Folklore - what is it? Main characteristics. Folk (folklore) culture

Folk (folklore) culture

culture, which is based on artistic traditional images, archetypes.

☼ a collective concept that does not have a clearly defined definition. borders and including cultural layers of different eras from ancient times until now. Formation and functioning of the phenomenon of N. to. in ethnic message or social groups and communities of various types is associated with the awareness of their belonging to people. Self-identification with the people, Nar. traditions in stereotypes social behavior and actions, everyday ideas, the choice of cultural standards and social norms, orientations towards certain forms of leisure, amateur art and creativity. practices - manifestations of N. to. In our time it common feature- non-professional status in the field of modern. multi-layered culture, unspecialized nature cultural activities, which, however, does not exclude high level skills, skills, knowledge, which is based on fluency in tradition.

Traditional - important quality N. to. in all periods, which determines both its value-normative and semantic content, as well as the social mechanisms of its transmission, inheritance in direct communication from person to person, from master to student, from generation to generation, bypassing institutional and organizational forms.

N. to. in history. the past means. coincides with the ethnic one, then acquires a pronounced social, national component, merges with subcultural formations and even elements of ideology (for example, in Soviet time). Traditional N. to. defines and normalizes all aspects of the life of the community: way of life, forms economic activity, customs, rituals, regulation of social relationships between members of the community, family type, raising children, the nature of the dwelling, the development of the surrounding space, the type of clothing, nutrition, relationships with nature, the world, legends, beliefs, beliefs, knowledge, language, folklore as a symbolic and symbolic . expression of tradition - all these manifestations of N. to. studied by a wide range of humanitarian disciplines: ethnology, cultural anthropology, folklore, ethnolinguistics, art history, cultural history.

The task of the culturologist is to isolate some invariant content that permeates all of these components of traditions. cultures and having in means. least of ethnicity. character. These are, in particular, such ideas - values ​​- meanings as ideas about nature, space, man's place in the world, religious mythology. concepts of human relations with the supernatural, higher powers, ideas about the ideals of wisdom, the power of heroism, beauty, kindness, about the forms of “correct” and “wrong” social behavior and the arrangement of life, about serving people, the homeland, etc.

Concrete traditional forms. cultures, as well as the social mechanisms of their transmission, are historically transient. Holistic system normative-value life support of the people breaks up into fragments, which eventually lose their functional and semantic content. However, general ideas and marginal values ​​of N. to. remain relevant and move into the area professional activity specialists different profile. However, they may then return to mass consciousness and in a modified form again become part of N. to. So in means. least happens in present. the time when in Russia, as in other countries, interest in traditional cultures, including their early forms.

Orientation towards Postmodernism in culture and post-industrial forms of civilization is associated with a rethinking of vast layers of history and def. movement towards conservatism and traditionalism, which is noted by some scientists. The second (by some definitions, secondary) life of folk traditions, social reproduction different models inclusion of cultural archetypes of the past in modern. life determine the relevance of the development of a holistic culturological. approach to the range of phenomena, objects, processes associated with N. to.

Lit.: Chistov K.V. folk traditions and folklore: Essays on theory. L., 1986; Bakhtin M.M. The work of François Rabelais and folk culture medieval and renaissance. M., 1990; Putilov B.N. Folklore and folk culture. SPb., 1994; Traditional folk culture: Sat. inform.-analyst. materials. M., 1995.

N.G. Mikhailov.

Cultural studies of the twentieth century. Encyclopedia. M.1996

Big dictionary in cultural studies.. Kononenko B.I. . 2003 .

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Children use folklore of various genres outside the game, in everyday life. But in these cases, it also often has the character of fun and entertainment. Interesting materials and observations on non-fiction children's folklore were given in A. Mozharovsky's book "From the Life of Peasant Children of the Kazan Province" (1882).

In the non-fiction children's folklore, we see not only the previously noted genres (sayings, songs, etc.), but also some new ones (witties, jokes, teasers, tongue twisters, etc.). Let's give examples. Here is a sentence that is performed by girls after bathing:

Olya, Olya, wash the cups.

Pour out the water

Water the horses

On an oak deck.

And here is the sentence performed by the children when they find the snail:

snail, snail,

Stick out the horns!

Give me the end of the pie.

