Arguments from modern literature to prepare for the exam in the Russian language. USE Russian language

The most important thing in the final essay is examples from the literature. It is they who determine the attitude of the jury to the work. Therefore, it is so important to take the time to read high-quality collections with arguments that will reveal the main topics within one direction. Here is an article for you. But we need your help to improve it! Write in the comments which books you need to add to our list, and the Literaguru team will definitely do it.

In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" the relationship of the characters is built on bitterness and revenge. Each of them, without hesitation, takes revenge on everyone else for having fallen to the bottom of life. All these poor people are pulling each other even deeper, because no one should have a way back if you yourself do not have one. This is the unwritten law of a rooming house. For example, Vasilisa tyrannizes her younger sister out of jealousy. Her lover, Vaska Pepel, showed sympathy for her, and this outraged the despotic woman. Her revenge reached its climax in the finale, when her lawful husband died as a result of a fight. Now Ash is facing a certain penal servitude, but his ex lady heart does nothing to save him, on the contrary: she diligently drowns everyone in her slander. Even her "love" for Vaska does not stop the heroine's vindictive nature. Obviously, revenge is a feeling that destroys a person from the inside and expels all virtues from him.

In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" the characters are not inclined to show generosity. On the contrary, they strive to hurt and stab each other more painfully, because poverty drives out of them everything that makes a person a person. But there is one wanderer who breaks the vicious circle of insults and insults. This is Luca. He also lived difficult life, even hinted that he had escaped from hard labor. But these tests did not harden him. The old man finds affectionate words of support and participation for each interlocutor. True generosity to all those around him shines in his eyes. He gave the inhabitants of the bottom hope for a brighter future, and they themselves are to blame for the fact that this was not enough for their moral rebirth. In their caustic environment, the wanderer did not last long and left, probably realizing that these poor people do not have not only a home, but also a heart, since they ruthlessly drown each other. Unfortunately, generosity cannot always help people.

A. I. Kuprin, "Duel"

In the book of A. I. Kuprin "Duel" main character courting the officer's wife, and the woman encourages his attempts at rapprochement. Romashov is sincerely in love, only Shurochka plays with his feelings. She mercilessly dooms him to death for the sake of her husband's advancement. It's not that a loved one is important to her, she just longs for a transfer to a new place where she can have fun. Due to gossip and anonymous notes, the deceived spouse assigns a duel to Romashov. He wants to avenge the trampled honor. Shura assures the hero that they will shoot "for fun", only so that Nikolaev is not considered a coward. A young lieutenant believes in his beloved woman, but in a duel her husband kills an opponent, rising in the eyes of fellow soldiers. Unfortunately, in the society of that time, revenge was considered the norm, so hundreds of young people capable of more became its victims. It can be concluded that revenge is dangerous for people because, because of a sense of imaginary justice, they appropriate the right to dispose of other people's lives.

In A. I. Kuprin’s book “Duel”, Romashov abandons his annoying mistress. But the woman doesn't want to let go young man and vows that she will take revenge on him at any cost. Raisa Aleksandrovna Peterson was a desperate adventuress. She decided she had to compromise new connection second lieutenant, but he and Shurochka had absolutely nothing. But Mrs. Peterson, because of her depravity, thought differently and sent out anonymous letters exposing the betrayal of Nikolev's wife. The deceived husband flared up and demanded a duel. As a result of the intrigues of Shurochka herself, Romashov was killed, and her husband victoriously "defended the honor of the family." The consequences of revenge are always tragic: an innocent person is killed, and no tricks can bring him back.

A. S. Pushkin, "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" revenge led to a tragedy: the young poet Lensky was killed. It all started with the fact that the main character received a letter where Tatyana confessed her love to him. He rejected the girl's feelings, citing his unsuitability for family relations. Naturally, he did not want to embarrass her with his presence, but an enthusiastic friend invites him to Tatyana's name day. There he expects to spend a pleasant evening with the bride. Eugene agrees, but at the very evening he feels an extreme degree of awkwardness. He blames Vladimir for everything and decides to take revenge on him, flirting with his beloved, Olga, a windy coquette. Lensky was furious, because he did not get the attention of the girl. He challenged his opponent to a duel, and Eugene could not refuse. As a result, Onegin killed his comrade because of his petty and stupid revenge. Here are the consequences of the imaginary pursuit of justice.

In the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" the ideal of a generous woman is depicted. This is Tatyana Larina. Her soul can truly be called great, because she neglected her passion for the sake of preserving family well-being. Once in her youth, the girl fell in love with a visiting nobleman who did not take her feelings seriously. But the heroine kept them in her heart forever, even though she married another person. She did not love the general, but she respected him and was grateful to him for the admiration with which he treated her. When, after many years, Eugene returned from wandering around the world, he was inflamed with passion for Tatyana. But she was married and refused the one whom she still loved unconditionally. The heroine generously rejected her own happiness in order to maintain peace and joy. loved one. For true generosity requires self-denial.

A. S. Pushkin, The Queen of Spades

In the drama of A. S. Pushkin " Queen of Spades» The hero is trying with all his might to find out the secret of three cards - the secret that allowed him to always win at cards. He wanted to make a big fortune and take a high place in society, but long years work seemed ridiculous to him when he learned from Tomsky that his relative could tell you how to always win. Then Hermann launched an attack on the pupil of the countess, confessing his feelings to the unfortunate girl. She could not resist and invited the young man to a date night in the house. The hero came, but he was not interested in Lisa, but in the old woman with her secret. He scared the unfortunate woman, she died. But her ghost returned and betrayed the desired secret in exchange for a promise to marry Lisa. Hermann, of course, did not restrain him, but sat down at the gaming table. However, the decisive battle let him down: he lost all his money. The revenge of the old woman was terrible: the young man went mad with grief. The author teaches an important lesson: revenge cannot be predicted, it will appear at any moment, so you should not commit reprehensible acts in the hope of avoiding retribution.

