Arguments for the exam. The problem of finding the meaning of life in the modern world

We have formulated the most popular problems that are reflected in the texts for the essay on the exam. Arguments addressing these issues appear under the headings listed in the table of contents. You can download all of this in table format at the end of the article.

1. Some people like to ask themselves the question: is education even necessary? Why this education? And often they prefer to achieve more attractive goals. So did Mitrofanushka, one of the heroes comedy D. Fonvizin "Undergrowth". His famous line “I don’t want to study, I want to get married”, unfortunately, for many becomes an incentive to postpone their studies, but Fonvizin only emphasizes what kind of character is really ignorant. During the lesson and at the exam, he shows laziness and illiteracy, and even in family relationships demonstrates the inability and unwillingness to establish contact and understand interlocutors. The author ridicules ignorance young man so that the reader understands how relevant education is.
2. Many people simply do not want to learn something new and are fixated only on traditions, although it is important to live in the present at any time. It is this idea that the only " new person» in A. Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit" Alexander Andreevich Chatsky. The hero seeks to prove to the Famusov society that life does not stand still, he tries to encourage the characters to learn new trends in a rapidly developing world. Unfortunately, Chatsky is only faced with misunderstanding, and even recognized as crazy. However, the author emphasizes precisely his advanced views against servility and serfdom, since changes are long overdue. The rest of the characters simply preferred to live in the past, although the whole subtext of the comedy is that only Chatsky, misunderstood by society, remains right.

The inability to find a use for education

1. Many educated characters stood out in society, but not all were able to find a worthy use for their abilities. The reader meets the hero, disappointed and drooping in an existential crisis. A. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin". The young nobleman immediately impresses the well-read Tatyana Larina precisely by the fact that he does not look like the inhabitants of the village, moreover, he reminds her of the hero of sentimental novels. Onegin is bored with everything, science does not bring pleasure, and even love could not save the hero. Eugene, a representative of the young noble intelligentsia, was never able to realize his abilities by the end of the work.
2. The “superfluous person” in literature is a hero who can do everything, but does not want anything. This is Grigory Pechorin from the novel by M. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". Pechorin is a young officer, a nobleman who has never been able to find happiness, despite the fact that the world is full of opportunities. Gregory often analyzes his actions, but still remains disappointed. Pechorin is really smart, but he himself reflects that he was given a high appointment, he just didn’t guess it. Lermontov in his novel raises the problem of the inability to find a worthy application for the "immense forces" that a person is endowed with.
3. It happens that even capable person cannot or simply does not want to realize their potential. Let's turn to Goncharov's novel "Oblomov". Main character- a middle-aged nobleman who prefers to lie on the sofa for a significant part of his life. Ilya Ilyich has a kind soul, an honest heart, and he himself is not a rather stupid character, but under conditions modern society Oblomov simply does not want to make a career. Only Olga Ilyinskaya prompted the hero to change his lifestyle for a short time, but in the end, Oblomov returns to his original place, never overcoming his laziness.

Focus on self-development

1. For some, it is knowledge and the realization of their own abilities that are primary, so they are ready to reject spiritual values. AT Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is a future doctor for whom medicine is everything. The protagonist is a nihilist, and only science remains sacred to him. From his own experience, Eugene understands that he is also capable of tender feelings, but the embodiment of medical education for him still comes first. Just as at the beginning of the novel we see Bazarov going to the swamp for frogs for experiments, so at the end of the work, when the hero has already fallen in love, he does not forget about medical practice, it also destroys him.
2. Literature often raises actual question search for the meaning of life, and the German poet Johann Wolfgang Goethe is no exception. AT "Fauste" main character - real genius, a skilled physician who mastered philosophy, theology and jurisprudence. However, he still considered himself a fool, and only after joint adventures with the devil Mephistopheles does the hero realize that the meaning of his life is precisely in self-development. His thirst for knowledge saved his soul, and only in the education and knowledge of the world did Faust find true happiness. Neither love, nor beauty, nor wealth managed to inspire the hero so much as the desire for enlightenment.
3. It is difficult to argue that education is important, and some believe that knowledge of the sciences is above all. Let's remember "Ode to the day of the ascension ... of Elizabeth" by Mikhail Lomonosov. Having quoted an excerpt from the work, we want to note that in the 18th century education was also quite highly valued. “Sciences nourish young men, give joy to the old, decorate in a happy life, protect in an accident” - this is exactly what the great Russian poet says. Indeed, if we look back at the successes and achievements of Lomonosov, it will be difficult to disagree with how important education and the pursuit of knowledge are. A simple man from the outback made a career in the capital, determining the course of domestic scientific thought.

