framing of everyday fairy tales with beginnings and endings is not mandatory, many of them begin right from the beginning and end with finishing touch the plot itself.

Anecdotal tales. Researchers call everyday anecdotal tales differently: "satiric", "satiric-comic", "everyday", "social everyday", "adventurous". They are based on universal laughter as a means of resolving conflict and destroying the enemy. The hero of this genre is a person humiliated in the family or in society: a poor peasant, a hired worker, a thief, a soldier, a simple-hearted fool, unloved husband. His opponents are a rich man, a priest, a gentleman, a judge, a devil, "smart" older brothers, an evil wife.

No one accepts such stories as reality, otherwise they would only cause a feeling of indignation. An anecdotal tale is a hilarious farce, the logic of the development of its plot is the logic of laughter, which is opposite to ordinary logic, is eccentric. The anecdotal tale took shape only in the Middle Ages. She absorbed later class contradictions: between wealth and poverty, between peasants. In fairy tales, realistic grotesque is used - fiction based on reality. The tale uses the technique of parody, comic word creation. Anecdotal tales can have an elementary, one-motif plot. They are also cumulative ("Stuffed fool", "Good and bad"). But their especially characteristic property is a free and mobile composition, open to contamination.

Novels tales. Everyday short story tales introduced a new quality into narrative folklore: an interest in inner world person.

The theme of short stories is personal life, and the characters are people related to each other by premarital, marital or other family relationships. The heroes of short stories are separated lovers, a slandered girl, a son expelled by his mother, an innocently persecuted wife. According to the content in this genre, the following groups of plots are distinguished: about marriage or marriage (“Signs of a princess”, “ Unsolved riddles"); about the test of women ("The dispute about the fidelity of the wife", "Seven Year Plan"); about the robbers ("The Bridegroom-Robber"); about the predetermination of the predicted fate ("Marko the Rich", "Truth and Falsehood"). Often the plots are " vagrant", developed in different time and in many nations.

In the Russian fairy tale, many short story plots came from folk books XVII-XVIII centuries together with an extensive translation literature - chivalric romances and stories. Short stories have a structure similar to fairy tales: they also consist of a chain of motifs with different content. However, unlike fairy tales, short stories depict not the whole life of the hero, but only some episode from it.

A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. Artistic narrative of a fantastic, adventure or everyday nature.

A fairy tale is a work in which the main feature is "an orientation towards revealing the truth of life with the help of conditionally poetic fiction that elevates or reduces reality."

A fairy tale is an abstract form of local legend, presented in a more compressed and crystallized form: Primordial Form folk tales are local lore, parapsychological histories, and stories of miracles that arise as ordinary hallucinations due to the intrusion of archetypal contents from the collective unconscious.

The authors of almost all interpretations define a fairy tale as a kind of oral storytelling with fantastic fiction. The connection with myth and legends pointed out by M.-L. Von Franz takes the fairy tale beyond the limits of a simple fantasy story. A fairy tale is not only poetic fiction or fantasy play; through the content, language, plots and images, it reflects the cultural values ​​of its creator.

Since ancient times, fairy tales have been close and understandable to ordinary people. Fantasy intertwined with reality. Living in need, people dreamed of flying carpets, palaces, self-assembled tablecloths. And always in Russian fairy tales justice triumphed, and good triumphed over evil. It is no coincidence that A. S. Pushkin wrote: “What a charm these fairy tales are! Each is a poem!

Fairy tale composition:

1. Beginning. (“In a certain kingdom, in a certain state they lived, they were ...”).

2. The main part.

3. Ending. (“They began to live - to live and make good” or “They made a feast for the whole world ...”).

Any fairy tale is focused on a socio-pedagogical effect: it teaches, encourages activity and even heals. In other words, the potential of a fairy tale is much richer than its ideological and artistic significance.

The fairy tale differs from other prose genres in its more developed aesthetic side. The aesthetic principle is manifested in idealization goodies, and in the bright image of the "fantastic world", and the romantic coloring of events.

The wisdom and value of a fairy tale lies in the fact that it reflects, reveals and allows you to experience the meaning of the most important universal values ​​and life meaning generally. From the point of view of everyday meaning, the fairy tale is naive, from the point of view of life meaning, it is deep and inexhaustible.

