Elite, mass and folk culture. Forms and varieties of culture: folk, mass and elite culture; youth subculture

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Elite (high) and folk (lower) culture. Authorship and anonymity, innovation and tradition. Mass culture as a phenomenon of the twentieth century. Prerequisites for the appearance mass culture. Modern forms mass culture, its mechanisms and principles. Cultural concepts mass society: apologetic (T. Parsons, L. White) and socio-critical (F. Nietzsche, J. Ortega y Gasset, T. Adorno, M. McLuhan. E. Fromm). Mass culture as a parody of high culture (D. MacDonald). Forms of popular culture: mass art, mass media, mass social mythology, mass political movements, "industry of childhood". The need for a mass spectacle as an anthropological reality. Mass and crowd, mass and elite.

elite culture. Elite culture: depth, sophistication, refinement, narrow specialization, creativity, uniqueness, originality, disunity, individualism, misunderstanding and unwillingness to hear another. Image problem. The ideology of "art for art's sake". Elite culture and classical art. Kitsch as a loss of taste and as mass art for the elite.

Elite , or high, culture is created by a privileged part of society or by its order by professional creators. As a rule, elite culture is ahead of the level of perception of its average an educated person. The motto of the elite culture is "Art for Art's sake". A typical manifestation of aesthetic isolationism, the concept of "pure art" is the activity artistic association"World of Art".

elite culture.

The subculture of privileged groups about-va, characterized by a fundamental closeness, spiritual aristocracy and value-semantic self-sufficiency. Appealing to a select minority of his subjects, who, as a rule, are both its creators and addressees (in any case, the circle of both almost coincides), E.K. consciously and consistently opposes the culture of the majority, or mass culture in a broad sense (in all its historical and typological varieties - folklore, folk culture, official culture of a particular estate or class, the state as a whole, the cultural industry of technocratic. about -va 20th century, etc.). Moreover, E.k. needs a constant context of mass culture, since it is based on the mechanism of repulsion from the values ​​and norms accepted in mass culture, on the destruction of the prevailing stereotypes and patterns of mass culture (including their parody, ridicule, irony, grotesque, controversy, criticism, refutation), on demonstrative self-isolation in general, national culture. In this regard, E.k. - a characteristically marginal phenomenon within the framework of any history. or national type of culture and always - secondary, derivative in relation to the culture of the majority.

As the antipode of mass culture, many culturologists consider elite culture. The producer and consumer of elite culture is the highest privileged stratum of society - the elite (from the French elite - the best, selective, chosen). However, in philosophy and cultural studies, the understanding of elites as a special stratum of society endowed with specific spiritual abilities. There is an elite in every social class. The elite is the part of society that is most capable of spiritual activity, gifted with high moral and aesthetic inclinations. It is she who ensures social progress, so art should be oriented towards meeting her needs and needs. The main elements of the elite concept of culture are already contained in philosophical writings A. Schopenhauer and F. Nietzsche.

In his seminal work"The World as Will and Representation" A. Schopenhauer sociologically divides humanity into two parts: "people of genius"(i.e., capable of aesthetic contemplation and artistic creative activity) and "people of benefit"(i.e., focused only on purely practical, utilitarian activities).

In cultural concepts F. Nietzsche, formulated by him in his well-known works, the elitist concept manifests itself in the idea of ​​the “superman”. This "superman", having a privileged position in society, is endowed, according to F. Nietzsche, with a unique aesthetic susceptibility.

Art does not necessarily have to be popular, that is, it does not have to be universally understandable, universal. New art, on the contrary, should alienate people from real life.