Children amused each other with jokes - short stories in poetic form. Here is a joke about a goat whose house caught fire:

Don, don, don!

The goat house caught fire.

The goat jumped out

Goggled her eyes,

Released the children

I ran to the pub

sniffed tobacco,

I ran to the oak

And let's beat the stick

The barn dog has squeezed,

Yes, and ran away.

The hut came to the man

There, kneading a woman is kneading.

A special kind of jokes are the changeling and. Changelings are called songs in which the relationships and connections between objects and phenomena turn out to be inverted. It is said, for example,

that it was not a peasant who rode among the village, but the village rode among the peasant, not the peasant was girded with a bast, the peasant was girded with a bast, etc. Here is an example of such a joke-shifter:

The bast is girded by a man,

The village rode among the peasant,

Look out from under the dog the gates are barking,

The gate is colorful, the dog is new.

The man grabbed the dog.

In changelings, children's ability to invent, the desire to surprise, cheer and amuse are manifested. I will go to the forest. Listener: Me too. I will cut down the tree. Listener: Me too. I'll cut the deck.

Children's non-game folklore is permeated with fun, jokes and witticisms. Here is a childish witticism - a trap. Listener: Me too. And I'll mess with the pigs. Listener: Me too. They will eat. Listener: Me too.

Various poetic nicknames were widespread among children. But no one was offended by them, since almost each of the guys had his own nickname. Here are the nicknames for the boy Petya and the girl Praskovya:

Petka-rooster,

It's rotten on the heap.

Pashka-bug,

Pig calabash.

A special genre of children's folklore outside the game are the so-called underwear, with which the children tried to "pry" each other. Here are two coats:

Say "axe"

Your dad is a thief.

Say "There is a vine in the bath."

There is a vine on the bath.

Your mother is a goat.

The so-called teasers have become even more widespread in non-fiction children's folklore. In teasers, as a rule, the names of those who are ridiculed are called. Here is an example of such teasers:

Yegorushka Konoval

Shoe a cat's leg

Went to get married

Tied a trough.

The trough dangles

The wife smiles.

Ivan chatty,

Milk chatted -

Didn't blurt out

And he blew everything.

The wife baked a donut,

She gave him a shish.

Favorite non-fiction genre children's folklore are tongue twisters. Tongue twisters are expressions built on a combination of sounds that make it difficult to pronounce words quickly and clearly. A mistake in the pronunciation of any word caused laughter from those around him. Here are tongue twisters recorded from children. “The cap is sewn, the cap is weighty, but not in the style of a cap”; “The pig was dumb, it dug up the whole yard”; "There is a mop with a podprikopenochkom" . Sometimes tongue twisters are more detailed, have a dialogic form of construction. For example:

Tell me about shopping.

About what about purchases?

About shopping, about shopping

About my shopping.

In conclusion, we can say that children's own oral and poetic creativity is distinguished by a great variety of genres.

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HORIZONTALLY:

1. Rookie - Which of the servicemen has not "sniffed gunpowder" yet?

5. KARPOV - Who lost the chess throne to Garry Kasparov?

9. Mohawk - Laying punk.

10. IRONY - "Veil" for ridicule.

11. HYPOTHESIS - "Very possibly" in one word.

14. TSIOLKOVSKY - A teacher from Kaluga among the godfathers of astronautics.

16. UDDER - "Cow Reservoir".

18. SINGER - Americans called the first sound film "... jazz".

19. FOX - A fur-bearing animal whose name comes from a dog.

20. SMITH - He believed that in order for the state to rise to higher level prosperity, all that is needed is peace, light taxes and tolerance in governance (cult economist).

23. GOBI - In what desert did Nikolai Przhevalsky meet a horse named after himself?

28. SINGING - Who delays, and the choir picks up?

29. Zvenigorod - Small homeland great film actress Lyubov Orlova.

30. JAKOV - The English king, deposed as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689.

31. ARTIST - Melodrama "... from Gribov" with Irina Muravyova in the title role.

32. SEDIMENT - Having sunk to the very bottom.

33. STEPPE - "Feathered open space".

34. EYE - What organ of the Gorgon jellyfish became a talisman from corruption among the Turks?

40. PHILOLOGIST - Who was the science fiction writer Arkady Strugatsky by profession?

42. Joy - Folk witticism.

43. ELK - What animal did the Swedes use as a draft force a couple of centuries ago?

44. STOMACH

45. CASE - Why are there 46 in Tabasaran, 21 in Hungarian, 15 in Finnish, 12 in Mordovian, 6 in Russian, and only 2 in English?