Lack of generosity can destroy a person. Such an example is demonstrated by A. S. Pushkin in the drama The Queen of Spades. The hero uses an innocent girl for selfish purposes, trying to find out from her patroness the secret of three cards in order to always win in card fights. To do this, he does not disdain deception. Lisa lets him into the Countess's house, but Hermann only came there to find out the secret. He did not spare the elderly woman either, actually bringing her to death with his threats. After the ghost nevertheless shares the necessary information with him, the hero still did not come to his senses, breaking his word. He did not marry the abandoned Liza. He was only concerned about his own success, and he did not spare the people who played with him and suffered ruin. As a result, Hermann loses his mind, because after the collapse, no one will help him, an egoist, and he knows this. If the hero were generous, he reached the goal in an honest way and lived happy life, full of love, sympathy and harmony, and not a brief moment of success, consisting of deceit, crimes and sins.

M. Yu. Lermontov, "A Hero of Our Time"

In M. Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time", the author describes the tragic consequences of revenge on the example of Kazbich, who killed the kidnapped girl in order to take revenge on Pechorin. At the beginning of the chapter, Maxim Maksimych reports that Grigory fell in love with a Caucasian beauty and decided to steal her away by bribing her brother. He promised him the famous Kazbich horse, which Azamat dreamed of. The deal was completed, Bela was captured by Pechorin. But Kazbich sought her hand, so he was very angry when he found out about this and decided to take revenge on the offender. When Grigory and Maxim Maksimych went hunting, the hero took the girl, but they were quickly overtaken. Fleeing from the chase and realizing that they cannot escape together, the kidnapper kills the victim and leaves him on the road. Did he achieve justice with his revenge? No. He only killed the beautiful Bela, left with nothing.

In the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" the whole inconsistency of revenge is proved. Grushnitsky tried to achieve justice with it, but he himself fell victim to his desire. The fact is that he was trying to impress Princess Mary. He was in love, but the girl remained indifferent to him, because next to her was a more skilled gentleman - Pechorin. Grigory made a young girl fall in love with him by acting cold towards her, which spurred her vanity and kindled her curiosity. In desperation, the junker decided to take revenge on his successful opponent. Together with friends, he noticed Pechorin leaving the princess's house at night. He left his mistress Vera, but Grushnitsky accused him of seducing Mary. Naturally, Gregory challenged the liar to a duel. Then the cowardly slanderer decided not to load his pistol in order to win the duel and get rid of the opponent. But Grigory saw through the deceiver, and it was Grushnitsky who became the victim. What did he achieve with his revenge? Nothing but your own death.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

- this is a written reflection on the specified topic, which every 11th grader must pass without fail for admission to the Unified State Examinations (USE). In December 2018-2019, schoolchildren will write this species work for the 5th time already, because it has been approved in Russia since 2014.

A prerequisite for a well-written final essay is the presence of arguments - justifications for the chosen position, which are based on the works of Russian or foreign classical. So what arguments will help schoolchildren cope with the task this year?

General Facts

The minimum amount of the final essay is 250 words, while experts recommend writing more - an average of about 300-350 words in order to cover the topic fully and comprehensively. The structure of the work is not regulated, but practice shows that the most a large number of points are received by such written reflections that contain 3 key blocks: introduction, main part and conclusion with conclusions. You have 3 hours and 55 minutes to write your essay. The guys have the opportunity to refer to spelling dictionaries, which should be available in the office in sufficient quantities.

The highest score for the final essay is 10 points. Even if the student makes 1 minor spelling mistake, the expert commission will give him the maximum possible number of points. The final assessment depends on how the teenager takes into account the fundamental criteria. These include:

1. Subject fit. It is important to write the final essay only in the context of a given topic/question, not to spread your thoughts along the tree and not move on to consideration of third-party problems.
2. Argumentation and attraction literary material. It is not enough just to express a certain position - in your arguments you also need to rely on at least one work of a Russian or foreign classic. It is important to demonstrate not only knowledge of the material, but also the ability to analyze it. When writing the final essay of 2018-2019, a simple retelling or superficial mention of the works will not be enough.
3. Composition and logic of reasoning. Here the structure of the work and the sequence of presentation are evaluated. It is recommended that each new thought begin with a new paragraph. At the same time, the main part should be larger in volume than the introduction and conclusion (in total, the last blocks should be about 1/3 of the entire text).
4. The quality of writing. In his argument to the student high school you will need to use synonyms and various speech turns, and, conversely, avoid clichés and lexical repetitions.
5. Literacy. It checks for the presence / absence of spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors.

Information:

This year, the dates for writing the final essay are determined as follows:

• December 19, 2018 (main date)
• February 6, 2019 (additional dates)
• May 8, 2019 (additional dates)

As in previous years, the final essay is the admission of graduates to the state final certification. At the same time, students with disabilities have the right to choose the writing of the presentation. As part of open destinations topics of the final essay, specific topics of the final essay are developed (texts of presentations are selected) for each time zone separately. Specific Topics the final essay (texts of presentations) are delivered to the local education authorities on the day of the final essay (statement).

The final essay (statement) as admission to USE graduates educational organizations implementing programs of secondary general education, first introduced in 2014-2015 academic year pursuant to the instructions of the President Russian Federation in order to identify students' ability to think, analyze and prove their position based on independently selected works of domestic and world literature.

The following categories of persons may write the statement:

• students with disabilities or disabled and handicapped children;
• students of educational programs secondary general education in special educational institutions closed type, as well as in institutions executing punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty;
• students studying at home, in educational organizations, including sanatoriums and resorts, in which the necessary medical, rehabilitation and recreational activities are carried out for those in need long-term treatment based on the conclusion of a medical organization.

The final essay, if desired, can also be written by graduates of previous years to present its results when entering universities.

Writing time - 3 hours 55 minutes.

The examination set includes 5 essay topics from a closed list (one topic from each open thematic area).

The topics of essays themselves will be known to graduates 15 minutes before the start of the exam. The result of the final essay (statement) will be “pass” or “fail”, however, before passing the unified state exam and the state final exam only graduates who have received a “credit” will be admitted.