The role of books in human life

1. Educated person are generally intelligent and well-read. It is difficult to imagine a person striving for knowledge who does not recognize the authority of books and, in principle, does not like to read. We meet a great influence of the book on the fate of the character in the novel by F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, goes to the murder, after which he falls into a terrible state of contemplation of his act. He lives in fear of publicizing his sin and almost goes crazy, but thanks to Sonya Marmeladova, who reads an episode from the Bible to him, he finds salvation. An excerpt from the holy book told about the resurrection of Lazarus, and this was the main key to Raskolnikov's decision: in order for the soul to come to rebirth, sincere repentance is necessary. So thanks to the book - the Bible, the hero embarks on the path of moral resurrection.
2. Many people not only take learning and reading lightly, but really believe that it is better to do without it in life. We can observe such a situation in Aldous Huxley's novel O Wonderful new world» . The plot is rapidly unfolding in the genre of dystopia, where books are strictly prohibited, moreover, lower castes an aversion to reading. Only the Savage is trying to remind society that it is absolutely impossible to live like this, and science and art should not be banned. The hedonistic society is actually an illusion, which the hero cannot stand. Due to the non-existent "brave new world" the author only emphasizes how important the book is for the formation of the individual.
3. Surprisingly, some recognized geniuses owe their success not so much to education as to passion for literature. Reading prompted W. Shakespeare to write great tragedies, which even a non-reading student has heard about. But English poet did not receive a higher education, it was his ability to draw relevant and interesting thoughts from books that helped Shakespeare reach such heights. So and German writer Goethe found literary success due to the fact that in his youth he devoted his free time to reading. An educated person, of course, is capable of self-realization, but without reading books it is much more difficult to realize their potential.

Education as a future vocation

1. In A. Chekhov's story "Ionych" the main character is a young zemstvo doctor. At the beginning of the work, Dmitry Startsev spends time with the Turkin family, which was considered "the most educated and talented." However, after the refusal of Ekaterina Ivanovna to the marriage proposal, he moves away from this house and is disappointed in its inhabitants. Several years passed, and during this time Startsev began to look differently at many things, including his vocation. If earlier his medical education inspired him to work, now he is only interested in money. At any time, it is so important to remain passionate about your vocation so that education brings not only income, but also pleasure.
2. Many people need talent to find their calling, but education is also important to develop it. Great Alexander Pushkin studied at the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo, where he also developed his skill as a poet. He also raised the theme of vocation in his work, speaking of poetry. One of the poems about the purpose of the poet is the work "The Prophet", where the poet, thanks to metamorphoses, is endowed with a divine purpose. Like a lyrical hero, Pushkin adequately embodies his vocation, but in real life education, of course, helped him a lot.