46. ​​GOMORRAH - "City of sins".

47. MOON - Osip Mandelstam's lines: "Two lovers in the night marveled at a huge star - in the morning they comprehended - it shone ...".

48. SARAFAN - Dress for Vasilisa the Beautiful.

49. LIMIT - Once upon a time, provincials were registered in Moscow according to it.

50. COMMENT

51. SHARE - "There is... truth in every joke."

52. LASAGNE - Favorite dish for cartoon cat Garfield.

VERTICALLY:

1. NEUROSURGEON - Who repairs fractures in the skull?

2. SCINGA - "A feisty woman, her face is blue, wrinkled, her teeth caress, cloudberries, cranberries and lettuce are afraid" from Pomeranian tales.

3. SUSCEPTIBILITY - In smokers... colors are reduced.

4. ACTIVITY - A person of social significance.

6. AURA - What radiation feeds psychics?

7. FOAM - "It was by the sea, where the openwork ... where the city crew is rarely found."

8. VOYAGE - Romantic trip.

10. WEAR - Aging of the unit.

12. Plaintiff - The instigator of a judicial disassembly.

13. LYCEUM - In Tsarskoye Selo ... children of the nobility were accepted from the age of ten.

15. OVOSCOPE - Enlightener of eggs.

18. OVERFLOW - "Game of shades".

21. PASTA - Not only toothpaste, but also tomato.

22. PHEASANT - What kind of bird actually needs to be cooked Georgian dish"chakhokhbili"?

24. GRIND - Exposure of fangs.

25. TRANSPORT - The business of a taxi driver.

26. DETAILS - With all the details.

27. COMEDY FILMS - Gaidai's genre.

31. APORT - Dog command, behind which is hidden "Bring!".

34. ICE - What do they scold when they fall in winter?

35. ARSENAL - Warehouse on the territory of a military unit.

36. DOJ - Which ruler did Shakespeare's Othello serve?

37. OVERTAKING - "Automotive lead".

38. Suvorov - Russian commander, in honor of whose Victoria they composed the song "Thunder of victory resound!".

39. SHKURNIK - Money-grubber, but not so pretentiously.

41. GUITAR - What instrument appeared in Russia during the reign of Tsaritsa Anna Ioannovna, but was rejected on the move for a quiet and indistinct sound?

42. LIPSTICK - "Persistent ..." stays on the lips, not on the cup.

46. ​​GAT - "Pass" through the swamp.

The content of the article

FOLKLORE. The term "folklore" (translated as "folk wisdom") was first introduced by the English scientist W.J. Toms in 1846. At first, this term covered the entire spiritual (beliefs, dances, music, woodcarving, etc.), and sometimes material (housing, clothing) culture of the people. AT modern science there is no unity in the interpretation of the concept of "folklore". Sometimes it is used in its original meaning: component folk life, closely intertwined with its other elements. From the beginning of the 20th century the term is also used in a narrower, more specific sense: verbal folk art.

The oldest types of verbal art arose in the process of the formation of human speech in the era of the Upper Paleolithic. Verbal creativity in antiquity was closely associated with labor activity human and reflected religious, mythical, historical ideas, as well as the beginnings scientific knowledge. Ritual actions through which primitive sought to influence the forces of nature, fate, were accompanied by the words: spells, conspiracies were pronounced, various requests or threats were addressed to the forces of nature. The art of the word was closely related to other types primitive art- music, dancing, decorative arts. In science this is called primitive syncretism» Its traces are still visible in folklore.

The Russian scientist A.N. Veselovsky believed that the origins of poetry are in folk ritual. Primitive poetry, according to his concept, was originally a song of the choir, accompanied by dance and pantomime. The role of the word at first was insignificant and entirely subordinated to rhythm and facial expressions. The text was improvised according to the performance, until it acquired a traditional character.

As mankind accumulated more and more significant life experience, which had to be transferred next generations, the role of verbal information increased. Selection verbal creativity in independent view art is the most important step in the prehistory of folklore.

folklore was verbal art organically inherent in folk life. The different purpose of the works gave rise to genres, with their various themes, images, and style. AT ancient period most peoples had tribal traditions, labor and ritual songs, mythological stories, conspiracies. The decisive event that paved the line between mythology and folklore proper was the appearance of a fairy tale, the plots of which were perceived as fiction.

