Problems of international communication.

One child in the middle of a conversation suddenly declares that he hates Muslims. Another declares himself a nationalist. In class, one boy calls another "black", a fight breaks out. How to teach children to love their own culture and respect others, avoiding both extremes: intolerance and rose-colored glasses?

self-identification

Sooner or later, every child asks the questions “who am I?” and “what am I?”. Am I brunette or brown-haired, choleric or melancholic, do I look like my father or my mother, Russian or Mordvin, Tatar or Moldavian? Sometimes the answer is simple and lies on the surface, sometimes national self-determination is difficult, especially if the family in which the child grows up is multinational.

“My children consider themselves Russian Americans,” says US-based Anna S., mother of an adult son and 10-year-old daughter. – The “Russian” component is extremely important for both. We support it in every possible way: knowledge of the language, culture, history of Russia - as an inoculation against an inferiority complex in this regard. At the same time, we are sincerely interested in American culture.”

It was difficult for the children of Muscovite Lyudmila D. to self-determine: mother is three-quarters Ukrainian, a quarter Belarusian, father is half Balkar, half Kabardian. “The eldest son, 17 years old, considers himself a Balkar, the younger, 13 years old, considers himself a Belarusian. He thinks that the Belarusians are “closer in character to him - calm and balanced,” says Lyudmila. Surprisingly, national self-determination also depends on temperament.

Psychologist Nadezhda Zakharova (Jincharadze) has two sons, aged 16 and 19. Both wear Georgian surname. “They have very little Georgian blood - either 1/16, or 1/32. Boys experience it differently. The older one has no national identity, while the younger one has begun to position himself as a Georgian. He does not know the language, he is not very familiar with Georgian culture, but his close friends from the Caucasus are an Armenian and an Ingush from an orthodox Muslim family, Nadezhda says. - Children understand that they are internally similar to mom or dad, and identify themselves with one of them. National identification here has the same mechanism: after all, you can’t feel like both mom and dad at the same time ... And when life forces you to self-define, children define themselves through the inner circle.

Sometimes self-identification hurts. 12-year-old Sasha M., half-Russian, half-Jewish, complained to his mother that he did not want to be “a cocktail of different nationalities". “I began to find out what was the matter,” says his mother, Lyudmila M., “and I realized that he was confusing nationality and religion - in our case, Judaism and Jewry. The son said that he did not want Jews in his family, because he was Orthodox. I led him to the icon of the Mother of God and asked what nationality She was. The son first answered with his mouth, and then with his head he realized that she was Jewish. And he himself was surprised. And then they began to talk about nationality and faith.”

National conflicts

Some children already had to face conflicts on ethnic grounds by their 10-12 years. Sometimes it is more of an attempt to test oneself in one's national role, to defend one's culture from attack: for example, Anna S.'s son argued with his French classmates in the US about the War of 1812. Others have to enter into serious conflicts.

“I already had to tell my son about the roots of anti-Semitism,” says Zhanna R. “He once got into a fight with a classmate because he said something about the Jews. At the same time, he himself once brought something disparaging about Tajiks from school, and after some TV show about Iran, he hated all Iranians for a long time: they are all terrorists! We have to teach that you can’t put a scarf on every mouth, that people are judged not by nationality. I teach that any nation is history, culture, mentality and many, many interesting things.”

Sometimes hatred for strangers seems to be brought by the wind. The 16-year-old son of a Russian woman from Kiev, Natalia N., once began speaking disparagingly about the Chinese. “I read it on the Internet,” my mother says. I took out a book from the shelf. Chinese fairy tales and reminded him that one of them had been his favorite for two years. She complained, they say, are there really no brains of her own, that, like a parrot, she repeats other people's nonsense. As a preventive measure, we have always had full house fairy tales of different nations, we emphatically respect people various nationalities».

In the main, the mothers interviewed are unanimous: the more experience of communicating with different cultures, the less hatred. And what is surprising - the more interest in their culture. Nadezhda Zakharova says: “My children are both baptized, but not churched, and even skeptical about my searches. However, the youngest recently spent a week relaxing with his friends - an Ingush Muslim family. They strictly observe fasts, and the son became interested in how this happens in Orthodoxy, what fasts are, why they are observed. I see communication younger son with children from other cultures expands his horizons, gives him new experience and new resources, gives him the ability to understand and accept others, and I feel warm from this. And here's something else. It seems to me that boys sooner or later have a stage in their lives when they fight. And there is no big difference whether one calls one another a "goat" or insults his nationality. When they call them "goats" - we are in no hurry to focus on the fact that it is not good to call someone else that way, but we cling to the nationalist aspect, and this can be understood: such is the history of the country. Perhaps, if we ourselves did not specifically attach importance to this factor, then it would not grow in the minds of children either. We unconsciously teach children a lesson that this is important.”

On domestic soil

"Interethnic conflicts in the children's environment, as well as childhood suicides, which are now much talked about, are not separate problems in themselves, but only forms in which completely different problems are expressed," he says. Olga Khukhlaeva, ethnopsychologist, candidate psychological sciences, doctor pedagogical sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Moscow City Psychological and Pedagogical University. - The roots of these conflicts are in the psychological distress of those in conflict. It causes anger, sadness, resentment, irritation - and these “difficult feelings” are looking for a suitable target. Most choose to target those who are not like them. And on top, another separating factor is added: interethnic problems cultivated in the media, so that it is easier to direct one's anger at people of other cultures who are nearby.

According to the observations of Olga Khukhlaeva and the teachers with whom she worked in schools, children's conflicts never begin as interethnic ones: they are always domestic, and pass into the ethnic plane only when passions have time to heat up quite strongly. That is why Khukhlaeva considers the creation of special programs tolerance for other cultures. To prevent children from hitting each other, they need to be taught not so much tolerance as self-understanding: when a person realizes that he feels bad, understands the reasons for this bad self-feeling, knows how to adequately express his emotions, it is much less likely that he will bring down his anger on a person who happened to be near.