The most important ideas, the main problems, the plot cores and, most importantly, the alignment of forces that carry out good and evil, in fact, are the same in fairy tales. different peoples. In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries, it is for all mankind.

On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not quite uniform. Thus, with a problem-thematic approach, fairy tales dedicated to animals, fairy tales about unusual and supernatural events, adventure fairy tales, social and everyday life, fairy tales-anecdotes, shifting fairy tales and others are distinguished.

To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been adopted:

1. Tales about animals;

2. Fairy tales;

3. Household fairy tales.

Animal Tales

In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, reconcile. Such tales are based on totemism (belief in a totem beast, the patron of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, the bear, which became the hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. Often he was thought of as a terrible, vindictive beast, not forgiving offenses (the fairy tale "The Bear"). The further the faith in that goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible his power over the animal, the "victory" over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales "The Man and the Bear", "The Bear, the Dog and the Cat". Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays a large role. The wolf in beliefs is wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism, becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the proximity of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "The Beasts in the Pit").

Fairy tales

Fairy tales of the magical type include magical, adventure, heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales lies a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and the wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible "transformation", striking in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is surreal, but also its very character (from the fairy tale "The Snow Maiden". "Look, the Snow Maiden's lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then a living girl shook off the snow and came out of the snowdrift." "Conversion" in fairy tales of a wonderful type, usually occur with the help of magical creatures or objects.

Household fairy tales

A characteristic sign of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction in them everyday life. The conflict of everyday fairy tales often lies in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of rusticity and naivety oppose those personality traits that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).

Our life is simply impossible to imagine without fairy tales. We get to know them in early childhood. From fairy tales, we first learn that in the world there is good and bad, good and evil. Fairy tales awaken and develop the imagination, teach little man distinguish good from bad, think, feel and empathize, gradually preparing him to enter into adulthood. First, my mother reads us "Turnip" and "Ryaba the Hen", then introduces us into the magical world of fairy tales by Pushkin and Charles Perrault. And there we are already reading amazing tales Nikolai Nosov, Vitaly Bianchi and Evgeny Schwartz. And what are fairy tales?

Tales are:

1. folk, or folklore;
2. literary, or copyright.

Types of folk children's fairy tales

folk tale came to us from time immemorial. After a heavy labor day or long winter evenings, with a torch lit in the hut, people folded and listened to fairy tales. Then they retold them to each other, simplifying or embellishing, enriching them with new heroes and events. So they passed from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. But fairy tales were formed not only for the sake of entertainment, in them people wanted to express their attitude to life. In folk tales, we see faith in reason, goodness and justice, the triumph of truth over falsehood, glorification of courage and bravery, disdain for stupidity, hatred of enemies or mockery of them. A folk tale allows you to feel a connection with the past and gives you the opportunity to join the origins of folk culture.

Folk tales, in turn, are divided into three types:

1. fairy tales about animals;
2. fairy tales;
3. household stories.

Animal Tales. From time immemorial, animals have lived next to humans, so it is not surprising that they are often the main characters in folk tales. Moreover, in fairy tales, animals often have human qualities. Such fairy tale character immediately becomes more understandable to the reader. And the role of a person in the plot of a fairy tale can be primary, secondary or equal. By genre, there are fairy tales about animals and cumulative (repeated tales). hallmark cumulative fairy tale is the repeated repetition of a plot unit, as, for example, in "Turnip" and "Ryaba the Hen".

Fairy tales differ in that their heroes operate in a fantastic, unreal world that lives and acts according to its own special laws, different from human ones. Such a fairy tale is replete with magical events and adventures that excite the imagination. Fairy tales are classified by plot:

• heroic tales associated with the struggle and victory over a magical creature - a snake, an ogre, a giant, a witch, a monster or evil wizard;
• fairy tales related to the search for or use of some magic item;
• fairy tales related to wedding trials;
• fairy tales about the oppressed in the family (for example, about the stepdaughter and the evil stepmother).

Household fairy tales. A feature of everyday fairy tales is the reflection of everyday folk life and everyday life. In them rise social problems, negative human qualities and deeds are ridiculed. In a household fairy tale, elements of a fairy tale may also be present. In everyday fairy tales, as a rule, greedy priests and stupid landowners are ridiculed, and the hero of the fairy tale (a man, a soldier) emerges victorious from all troubles.