Topics, as in the past year, will be formed by time zones.

The essay is evaluated according to five criteria: relevance to the topic; argumentation, attraction of literary material; composition; speech quality; literacy.

They check the essays (statements) of the Commission of educational organizations or expert commissions created at the municipal / regional level.

Directions and topics

Each final essay must be written in accordance with a specific topic. However, they are only opened 15 minutes before the start of the test. Despite this, there is an opportunity to prepare in advance for writing the final essay in 2018-2019, because both teachers and their wards are aware of the so-called. "global directions". The final topics that the students will receive will necessarily fit within the framework of these particular areas.

In other words, the topics will simply turn out to be more detailed, fractional, concretized. But knowing the directions allows you to navigate and even pick up suitable arguments from literary works domestic school curriculum already in this moment. There will be 5 directions in total.

Fathers and Sons

Arguments for the final essay of 2018-2019 on the global direction "Fathers and Sons" can be found in work of the same name I.S. Turgenev. The novel "Fathers and Sons" is one of the most suitable for substantiating theses related to the problem of "generational conflict". The representatives of the "generation of children" are Evgeny Bazarov (the main character) and Arkady Kirsanov, and the representatives of the "generation of fathers" are Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov.

The book shows how young people who position themselves as nihilists (deniers of generally accepted norms) devalue the experience of adults who are considered non-progressive traditionalists. In its turn, older generation also does not seek to understand the youth. In conclusion, the author debunks the teachings of nihilism and proclaims the only way through which it is possible to end the eternal conflict is the reunion of relatives who have learned to love each other after knowing suffering.

Other works to bring arguments to the topics in the direction of "Fathers and Sons" in the December 2018-2019 essay:

• DI. Fonvizin, play "Undergrowth";
• M.Yu. Lermontov, poem "Mtsyri";
• N.V. Gogol, story "Taras Bulba";
• A.S. Pushkin, story Captain's daughter».

Dream or reality

The direction "Dream or Reality" is deeply philosophical, because. makes you think about the interweaving of the most cherished human desires and reality. Example positive heroine, who remains true to her dream and does everything possible to realize it, is Marya Mironova from the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Everything Masha wants, the commandant's daughter Belogorsk fortress, - to live calmly and happily together with your loved one, who becomes officer Pyotr Grinev. However, the girl has to overcome many trials on her way before she finally reunites with her love, because both Peter and Masha fall into the thick of the Pugachev uprising. Despite this, the girl does not give up on her dream and does not lose her fortitude. Even when hope is almost lost, she takes fate into her own hands and goes to Empress Catherine II with a request to contribute to the release of Peter. Thanks to fearlessness, Masha achieves a dream come true, namely, she becomes the wife of her beloved man.

Also, arguments for the December essay of 2018-2019 in the direction of "Dream and Reality" can be found in the following works:

• F.M. Dostoevsky, the novel "Crime and Punishment" (Rodion Raskolnikov as an example of a dangerous dreamer who should be afraid of his desires);
• A.N. Ostrovsky, play "Thunderstorm".

Revenge and generosity

Here the student will have the opportunity to compare the most different sides and qualities of human nature: kindness and malice, mercy and cruelty, peacefulness and aggressiveness...

Inconsistency, negativity, pettiness, stupidity and the all-destroying beginning of revenge were vividly shown by A.S. Pushkin in his novel "Eugene Onegin". The destructive feeling with which the protagonist lights up leads to the fact that he kills his former friend in a duel. good friend- good little Vladimir Lensky. At the same time, an example of a deeply generous person is found in the work - we are talking about Tatyana Larina, who throughout the whole novel puts the feelings of the people around her above her own (for example, at the end of the book she rejects Onegin who fell in love with her because she cannot betray her husband) .

Additionally, arguments in the direction of "Revenge and generosity" for the final essay of 2018-2019 can be found in the following books:

• A.S. Pushkin, the story "The Captain's Daughter" (Emelyan Pugachev as a person who knows how to be generous and noble in relation to those who deserve it);
• M.Yu. Lermontov, the novel "A Hero of Our Time" (part of "Princess Mary" and, in particular, the vindictiveness of Grushnitsky's nature).

Art and craft

Destiny Theme creative person(writer, artist, musician, etc.) is one of the fundamental in literature. It is possible to analyze the phenomenon of creativity and reflect the importance of creative work thanks to the work of A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The poem shows how music uplifts the spirit and warms the soul of those who hear it, even when the hardest times of war are raging around. However, music that allows people to forget about sorrows does not exist on its own - it is carried into this world by a musician, who here is the harmonist Vasily Terkin.

Also, arguments for topics in the direction of "Art and Craft" are found in the following authors:

• V. Korolenko, story "The Blind Musician";
• A.P. Chekhov, story "Rothschild's Violin";
• K.G. Paustovsky, story "Basket with fir cones".

Kindness and cruelty

This direction partially echoes the direction "Revenge and generosity". Here the emphasis is on the importance of a humanistic attitude to life in general, to any life, regardless of who owns it.

In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, decides to kill the old money-lender. Rodion thinks that he is better than a worthless old woman, and, therefore, has the right to rid the world of her existence. However, when the hero commits murder, he realizes that in reality he is worse, many times worse than the most useless and vicious of the old women. To finally understand this, he is helped by the one he met on the life path Sonya Marmeladova is a model of kindness, virtue and forgiveness. Thanks to her, Raskolnikov abandons inhuman ideas and changes his worldview.

Other examples in the direction of "Kindness and cruelty":

• N.V. Gogol, the story "The Overcoat" (the cruelty of a hypocritical and evil society is opposed by the kindness, simplicity and harmlessness of Akaky Akakievich);
• M.A. Sholokhov, novel Quiet Don”(Calllessness and cruelty can arise in a person’s soul under the influence of external circumstances, as happened with the Cossack peasant Grigory, who was forced to go to war and start killing so as not to die himself).