The main character of the story "Yushka" is a poor blacksmith's assistant, Yefim. In the people, everyone simply calls him Yushka. This still young man, due to consumption, early turned into an old man. He was very thin, weak in hands, almost blind, but he worked with all his might. Early in the morning, Yushka was already in the forge, fanning the forge with fur, carrying water and sand. And so the whole day, until the evening. For work, he was fed cabbage soup, porridge and bread, and instead of tea, Yushka drank water. He was always dressed in old
pants and blouse, burnt through with sparks. Parents often said about him to negligent students: “Here you will be the same as Yushka. You will grow up, and you will walk barefoot in summer, and in thin boots in winter. Children often offended Yushka on the street, threw branches and stones at him. The old man was not offended, calmly walked by. The children did not understand why they could not get Yushka out of themselves. They pushed the old man, laughed at him, and rejoiced that he could do nothing with the offenders. Yushka was also happy. He thought that the children pester him because they love him. They cannot express their love in any other way, and therefore they torment the unfortunate old man.
Adults were not much different from children. They called Yushka "blissful", "animal". From the meekness of Yushka, they came to even greater bitterness, often beat him. Once, after another beating, the blacksmith's daughter Dasha asked in her hearts why Yushka lives in the world at all. To which he replied that the people love him, the people need him. Dasha objected that people beat Yushka to the blood, what kind of love is that. And the old man replied that the people love him "without a clue", that "the heart in people is sometimes blind." And then one evening a passer-by clung to Yushka on the street and pushed the old man so that he fell backwards. Yushka no longer got up: the blood went down his throat and he died.
And after a while a young girl appeared, she was looking for an old man. It turned out that Yushka placed her, an orphan, in Moscow with a family, then taught at school. He collected his meager salary, denying himself even tea in order to raise the orphan to his feet. And so the girl trained as a doctor and came to cure Yushka of his illness. But didn't have time. It's been a long time. The girl stayed in the city where Yushka lived, worked as a doctor in a hospital, always helped everyone and never took money for treatment. And everyone called her the daughter of the good Yushka.

So at one time people could not appreciate the beauty of the soul of this man, their heart was blind. They considered Yushka a useless person who has no place on earth. To understand that the old man did not live his life in vain, they could only learn about his pupil. Yushka helped a stranger, an orphan. How many are capable of such a noble selfless act? And Yushka saved up his pennies so that the girl would grow up, learn, use her chance in life. The veil from the eyes of people fell only after his death. And now they are already talking about him as a "good" Yushka.
The author urges us not to become callous, not to harden our hearts. Let our heart "see" the need of every person on earth. After all, all people have the right to life, and Yushka also proved that he did not live it in vain.

- V. Astafiev(morality in response to the question: why violent death? In the story "Belogrudka» The children killed the brood of the white-breasted marten, and she, distraught with grief, takes revenge on the whole world, destroying poultry in two neighboring villages until she herself dies from a gun charge.)

Novels " king fish"," Last bow. (anxiety about the native land).

- S.A. Yesenin. Poems about nature. ("Birch", "Powder", "Dozed off golden stars. Feeling of unity with natural world, its vegetable animal principle)

- B. Vasiliev "Do not shoot white swans"(the main character Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works in good conscience, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, considered him not fit to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquer it. But the son grows up. Who can replace his father, will respect and take care of your native land.

- Ch. Aitmatov "Scaffold"(human with my own hands destroys the multicolored and populous world of nature. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the "king" in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

* In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the "Russian blues", including because he was indifferent to nature. And the author's "sweet ideal" Tatyana felt like a part of nature ("She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony...") and therefore manifested herself in a difficult life situation as a spiritually strong person.

*Rebellious, conflict-minded and eternal struggle lyrical hero of poetry M.Yu. Lermontov finds harmony only by merging with nature: “I go out alone on the road; Through the mist the flinty path gleams; The night is quiet. The desert listens to God, And the star speaks to the star.

* F.I. Tyutchev wrote:

Not what you think, nature:

Not a cast, not a soulless face -

It has a soul, it has freedom,

It has love, it has a language...

* The well-known writer and publicist S. Zalygin writes that “nature once sheltered a man in his house, but he decided that he was the sole owner, and created his own supernatural house in the house of nature. And now he has no choice but to shelter nature in this house of his.”