“I noticed that in private and elite schools there are practically no ethnic conflicts and national problems, although their ethnic composition can be very diverse, says Olga Khukhlaeva. “But in such schools, usually all families are with a high level of cultural development, parents and children have a clearly formed identity, in which national characteristics are not decisive.”

Sometimes the conflict also involves others. Weak 'I's, psychologists note, tend to merge into strong 'we'. Children form closed groups, often on a cultural and ethnic basis - from "their own". And cultures are different - some are collectivist, others are individualistic; in some it is customary to violently express emotions, in others - to restrain them; when temperament, collectivism and a sense of disadvantage rally children into groups, real ethnic wars can begin in schools.

Who should deal with these conflicts? Of course, adults. First of all, school psychologists and class teachers. Unfortunately, in recent times there has been a tendency to flush out psychologists from schools, and class teachers are not only not ready to resolve interethnic conflicts, but often provoke them themselves. I remember well how my son came home from school indignant that the teacher venomously asked his Chechen classmate if she was the only one so dumb or all Chechens were like that. It is remarkable that in such cases (and this is not an isolated case) there are usually quite a few children in the class who are deeply indignant at the teacher's attacks. And here again the dog is not buried in the field of interethnic relations. Or not only in it.

“Teachers often have a worse attitude towards children from other cultures,” says Olga Khukhlaeva. -Such children often fail to learn successfully: cultural peculiarities of thinking and memory interfere with them, it seems that they are dumber. Due to difficulties with verbal and non-verbal communication, children from other cultures and their parents sometimes behave incorrectly. It is difficult for them to speak: they may not speak the language of teaching very well, they do not understand everything, they often have to translate remarks from one language to another in a conversation, and this slows down communication and creates the feeling that they are not particularly smart. They may not understand facial expressions, gestures, their culture may have a different attitude to the volume of a conversation, the distance between interlocutors, eye contact. In the south it is customary to speak louder, and southern children are often considered aggressors simply because they are loud. In one of the schools where I worked, teachers considered one mother, a Serbian by nationality, to be a brawler. And the only problem was that she sat too close to the teacher, spoke too loudly and gesticulated violently - as is customary in her culture.

In a word, for the prevention of interethnic conflicts, it is necessary to teach children and teachers - but not obscure tolerance, but quite clear skills: children - reflection and self-knowledge, teachers and school psychologists - the ability to understand and take into account cultural differences and resolve conflicts.

Masters of Communication

A two-year training program for educators and psychologists intercultural communication conducted by the Department of Ethnopsychology and psychological foundations multicultural education MSUPE. Department staff meet with their students twice a week at gymnasium No. 1540. Among the students are college staff who teach or are going to teach teenagers of different nationalities: “We have Tajiks, Ukrainians, Armenians; not much yet, but we assume that there will be more,” says one of the students, a physical education teacher from the college of small business No. 48, Tatyana Oleshkevich.

The lessons are about how to communicate with representatives of individualistic and collectivistic cultures, feminine and masculine, what arguments are more acceptable in a dialogue, how to communicate with people who have different types nervous system and different leading channels of perception of information.

The listeners act out scenes: if a parent comes to talk to you, for example, an Azerbaijani Jew, how will you build a dialogue with him if you need to report that his child does not study well and fights? And what if you have a dad-businessman with leadership manners, aggressive, with a pre-prepared list of claims?

It turns out that a key can be found for each of these incomprehensible parents - which means that there is no need to conflict.

Respect the best

Archpriest Fyodor Krechetov- Rector of the Church of the Great Martyr George the Victorious of the Patriarchal Compound in Georgians (Moscow). Even during the difficult days of the Russian-Georgian war in 2008, when anti-Georgian hysteria was Russian society peaked, his parishioners stuck together.

In the Orthodox environment, everything is softened, - says Father Fyodor. - Our parishioners, who were friends before the start of this conflict, worried about each other, supported each other. They called from Moscow to Georgia and Ossetia, from there they called here - both Russians, and Georgians, and Ossetians ... The reason for national hostility is usually ignorance of both one's own culture and someone else's. If you know someone else's culture, see what is valuable in it - and Georgian culture is much older than ours - if there is cultural interpenetration, then the confrontation immediately loses its heat. Where there is experience of living side by side, there is mutual understanding. We notice now that Georgian youth brought up in Georgia have a different attitude towards Russians and Russia: cultural interpenetration has weakened, they are brought up differently than even their Georgian peers who grew up in Russia, and are hostile.

Is there any way to avoid hostility?

The only way to avoid enmity is to strengthen communication, in this sense, the abolition of visas by the Georgian side is a move, although quite pragmatic, for the development of tourism, but very useful, since it will serve to strengthen communication. And for the Orthodox, the Church should come first. Our church is one, we are together - two Orthodox people.

But from the Orthodox you can often hear rather vicious statements about representatives of other religions, now most often about Muslims.

The Orthodox faith has a special place among all confessions, because it is the true faith. But this does not mean that people of other faiths are contemptible or forgotten by God, including Muslims. In someone else's faith there are some distortions that flatter the pride of one or another people: the Jews have their messianism, the Muslims have contempt for the infidels ... But it often happens that we use our one hundred percent truth for one percent, and people of a different faith , if there is at least one percent of truth in it, they use it to the fullest. For the same Muslims, debauchery, abortions, drunkenness are unthinkable. They are somehow superior to us: we do not show such jealousy as they do. Why don't we learn this jealousy from them?

If we look at how the saints behaved towards the Gentiles, we will see that they never refused their requests, they prayed for them, miracles happened through their prayers. The Saints did not force anyone to convert, but they always understood that the other person also walks under God.

- And what, readers will ask, calmly endure how visitors on our streets rob and rape girls?

Of course, there are many negatives. We know, for example, that a group of people from Abkhazia is engaged in robberies in Moscow. These are people who do not have a home, who are not needed anywhere - neither in Russia, nor in Abkhazia, nor in Georgia. And Tajiks do not come here because of a good life, so that we exploit them here.