Types of literary children's fairy tales

What is a literary tale? A literary fairy tale has an author, which is why it is also called an author's fairy tale. it piece of art which can be written in prose or verse. The plot of a literary tale can be based on folklore sources, and may be exclusively original idea of ​​the author. literary tale more diverse in plot, the narrative in it is more saturated, it is replete with various literary devices. In it, as in a folk tale, there is also fiction and magic. But the predecessor of the author's tale, of course, was a folk tale, it is too connected with the folklore that gave birth to it. The author, individual author's fantasy, selection from the treasury of folklore only what the author needs to express and shape his thoughts and feelings - this is the main difference between a literary fairy tale and a folklore one.

Fine examples of a literary tale are the tales of A.S. Pushkin, K.D. Ushinsky, G.Kh. Andersen, the Brothers Grimm, E. Schwartz, V. Bianchi, JRR Tolkien and many other wonderful storytellers.

Despite the difference in types and genres, all fairy tales have one unifying principle - goodness. After all the ups and downs and untruths in a fairy tale, goodness and justice always win. Can not be evil tales. Fairy tales are only good. That's why they are fairy tales.

Story. Types of fairy tales

For the first time, a child encounters a fairy tale at the age of 1 to 1.5 years, it is at this time that every adult in the family becomes a storyteller. At the same time, adults do not just tell fairy tales, but remember fairy tales from their childhood, which, in turn, were told to them by their parents. Thus, it is possible to trace the connection of generations, which will not be interrupted in the future with the advent of huge amount modern technology. The first book that appears in a person's life at the age of about 3 is a fairy tale, a fairy tale that can now not only be heard from adults, but also see its characters in pictures. As a rule, children's books are very well and colorfully illustrated. It is with such books that the child begins to take his first steps in huge world literature. And the task of adults is to be interested in increasing these steps and to help the child move forward in acquaintance with the literature of the whole world.

Fairy tale is fictional story with a happy ending and the obligatory victory of good over evil.

This also includes myths, legends, metaphors, proverbs and more. A fairy tale is one of the forms of aesthetic creativity in children. One of its roots is the work of children's fantasy: being an organ of the emotional sphere, fantasy seeks images to express children's feelings in them. Listening to fairy tales, the child enjoys the same freedom in the game of images that he enjoys in the game of movements. .

A fairy tale is a kind of folklore prose, known to all peoples. If you conduct a poll among adults and children on the street, “What fairy tales do you know, remember and can tell without thinking”, then for the most part they will be “Gingerbread Man”, “Turnip”, “Ryaba Hen”. But if you ask to clarify what kind of folk tales they belong to, then few people will be able to answer this question. At first glance, it may seem that knowledge of the types of fairy tales is not so important. But it is the type of fairy tale that presupposes the events, characters and plot of the work.

Currently, there are two main types of fairy tales: folk and author's. Both folk and author's tales, in turn, can be divided into tales about animals, household, scary, magic and other tales. In addition, author's fairy tales can be didactic and psycho-correctional.

Animal Tales:

Animal stories are a widespread genre. They talk about the habits, tricks and adventures of ordinary, familiar wild and domestic animals, birds and slaves, the relationship between which is very similar to the relationship between people. Yes, and the nature of the animals is likened to a human: the bear is stupid, the hare is cowardly, the wolf is greedy, Lisa Patrikeevna is more cunning than cunning, she will deceive anyone you want. "Once upon a time there was a grandfather and a woman and they had a hen Ryaba ..." a wonderful fairy tale! Deftly built - it is not difficult to remember, which is why she is still remembered from childhood. Short, nothing more. And how much action is in it, heroes - grandfather, grandmother, chicken, mouse. The tale about the turnip is just as lively and interesting. Of course, such works are designed for the smallest. Listening to them, the baby learns a lot, develops the mind, imagination - you have to see, imagine all these running and playing little animals. At the same time, the ring construction of a fairy tale helps to quickly memorize it. These tales are very convenient for staging performances, therefore they are very often used for performances in which the actors are the children themselves.

Tales with animals are short and simple in composition. Often one episode is repeated several times. So, for example, a fox three times comes under the window of the hut of a cat and a rooster, many times animals try to drive the fox out of the hare's house, etc. The inhabitants of forests, fields, and steppes appear in Russian fairy tales. Birds are represented in various ways: raven, sparrow, heron, crane, black grouse, owl, woodpecker. There are insects: a fly, a mosquito, a bee, an ant, a spider.