Culturological theories that oppose mass and elite cultures to each other are a reaction to the processes that have developed in art. A typical manifestation of elite culture is the theory and practice of "pure art" or "art for art's sake", which has found its embodiment in a number of trends in Russian and Western European culture. artistic culture. So, for example, in Russia turn of XIX-XX centuries, the ideas of elite culture were actively developed and implemented by the artistic association"World of Art". The leaders of the "World of Art" were the editor of the magazine of the same name S. P. Diaghilev and talented painter A. N. Benois. Diaghilev directly and openly declared the "self-endeavour" and "self-usefulness" of art, at the same time considering "truth in art." Focusing on human personality, the leaders of "world of art" in the spirit of the elite cultural concepts of K. Leontiev and F. Nietzsche came to the absolutization of the personality of the creator. It was considered strictly necessary to have in any picturesque and piece of music special author's vision of reality.

This culture fundamentally appeals only to the elite. It does not strive to be understood by everyone: it is closed, hermetic, accessible only to outstanding people. Among the masses, the favorite is such art, in the center of attention of which is a person and his passions.

For a long time, the features of elite culture were considered "on the contrary", the starting point was mass culture. The unification and triviality of the latter is opposed by the elite culture with originality and individuality in search of new artistic solutions; simplicity and accessibility - closedness and encryption of cultural codes; minimum visual means- the widest range of means of expression, etc.

But the main difference between elite culture and mass culture is that elite culture is truly creative: it is here that new cultural forms and paths are determined further development. The famous "Ulysses" by J. Joyce, works by G. Hesse and H. L. Borges, French " new novel"; paintings by P. Picasso, K. Malevich, V. Kandinsky; films by A. Tarkovsky, A. Sokurov, J. Jarmusch, P. Greenway; music by J. Cage and E. Denisov are examples of this.

In the elite component of culture, there is an approbation of what, after years, will become a public classic, and possibly move into the category of trivial art (to which researchers include the so-called "pop classics" - "Dance of the Little Swans" by P. Tchaikovsky, "The Seasons "A. Vivaldi, for example, or some other overly replicated work of art). Time erases the boundaries between mass and elite cultures. What is new in art, which today is the lot of a few, in a century will be understood already significantly. more recipients, and even later it can become a commonplace in culture.

Unlike the elite folk culture created by anonymous creators with no vocational training. Folk culture is also called amateur (but not by level, but by origin), or collective. In terms of their performance, elements of folk culture can be individual (retelling of a legend), group (singing a song, dancing), mass (carnival processions). Another name for folk culture is folklore. It is always localized, as it is connected with the traditions of the given area, and democratic, since everyone who wishes participates in its creation.

Mass culture does not express exquisite tastes aristocracy or the spiritual quest of the people. Its greatest scope begins in the middle of the 20th century, when the mass media penetrated most countries. The mechanism of distribution of mass culture is directly related to the market. Its products are intended for consumption by the masses. This art is for everyone, and it must take into account their tastes and needs. Anyone who pays can order their own "music".

Mass culture can be international and national. As a rule, it has less artistic value than the elite or folk. But unlike elite culture, mass culture has a larger audience, and in comparison with popular culture, it is always authorial. It is designed to satisfy the momentary needs of people, reacts to any new event and seeks to reflect it.

The serial nature of its products has a number of specific features:
primitivization of relations between people;
entertainment, amusingness, sentimentality;
naturalistic savoring of violence and sex;
cult of success strong personality, thirst for possession of things;
the cult of mediocrity, the conventionality of primitive symbolism.

The presented specific features are due to the fact that mass culture is based on archetypes. (From the Greek. Arche - the beginning and typos - the image; in analytical psychology K.Jung's unconscious form of perception of fundamental structures everyday life: love, violence, happiness, labor, etc.). These archetypes include the unconscious interest of all people in eroticism and violence. And this interest is the basis for the success of mass culture and its works. Nevertheless, samples of mass culture quickly lose their relevance, go out of fashion. This does not happen with works of folk and elite culture.