In ancient and medieval society, there was heroic epic(Irish sagas, Kyrgyz Manas , Russian epics, etc.). There were also legends and songs reflecting religious beliefs(for example, Russian spiritual verses). Later, historical songs appeared, depicting real historical events and heroes, such as they remained in the people's memory. If ritual lyrics (ceremonies accompanying the calendar and agricultural cycles, family rituals associated with birth, wedding, death) originated in ancient times, then the lyrics are non-ritual, with its interest in ordinary person appeared much later. However, over time, the boundary between ritual and non-ritual poetry is blurred. So, ditties are sung at the wedding, at the same time some of wedding songs move into the non-ritual repertoire.

Genres in folklore also differ in the way of performance (solo, choir, choir and soloist) and in various combinations of text with melody, intonation, movements (singing, singing and dancing, storytelling, acting out, etc.)

With changes in social life society in Russian folklore, new genres also arose: soldier's, coachman's, burlak's songs. The growth of industry and cities brought to life romances, anecdotes, worker, school and student folklore.

There are productive genres in folklore, in the depths of which new works can appear. Now these are ditties, sayings, city songs, anecdotes, many types of children's folklore. There are genres that are unproductive but continue to exist. Yes, new folk tales does not appear, but the old ones are still told. Many old songs are also sung. But the epics and historical songs in live performance almost do not sound.

The science of folklore - folkloristics - all works of folk verbal creativity, including literary ones, are classified into one of three genera: epic, lyrics, drama.

For thousands of years, folklore has been the only form of poetic creativity among all peoples. But even with the advent of writing for many centuries, up to the period of late feudalism, oral poetic creativity was widespread not only among the working people, but also among higher strata society: nobility, clergy. Having arisen in a certain social environment, the work could become a national property.

Collective author.

Folklore is a collective art. Every piece of oral folk art not only expresses the thoughts and feelings of certain groups, but is also collectively created and distributed. However, collectivity creative process in folklore does not mean that individuals did not play any role. Talented masters not only improved or adapted existing texts to new conditions, but sometimes created songs, ditties, fairy tales, which, in accordance with the laws of oral folk art, were already distributed without the name of the author. With the social division of labor, peculiar professions arose associated with the creation and performance of poetic, and musical works(Ancient Greek rhapsodes, Russian guslars, Ukrainian kobzars, Kyrgyz akyns, Azerbaijani ashugs, French chansonniers, etc.).

In Russian folklore in the 18–19 centuries. there was no developed professionalization of singers. Storytellers, singers, storytellers remained peasants, artisans. Some genres of folk poetry had mass distribution. The performance of others required a certain skill, a special musical or acting gift.

The folklore of each nation is unique, just like its history, customs, culture. So, epics, ditties are inherent only in Russian folklore, thoughts - in Ukrainian, etc. Some genres (not just historical songs) reflect history given people. The composition and form of ritual songs are different; they can be dated to the periods of the agricultural, pastoral, hunting or fishing calendar, enter into various relationships with the rites of the Christian, Muslim, Buddhist or other religions. For example, the ballad among the Scots acquired clear genre differences, while among the Russians it is close to a lyrical or historical song. Some peoples (for example, Serbs) have poetic ritual lamentations, while others (including Ukrainians) have them in the form of simple prose exclamations. Each nation has its own arsenal of metaphors, epithets, comparisons. So, the Russian proverb “Silence is gold” corresponds to the Japanese “Silence is flowers”.

Despite the bright national coloring of folklore texts, many motives, images and even plots different peoples are similar. Thus, a comparative study of the plots of European folklore led scientists to the conclusion that about two thirds of the plots of the fairy tales of each nation have parallels in the fairy tales of other nationalities. Veselovsky called such plots "stray", creating a "theory wandering plots”, which has been repeatedly criticized by Marxist literary criticism.