No, of course, we should not be calm about violations ethical standards, and to Islamic proselytism, which is spreading more and more. But we must be able to see the good in a foreign culture. Let's say, in our yard, as elsewhere, Tajiks work. They always greet me, they have great respect for the clergy, they can even ask me to pray for them... Unfortunately, in everyday life, Muslims often show themselves better than Russians: they are more attentive, more respectful to people, more respectful to elders... And in order to in order to live peacefully, we must pay attention to the best that other peoples have, and not to the worst. We must learn to respect each other.

Irina LUKYANOVA

Amezhenko Diana, 9th grade

Russia is a multinational country. Of course, we can say that there are countries with even more different nationalities. However, Russia was and remains a special country: it is inhabited by more than a hundred peoples and nationalities. How to make the people who inhabit it live peacefully and amicably? The paper studies ethnic tolerance in a multinational student team of students of the municipal educational institution "Solnechninskaya secondary school". The author proceeds from the assumption that increasing the political, historical and ethno-cultural literacy of adolescents will contribute to the formation of a tolerant attitude towards people around them.

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"We" and "they" - the problem of interethnic relations.

Relevance : It so happened that we, representatives of various nationalities, live today in Russia. This is a multinational country. Of course, you can say that there are countries with even more different nationalities, and you will be absolutely right. However, Russia was and remains a special country: it is inhabited by more than a hundred peoples and nationalities. How to make the people who inhabit it live peacefully and amicably? Today this problem is actual and important. In this regard, in our opinion, it is necessary to cultivate tolerance among schoolchildren.

Purpose of the study:to study the level of ethnic tolerance of students in the school community.

An object: students of grades 8-11 of the Solnechninskaya secondary school.

Subject : ethnic tolerance in a multinational student teamstudents of the municipal educational institution "Solnechninskaya secondary school".

Research methods:

1. method of analytical reading;
2. research method;

Tasks: – to study the available literature on this issue;

- to determine the age groups of students for the study;

- compose a questionnaire;

- conduct a sociological survey;

– to analyze the obtained results;

- to determine the level of ethnic tolerance among students of the Solnechninskaya secondary school.

Practical focusThe research lies in the fact that the results of the research can be used by teachers and psychologists of school educational institutions to solve problems related to issues of tolerant relations on an ethnic basis.

Hypothesis: Improving the political, historical and ethno-cultural literacy of adolescents will contribute to the formation of a tolerant attitude towards people around them

I live in the village of Solnechny of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) where representatives of various nations live and work. Children of different nationalities and linguistic communities study at our school.Side by side I live with Ukrainians, Yakuts, Ingush, Evenks, Moldavians, Tatars, I communicate with them every day and without thinking about who has what nationality. Russians predominate in the total mass of students. This fact is confirmed by personal data: out of 110 students at the school, 83 are Russians. The region in which we live is relatively prosperous in terms of interethnic conflict. But our region is a place of constant labor migration of the population, and in the context of a general tense political situation, serious consequences are possible. If we do not pay attention to local skirmishes today, we can get large-scale conflicts tomorrow.

We, living in Yakutia, are united by a historical and spiritual community. The unity of peoples throughout the history of mankind has not deprived them of their unique traditions, native language, culture, national identity. I know for sure: there are no bad nations and nationalities, there are us, ill-mannered people. What could be simpler: smile at a person, stretch out your hand to greet him, encourage, support in Hard time- and there will be no problems. Everything great in the world is simple, no one should forget about it.

Children of different nationalities study in our school. But national differences have never been a cause for conflict. We are always together. together on school holidays and competitions, hiking and evenings. We admire how Evenk Atlasov Kolya, Tatar Yunusov Sasha, Ingush Chapanova Amina, Russian Malakhova Nastya dance together. How wonderfully Ingush Belokiev Lors and Ukrainian Igor Kravchenko sing a duet. Among our top athletes the names of the Yakut Valya Rybalkina, the Russians Vika Salova, Anton Kulish, Denis Konev, the Ukrainian Yulia Ovcharenko, the Tatar Anzhela Gizatullina.

And yet the problem of interethnic relations is as old as the world. In our difficult time, it not only has not lost its relevance, but has risen to its full gigantic height: “What kind of blood are you?”

A person quite naturally tries to realize himself through the voice of blood, i.e. through belonging to a particular nation. Since ancient times, representatives of one ethnic group have perceived their relatives as carriers of unique natural, psychological and cultural qualities. This feeling is familiar to us from childhood. R. Kipling said this in his "Jungle Book": "You and I are of the same blood, you and I ...".

People of the same nationality tend to see in their relatives the embodiment of the best ethnic qualities. They are smart, brave, hardworking, insightful. At the same time, foreigners look like the complete opposite. They have many negative qualities. Already in ancient times, the attitude of “we” and “they” was formed. As a result, false and simplified ethnic stereotypes were formed.

For example, Americans have tried for centuries to create a distorted view of the Negro. At first, they were spoken of as people of a patriarchal warehouse, kind and unspoiled by civilization. (B. Stow "Uncle Tom's Cabin") Then the blacks turned in the mass consciousness into carriers of laziness, social apathy and aggression.

AT Nazi Germany Hitler argued that it was the Jews who were to blame for all the difficulties and troubles of the country. The final solution to this problem was the extermination of the Jews.

What are the causes of outbreaks of national discord? Why do people of one nationality often treat people of another nationality with hostility?

It's probably a matter of stereotyping. For thousands of years, living next to each other, peoples have accumulated a lot of mutual grievances, and hence the idea that people of other nationalities are worse was entrenched. And we all have repeatedly come across the fact that if a person of a different nationality commits an ugly act, then in a conversation someone will definitely say: “Well, what to take from him, he is ... (Russian, Tatar, Jew ...)”.

At present, the growth of national self-consciousness of small peoples is increasingly becoming the cause of interethnic conflicts. All peoples over the centuries have made a great contribution to the treasury of universal culture. They took part in the development of the economy and culture of the countries in which they live. But often, because of government policy, or because of the behavior of representatives of the titular nation, they experience national humiliation: their national feelings are infringed, the principle of equality is violated, and their cultural values ​​are disparaged.