Childhood

What wonderful childhood memories! How much has already been written about this by the classics of Russian literature! But it’s strange: each new generation of writers again turns to childhood memories and finds only their innermost in them ... “Happy, happy time of childhood ...” These words of L. Tolstoy can also be attributed to these memories

Man lives for himself only in childhood. Only in childhood is he happy with his happiness and full, stuffing his own tummy. Only in childhood is he infinitely sincere and infinitely free. Only in childhood, everyone is brilliant and beautiful, everyone is natural, like nature, and, like nature, devoid of worries. Everything is only in childhood, and therefore we are so drawn to it, having grown old, even if it was tough, like a soldier's overcoat.

Charity

The sensational statement was made by a famous Russian businessman and one of the richest people on the planet Vladimir Potanin. The head of the Interros holding decided that after his death, his entire fortune, which is estimated at billions of dollars, would be donated to charitable purposes, mainly to support educational projects.

Joy

The book of the English writer E. Porter "Pollyanna" stumbled upon such thoughts. The father taught the heroine to find positive aspects in everything. He showed her that even unpleasant situation you can find a reason to rejoice. For example, when a poor girl was given crutches instead of a doll by a charity society, she consoled herself with the fact that she did not need these crutches. Since then, Pollyanna has been involved in an exciting game: she began to look for joy in all life's trials, even those when "there seems to be nothing to rejoice at."

Writer

It is my deep conviction that writers should always be at the forefront of importance, should remain dedicated to their work until the end of their lives. Overcoming unbearable pain, N. A. Nekrasov and M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin did not let go of the pen from their ossifying hands. Everything that the poet lived with amazing power sounded in his dying verses. In the poem "Sowers" Nekrasov calls: Sow reasonable, good, eternal! Sow!

The sincerity of the writer is his only ticket to the reader's soul.

It seems to me that the Writer is the Creator. He creates a world that did not exist before, and inhabits it with people born not of a woman, but of himself. He controls the events in this world he created, he knits from the events of history, he makes the sun shine when he wants it, and sends rain and bad weather at his own will. He has a huge, divine power in the worlds, woven by him from his own insomnia, and therefore, he must be fair, as the highest judge. And justice is the victory of good.

Loneliness

Loneliness is a terrible punishment for a person at any age, especially when the “autumn of life” comes. In this regard, I recalled the lines full of bitterness from the famous story of K. Paustovsky "Telegram" Through the mouth of Katerina Ivanovna, the author says: "God forbid you live to such a lonely old age!"

For 15 years, Rabizon Crusoe lived alone on a desert island. Why didn't he learn to speak? Why survived? Defeated loneliness?! Crusoe helped communication. “That was the happiest year of my life on the island. After all, now I was no longer alone, Friday was with me, and from this I became braver ... "

good, good deeds

In the story "Gooseberries", Chekhov writes that behind the door of every happy person there should be a person with a hammer and with his knock remind of those who are unhappy, destitute, in need of help. It seems to me that the writer himself was such a “man with a hammer”. True, he did not stand outside the door, but he himself took care of those in need, striving to remake and change the life of each of us for the better.

No matter how it changes the world, no matter what cataclysms shake our society, there will always be people whom Dahl called the righteous. This is Matryona from the story "Matryona Dvor".

Respected by all, Halima Akhmatovna, over the years of work in the juvenile inspectorate, helped many teenagers find their place in life. Where kind word and with an affectionate look, where by her strictness and impeccable behavior she inspired hope in them, made them believe in their own strength. Such people with their being keep a certain spiritual level at the proper height, to which we all reach and reach.

Language culture

I think that everything must be done to preserve the immortal gift of nature. Firstly, the Government of the Russian Federation should take care that it becomes prestigious and profitable to speak Russian competently. Secondly, to introduce censorship on domestic television so that it ceases to replicate lack of culture. Thirdly, to veto publications that destroy the great Russian language. Fourth, in the family kindergarten and at school to bring up attention, respect for the word.

Words by K. D. Ushinsky: Language is the most living, most abundant and strong bond that connects the obsolete, living and future generations of the people into one great, historical living whole.

In conclusion, I appeal to my peers: “Speak Russian, please!”

Art

Leonardo do Vinci said that a good painter must paint two main things: a person and the representation of his soul. I think that both masters brilliantly coped with this task, putting all their experience, all their wisdom into the portraits of Syntactic Madonna and La Gioconda. In these masterpieces, it is not the handwriting, not the stroke of the brush that speaks, but the hearts of great artists. They are immortal as immortal literary heroes: radiant Beatrice, radiant Juliet and luminous Tatyana Larina ...

Wealth

It is gratifying that in the history of Russia there are people who are remembered not for the wealth they have acquired, but for the wealth they have spent. These are Savva Mamontov, Tretyakov, Shchukin. They did not live according to the principle of “who will surpass whom”, they were not bursting with complacency. They invested all their fortune in art. “My idea… is to make money so that what has been acquired from society would also return to society (the people) in some useful institutions…” wrote P. Tretyakov. Isn't this an example worthy of emulation for those who live "for show", for rulers "pompous with themselves"?!

One of the leading themes in O. de Balzac's story "Gobsek" is the power of money over people. Having millions, having no family, no children, Gobsek leads an ascetic life. The old usurer needs money not as a means of acquisition, but as a way to exercise power over others

A responsibility

The host of the TV show “Let them talk” A. Malakhov pays much attention to the problem of parental responsibility for their children. So, in one of the programs, he voiced the story of the tragic death of a two-year-old baby. The girl froze to death due to the fault of her parents - drunkards, for the same reason, a son hanged himself in another family. Is it possible to call them parents after that?!

The problem of responsibility was also reflected in Russian literature: in A. Platonov's story "Doubting Makar", in M. Bulgakov's stories "Heart of a Dog" and " Fatal eggs". A sense of responsibility for the monster created as a result of an operation on a stray dog ​​makes Professor Preobrazhensky do everything to return Sharik to his former state.