Another group of plots is domestic animals and birds. The Slavs were surrounded daily and became characters in their fairy tales: an ox, a ram, a horse, a dog, a cat, a rooster, a goose, a duck. Fairy tales contribute to the transfer of knowledge and life experience from adults to children, have a pedagogical orientation, which is served by the simplicity of their art form, as well as a playful manner of performance: the use of songs, dialogues, sound recording, rhythm, rhyme.

Particularly useful are the so-called chain-like tales, where one must very carefully follow the order of the episodes, their logic. A prime example such a fairy tale is a fairy tale about how a goat sent a goat for nuts. The whole tale consists of a long rhyming song of a goat, the words from which: "There is no goat with nuts, there is no goat with red-hot!" are known to almost everyone.

Household tales:

They talk about the vicissitudes family life, show ways to resolve conflict situations, form a position of common sense and a healthy sense of humor in relation to adversity, talk about little family tricks.

Everyday fairy tales are full of humor, they give comic portraits of unrestrained lazy people, fools who do everything at random, grumbling, stubborn wives. These tales accurately convey life, circumstances folk life. But this does not mean that it reflects reality just like in a mirror. Truth coexists here, as it should be in a fairy tale, with fiction, with events and actions that in fact cannot be. So, for example, a cruel queen is corrected by changing places for several days with the wife of a brawler-shoemaker; a peasant who accidentally killed a master's dog, by a court verdict, is obliged to bark at night and guard the estate. In a household fairy tale, there is only one world in which all the heroes of events live. Here everything is ordinary, everything happens in real life.

The characteristics of the heroes of these fairy tales are always the same: the landowner, the master - greedy, stupid, cruel, arrogant, often rude. The attitude towards the king is ambivalent. If the boyars, courtiers act next to him, then the tsar is necessarily on the side of the peasant. But if the muzhik and the tsar meet face to face, then the tsar is against the muzhik. The priest is also often greedy, not averse to drinking, sometimes hypocritical. But he is never rude or cruel. He is always kind. His favorite word is "light": "You are my light Vanyusha!" The fairy tale treats good, skilled workers with respect.

In a household fairy tale, deception is never complete; theft is quite acceptable. Due to the improbability of events, everyday fairy tales are fairy tales, and not just everyday stories. Their aesthetics requires an unusual, unexpected, sudden development of the action, which should cause surprise in the listeners and, as a result, empathy or laughter. In these fairy tales, fantastic characters sometimes appear: the devil, Woe-Misfortune, Share. The meaning of these images is only to reveal the life conflict that underlies fairy story. The plot develops due to the hero's collision not with magical forces, but with complex life problems. The hero comes out unscathed from the most hopeless situations, because he is helped by a happy coincidence. But more often he helps himself - with ingenuity, resourcefulness, even trickery.

Scary Tales:

These stories are about evil spirit. In modern children's literature, there are also fairy tales - horror stories. Apparently, here we are dealing with the experience of children's self-therapy: by repeatedly modeling and living an alarming situation in a fairy tale, children are freed from tension and acquire new ways of responding.

What is a scarecrow? This is the most interesting psychological material that allows you to see the innermost corners of the world of children. Urban horror stories are little "spoiled" by direct influence modern culture adults and bear the bright stamp of childishness: children's logic, children's fears and age-related problems. The content of scary stories is highly dependent on cultural and social traditions the environment in which the child grows and is brought up. These stories in children different countries have undeniable similarities in plots, poetic features, and manner of performance. The similarity lies both in the common folkloric fairy tale roots of scary stories, and in the psychology of little storytellers and listeners, in whose collective life horror stories have a special place and significance.

The heroes of the horror story are conditional and nameless. Their characters are not revealed, and their actions are almost not motivated. They simply represent the clash of the forces of good and evil. In a horror story, you can always find characters suffering - these are members of a fairy-tale family. It is with the hero-child that the narrator identifies himself. The variety of horror story plots is small. As in a fairy tale, they are assembled from traditional semantic bricks - motives, situations. Almost all of them clearly bear the stamp of the psychological problems of childhood.

Fairy tales: .