Our country is a multinational state. Now we are trying to solve the problems that existed at the time tsarist Russia, were under Soviet rule, have arisen recently. You can search for the guilty, defend your innocence, refer to history, exchange claims and accusations. But life shows that it is necessary to resolve disputes based on the search for agreement, refusing violence.

Another problem in Russia is the preservation of small nationalities, primarily northern ones. The economic transformations of the 90s only worsened their situation, they are falling into decay traditional activities(reindeer breeding, fishing, woodcarving).In many cases, they found themselves in the position of a national minority and were deprived of the opportunity to live in their ethnic space. The second generation of Yakuts has already grown up, who do not know their language, have moved away from their culture.

There are other problems as well. Numerous nationalist political organizations emerged. Now nationalism does not yet enjoy universal support in our country, where for many years the peoples lived together in harmony, fought together against fascism. But during periods of economic crises, a decrease in the standard of living of the population, discontent rises sharply, and against this background one can successfully propagate hatred towards people of other nationalities. Similar ideas are used at rallies and preached in the press. Usually, the less a person has an internal culture, the easier it is to convince him of special exclusivity and the presence of enemies that prevent it from manifesting itself.

I wanted to know what is the level of ethnic tolerance of young people and, in particular, students of our school community. I have a question: is it possible to date a person of a different nationality? How about creating a family? Will customs interfere family traditions, religion? I decided to see what young people write about this on Internet forums. Here's what happened.

kolya12

the main thing is that a person has a soul, and initially mutual understanding between two specific people.

kolyan_76

Well, I would never marry a Muslim woman. Most of them are fanatics and sick in the head. Plus, I'm an atheist. But I'm open to other options :D

Yes, and you will not be allowed to marry her until you accept their faith, although it happens that secular Muslims come across, but they are a minority.

lenka

And I would never marry a Chinese. Yes, and for a Muslim too - it's dangerous.

igor"

I somehow lean more towards the Caucasian race

dmitry

There are beautiful women in every nation

What do the people of our village think?

I conducted a sociological survey among high school students, aged 13 to 18, and adults, aged 30 to 50. The questions were the same for everyone:

1. Age

2. Nationality

3. How do you feel about people of other nationalities

a) tolerant

b) hate

4. How do you feel about interethnic marriages?

a) tolerant

b) hate

c) depending on nationality

5. Have you witnessed ethnic discrimination?

6. Do you know your native language?

a) I know well

b) I only know a few words

c) don't know

7. Do you agree to let a representative of another nationality into your environment?

8. As whom?

9. Do you have friends of other nationalities?

10. Have you had conflicts with representatives of another nationality?

According to this survey, 100% of adults are tolerant of another nationality and interethnic marriages, agree to let them into their society, moreover, they already have friends of a different nationality. None of the respondents wrote that they agreed to have a representative of another nationality as a spouse or family member. Everyone had the same answers: a friend, a girlfriend, a comrade, and sometimes a neighbor.

All were witnesses of discrimination on the basis of nationality, but they had no conflicts with representatives of another nationality. All interviewed adults are Russian by nationality and know their native language well.

Students have different opinions. A total of 23 people were interviewed. 11 teenagers aged 13-14 and 12 teenagers aged 15-18.

Of the 11 adolescents aged 13-14 interviewed, 6 are Russians, 2 are of mixed origin (one of the parents is Russian, the other is Ukrainian), and 3 are Ukrainians. 7 out of 11 people answered that they are tolerant towards representatives of other nationalities. The remaining 4 - depending on nationality. 6 out of 11 adolescents surveyed answered that they are tolerant of interethnic marriages, the rest - depending on the nation. 2 people out of 11 witnessed discrimination based on nationality. Children from mixed marriages and Russians know their native language well, but Ukrainians know from their native Ukrainian language only single words. 9 out of 11 agree to let a representative of another nationality into their society as a friend, acquaintance, or classmate. 1 out of 11 respondents does not agree to let a representative of another nation into their society, but already has a friend of another nation. He and two other people had conflicts on ethnic grounds.

Out of 12 adolescents aged 15-18, 8 are Russian, 1 Ukrainian, 1 Yakut and 1 Ingush. Russians know their native language well. The Ingush knows only a few words in her native language. Yakut does not know his native language at all. Of the 12 adolescents surveyed, 10 are tolerant towards representatives of another nation. 1 - depending on nationality, and 1 hates them in general. 9 out of 12 people are tolerant of interethnic marriages, the rest - depending on their nationality. 10 people answered that they agreed to let a representative of another nation into their society as a friend, acquaintance, interlocutor, or anyone in general. 2 people answered negatively, but they have friends of another nationality. 4 respondents had conflicts with representatives of another nationality. Two of them witnessed discrimination based on ethnicity.

As you can see, most people are tolerant towards another nation, a minority is divided into nations that they like and dislike, and only a few hate representatives of another nation.

Based on the research carried out, the following conclusions:

1) Part of the current generation does not attach special significance nationality

2) Almost all respondents, regardless of nationality, think in Russian

3) Those respondents who are not Russians are more susceptible to nationalism

I thought for a long time what can be done so that the problems of interethnic relations do not become more acute in our society and do not lead to trouble? Here are my suggestions:

1) Make learning history native land compulsory school subject.

2) Include elements of national cultures (cultures of the peoples of Yakutia and Russian national culture) in school and preschool education.

3) Introduce sign language translation on the NVK channel

4) Increase the number of TV shows about the culture of Yakutia in Russian.

5) Broadcast broadcasts of the studio "Spektr" should be on the territory of the entire region without delay.

6) Start learning the Yakut language in a playful way in kindergarten

7) In interethnic families to raise a child in the traditions of both cultures.

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Introduction

Conclusion

List of used literature

interethnic communication communication personality teenager

Introduction

The severity of interethnic conflicts in modern Russia is determined by a combination of factors: the destruction of socio-economic, political, ideological relationships; criminal intensification of military conflicts; ignoring confessional and national ideals, values; the absence of a well-thought-out and comprehensively justified national policy concept; uncontrolled migration; the growth of national self-consciousness of the previously repressed peoples.