A very responsible person, the real owner of the forest was the elder Minnikhanov, the father of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov. In commemoration of his merits, a monument was erected to him (the only one in Russia!), A song was composed.

“You are always responsible for everyone ...” - A. de Saint-Exupery reminds us from the distant past in the story - the fairy tale “The Little Prince”. Don't forget this truth!

Surname

The name, surname of a person has always aroused genuine interest among writers and journalists. This is evidenced by the speaking names of Fonvizin, Griboyedov, the story "Overcoat" by Gogol, the excellent books of the author of this fragment "A Word about Words", "You and your name". The heroine Astafyeva (Agafya), having named her baby Agafya, believes that the old name retains the memory of the grandmother, to whom the whole district bowed at the feet for intelligence and kindness. And in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" by Bunin, neither the name nor the surname of the protagonist is mentioned, he is not depicted inner world. According to Bunin, one who does not have an inner world cannot exist in the outer, real world. Why does he need a first name then?

Feat

Rescuing passengers of a trolley bus from icy water, Shavarsh Karipetyan risked his life. But the famous athlete did not think about personal well-being, for him it was more important not "130 medals won, but 20 lives saved." This is Bocharov's article in the Ogonyok magazine. Sergey, the hero of V. Titov’s story “To spite all deaths”, also risked his life, saving his fellow workers… to his home, to his country, this is a feat.

Letter, alphabet

Journalists Kaznacheev, Kostomarov, translator N. Gal also reflect on the problem of the future of writing in their journalistic articles. If the former is concerned about how it would not be necessary to state a fait accompli in the near future with the words of Tatyana Beck: “Goodbye, alphabet”, then the latter share the position of the author of this text.

Time

Yes, time trouble is becoming universal today. In journalistic articles by K. Paustovsky, V. Soloukhin, Zharikov and Kruzhelnitsky, in many media, advice is given on how to save time. It seems to me that they all come down to one thing - only the rational use of time will allow a person to become the "ruler" of his day.

Makhonka, the beloved heroine of F. Abramov, is just from the breed of those rare people who have learned to overcome time. It can travel from one era to another...

The whole play by Chekhov “The Cherry Orchard” is also filled with understanding of the inexorably running time, starting with the first words of Lopakhin “what time is it?”

Mother

“You can talk about mothers endlessly!” wrote M. Gorky, early deprived of parental affection.

Katerina Ivanovna, the heroine of Paustovsky's story "Telegram", experienced a difficult spiritual drama. She was still waiting for Nastya, her blood. She was afraid that she would die without caressing her, without stroking her blond hair of “charming beauty”. She did not wait for her daughter. Only a dull tear that rolled down from under her closed eyelids testified to her inconsolable grief. Will Nastya be able to live with a clear conscience after this? Don't know. Probably not. After all, it was she who was supposed to sit at the bedside of her mother, she was supposed to see her on her last journey!

Noise

Recently I read the sketches of the honored doctor Airapetov "Health, emotions, beauty", where there is a curious fact. A certain Kachalkin slept for 22 years without waking up. The well-known smart Pavlov, when silence fell in the city, went up to the patient and whispered: “Get up!” And what do you think? Kachalkin is up! It turns out that he could not withstand strong stimuli, any noise caused the activity of inhibitory structures. This mystery was solved by Pavlov.

historical memory

Whoever has no memory has no life (V. Rasputin). Per last years Kazan is also changing its appearance, turning into a modern metropolis. But will the monuments of the past be preserved in the city? Unfortunately, the facts show that this is not always the case. A striking example of a careful attitude to architecture of the early 20th century. Is the city of Troitsk. In the city center, old one-story merchant houses and modern skyscrapers perfectly coexist, where offices and supermarkets are located.

A remarkable monument to the long-suffering, persistent women who endured all the hardships of the war is F. Abramov's novel "Brothers and Sisters". The anthem of maternal love, which conquered death, is played by V. Zakrutkin's wonderful story "The Human Mother". Having lost all the farmers, including those closest to her, her husband and son, Maria was left alone on the "incinerated, mangled, war-torn land." Nothing: neither death, nor fire, nor wounds could stop life on this earth. The heroine not only survived herself, but also took under her protection the children under the siege, whom she found in the far field, moreover, she gave life to a new little man - her son. Only in the finale, when there was a ray of hope that the children and animals were in good hands, Maria allowed herself to relax...

Jealousy

It is she who becomes one of the reasons for the termination of marriage ties, moreover, the terrible tragedies that are often shown on television programs “Let them talk”, “Federal Judge”. A few years ago, the whole village was shocked by the news: our neighbor, accusing his wife of

treason, stabbed her eleven times and hid her body in the basement for three days. Our family also suffers from this “constantly gnawing suspicion.” The father, an honest and hardworking man, an excellent carpenter, becomes nervous if the mother is a little late at work. He will never learn to "rule himself", although he knows very well that his mother is faithful to him.

The fact that jealousy is one of the human vices that destroys life, we are convinced, and reading the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Gypsies". Jealous and angry Aleko, in a fit of anger, plunges a knife first into an opponent, then into Zemfira ...

War

About the inhumanity of the war and the story of Leo Tolstoy "Sevastopol in May (55)", in which there is a striking scene. A truce has been declared. The soldiers of the warring parties tend to each other. Meanwhile, a 10-year-old child, seeing a decapitated corpse, runs in horror ... Will the soldiers not hug like brothers? No, innocent blood is shed again. As you can see, both Tolstoy and ____ paint the war as madness, making people doubt the mind of people.