* The Russian writer Yu. Bondarev wrote: “Sometimes it seems to self-satisfied humanity that, like a universal commander, it has subjugated, conquered, curbed nature ... A person forgets that in a long war, victory is deceptive, and wise nature is too patient. But in due time everything comes to an end. Nature menacingly raises a punishing sword.

* Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "The Scaffold" showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to a dangerous deformation of man. And it happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savanna is a global problem, not a local one.

The problem of a person's attitude to the landscape, to the external appearance of his native places, to his small homeland with its natural world

* Our great-grandfathers worshiped the Sun, Rain, Wind. Each tree, each blade of grass, flower meant something special and unique. Our ancestors believed in the harmony of Mother Nature and were happy. We have lost this faith. Our generation is indebted to our children and grandchildren. V. Fedorov wrote:

To myself and save the world,

We need, without wasting years,

Forget all cults and enter

An infallible cult of nature.

* I was struck by the story told by the famous writer Y. Bondarev about a cut down birch tree, which, dying, groaned painfully from death pain, like a person.

* The well-known modern publicist V. Belov wrote that a meeting with a small homeland, with those places where childhood was spent, brings a person a feeling of joy and happiness. The author recalled his childhood, believing that it is the past in his native village that does not allow him to grow old, heals the soul with its green silence.

* The secret of comprehension of beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty poured into the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that it is necessary to stop in front of her, "not thinking about time", only then she "will invite you to interlocutors."

* The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of leaves wet from the rain and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest power.

* A modern publicist, writer Y. Gribov argued that "beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to wake her up, not let her die without waking up."Friendship

Do not take care of clothes - it will break, do not keep friendship - break off Tuva proverb

A cowardly friend is more dangerous than an enemy, because you fear the enemy, but you hope for a friend Russian proverb

A friend in need is a friend indeed. Russian proverb

Human needs human,

To open up the soul in communication

And absorb their treasures light.

Human needs human. N.KonoplyovaStory

By learning the old, you learn the new Japanese proverb

If you shoot at the past with a pistol, then the future will shoot at you with a cannon Eastern Proverb

2. The conservation problem historical memory . The epigraph to this topic could be the words of the academicianD.S. Likhachev : "Memory is active. It does not leave a person indifferent, inactive. It owns the mind and heart of a person. Memory resists the destructive power of time. In this greatest value memory".The theme of those who were innocently repressed and tortured during the years of Stalinist terror sounds particularly prominent. People need to know the truth, no matter how cruel it may be. The revival of our history is painful. In the story “A golden cloud spent the night” by A. Pristavkin, the writer seeks to convey with the utmost certainty the atmosphere that prevailed in our country during the years of repression. Even the air was poisoned by general suspicion and fear, when for one careless word a person was thrown into prison, declared an "enemy of the people", his family was destroyed. He carefully examines the influence of the situation on people, their psychology, trying to find an answer to the question of what happened to us after all. Today, the education of memory is no less important for us. We all run from life, without looking back, in a hurry. And we do not notice how our personal history goes further and further. How many of us know our ancestry? Many cannot even name a grandfather. And they immediately ask a surprised question: “Why is this necessary? What are we, princes? Is it really only the princes that Russia is glorious for? After all, there were also hero soldiers, and masters - golden hands, and simply honest people! From here, from this ignorance, come all the main troubles of our society.

* K. Balmont wrote:

You can leave everything cherished, you can stop loving everything without a trace,

But you can not cool down to the past But you can not forget about the past.

* In the story "Farewell to Matyora" V. Rasputin talks about a small village standing in the middle of the mighty Siberian river Angara. According to the plan, the island should be flooded. For local residents it seems that "the light is broken in half." The author painfully shows that with the loss of roots, traditions, the irreparable can happen - the spill of lack of spirituality, the shallowing of morality and the loss of humanity.

Arrogant footman Yasha from A. Chekhov's play " The Cherry Orchard”does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness.

Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "Stormy Station" tells the legend of the mankurts. Mankurts are people forcibly deprived of memory. One of them kills his mother, who tried to wrest her son from the captivity of unconsciousness. And over the steppe sounds her desperate cry: “Remember your name!”

- Bazarov, who is dismissive of the "old men", denies their moral principles, dies from a trifling scratch. And this dramatic finale shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the "soil", from the traditions of their people. – Futurists – rejection of the past

6. The problem of disrespectful attitude of youth towards old age and old people. Loneliness problem.

V. Rasputin "Deadline". Children who came from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are disunited, they have forgotten about the lessons of morality received in childhood. Anna leaves life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still live and live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

The story of K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram" is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it’s one thing to get carried away with work, to do it wholeheartedly, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another to remember your loved ones, your mother, the most holy creature in the world, not limited only to money transfers and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between caring for the "distant" and love for the closest person. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

3. The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries . M. Bulgakov. (The fate of the Master and his novel), misunderstanding of creativity by contemporaries,Vysotsky's songs, not officially recognized, distributed in the form of amateur recordings, performed by the author at semi-legal concerts and just at parties, "went to the people", became known throughout the country, were disassembled into quotes, individual phrases turned into proverbs.

4., the problem of the Russian character. In the center of stories, short stories, novels, poems of many Russian writers and poets is the problem of Russian national character. In the works of B. Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man", B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", V, Rasputin "Fire", A. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin Dvor" In search of the Russian national character Solzhenitsyn looks into "the most interior Russia" and finds a man who perfectly preserves himself in inhuman conditions reality - Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva. According to Solzhenitsyn, independence, openness, sincerity, goodwill towards people are natural for the national character. She "couldn't refuse" anyone. At the same time, she did not even feel a hint of envy if she saw abundance in others, she was sincerely happy for people, she understood the uselessness of material wealth. She considered all this nonsense and did not approve. Fools were people who did not understand true value life and arguing over the hut of the deceased Matryona)

Work

If you want to eat kalachi, don't sit on the stove. Russian proverb

Whoever has a light in his chest, everything is burning in his hands Russian proverb

The most difficult courage is the courage of everyday, long-term work. V.A. Sukhomlinsky

Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils. Russian proverb

customs

In what people you live, keep that custom. Russian proverb

Problem of drug addiction.

Drug use (like alcohol once) has become a virtually ubiquitous problem.
Aitmatov was one of the first to raise this topic in fiction.
Indeed, Ch. Aitmatov was the first to openly say that there is drug addiction, it is gaining strength. And you and I must know the nature of this phenomenon, the ways of distribution, the possibilities of struggle.

The problem of drug addiction in Russia: statistical data

Every year, 70,000 Russians die from drugs.b) Growth dynamics
Parents of drug addicts are very hard to endure the disease of their children. For parents, this is a great grief, severe stress, shame, shame, huge expenses. Because of this, the parents of drug addicts also do not live out their lives and die prematurely from diseases.
In addition, many drug addicts contribute to the spread of drug addiction among their friends, who also become suicide bombers.
Secondly, the destruction of the population occurs without killings, without blood and violence. There is no need to waste time, money and labor on a neutron bomb and military operations. Everything will be done by drug addicts with their own hands .

The problem of love for the motherland

AT . G. Rasputin "French Lessons" (1973), "Live and Remember" (1974), "Farewell to Mother" (1976) According to V. Rasputin, the formation of human consciousness begins with love for a small homeland, love is manifested in the knowledge of details national history, in respectful savings in memory will take its small homeland, in a sense of responsibility for the past, present and future of their land. The writer rightly believes that a Russian person sees the highest meaning of his life in serving the Fatherland. It is very important for everyone to feel that they are not a random person on Earth, but a successor and continuation of their people. In the story “Farewell to Matyora”, a vivid embodiment of the national character is the image of Daria, who surpasses her fellow villagers with her strength of mind, firmness of character, independence, she stands out among her mother’s old women “with her strict and fair character”, primarily because she managed to keep in herself those qualities that were characteristic of her ancestors. This appeal of the heroine to the experience of the past testifies to the precious sense of kind given to her, the feeling that only "in a small fraction lives now on earth."