Under these conditions, the relevance and significance of national cultural attitudes, the value-symbolic aspects of the existence of national societies, and the specific features of specific ethnic groups are sharply increasing. In this regard, the North Caucasus region is of particular interest, in which numerous ethnic groups with ancient cultural traditions. Suffice it to say that more than 50 autonomous peoples live in this region, numerous groups of non-indigenous people, many transitive ethno-cultural associations that have come here as a result of migration processes of recent decades. Today, the Caucasus is a complex system of many powerful cultures, each of which is characterized by its own national idea, a kind of ethnic hierarchy. cultural property, a complex sign-symbolic cognitive-cultural system.

One of the major obstacles to the stabilization interethnic relations in the region is the lack of a positive image of ethnic relations in the public mind. Meanwhile, such an image is exclusively important element multiethnic and multicultural society. In such tense periods of history, which the North Caucasus is now experiencing, it is extremely important to unite all realistic thinking people in the matter of harmonization of interethnic relations, education of a culture of interethnic communication and tolerant behavior in society.

In social science literature, the concepts of "culture of interethnic communication", "intercultural communication" have mainly been used since the beginning of the 80s of the twentieth century. So, for example, the problem of communication in the ethnic sphere and an attempt to determine the criteria for the culture of interethnic communication, as well as the typology of interethnic communication in the conditions of various socio-political systems, is reflected in the works of Avksentiev A.V., Burmistrova T.Yu., Gasanova N.N. , Drobizheva L.M. Gasanov N.N. On the culture of interethnic communication // Socio-political journal. 1997. No. 3. S. 233; He is. Features of the formation of a culture of interethnic communication in a multinational region // Pedagogy. 1994. No. 5. P. 12. So, Drobizheva L.M. analyzes the role of socio-psychological aspects of interethnic communication, while considering the structure of communication as a whole. And in the works of Burmistrova T.Yu. and Dmitrieva O.A. the essence and the process of formation and functioning of the culture of interethnic communication in various fields public life.

In the study of the problem of interethnic communication important place occupy the ethnological theories of Arutyunov S.A., Bagramov E.A., Bromley Yu.V., Gumilyov L.N. and many others, which allow us to better comprehend the essence of interethnic relations and identify the features of this process.

The initial methodology for the study of ethnic tolerance of a person is the cultural-historical concept of studying mental phenomena by L. Vygotsky, A. Leontiev and A. Luria and the historical-evolutionary approach to the study of personality, developed by A. Asmolov. Consideration of the problem from the point of view of psychology is necessary and relevant, since ethnic attitudes are, first of all, the psychological component of a single individual, and its formation should be considered as the formation of one of the structural components of self-consciousness. Adolescents are one of the most active components of humanity, at this age the formation of life attitudes and values, and for psychology, it is important to determine how ethnic attitudes are formed in adolescents, how they affect the behavior and communication of children, how to prevent the emergence of enmity and discord at this age.

1. The concepts of "tolerance", "culture of interethnic communication"

The term “communication” appeared in the scientific literature in the early 20s of the twentieth century due to the need to study the processes interpersonal communication, mutual understanding of man by man, efficiency of life, achievement of success, as well as in connection with the development of the media, their impact on the consciousness of the individual and mass consciousness, the need to study the mechanisms of manipulating the individual, the masses, managing society, its culture. Indeed, culture forms the personality of members of society, and culture is taught to it (because it cannot be acquired biologically) through direct and indirect communication Malkova T.P., Frolova M.A. Introduction to social philosophy. -M., 1995..

Communication is a specific interpersonal interaction of people as members of society, representatives of certain social groups, cultures. Communication is important component the social existence of a person as a social being, the source of his life, the condition for the formation of both society and personality. A person cannot exist without communication with other people. The need for communication is one of the basic needs of a social individual Leontiev A.A. Psychology of communication. - Tartu. 1974. In the conditions of communication, a communicative process is carried out, interaction, mutual influence of individuals occurs, mutual understanding arises.

Communication is an important factor in the social determination of an individual's behavior. In its process, a person always seeks to influence his partner in a certain way, and he himself is influenced by the latter.

The effectiveness of social communication largely depends on understanding. Usually, the productive side of understanding is expressed in two aspects: the phenomenon is included in the semantic structure of the personality, and the understood corresponds to the goals of communication. Communication cannot be regarded simply as the transfer of knowledge, but always as the interaction of the parties, pursuing certain, often different goals. Understanding is dialogical. “A hint is enough for a clever man,” says folk wisdom. But a hint is enough for someone who already has knowledge of the semantic whole. Understanding depends on the characteristics of the perceiving subject of his goals, orientation, context of comprehension.

From our point of view, intercultural communication implies interpersonal communication of representatives different cultures and cultural contacts. In the process of interpersonal communication of representatives different cultures there is an enrichment of national self-consciousness. Elements of culture penetrate from more developed societies into less developed ones, which can help shorten the historical path of peoples, in the process of cultural contacts. However, cultural contacts are not always positive.

Currently, there are five main areas of interdependence, interpenetration of cultures, which serve as the basis for the development of global thinking for a meaningful and productive joint life of human communities:

1. Development of technologies;

2. Globalization of the economy;

3. Intensive migration processes;

4. Multiculturalism;

5. The collapse of the nation - the state See: Lomteva T.N. Basic concepts of intercultural communication. - Stavropol. 1999..

The combination of these areas of development creates the basis for understanding the decisive role of possession of the competence of intercultural communication in the conditions of life in an interdependent world, when a person must demonstrate “tolerance for cultural differences and mutual respect of cultures as a sign of civilized communication at a cross-national level” Lomteva T.N. Basic concepts of intercultural communication. - Stavropol. 1999..

So, intercultural communication is a process of communication and information exchange between different cultures and representatives of these cultures in order to comprehend the globalization processes in the world, understanding and accepting other cultural values ​​and an adequate position in another culture.

The leading position in intercultural communication is occupied by the culture of interethnic communication of representatives of various ethno-national communities, where the determining factor is the ethnic tolerance of the individual.