Unlike other types of fairy tales, fairy tales are based on a very clear composition and plot. And also, most often, a recognizable set of some universal "formulas" by which it is easy to recognize and distinguish it. This is the standard beginning - "Once upon a time in a certain kingdom in a certain state ...", or the ending "And I was there, drinking honey-beer ...", and the standard formulas of questions and answers "where are you going?", "Are you trying or from the case you are crying, "and others. They help to remember and tell a fairy tale, and decorate it...

The protagonist of the tale is always young. According to legend primitive man, wisdom can only be obtained from ancestors. But the ancestors are in another world. Hence all these campaigns to various copper and other kingdoms, to the underground and undersea world, far away Far Far Away kingdom- the thirtieth state. That is why the main character leaves his home, and then from the ordinary world. Searches, battles - everything that the character of a fairy tale does, most often takes place in another strange world.

In a fairy tale, the hero communicates with creatures that you will not meet in life: Koschei the Immortal, Baba Yaga, the many-headed Serpent, giants and dwarfs. Here and unseen animals: Deer - Golden horns, Mumps - Golden bristle, Fire - Bird. Often, miraculous objects fall into the hands of the hero: gusli - samogudy, self-made tablecloth, invisibility cap. In such a fairy tale, everything is possible. If you want to become young, eat rejuvenating apples, you need to revive the princess or prince, sprinkle them with dead water, and then with living water.

Women's images of a fairy tale, its heroines are more diverse than men's. Here and wise virgins, possessing wonderful witchcraft power, beauties, gentle, poetic faithful lovers who, for the sake of their loved ones, can trample three pairs of iron shoes, break three cast-iron staffs, and gnaw three stone marshmallows.

Next to the main characters there are always their wonderful assistants, different in nature, origin, they are united in their role - they complement and complete the actions of the main characters, help them in their struggle, in solving difficult problems, obtaining curiosities, winning the bride.

Positive heroes and heroines, their assistants and amazing objects create an impeccable, bright, joyful world. This world opposes the evil of life, the dark forces.

Author's fairy tales: they are more reverent, figurative than folk ones. If we want to help the patient become aware of his inner experiences, we would probably choose author's fairy tale. Some author's fairy tales form a negative life scenario, but it develops if the philosophical, spiritual meaning fairy tale was not understood (i.e., there was a dominant feeling that led to the choice of a certain moment) Then work with a life scenario should begin with a rethinking philosophical sense fairy tales.

This type of author's fairy tales, as didactic fairy tales, are created by teachers for "packaging" educational material. At the same time, abstract symbols (numbers, letters, sounds, arithmetic operations, etc.) are animated, fabulous image the world in which they live. These tales can reveal the meaning and importance of certain knowledge. Educational tasks are "served" in the form of didactic fairy tales. .

Didactic fairy tales are created by teachers to "package" educational material. At the same time, abstract symbols (numbers, letters, sounds, arithmetic operations, etc.) are animated, a fabulous image of the world in which they live is created. Didactic tales can reveal the meaning and importance of certain knowledge. Educational tasks are "served" in the form of didactic fairy tales.

Psychocorrectional fairy tales are created to gently influence the child's behavior. It tells about many problems of a person, and everyone can recognize himself on the pages literary work. Psychotherapeutic fairy tales include fairy tales composed by the child himself and fairy tales composed together with the child. .

Correction here means "replacing" an ineffective style of behavior with a more productive one, as well as explaining to the child the meaning of what is happening. In psycho-correctional fairy tales, the listener (reader) is usually presented with a model of behavior that he can use to overcome his difficulties. At the same time, the events that occur with the hero should be similar to real situations from the lives of children. Through a fairy tale, a child gains the opportunity to realize his own experiences, individual psychological characteristics. Alternative models of behavior, understood thanks to a fairy tale, help the child to see different facets of emerging situations and find new meanings in it.

Literary fairy tale is a whole direction in fiction. Per long years of its formation and development, this genre has become a universal genre, covering all the phenomena of the surrounding life and nature, the achievements of science and technology.

Just as a folk tale, constantly changing, absorbed the features new reality, a literary fairy tale has always been inextricably linked with socio-historical events and literary and aesthetic trends.

The literary tales of the romantics are characterized by a combination of magical, fantastic, ghostly and mystical with modern reality.