Elite culture

Elite, or high culture is created by a privileged part of society, or by its order by professional creators. It includes fine art, classical music and literature. High culture, such as the painting of Picasso or the music of Schnittke, is difficult for an unprepared person to understand. As a rule, it is decades ahead of the level of perception of an averagely educated person. The circle of its consumers is a highly educated part of society: critics, literary critics, frequenters of museums and exhibitions, theater-goers, artists, writers, musicians. When the level of education of the population grows, the circle of consumers of high culture expands. Its varieties include secular art and salon music. The formula of elite culture is “art for art's sake”.

Elite culture is intended for a narrow circle of highly educated public and opposes both folk and mass culture. It is usually incomprehensible to the general public and requires good preparation for correct perception.

Elite culture is avant-garde trends in music, painting, cinema, complex literature philosophical nature. Often the creators of such a culture are perceived as inhabitants of the "ivory tower", fenced off by their art from the real world. Everyday life. As a rule, elite culture is non-commercial, although sometimes it can be financially successful and move into the category of mass culture.

Modern tendencies are such that mass culture penetrates into all areas of "high culture", mixing with it. At the same time, mass culture reduces the general cultural level of its consumers, but at the same time, it itself gradually rises to a higher cultural level.

folk culture

Folk culture is recognized as a special form of culture. Unlike elite folk culture, culture is created by anonymous creators who do not have professional training. The authors of folk creations are unknown. Folk culture is called amateur (not by level, but by origin) or collective. It includes myths, legends, tales, epics, fairy tales, songs and dances. In terms of performance, elements of folk culture can be individual (retelling of a legend), group (performing a dance or song), mass (carnival processions). Folklore is another name folk art created by different segments of the population. Folklore is localized, that is, associated with the traditions of a given area, and democratic, since everyone who wishes participates in its creation. To contemporary manifestations folk culture include anecdotes, urban legends.

Mass culture

Mass or public culture does not express the refined tastes of the aristocracy or the spiritual quest of the people. The time of its appearance is the middle of the 20th century, when the mass media (radio, print, television, records, tape recorders, video) penetrated most countries of the world and became available to representatives of all social strata. Mass culture can be international and national. popular and pop music - prime example mass culture. It is understandable and accessible to all ages, all segments of the population, regardless of the level of education.

Mass culture, as a rule, has less artistic value than elite or folk culture. But it has the widest audience. It satisfies the momentary needs of people, reacts to any new event and reflects it. Therefore, samples of mass culture, in particular hits, quickly lose their relevance, become obsolete, go out of fashion. This does not happen with works of elite and folk culture. Pop culture is a slang term for mass culture, and kitsch is a variation of it.

Screen culture - a variant of mass culture shown on screens (movies, video clips, television series and television programs, computer games, PSP, gaming consoles and etc.).

In addition to the levels of culture, there are also types of culture:

Dominant culture is a set of values, beliefs, traditions, customs that guide the majority of members of society. For example, most Russians love to visit and receive guests, they strive to give their children higher education, kind and friendly.

Subculture- part common culture, a system of values, traditions and customs inherent in a certain group of people. For example, national, youth, religious.

Counterculture- a kind of subculture that opposes the dominant one. For example, hippies, emo, criminal world.

One of the forms of culture associated with the creative activity of a person to create an imaginary world is art.

Main directions of art:

u Music,

ü Painting, sculpture,

u Architecture,

ü Literature and folklore,

ü Theater and cinema,

ü Sports and games.

The specificity of art as a creative activity is that art is figurative and visual and reflects the life of people in artistic images. For artistic consciousness specific ways of reproducing the surrounding reality are also characteristic, as well as the means by which the creation takes place artistic images. In literature, such a means is the word, in painting - color, in music - sound, in sculpture - volumetric-spatial forms.

One of the types of culture is also the mass media (media).

The media is a periodical printed publication, radio, television, video program, newsreel, etc. The position of the media in the state characterizes the degree of democratization of society. In our country, the provision on freedom of the media is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Folk culture consists of two types - popular and folklore. Popular culture describes today's life, customs, songs, dances of the people, and folk culture describes its past. Legends, fairy tales and other genres of folklore were created in the past, today they exist as a historical heritage. Some of this heritage is being performed today, which means that in addition to historical legends, it is constantly replenished with new formations, for example, modern urban folklore.