Ethnic tolerance is understood as a complex attitudinal formation of a personality. It is expressed in tolerance for someone else's way of life, other people's customs, traditions, mores, other feelings, opinions and ideas. In accordance with the Declaration of the Principles of Tolerance, adopted by UNESCO in 1995, tolerance is defined as a value and norm of civil society, manifested in the right to be different for all individuals of civil society; ensuring stable harmony between different confessions, political, ethnic and other social groups; respect for the diversity of the world's different cultures, civilizations and peoples; willingness to understand and cooperate with people who differ in appearance, language, beliefs and beliefs.

Ethnic tolerance of a person is manifested in various critical situations of interpersonal and intrapersonal choice when ethnic stereotypes and norms for solving problems facing the person developed in a different socio-cultural way of life do not work, and new norms or stereotypes are in the process of their formation. Ethnic tolerance of a person is revealed and, in a certain sense, arises in problem-conflict situations of interaction with representatives of others. ethnic groups. Ethnic tolerance of a person cannot be studied in isolation from the processes of ethnic identification, since all ethnopsychological phenomena are facets of one integral phenomenon - the ethnic variability of a person.

2. The influence of ethnic attitudes on the behavior of adolescents

Adolescents are one of the most intense areas of interethnic contacts. In general, adolescence is an important period in the development of ethnic identity, its formation Vyatkin B.A., Khotinets V.Yu. Ethnic self-consciousness as a factor in the development of individuality. / / Psychological magazine, 1996. V. 17. No. 5. P. 69-75 .. During the period of schooling, the ethnic self-consciousness of a teenager expands the system of his ideas about the world and strengthens his place in it. Adolescence is a crisis transition between childhood and adolescence, during which multidimensional, complex processes: the acquisition of identity and a new attitude to the world.

In general, in everyday life, the ethnicity of the vast majority of adolescents is not updated and ethnic self-identification does not occupy a leading position. Despite this, schoolchildren show a rather lively interest in various ethnic issues. At the same time, the existing elements of bias and negativism in national relations should be noted. Although many teenagers have among their friends and close representatives of other nationalities, a fairly significant number determine their attitude towards a person based on his ethnicity.

The most powerful mobilizing factor for most adolescents is an insult on a national basis or a negative assessment of the people to which the person belongs. This is what most often leaves a deep imprint in the memory of a person and makes him take any action. Another powerful factor in ethnic mobilization is participation or empathy for some common success or achievement.

All this increases the responsibility of school education for the future of Russia, for which way it will go, how the processes of interethnic interaction will develop. But, unfortunately, today there is no active work in this direction. And modern system education does not guarantee the formation of positive interethnic attitudes. And the negative perception of this or that ethnic group that took shape in the school environment or the exclusivity of one’s own national group doubly dangerous.

Interethnic relations of adolescents are determined by the characteristics of socialization, depend on the influence of the ethnopsychological characteristics of the surrounding ethnic groups, the level of development of ethnic identification, ethnic stereotypes, and ethnic education.

The social situation, which includes all socio-cultural institutions for the translation of norms, values, attitudes, the influence of language differences, family and everyday norms, the traditional system of ethical and behavioral stereotypes, and ethno-specific ritualized rituals, has the most significant impact on the interethnic relations of adolescents.

Depending on the social situation in which a teenager is favorable or carrying a charge of negative emotions, his relationships with representatives of the surrounding ethnic groups will develop accordingly.

A great influence on the formation of interethnic relationships among adolescents is exerted by the family, where, under the influence of the views of parents, the first basic accumulation of impressions about the surrounding ethnic groups takes place. On the basis of the received ethnic upbringing, the background of positive or negative interethnic relationships of adolescents is further formed. Ethnic identity is the basic basis for the formation of interethnic relationships. Depending on the ability of adolescents to identify themselves with their own and with the surrounding ethnic group, the establishment and course of their interethnic relationships will depend.

An important factor in the development of interethnic relations is ethnopsychological characteristics, which are manifested mainly through the mechanisms of attitudes and stereotypes.

Ethnic attitudes, being an integral part of the ethnic psyche of a person, form a certain attitude, giving special specifics to the motivation and goal-setting of adolescents.

3. Formation of a positive ethnic attitude among adolescents

One of the main directions in solving the problems of educating a culture of interethnic communication can be an increase in the role of ethnopsychology in educational programs. It is this discipline that is able to clearly demonstrate and explain the specifics of the differences that lie in the field of interethnic differences. Showing the unique essence of the most diverse cultures and demonstrating that the bearers of these cultures cannot think and feel in exactly the same way can greatly contribute to increasing interethnic tolerance (tolerance). At the same time, special attention should be paid not only to theoretical training, but also to practical contacts between representatives of different cultures, both at the interstate level and within the country, where interethnic differences are often even more striking.

When working with students, it must be remembered that many of them are future teachers who will have to pass on the acquired knowledge and formed attitudes to future generations. And modern research shows that we can talk about the presence of social and psychological factors that, to one degree or another, violate the adequacy of the behavior of children in groups in which teachers work with inadequate forms of expression of ethnic self-consciousness. Children studying with teachers with an adequate positive form of expressing ethnic self-consciousness are better adapted in the microsociety, their behavior is characterized by more flexible and harmonious ways of interacting with others. Whereas children studying with teachers, with hyperbolized and lithotized forms of ethnic self-consciousness, are distinguished by difficult social and psychological adaptation in the environment Khotinets V.Yu. ethnic identity. SPb., 2000. p. 186-187..

In addition, it should be noted that most of the various ethnophobias are rooted in a negative assessment of their ethnic group. It is the lack of a positive assessment of one's ethnic group and the experience of a national inferiority complex that lead to what works psychological protection, and people fall upon other nations, accusing them of all mortal sins. Thus, the formation of a positive assessment of one's ethnic group is one of the main components of a set of measures aimed at creating a healthy interethnic situation.

Conclusion

Since we live in an era of globalization of processes, we can expect an era of integrated culture. But so that in our complex world to remain oneself, cultural differences must be taken for granted and try to get used to the "foreign" culture without losing one's own.