For peoples with a common historical past and speaking related languages(for example, the Indo-European group) this similarity can be explained common origin. This similarity is genetic. Similar features in the folklore of peoples belonging to different language families, but who have been in contact with each other for a long time (for example, Russians and Finns) are explained by borrowing. But in the folklore of peoples living on different continents and probably never communicated, there are similar themes, plots, characters. So, in one Russian fairy tale it is said about a clever poor man who, for all his tricks, was put in a sack and is about to be drowned, but he, having deceived the master or the priest (they say, huge shoals of beautiful horses graze under water), puts him in a sack instead of himself. The same plot exists in the tales of Muslim peoples (stories about Khadja Nasreddin), and among the peoples of Guinea, and among the inhabitants of the island of Mauritius. These works are independent. This similarity is called typological. At the same stage of development, similar beliefs and rituals, forms of family and public life. And therefore, both ideals and conflicts coincide - the opposition of poverty and wealth, intelligence and stupidity, hard work and laziness, etc.

From mouth to mouth.

Folklore is stored in the memory of the people and reproduced orally. The author of a literary text does not have to communicate directly with the reader, while a work of folklore is performed in the presence of listeners.

Even the same narrator voluntarily or involuntarily changes something with each performance. Moreover, the next performer conveys the content differently. And fairy tales, songs, epics, etc. pass through thousands of mouths. Listeners not only influence the performer in a certain way (in science this is called feedback), but sometimes they themselves are connected to the execution. Therefore, any work of oral folk art has many options. For example, in one version of the tale Princess Frog the prince obeys his father and marries the frog without any talk. On the other hand, he wants to leave her. In different ways in fairy tales, the frog helps the betrothed to complete the tasks of the king, which are also not the same everywhere. Even such genres as epic, song, ditty, where there is an important restraining beginning - rhythm, chant, have excellent options. Here, for example, is a song recorded in the 19th century. in the Arkhangelsk province:

Sweet nightingale,

You can fly everywhere

Fly to merry countries

Fly to the glorious city of Yaroslavl...

Approximately in the same years in Siberia they sang to the same motive:

You are my rassy little dove,

You can fly everywhere

Fly to foreign countries

To the glorious city of Yeruslan…

Not only in different territories, but also in different historical eras the same song could be performed in versions. So, songs about Ivan the Terrible were remade into songs about Peter I.

In order to remember and retell or sing some work (sometimes quite voluminous), the people developed techniques polished over the centuries. They create a special style that distinguishes folklore from literary texts. In many folklore genres there is a common cause. So, the folk storyteller knew in advance how to start a fairy tale - In some kingdom, in some state... or Lived once…. The epic often began with the words As in a glorious city in Kyiv…. In some genres, endings are repeated. For example, epics often end like this: Here they sing glory to him…. A fairy tale almost always ends with a wedding and a feast with a saying I was there, I drank honey-beer, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth, or And they began to live and live and make good.

There are other, most diverse repetitions in folklore. Individual words may be repeated: Past the house, past the stone one, // Past the garden, the green garden, or the beginning of lines: At dawn it was at dawn, // At the dawn it was at morning.

Entire lines are repeated, and sometimes several lines:

He walks along the Don, walks along the Don,

A young Cossack walks along the Don,

And the maiden cries, and the maiden cries,

And the maiden weeps over the swift river,

And the maiden weeps over the swift river.

In the works of oral folk art, not only words and phrases are repeated, but also entire episodes. Epics, fairy tales, and songs are built on the triple repetition of identical episodes. So, when Kaliki (wandering singers) heal Ilya Muromets, they give him a “honey drink” to drink three times: after the first time he feels a lack of strength in himself, after the second - an excess, and only after drinking the third time, he receives as much strength as he needs.

In all genres of folklore there are so-called common or typical places. In fairy tales - the rapid movement of the horse: The horse runs - the earth trembles. "Vezhestvo" (politeness, good breeding) of the epic hero is always expressed by the formula: He laid the cross in the written way, but he led the bows in the learned way.. There are beauty formulas - Not in a fairy tale to say, not to describe with a pen. Command formulas are repeated: Stand before me like a leaf before grass!

Repeated definitions, the so-called permanent epithets that are inextricably linked to the word being defined. So, in Russian folklore, the field is always clean, the moon is clear, the girl is red (red), etc.

Others help with listening comprehension artistic techniques. For example, the so-called method of stepwise narrowing of images. Here is the beginning of the folk song:

There was a glorious city in Cherkassk,

New stone tents were built there,

In the tents, the tables are all oak,

A young widow is sitting at the table.