Ecology

The problem of attitude towards native land attracted the attention of V. Belov. The author writes about his childhood, about life in home, where everything is familiar and familiar, where the “path wagged its tail”, along which he walked many, many times, where birch trees whisper in a special way, where the warmth of the earth is felt everywhere. Each word of the author is imbued with love, but pain is also felt in them, because flowering villages are being replaced by multi-storey boxes, and the whisper of grass drowns out the rumble of a jet plane. The problem is that it is so difficult to accept these metamorphoses! Here he asks

Today, a person has a consumer attitude towards the environment. As a result, valuable species of trees, rare species of birds and animals, including the Ussuri tigers, disappear from the face of the earth, the air is polluted, lakes and rivers dry up. Seeing how huge damage is being done to the Earth, the writers could not remain indifferent. The relationship between man and nature became the object of reflection of S. Zalygin, V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, V. Belov. M. Alekseev, laureate of the State Prize, also became a writer-protector for nature.

Honour

They teach you to live according to your conscience in famous literary heroes. This is Peter Grinev, who faithfully fulfills his father's covenant. This is Andrei Bolkonsky, walking a kind of road of honor. Honor is a sacred concept for the heroes of M. Bulgakov's novel "The White Guard". No matter how difficult it is, they do not give up their moral positions, although they pay a high price for the opportunity to remain noble people in a world that has gone mad.

Kazanian Asgat Galimzyanov, who throughout his life transferred most of the family's income and transfers to orphanages, for which during his lifetime a monument was erected to him on one of the streets of the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan. I believe that it is on such people that the world rests, because for them the concept of honor is the main quality of the human soul.

knowledge, limited

A person, expanding the circle of his knowledge, thereby increases the world of the unknown. No wonder the great Socrates said: “Now I know that I know nothing, and many do not know this!”

betrayal, friendship

It seems to me that V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" is an excellent confirmation of the inconsistency of human actions. Sotnikov and Rybak are sent on a responsible task. Despite the obvious danger, Rybak does not leave his partner, he helps him to go. And once captured, he begins to think only about how to survive. Rybak preferred life to worthy death at the cost of betrayal.

May friendship, one of the most important values ​​in human life, not end in betrayal!

Talent

Talent is like a weapon, say, like an ax or a knife, or you can create, build a house, carve beautiful things or kill. Let's take Shakespeare. He was not afraid to portray dark sides of human nature, but at the same time, he never mixed good and evil, from reading his works there always remain bright sensations, the belief that good always triumphs over evil. The higher with him is never mistaken for the lower. And generally speaking real talent will never sing of evil.

Our talents have not run out either. Elina, a first-year student of KSMU, won the Republican Olympiad in Chemistry "The Future of Medicine". Since 2008 she has received a special award Charitable Foundation"Russian Standard" She also became the owner of an award from Tatfontbank as part of the republican campaign "100 talented children of the village."

Faith in yourself

We recently listened to a cassette with a speech by a well-known businessman Prishchepa. When his wife, sitting with a child, announced her desire to go to Hungary for a business seminar, a major scandal erupted in the family ... She arrived from Hungary transformed. The first success of his wife inspired her husband-skeptic, instilled in him self-confidence. Having conquered fear, having gone through the fire, the Prishchepa couple has achieved a diamond level today and shares their work experience. Elena, once unable to make a toast at the table, has turned into a business lady.

Life trials

HIV-infected Svetlana Izambaeva, having learned about her illness, did not whine, did not throw tantrums. The courageous girl tried to tune in to recovery and a fulfilling life! Today, as the head of the Mood group, Svetlana helps women who find themselves in difficult situations from which it is difficult to get out on their own.

Recently my brother, the person closest to me, became seriously ill. The disease turned him into a completely different person. He has learned to love himself! The disease taught him to live, resting, and not to run headlong past life. She reminded him of the existence of a rich world of shades, colors, tastes, relationships, nature and feelings. Learned to enjoy life here and now. The disease turned him to face him. He understood a simple truth: how can one have compassion for another without learning to have compassion for oneself?

Dispute

An example of the highest polemical skill is the correspondence between Tsar the Terrible and Prince Kurbsky. There was a 40-year dispute between Bohr and Einstein.

My mum - a wise man. She personally deduced the rule of three "y" for herself: convince, give in, leave. In any controversial case, try to convince your opponent that you are right. You can not convince - yield, and suddenly he is right. If you don’t want to give in, leave, further communication with him will not bring pleasure.

Book

Many writers only thanks to books "survived" in society and became great personalities. For example, I. Bunin, M. Gorky. The latter, based on his own life, wrote: “Love a book, it will make your life easier, teach you to respect a person and yourself, it inspires the mind and heart with a feeling of love for the world, for a person.” There are those who love to read today. For example, Azat, a graduate of our school, loved books from childhood and devoted a lot of time to them. The result of such activity was not long in coming: he entered Kazan State University and continues to study well. I try to take an example from him and in my free time I read books, especially entertaining ones.

Revenge, forgiveness

Offended human dignity, cruelty can cause a response - revenge. What is revenge? This is the intentional infliction of evil in order to repay the insult, resentment. But not everything is so simple, because revenge is the most complex and controversial phenomenon in the life of society.

However, it is worth noting that the problem of revenge is connected not only with military events, and exists not only in the world of adults. Revenge or non-revenge is a choice that each of us can face. In this regard, I remember Soloukhin's story "The Avenger". In the soul of the hero-narrator there is a struggle between the desire to take revenge and the unwillingness to beat a gullible friend. As a result, he manages to break the vicious circle, and the soul becomes easy.

So, revenge or refuse revenge. I think that a defeated, surrendered enemy should be forgiven, remembering that "drying one tear is more valor than shedding a whole sea of ​​blood."

The weak never forgive. Forgiving is a property of the strong (M. Gandhi Indian politician)

Writer. Writer's Happiness

No two absolutely identical human worlds. Each person experiences love, hatred, envy in his own way and interprets these concepts in different ways. The same story with the concept of happiness. Yes, writers, sharing their life experience, suffering and hopes, teach readers to live, warn against mistakes, instill hope in them ... Isn't this the writer's happiness?! I think in this. And we, the readers, assimilating the grains of a happy soul, get the energy to fight for our own happiness. A. Green, dying of hunger, writes an extravaganza " Scarlet Sails”, which still affirms the devotion to the dream and the ability of a person to create miracles with his own hands. The talented actor P. Luspekaev, on two prostheses, creates the most charming image of the merry fellow Vereshchagin, famously overcoming all obstacles in his path. These are examples of how devotion to the cause of life makes people happy in spite of all trials.