A true culture of interethnic communication, interaction and cooperation of peoples can only arise on the basis of the disclosure of the spiritual and moral potential of each nation, the exchange of experience in social and cultural creativity, on the basis of the realization of the ideals of freedom, justice and equality. And it is education that is designed to provide a combination of international and national education for adolescents.

In conditions of intensive migration and interaction of cultures, the modern education system is designed to create conditions for the formation of a person capable of active life in a multinational multicultural environment. A high stake on the traditional culture of education in this regard, which exists in the modern world, is natural and logical. The national tradition of education practically remains the main condition for the revival of any national traditions and national revival generally.

The historical experience of the development of the school, education, pedagogical knowledge, expressed in theoretical form, can and should become the basis modern model education and new pedagogical concepts. This experience contributes to a better identification of the content of education, the definition of the main directions of its development, the means and methods of continuous spiritual improvement and the renewal of society. The model of modern education cannot be created without taking into account regional features without relying on the historical memory of peoples, on the national experience of education and family education.

The purpose of our work was to consider the influence of ethnic attitudes on the behavior of adolescents. We found out that ethnic attitudes are formed in adolescents due to the influence of the surrounding society - school, family, friends, and the media. The formation of a positive ethnic attitude within the framework of these social institutions is of great importance for society.

Bibliography

1. Avksentiev V.A., Shapovalov V.A. Ethnic problems of modern Russia: socio-philosophical aspect of analysis. Stavropol, 1997.

2. Asmolov A.G., Shlyagina E.I. National character and individuality: experience of ethnopsychological research. Issue 2. - M., 1984.

3. Vyatkin B.A., Khotinets V.Yu. Ethnic self-consciousness as a factor in the development of individuality.// Psychological magazine, 1996. V. 17. No. 5.

4. Gasanov N.N. On the culture of interethnic communication // Socio-political journal. 1997. No. 3. S. 233; He is. Features of the formation of a culture of interethnic communication in a multinational region.// Pedagogy. 1994. No. 5.

5. Leontiev A.A. Psychology of communication. Tartu. 1974.

6. Lomteva T.N. Basic concepts of intercultural communication. Stavropol. 1999.

7. Malkova T.P., Frolova M.A. Introduction to social philosophy. M., 1995.

8. Khotinets V.Yu. ethnic identity. SPb., 2000.

9. Shlyagina E.I. On the question of building an ethnopsychology of personality // Ethnic psychology and society. - M., 1997.

10. Shlyagina E.I., Karlinskaya I.M. Tolerance as a condition for positive interethnic communication // Psychology of communication: problems and prospects. - M., 2000.

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The concept of interethnic conflicts, the causes and forms of their occurrence, possible consequences and ways out of them are the main keys to solving the serious problem of relations between people of different nationalities.

In the world in which we live, interethnic conflicts are increasingly emerging. People resort to the use of various means, most often the use of force and weapons, to establish a dominant position in relation to other inhabitants of the planet.

On the basis of local conflicts, armed uprisings and wars arise, leading to the death of ordinary citizens.

What it is

Researchers of the problem of interethnic relations in the definition of conflicts between peoples converge to one common concept.

Interethnic conflicts are confrontation, rivalry, intense competition between people of different nationalities in the struggle for their interests, which are expressed in various requirements.

In such situations, two parties collide, defending their point of view and trying to achieve their own goals. If both sides are equal, as a rule, they seek to negotiate and resolve the problem peacefully.

But in most cases in the conflict of peoples there is a dominant side, superior in some respects, and the opposite side, weaker and more vulnerable.

Often a third force intervenes in a dispute between two peoples, which supports one or another people. If the mediating party aims to achieve a result in any way, then the conflict often develops into an armed clash, a war. If its goal is a peaceful settlement of the dispute, diplomatic assistance, then bloodshed does not happen, and the problem is resolved without infringing on anyone's rights.

Causes of interethnic conflicts

Interethnic conflicts arise from different reasons. The most common are:

• social dissatisfaction peoples within the same or different countries;
• economic dominance and expansion of business interests; extending beyond the borders of one state;
• geographic disagreement on the establishment of boundaries for the settlement of different peoples;
• political forms of behavior authorities;
• cultural-linguistic claims peoples;
• historical past in which there were contradictions in relations between peoples;
• ethnodemographic(the numerical superiority of one nation over another);
• struggle for Natural resources and the possibility of using them for consumption by one people to the detriment of another;
• religious and confessional.

Relations between peoples are built in the same way as between ordinary people. There are always right and wrong, satisfied and dissatisfied, strong and weak. Therefore, the causes of interethnic conflicts are similar to those that are the prerequisites for the confrontation between the townsfolk.

stages

Any conflict of peoples goes through the following stages:

1. Origin, the occurrence of the situation. It can be hidden and be invisible to the layman.
2. pre-conflict, the preparatory stage, during which the parties evaluate their strengths and capabilities, material and information resources, look for allies, outline ways to solve the problem in their favor, develop a scenario for real and possible actions.
3. Initialization, the event is the reason for the beginning of the occurrence of a conflict of interest.
4. Development conflict.
5. Peak, a critical, culminating stage, at which the most acute moment in the development of relations between peoples comes. This point of conflict can contribute further development events.
6. Permission conflict can be different:

• elimination of causes and extinction of contradictions;
• acceptance of a compromise decision, agreement;
• impasse;
• armed conflict, terror.

Kinds

There are different types of interethnic conflicts, which are determined by the nature of the mutual claims of ethnic groups:

1. State legal: the desire of the nation for independence, self-determination, its own statehood. Examples are Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Ireland.
2. ethnoterritorial: definition geographical location, territorial boundaries (Nagorno-Karabakh).
3. Ethnodemographic: the desire of the people to preserve national identity. Occurs in multinational states. In Russia, such a conflict happened in the Caucasus.
4. Socio-psychological: violation of the traditional way of life. Occurs at the everyday level between internally displaced persons, refugees and local residents. At present, relations between indigenous peoples and representatives of Muslim peoples are escalating in Europe.