The son cannot look calmly

On the mother's mountain,

There will be no worthy citizen

To the fatherland cold soul. N.A. Nekrasov

While we burn with freedom

As long as hearts are alive for honor,

My friend, we will dedicate to the Fatherland

Souls are wonderful impulses. A.S. Pushkin

If every man on a piece of his land would do everything he can, how beautiful our land would be.

A.P. Chekhov

A person is first of all a son of his country, a citizen of his fatherland V. G. Belinsky

Without a sense of one's country - especially, very dear and sweet in every little thing - there is no real human character. K.G. Paustovsky

Russia cannot be understood with the mind,

Do not measure with a common yardstick:

She has a special become -

One can only believe in Russia. F.I. Tyutchev

Man cannot live without his homeland

The outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, who was forced to leave Russia, always carried some kind of box with him. Nobody knew what was in it. Only many years later, relatives learned that Chaliapin kept a handful of native land. It is not for nothing that they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.

Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace" reveals the "military secret" - the reason. which helped Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812 to defeat the hordes of French invaders. If in other countries Napoleon fought against the armies, then in Russia he was opposed by the whole people. People of different classes, different ranks, different nationalities rallied in the struggle against a common enemy, and no one can cope with such a powerful force.

The great Russian writer I. Turgenev called himself Antey, because it was love for the motherland that gave him moral strength.

7. The problem of choosing a profession . Freedom of choice and meaningful pursuit of one's vocation is one of the newest privileges of mankind, the choice is influenced by many factors (the opinion of parents and friends, social status, the state of the labor market, His Majesty the case), but the last word usually left to us. Dmitry Kharatyan, for example, who did not think about an acting career, was called to a screen test by a girl friend. And of all the contenders, it was Kharatyan that director Vladimir Menshov chose for leading role in the movie "Raffle". Conclusion The choice of a profession is as important for a young person as food, rest, sleep, etc. Taking a step towards a profession suitable for himself, a young man rises to a new step in his life. All his life depends on his choice. future life. And there is nothing wrong with the fact that a young man has chosen a profession that is not suitable for himself. You can fix anything in life if you try. But if a person from the first time chooses a profession that suits him and enters a university, and then works in his own special way, then a person’s life can be considered successful.
And most importantly, never lose heart. There is always a way out of any situation. The main thing is to believe and know that it does not depend on success at school whether you will be successful or not, but on the person himself. Therefore, if you did not study well at school, do not think that nothing good will come of you in life. If you want, you can achieve more than your classmates who studied only for fives.

Russian language

Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property handed down to us by our predecessors, among whom again Pushkin shines! Treat this mighty tool with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Take care of the purity of the language, like a shrine!

I.S. Turgenev

You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed by the Russian word ... There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would be no exact expression in our language. K.G. Paustovsky

8. The problem of human action . Beauty will save the world ... ”- said F. M. Dostoevsky, referring to the inner content of this quality, a kind of harmony. Hence, a beautiful deed, according to the writer, must meet God's commandments, must be kind.
Which of the characters in Dostoevsky's novel acted really beautifully?
The protagonist of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who is hard going through the pain of others and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect the drunk girl from men pestering her, worries about her sister, Dunya, seeks to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation., loves and pities her mother, tries not to disturb her with her problems. But the trouble with Raskolnikov is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to fulfill such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya performs truly beautiful deeds. She sacrifices herself for the sake of loved ones, because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money in an honest way, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
The most beautiful act of Sonya is the salvation of Raskolnikov ..
The whole life of Sonya Marmeladova is self-sacrifice. By the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and rise again. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of a human act.