The hero can also stand out with the help of opposition. At a feast at Prince Vladimir:

And how everyone is sitting here, drinking, eating and boasting,

But only one sits, does not drink, does not eat, does not eat…

In a fairy tale, two brothers are smart, and the third ( main character, winner) for the time being a fool.

Stable qualities are assigned to certain folklore characters. So, the fox is always cunning, the hare is cowardly, the wolf is evil. There are certain symbols in folk poetry: the nightingale - joy, happiness; cuckoo - grief, trouble, etc.

According to researchers, from twenty to eighty percent of the text consists, as it were, of ready-made material that does not need to be memorized.

Folklore, literature, science.

Literature appeared much later than folklore, and always, to one degree or another, used his experience: themes, genres, techniques are excellent in different eras. Yes, stories ancient literature based on myths. Author's fairy tales and songs, ballads appear in European and Russian literature. Due to folklore is constantly enriched literary language. Indeed, in the works of oral folk art there are many ancient and dialect words. With the help of affectionate suffixes and freely used prefixes, new expressive words. The girl is sad You are my parents, destroyers, my killers…. Guy complains: Already you, darling-twist, cool wheel, twirled my head. Gradually, some words enter into colloquial, and then into literary speech. It is no coincidence that Pushkin called: "Read folk tales, young writers, in order to see the properties of the Russian language."

Folklore techniques were especially widely used in works about the people and for the people. For example, in Nekrasov's poem Who lives well in Russia? - numerous and varied repetitions (situations, phrases, words); diminutive suffixes.

In the same time literary works penetrated into folklore and influenced its development. As works of oral folk art (without the name of the author and in various options) the rubies of Hafiz and Omar Khayyam were distributed, some Russian stories of the 17th century, Prisoner and Black shawl Pushkin, beginning Korobeinikov Nekrasov ( Oh, the box is full, full, // There are chintz and brocade.// Have pity, my sweetheart, //Molodetskogo shoulder…) and much more. Including the beginning of Ershov's fairy tale The Little Humpbacked Horse, which became the beginning of many folk tales:

Beyond the mountains, beyond the forests

Beyond the wide seas

Against heaven on earth

An old man lived in a village.

Poet M.Isakovsky and composer M.Blanter wrote a song Katyusha(Blooming apple and pear trees...). The people sang it, and about a hundred different Katyushas appeared. So, during the Great Patriotic War sang: Apple and pear trees do not bloom here ... The Nazis burned apple and pear trees…. The girl Katyusha became a nurse in one song, a partisan in another, and a signalman in the third.

In the late 1940s, three students - A. Okhrimenko, S. Christie and V. Shreiberg - composed a comic song:

In an old and noble family

Lived Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy,

He ate neither fish nor meat,

I walked barefoot through the alleys.

It was impossible to print such poems at that time, and they were distributed orally. More and more versions of this song began to be created:

Great Soviet writer

Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy,

He didn't eat fish or meat.

I walked barefoot through the alleys.

Under the influence of literature, rhyme appeared in folklore (all ditties are rhymed, there is rhyme in later folk songs), division into stanzas. under direct influence romantic poetry(), in particular ballads, a new genre of urban romance arose.

Oral folk poetry is studied not only by literary critics, but also by historians, ethnographers, and culturologists. For the most ancient, pre-literate times, folklore often turns out to be the only source that conveyed to the present day (in a veiled form) certain information. So, in a fairy tale, the groom receives a wife for some merits and exploits, and most often he marries not in the kingdom where he was born, but in the one where his future wife comes from. This detail of a fairy tale, born in ancient times, suggests that in those days a wife was taken (or abducted) from another kind. Is in fairy tale and echoes of the ancient rite of initiation - the initiation of boys into men. This rite usually took place in the forest, in the "men's" house. Fairy tales often mention a house in the forest inhabited by men.

Late-time folklore is the most important source for studying the psychology, worldview, and aesthetics of a particular people.

In Russia at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries. increased interest in the folklore of the 20th century, those aspects of it that not so long ago remained outside official science(political anecdote, some ditties, GULAG folklore). Without studying this folklore, the idea of ​​the life of the people in the era of totalitarianism will inevitably be incomplete and distorted.

Ludmila Polikovskaya