What is the danger: consequences

Any inter-ethnic conflict arising in the territory of one state or covering different countries, is dangerous. It threatens peace, the democracy of society, violates the principles of the universal freedom of citizens and their rights. Where weapons are used, such a conflict entails the mass death of civilians, the destruction of houses, villages and cities.

The consequences of ethnic strife can be observed throughout the globe. Thousands of people lost their lives. Many were injured and became disabled. The saddest thing is that in the war of interests of adults, children suffer, who remain orphans, grow up as physical and mental cripples.

Ways to overcome

Most ethnic conflicts can be prevented if you start to negotiate and try to use humane methods of diplomacy.

It is important to eliminate the contradictions that have arisen between individual peoples at the initial stage. To do this, statesmen and people in power must regulate interethnic relations and stop attempts by some nationalities to discriminate against others, which are characterized by a smaller number.

The most effective way to prevent all sorts of conflicts lies in unity and mutual understanding. When one nation respects the interests of another, when the strong begin to support and help the weak, then people will live in peace and harmony.

Video: Interethnic conflicts

Interethnic relations are subjectively experienced relations between people of different nationalities, ethnic communities. In social psychology and ethnopsychology, two levels of interethnic relations are distinguished - personal and group. Such relationships develop into different areas life - in the field of politics, work, life, family, friendly, informal communication. The nature of interethnic relations (friendly, neutral, or conflict) develops depending on the historical past, the socio-political situation in a particular country, on the economic and cultural conditions of life, the immediate specific situation or interest in communication. At the personal level, it depends on the individual psychological qualities of people. Interethnic relations are manifested in attitudes and orientations towards interethnic contacts in various areas of interaction, in national stereotypes, in the mood and behavior, actions of people and specific ethnic communities. Interethnic attitudes and orientations are formed in the process of socialization of the individual, in the family, educational institutions, collectives, in the course of neighborly and friendly communication. Interethnic relations contain rational, cognitive elements, emotional-evaluative and regulatory components. An extremely important role in the development of interethnic relations is played by national interests, perceived by the people and the individual, the need for national, ethnic development. The study of interethnic relations is of particular relevance in a multinational country.

Communication between people of different nationalities is due to the presence on the planet of more than two thousand ethnic communities. In the conditions of modern globalization of the world, there is an increase in interethnic interactions, which inevitably leads to conflicts on national grounds. One of the most complex social problems of our time is the growing problem of relationships between people of different nationalities. Contradictions between the growth of national self-consciousness, the desire of representatives of the same ethnic group for consolidation and their desire for interethnic integration, for the establishment of a single economic, cultural and information space, are aggravated, which often leads to open confrontation.

The UN, UNESCO and other international organizations in their fundamental documents consider the upbringing of people in the spirit of peace, friendship between peoples as the most important goal of upbringing and education. In Art. 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says: “Education should promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all peoples…”

The definition in the main international legal documents and the legal system of a multinational state of such a common goal of education is of great importance, since it implies the observance of the rights and freedoms of the individual without any distinctions regarding race, religion, language and nationality. At the same time, the organization of interethnic communication and interaction comes to the fore.

Communication − the most important factor in the formation of personality, a means of education. It provides regulation of a person's behavior, his relationships with other people, creates conditions for the purposeful regulation of feelings, behavior, orientations, and assessments.

Interethnic communication ¾ it is a process of interaction between representatives of different nationalities on various aspects of their life; the process of defining relationships and relationships in which people belonging to different national communities and adhering to different religious views, exchange experiences, spiritual values, thoughts and feelings.

Interethnic communication is realized at several levels: interstate, within one state, intergroup, interpersonal. The last two, which are the subject of pedagogy, are conditioned by cultural traditions, customs of peoples, and the system of their education.

There are 3 types of interethnic relations:

Friendly;

Neutral;

Conflict.

International communication ¾ a specific form of manifestation of relations, interaction of representatives of different nationalities. Entering into such communication, a person acts as a carrier of national feelings, consciousness, language, culture.

One of the means of harmonizing interethnic relations is the formation of a culture of interethnic communication. There are several interpretations of this concept:

Culture of interethnic communication ¾ it is a set of special knowledge, skills, beliefs, as well as actions and actions adequate to them, manifested both in interpersonal contacts and in the interaction of entire ethnic communities, and allowing, on the basis of intercultural competence, to quickly and painlessly achieve mutual understanding and agreement in common interests. (Krysko); is an integral part of the spiritual life of society, as well as universal culture and includes knowledge of generally accepted norms, rules of behavior in society, emotionally positive reactions to interethnic phenomena and processes in life; Culture of interethnic communication represents a set of rules, restrictions and freedoms that should allow a person and a people not to be infringed on their rights and freedoms and not to infringe or offend the rights and feelings of other peoples.

Culture of interethnic communication ¾ this is a special type of culture of representatives of different nationalities, which is characterized by the interaction of national cultures, manifested in the national identity of the individual, patience, tact and the desire for interethnic harmony in all areas.

One of the key concepts that characterize the essence of the culture of interethnic communication is the concept of " tolerance ". Translated into Russian, it means patience. However, this translation does not accurately reflect the current understanding of this concept. In modern society, tolerance is seen as one of the foundations for constructive communication between people in all spheres of public life and is called upon to act as a norm of civil society. At the same time, tolerance is considered as a holistic manifestation of the individual, expressed in the positive interaction of members of society, based on the preservation of the individuality of each, mutual respect and equality of the parties. Interethnic tolerance is understood much broader than just a tolerant attitude towards representatives of different ethnic groups. The content of this concept includes the principles of universal morality, manifested in respect and obligatory observance of the rights of all peoples; in the awareness of the unity and universal interconnection of various ethnic cultures, in broad knowledge about the culture of one's people and the cultures of various peoples, especially those with whom direct contact is made.

Forming a culture of interethnic communication means solving several tasks :

1. Raising respect for a person of any nationality.

2. Raising respect for national culture and national dignity both of their own and of other peoples.

3. Formation of respect for the national feelings and dignity of every person, regardless of his nationality.

4. Education of citizenship and patriotism.

5. Education of tolerance.