A computer

The computer is one of the most significant achievements of human thought. Its impact on the development of scientific and technological progress is difficult to assess. Computers are indispensable in banking, education, law enforcement. And this is not all areas of application of computers. There are many sites in the World Book, anyone can place their information in it. But any information, I think, should take into account the mentality, the nationally determined system of values ​​Maybe the author saw a famous person in an uncomfortable position on the website of political figures? Or a popular artist performing in a sauna? Or a cruel crime? The question remains open. But I am sure that the Internet helps to comprehend the world. I myself often use it for educational purposes: in preparation for the exam, in conducting research work.

Won't it become virtual life future social norm? I don't think so, it won't. The fact is that Russian people treat everything new with suspicion, with apprehension. That's how it was when photography came out. They thought that photography would replace the painting. One of the heroes of the feature film "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears" speaks from the 60s of the last century about the future, in which there will be one continuous television. As you can see, the predictions did not come true. Photographs and paintings, television and books exist in parallel. I think only a few will live in several virtual worlds. I am sure that the majority, wisely using Internet resources, will not leave the real world for the sake of the ghostly world.

TV

I am sure that television will never supplant the book, just as photography did not supplant the creations of great artists in its time. They will exist in parallel, mutually complementing each other.

The role of the book in the development of personality is unique. I like to watch the intellectual show "Clever and clever". The host Vyazemsky and the participants of the game involuntarily admire me. How much literature needs to be “shoveled” in order to quickly and accurately answer the questions posed! But the winner enters MGIMO without exams! “Everything good .. owe to books” and participants in the game “What? Where? When?" - spiritual elite of the country. This is my answer to those frivolous people who consider it unnecessary to read a book when you can watch a film adaptation.

The science

And among us there are people who have devoted their lives to research, studies in various fields of science. For example, our compatriot Nizamov Gimay collects archival materials about the history of the villages of Kukmor, their citizens, studies the life and traditions of the people who lived in this area. His work inspires my respect and admiration. And the school has an astronomy circle, where students can use a telescope to observe the stars, look at the moon, and study the trajectory of satellites. In a word, if desired, the conditions are created to start their "small" research.

Intelligence

I think that any thinking person at least once thought about who should be considered a truly intelligent person. If you turn to the dictionary, you can read that an intellectual is a person who has a higher or secondary specialized education and works in the field of mental labor. However, D.S. Likhachev fundamentally disagrees with this definition. He believes that a truly intelligent person can be called a person who subtly feels another and behaves in such a way that everyone around him is comfortable.

In whatever situation I find myself, I will try to behave intelligently! Intelligent in the understanding of Likhachev: without showing rudeness, gloating, envy, appreciating the other at its true worth. The text teaches this.

Museum

The Stepanov Family Museum is a specially built building. In front of him is a square. In the square of the Eternal Flame, next to the bust of the Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Stepanov.

We go to the museum with flowers. To the museum of her family, Valentina Mikhailovna, what does she feel now?

This is probably the only such museum on earth, just as this family is the only one, nine sons of which gave their lives for us. Here, surrounded by the Stepanovs, one cannot be false. It would mean deceiving them, betraying the meaning of their life and death, it would mean that you live in other, hidden feelings, but then why come here?

Youth

The future of any society depends on youth. It depends on whether the younger generation will learn to solve their problems on their own, whether they will learn to act as a full-fledged subject of political relations. This socially significant problem is often raised in the media, including in this article. Today's Russian youth is pragmatic. At least a quarter of young people put forward career aspirations and the acquisition of wealth as their life credo. I think that those who succumbed to "prizes", actions, career promotions, will not be able to be a reliable support for one or another political party. Nor can they be counted on in elections in which each party tries to win as many votes as possible.

Language proficiency

After reading Bitov's reflections, I realized that knowledge of languages ​​enriches spiritual world person, broadens his horizons and raises the cultural level. It is impossible to fully understand another nation, its culture, way of life, traditions, without knowing its language. In general, knowledge of languages ​​was valued at all times and in all states, even in ancient Egypt. The interpreters occupied a privileged position, ensured mutual understanding between different nations and contributed to the development of trade. And in the XVIII - XIX centuries, the study of foreign languages ​​became a privilege of the nobility. Knowledge of languages ​​will always be in demand, especially in our time, when you can freely cross the borders of states. Knowledge of other languages ​​will help you to successfully conduct your professional activities.

What is revenge? It is pain that gives rise to the desire to harm the offender. But is there a need for this?

One of the problems raised in the text proposed for analysis by V.A. Soloukhin, is the problem of the need for revenge. The narrator recalls how long he had been planning revenge for an unreasonable blow to the back from a friend who had sneaked up behind him, and how easy it was on his soul when he nevertheless decided to forgive the offender. Although the position of the author is not explicitly expressed, it is reflected by the logic of the text: from his point of view, there is no need to take revenge on a person who offended something, revenge is negative quality, which negatively affects primarily its owner, depriving him of joy and peace. One cannot but agree with this: it is much better to resolve the conflict peacefully than to resort to aggression.

But there are situations in which the offender cannot be forgiven. To prove my judgments, I will give two examples from Russian classical literature.

The novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" After the duel between Grinev and Shvabrin, during which the latter despicably struck at the moment he distracted the enemy, Pyotr Andreevich forgave his opponent because he was smart and understood that nothing could fix this person and therefore there was no point in continuing to conflict with him. But Alexey continued to treacherously take revenge on his opponent, writing a denunciation of him to his parents. In the course of the continuation of the story, Shvabrin more and more revealed himself as an immoral person, his actions became more and more low and dishonorable. As a result, the generous Grinev did not tarnish his honor and found true happiness, and his enemy was left with nothing but a burden on his soul.