The authors of folk creations are often unknown. Myths, legends, tales, epics, fairy tales, songs and dances belong to the highest creations of folk culture. They cannot be attributed to an elitist culture just because they were created by anonymous folk creators. Its subject is the whole people, the functioning of folk culture is inseparable from the work and life of people. Its authors are often anonymous, works usually exist in a variety of versions, are passed orally from generation to generation.

In this respect, one can speak of folk art (folk songs, fairy tales, legends), folk medicine ( medicinal herbs, conspiracies), folk pedagogy, etc. In terms of performance, elements of folk culture can be individual (retelling of a legend), group (performing a dance or song), mass (carnival processions). The audience of popular culture is always the majority of society. So it was in the traditional industrial society, however, the situation in post-industrial society is changing.

Elite culture inherent in the privileged strata of society, or consider themselves as such. It is distinguished by comparative depth and complexity, and sometimes by the sophistication of forms. Elite culture was historically formed in those social groups that had favorable conditions for familiarization with culture, a special cultural status.

An elite (high) culture is created by a privileged part of society, or by its order, by professional creators. It includes fine arts, classical music and literature. Its varieties include secular art and salon music. The formula of elite culture is "art for art's sake". High culture, such as the painting of Picasso or the music of Bach, is difficult to understand for an unprepared person.

The circle of consumers of elite culture is a highly educated part of society: critics, literary critics, regular visitors to museums and exhibitions, theatergoers, artists, writers, musicians. As a rule, high culture is decades ahead of the level of perception of an averagely educated person. In the case when the level of education of the population increases, the circle of consumers of high culture expands significantly.

Mass culture does not express the refined tastes or spiritual quests of the people. The time of its appearance is the middle of the 20th century. This is the time of the dissemination of the media (radio, print, television). Through them, it became accessible to representatives of all social strata - a "necessary" culture. Mass culture can be ethnic or national. Pop music is a vivid example of it. Mass culture is understandable and accessible to all ages, all segments of the population, regardless of the level of education.

Mass culture has less artistic value than elite or folk culture. But she has the most massive and wide audience, since she satisfies the "momentary" needs of people, promptly responding to any new event. public life. Therefore, its samples, in particular hits, quickly lose their relevance, become outdated and go out of fashion.

This does not happen with works of elite and folk culture. High culture denotes the passions and habits of the ruling elite, while mass culture denotes the passions of the "bottom". The same types of art can belong to high and popular culture. Classical music is an example of high culture, and popular music is an example of mass culture. The situation is similar with the fine arts: Picasso's paintings represent high culture, and popular prints represent mass culture.

The same thing happens with specific works art. Organ music Bach belongs to high culture. But if it is used as musical accompaniment on figure skating, it is automatically included in the category of mass culture. At the same time, she does not lose her belonging to a high culture. Numerous orchestrations of Bach's works in the style light music, jazz, or rock do not compromise the very high level of the author's work.

Mass culture is a complex social and cultural phenomenon, characteristic of modern society. It became possible due to the high level of development of communication and information systems and high urbanization. At the same time, mass culture is characterized by a high degree of alienation of individuals, the loss of individuality. Hence the "idiocy of the masses", due to the manipulation and imposition of behavioral clichés through the channels of mass communications.

All this deprives a person of freedom and disfigures him. spiritual world. In the environment of the functioning of mass culture, it is difficult to carry out the true socialization of the individual. Here, everything is replaced by standard consumption patterns that are imposed by mass culture. It offers averaged models of human inclusion in social mechanisms. A vicious circle is created: alienation > abandonment in the world > illusions of belonging mass consciousness> models of averaged socialization > consumption of samples of mass culture > "new" alienation.