A decisive step towards the literary fairy tale was made by the founder of this genre, X. K. Andersen, a writer who claimed that fairy tales are "brilliant, the best gold in the world, that gold that glitters with a spark in children's eyes rings with laughter from children's lips and the lips of parents" . Every flower, every Street light they told the storyteller their story, and he passed it on to the children.

The tales of the Danish writer are overflowing with a whole gamut human feelings and moods: kindness, mercy, admiration, pity, irony, compassion. And most importantly, love. The basis of a literary fairy tale can be fantastic image born of a child's imagination.

Humor in a literary fairy tale has a different character and has become its hallmark. Sometimes literary fairy tales written for adults become children's favorite reading. Widely popular with children fairy tale literature with elements of nonsense: paradox, surprise, apparent nonsense, poetic "nonsense". E. Uspensky with his Cheburashka and Gena the crocodile, E. Raud, R. Pogodin showed the inexhaustible possibilities of nonsense.

Literary tale has many faces these days. Among the definitions, the most complete is the wording of L. Yu. Braude: "A literary fairy tale is an author's artistic prose or poetic work, based either on folklore sources, or invented by the writer himself, but in any case subject to his will; a work, mainly fantastic, depicting wonderful adventures fictional or traditional fairytale heroes and in some cases child-oriented; a work in which magic, a miracle plays the role of a plot-forming factor, helps to characterize the characters.

Tales ... this word makes the heart of both the child and the adult tremble. The children are looking forward to meeting with magical world, adults - remember childhood. Traditionally, it is believed that fairy tales should be told by a grandmother - gray-haired, wise and ancient, like the Universe itself - and kind, like Mother Earth. Or maybe mom read fairy tales, opening a big book with bright pictures ...

Whatever the acquaintance with a fairy tale, it becomes that necessary “school” through which every child passes. However, there are also completely non-childish tales - remember " donkey skin» Charles Perrault, after all, not every parent will dare to read a fairy tale to a child about a king who intends to marry his own daughter, and O. Wilde’s cruelly sad fairy tale “The Infanta’s Birthday” is too heavy for children.

Chronologically, the most ancient can be considered fairy tales about animals. They date back to the era of totemism, when a person considered himself a descendant of an animal - and this allowed him to be on a par with those whom we now call "our smaller brothers." common feature such tales are animals acting like people. A typical example is a fairy tale about a fox and a hare who built their own huts - ice and bast ...

The animal in such tales correspond to certain human types: the fox is cunning, the wolf is angry and aggressive, but not very smart, the bear is also not smart, but kind, the hare is peaceful and defenseless ... It is interesting that these types are international. Discover the poem by J. W. Goethe "Reinicke the Fox", based on the medieval "Romance of the Fox", which in turn goes back to folk tales about animals - and you will see all the same "animal-human types" that are familiar to us from Russian fairy tales.

A special category of fairy tales about animals are those in which a person is present. The relationship between man and animals can be different. Yes, in famous fairy tale“Tops and Roots” a man triumphs over a bear - apparently, this plot was born already when a person realized himself as a rational, thinking being, capable of dominating nature to a certain extent.

Another category is fairy tales. Speaking of "fairy tales in general", most often they mean exactly them. There is everything here that goes beyond the framework of everyday reality: “some kingdom-some state” (from the point of view of ancient man – other world), wizards, fairies, people who turn into animals, objects with miraculous powers, spells, otherworldly creatures like Western elves or our Baba Yaga ... Often, such plots are based on the motive of initiation - a rite of passage: the hero must pass a series of tests in order to marry a princess, get half a kingdom, etc. - in a word, to be reborn in a new quality. That is why the motive of "difficult tasks" is typical for magical initiatory tales: to build a palace in one night, etc.

And finally - household tales. There is nothing miraculous about them - in such stories we meet with ordinary people, however, more interesting, quick-witted or remarkable for something else. These include, for example, fairy tales about an experienced soldier (the most famous is “Porridge from an ax”). These fairy tales are very young - they were born after the era of Peter the Great ... and in general, everyday fairy tales can be considered the youngest. Perhaps they began to compose them already when the worldview of a person became less "mystical"?

Of course, such a division is somewhat arbitrary - for example, in fairy tales there may well be humanized animals (such as gray wolf helping Ivan Tsarevich). And yet this classification to a certain extent reflects the path traversed by mankind.