Now let's look at the "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov" by M.Yu. Lermontov. This poem tells how the merchant Kalashnikov killed the guardsman in a fight, who defiled the honor of his wife, thus taking revenge on him. In this case, it is impossible to say for sure whether the merchant should have gone for the kill or not. On the one hand, every person, whatever he may be, has the right to life. But on the other hand, Kalashnikov can be understood: the former reputation of his wife cannot be returned (in the sixteenth century, what Kiribeevich did with Alena Dmitrievna was considered a great shame), and negotiations with the offender would not lead to an improvement in the situation or to spiritual relief. And the state would not have resolved the conflict fairly, since the offender was the king's favorite. Thus, there are such critical situations in which the culprit must be punished.

Revenge or not taking revenge is a choice that each of us can face. The main thing - in no case should you succumb to momentary emotions. And remember: revenge is a dish best served cold.

Effective preparation for the exam (all subjects) - start preparing

Updated: 2017-05-08

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Revenge or refuse revenge? V. Zakrutkin thinks about such a question.
The problem considered by the author is relevant, because it concerns each of us, because we all have ever encountered this low human feeling, a sense of revenge. The author reveals the problem on the example of a case from the life of a Russian peasant woman Maria and a young German soldier. The girl shows mercy to the wounded fighter and leaves him life, which testifies to her good disposition and ability to compassion. The author sympathizes with his characters. His sympathy is clearly on the side main character.
V. Zakrutkin believes that one should not thoughtlessly and recklessly take revenge on a person only because he belongs to any social group. After all, he may be completely uninvolved in the bad deeds that his associates commit.
I agree with the position of the author and also believe that revenge is not always appropriate and necessary individual approach when deciding the question: "To take revenge or not to take revenge?".
In the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Russian soldiers warm and feed Rambal and Morel, and they, embracing them, sing a song. And it seems that the stars are happily whispering to each other. Perhaps they admire the nobility of the Russian soldiers, who chose sympathy for the defeated enemy instead of revenge.
This is also the position of the writer Grossman in the work "Life and Fate". Yes, war brings death. But even during the war, a person can overcome the desire to take revenge on a former enemy who is unarmed and suffering.
Thus, revenge or non-revenge is a choice that each of us can face. You should not succumb to momentary emotions, but try to think over all the consequences and make an informed decision.

The text on which the essay is based:

(1) Clutching the pitchfork in her hand, Mary threw back the cover of the manhole and recoiled. (2) On the earthen floor of the cellar, leaning against a low tub, sat alive German soldier. (3) At some elusive moment, Maria noticed that the German was afraid of her, and realized that he was unarmed.

(4) Hatred and hot, blind anger swept over Mary, squeezed her heart, rushed to her throat with nausea. (5) A scarlet fog covered her eyes, and in this thin fog she saw a silent crowd of farmers, and Ivan swinging on a poplar branch, and the bare feet of Fenya hanging on a poplar, and a black noose on Vasyatka’s child’s neck, and them, fascist executioners, dressed in gray uniforms with a black ribbon on the sleeves. (6) Now here, in her, Mary's, cellar, lay one of them, a half-crushed, unfinished bastard, dressed in the same gray uniform, with the same black ribbon on his sleeve, on which the same foreign, incomprehensible, hooked letters were silver ...

(7) Here is the last step. (8) Mary stopped. (9) She took another step forward, the German boy moved.

(10) Mary raised her pitchfork high, turned away slightly so as not to see the terrible thing she had to do, and at that moment she heard a quiet, stifled cry, which seemed to her like thunder:

Mother! Ma-a-ma!

(11) A weak cry of many hot knives dug into Mary's chest, pierced her heart, and the short word "mother" made her shudder with unbearable pain. (12) Mary dropped the pitchfork, her legs buckled. (13) She fell to her knees and, before losing consciousness, she saw close, close, light blue, boyish eyes wet with tears ...

(14) She woke up from the touch of the wet hands of the wounded. (15) Choking with sobs, he stroked her hand and said something in his own language, which Mary did not know. (16) But by the expression of his face, by the movement of his fingers, she understood that the German was talking about himself: that he had not killed anyone, that his mother was the same as Maria, a peasant woman, and his father had recently died near the city of Smolensk, that he himself, having barely finished school, was mobilized and sent to the front, that he had never been in a single battle, he only brought food to the soldiers.

(17) Mary silently wept. (18) The death of her husband and son, the theft of the farmers and the death of the farm, martyr days and nights in the cornfield - everything that she experienced in her heavy loneliness broke her, and she wanted to cry out her grief, tell a living person about it, the first, whom she met for everything last days. (19) And although this man was dressed in a gray, hated form of the enemy, he was seriously wounded, moreover, he turned out to be just a boy and - apparently - could not be a murderer. (20) And Mary was horrified that a few minutes ago, holding a sharp pitchfork in her hands and blindly obeying the feeling of anger and revenge that had seized her, she herself could kill him. (21) After all, only the holy word "mother", that prayer that this unfortunate boy put into his quiet, choking cry, saved him.

(22) With a careful touch of her fingers, Maria unbuttoned the German's bloodied shirt, tore it slightly, and exposed her narrow chest. (23) There was only one wound on her back, and Maria realized that the second fragment of the bomb did not come out, sat somewhere in her chest.

(24) She squatted next to the German and, supporting his hot back of the head with her hand, gave him milk to drink. (25) Without releasing her hand, the wounded man sobbed.

(26) And Mary understood, could not help but understand that she is the last person whom the German doomed to death sees in his life, that in these bitter and solemn hours of his farewell to life in her, in Mary, everything that is still connects him with people - mother, father, sky, sun, native German land, trees, flowers, all huge and beautiful world, which slowly leaves the consciousness of the dying. (27) And his thin, dirty hands outstretched to her, and the fading look full of prayer and despair - Mary understood this too - express the hope that she is able to defend his passing life, drive away death ...
(According to V. Zakrutkin)