Forms of culture refer to such sets of rules, norms and models of human behavior that cannot be considered completely autonomous entities; they are also not constituent parts some whole. High or elite culture, folk culture and mass culture are called forms of culture because they are a special way of expressing artistic content. High, folk and mass culture differ in a set of techniques and visual means. artwork, authorship, audience, means of conveying to the audience artistic ideas, performance level.

Depending on who creates culture and what level it is, sociologists distinguish three forms of it.

-elite

-popular

-mass

high culture

Elite, or high culture is created by a privileged part of society, or by its order by professional creators. It includes fine arts, classical music and literature. High culture, such as the painting of Picasso or the music of Schoenberg, is difficult for an unprepared person to understand. As a rule, it is decades ahead of the level of perception of an averagely educated person. The circle of its consumers is a highly educated part of society: critics, literary critics, regulars at museums and exhibitions, theater-goers, artists, writers, musicians. When the level of education of the population grows, the circle of consumers of high culture expands. Its varieties include secular art and salon music. The formula of elite culture is "art for art's sake".

folk culture

Folk culture consists of two types - popular and folklore culture. When a campaign of tipsy friends sings the songs of A. Pugacheva or<Не шуми камыш>, then we are talking about popular culture, and when an ethnographic expedition from the depths of Russia brings material from carol holidays or Russian lamentations, then they always talk about folklore culture. As a result, popular culture describes today's way of life, manners, customs, songs, dances, and so on. people, and folklore - its past. Legends, fairy tales and other genres of folklore were created in the past, and today they exist as a historical heritage. Some of this legacy is still being performed today, which means that part of the folklore culture has entered popular culture, which, in addition to historical traditions constantly replenished with new formations, for example, modern urban folklore.

Thus, in folk culture, in turn, two levels can be distinguished - high, associated with folklore and including folk tales, fairy tales, epic, ancient dances, etc., and reduced, limited to the so-called pop culture.

Unlike elite culture, which is created by professionals, high folk culture is created by anonymous creators who do not have professional training. The authors of folk creations (tales, lamentations, tales) are often unknown, but these are highly artistic works. Myths, legends, tales, epics, fairy tales, songs and dances belong to the highest creations of folk culture. They cannot be attributed to an elitist or high culture just because they were created by anonymous folk creators.<Народная культура возникла в глубокой древности. Ее субъектом являются не отдельные профессионалы, а весь народ. Поэтому функционирование народной культуры неотделимо от труда и быта людей. Авторы ее зачастую анонимны, произведения существуют обычно во множестве вариантов, передаются устно из поколения в поколение. В этом плане можно говорить о народном искусстве (народные песни, сказки, легенды), народной медицине (лекарственные травы, заговоры), народной педагогике, суть которой часто выражается в пословицах, поговорках> 1)

In terms of performance, elements of folk culture can be individual (retelling of a legend), group (performing a dance or song), mass (carnival processions). Folklore is not the name of all folk art, as is often thought, but only of its part, associated primarily with oral folk art. Folklore, as well as popular, forms (or types) were created earlier and are being created today by various segments of the population. Folklore is always localized, i.e. associated with the traditions of the area, and democratic, since everyone involved in its creation.

The place of concentration of folklore culture, as a rule, is the village, and the popular one is the city, since the majority of the population lives there today. Some creative products are classified as folk culture as a whole, without subdividing them into folklore and popular. For example, ethnoscience, folk crafts, folk games and fun, folk songs and dances, folk rituals and holidays, folk cuisine, folk ethics and pedagogy.

The audience of popular culture is always the majority of society. So it was in the traditional and industrial society. The situation changes only in a post-industrial society.

Mass culture

Mass culture does not express the refined tastes or spiritual quests of the people. The time of its appearance is the middle of the 20th century, when the mass media (radio, print, television, records and tape recorders) penetrated most countries of the world and became available to representatives of all social strata. Mass culture can be international and national. Pop music is a vivid example of mass culture. It is understandable and accessible to all ages, all segments of the population, regardless of the level of education.

Mass culture, as a rule, has less artistic value than elite or folk culture. But she has the widest audience and she is the author. It satisfies the momentary needs of people, reacts to any new event and reflects it. Therefore, samples of mass culture, in particular hits, quickly lose their relevance, become obsolete, go out of fashion. This does not happen with works of elite and folk culture. High culture denotes the passions and habits of the townspeople, aristocrats, the rich, the ruling elite, and mass culture denotes the culture of the lower classes. The same types of art can belong to high and mass culture: classical music - high, and popular music - mass, Fellini's films - high, and action films - mass, Picasso's paintings - high, and popular prints - mass. However, there are genres of literature, in particular fantasy, detective stories and comics, that are always classified as popular or popular culture, but never as high. The same thing happens with concrete works of art.

Bach's organ mass belongs to high culture, but if it is used as musical accompaniment in figure skating competitions, it is automatically included in the category of mass culture, without losing its belonging to high culture. Numerous orchestrations of Bach's works in the style of light music, jazz or rock do not compromise high culture at all. The same applies to the Mona Lisa on the packaging. toilet soap or her computer reproduction hanging in the back office.

Basic forms of culture

By the nature of the creations, one can single out the culture represented in single samples and popular culture. The first form for characteristics creators is divided into folk and elite culture. folk culture is a single work of most often anonymous authors. This form of culture includes myths, legends, tales, epics, songs, dances, and so on. Elite culture- a set of individual creations that are created well-known representatives privileged part of society or by its order by professional creators. We're talking about creators here. high level education and well known to the enlightened public. This culture includes art, literature, classical music, etc.

Mass (public) culture represents products of spiritual production in the field of art, created in large editions, counting on the general public. The main thing for her is the entertainment of the widest masses of the population. It is understandable and accessible to all ages, all segments of the population, regardless of the level of education. Its main feature is the simplicity of ideas and images: texts, movements, sounds, etc. Samples of this culture are aimed at emotional sphere person. At the same time, popular culture often uses simplified examples of elite and folk culture (“remixes”). Popular culture averages spiritual development of people.

Subculture is a culture social group: confessional, professional, corporate, etc. As a rule, it does not deny the universal culture, but it has specific features. Signs of a subculture are special rules behavior, language, symbolism. Each society has its own set of subcultures: youth, professional, ethnic, religious, dissident, etc.

Dominant culture- values, traditions, views, etc., shared only by a part of society. But this part has the ability to impose them on the whole of society, either because it constitutes the ethnic majority, or because it has a mechanism of coercion. A subculture that opposes dominant culture is called counterculture. social basis countercultures are people, to some extent alienated from the rest of society. The study of the counterculture allows us to understand the cultural dynamics, the formation and spread of new values.

The tendency to evaluate the culture of one's own nation as good and correct, and another culture as strange and even immoral has been called "ethnocentrism". Many societies are ethnocentric. From the point of view of psychology, this phenomenon acts as a factor in the unity and stability of this society. However, ethnocentrism can be a source of intercultural conflicts. The extreme forms of manifestation of ethnocentrism are nationalism. The opposite is cultural relativism.

Elite culture

Elite, or high culture created by a privileged part, or by its order by professional creators. It includes fine arts, classical music and literature. High culture, such as the painting of Picasso or the music of Schnittke, is difficult for an unprepared person to understand. As a rule, it is decades ahead of the level of perception of an averagely educated person. The circle of its consumers is a highly educated part of society: critics, literary critics, frequenters of museums and exhibitions, theater-goers, artists, writers, musicians. When the level of education of the population grows, the circle of consumers of high culture expands. Its varieties include secular art and salon music. The formula of elite culture is “ art for art”.

Elite culture It is intended for a narrow circle of highly educated public and opposes both folk and mass culture. It is usually incomprehensible to the general public and requires good preparation for correct perception.

The avant-garde trends in music, painting, cinema, complex literature of a philosophical nature can be attributed to the elite culture. Often the creators of such a culture are perceived as inhabitants of the "ivory tower", fenced off by their art from real everyday life. As a rule, elite culture is non-commercial, although sometimes it can be financially successful and move into the category of mass culture.

Modern trends are such that mass culture penetrates into all areas of "high culture", mixing with it. At the same time, mass culture reduces the general cultural level of its consumers, but at the same time, it itself gradually rises to a higher cultural level. Unfortunately, the first process is still much more intense than the second.

folk culture

folk culture is recognized as a special form of culture. In contrast to the elite culture of the people, culture is created by anonymous creators who do not have professional training. The authors of folk creations are unknown. Folk culture is called amateur (not by level, but by origin) or collective. It includes myths, legends, tales, epics, fairy tales, songs and dances. In terms of performance, elements of folk culture can be individual (retelling of a legend), group (performing a dance or song), mass (carnival processions). Folklore is another name for folk art, which is created by various segments of the population. Folklore is localized, that is, associated with the traditions of the given area, and democratic, since everyone who wishes participates in its creation. Anecdotes and urban legends can be attributed to modern manifestations of folk culture.

Mass culture

Mass or public does not express the refined tastes of the aristocracy or the spiritual quest of the people. The time of its appearance is the middle of the 20th century, when mass media(radio, print, television, records, tape recorders, video) penetrated into most countries of the world and became available to representatives of all social strata. Mass culture can be international and national. Popular and pop music is a vivid example of mass culture. It is understandable and accessible to all ages, all segments of the population, regardless of the level of education.

Popular culture is usually less artistic value than elitist or popular culture. But it has the widest audience. It satisfies the momentary needs of people, reacts to any new event and reflects it. Therefore, samples of mass culture, in particular hits, quickly lose their relevance, become obsolete, go out of fashion. This does not happen with works of elite and folk culture. pop culture is a slang term for mass culture, and kitsch is a variation of it.

Subculture

The set of values, beliefs, traditions and customs that guide the majority of members of society is called dominant culture. Since society breaks up into many groups (national, demographic, social, professional), each of them gradually forms own culture, i.e., a system of values ​​and rules of conduct. Small cultures are called subcultures.

Subculture- part of a common culture, a system of values, traditions, customs inherent in a certain. They talk about the youth subculture, the subculture of the elderly, the subculture of national minorities, the professional subculture, the criminal subculture. The subculture differs from the dominant culture in language, outlook on life, behavior, hair, dress, customs. The differences can be very strong, but the subculture does not oppose the dominant culture. Drug addicts, the deaf and dumb, the homeless, alcoholics, athletes, and the lonely have their own culture. The children of the aristocrats or the middle class are very different in their behavior from the children of the lower class. They read different books, go to different schools, follow different ideals. Each generation and social group has its own cultural world.

Counterculture

Counterculture denotes a subculture that is not only different from the dominant culture, but opposes, is in conflict with the dominant values. The terrorist subculture opposes human culture, and the hippie youth movement in the 1960s. denied the dominant American values: hard work, material success, conformity, sexual restraint, political loyalty, rationalism.

Culture in Russia

The state of spiritual life modern Russia can be characterized as a transition from upholding the values ​​associated with attempts to build a communist society, to the search for a new meaning of social development. We have reached the next round of the historical dispute between Westernizers and Slavophiles.

Russian Federation - multinational country. Its development is due to the peculiarities national cultures. The uniqueness of the spiritual life of Russia lies in the diversity cultural traditions, religious beliefs, moral standards, aesthetic tastes, etc., which is associated with the specifics cultural heritage different peoples.

At present, in the spiritual life of our country, there are conflicting trends. On the one hand, mutual penetration different cultures promotes interethnic understanding and cooperation, on the other hand, the development of national cultures is accompanied ethnic conflicts. The latter circumstance requires a balanced, tolerant attitude towards the culture of other communities.