Heroes L.N. Tolstoy is highly characteristic of the feeling of the need to conform his life to certain moral criteria, the absence of discord between actions and one's own conscience. Undoubtedly, this is the position of the author, who often deliberately leads his characters through difficult life trials so that they can realize their actions and develop strong moral principles in their souls. These beliefs, gained from the heart, in the future will not allow the heroes to go contrary to what they have consciously learned from everyday difficulties. A particularly significant example of the unity of thought and action is Pierre Bezukhov, one of the writer's favorite characters. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted with the life in the world that they lead, experiencing after their duel with Dolokhov. Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What is wrong? What well? Why live, and what am I? And when one of the smartest Masonic leaders urges him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed "in the possibility of a brotherhood of people united in order to support each other on the path of virtue." And to achieve this goal, Pierre does everything. what he considers necessary: ​​he donates money to the brotherhood, arranges schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make life easier for peasant women with small children. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of being right gives him confidence in life.

9. The problem of moral duty, moral choice.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (Tatyana's choice of a husband, following her moral duty); L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (choice of Andrei B., Pierre);

B. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists." The works make you think about the questions that everyone strives to answer for themselves: what is behind the high moral choice- what are the forces of the human mind, soul, fate, what helps a person to resist, to show amazing, amazing resilience, helps to live and die "like a human being"?

Let us recall the main character of M. Sholokhov's work "The Fate of a Man". Despite the difficulties and trials that fell to his lot, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength and did not eradicate his sense of duty.

V. Vysotsky has many poems in which a person is faced with a choice and he needs courage, will to win:

Yes, you can turn around the precipice, but we choose the hard way,

Dangerous as a military trail.

AT Politicians start wars, but the people lead. This is especially true of the Patriotic Wars. Thought about popular character war is at the heart of the epic novelL. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

Recall the famous comparison of two swordsmen. The duel between them at first was conducted according to all the rules of fencing, but suddenly one of the opponents, feeling wounded and realizing that this is a serious matter, but concerns his life, throws his sword, takes the first club he comes across and begins to “nail” it. Tolstoy's thought is clear: the course of hostilities does not depend on the rules invented by politicians and military leaders, but on some kind of inner feeling that unites people. In war it is the spirit of the army, the spirit of the people, this is what Tolstoy called "the hidden warmth of patriotism."

Fracture in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from a skeleton and go with it to a fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people, their stamina, that's true reason victory. In the novelY. Bondareva "Hot snow" the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to the group surrounded in Stalingrad. Young gunners, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned under their feet, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, defying all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What can I do, what can I do…” he says bitterly, approaching another soldier.War and Peace

Listen, people, and sound the alarm! Block the road to mortal war.

Let there be no more grief or tears Under the roar of guns and the groans of birches.

Sofia Skorokhod

My country paid such a price for the peace of the Earth,

That no insane force can be defeated. E. Lavrentieva

11. The problem of the moral strength of a simple soldier

H the bearer of people's morality in the war is, for example, Valega, the orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from the storyV. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad » . He is barely literate, he confuses the multiplication table, he won’t really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety hut in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish hibernate. A simple peasant guy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that such a soldier as Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.

12. The problem of the heroic everyday life of war

G the heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that unites the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. Get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is an episodeV. Nekrasov ("In the trenches of Stalingrad") : the dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And it is simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this... As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the divisional commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming from shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not change their spiritual predilections. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them back across the Volga, and drying up their souls and minds.

Literature and poetry

… Not the poet who knows how to weave rhymes And, creaking with feathers, does not spare paper: Good poetry is not so easy to write ... A.S. Pushkin

Our literature is our pride, the best that we have created as a nation. All philosophy is in it, great impulses of the spirit are imprinted in it; in this marvelous, fabulously quickly built temple, minds of great beauty and strength, hearts of holy purity - minds and hearts burn brightly to this day true artists. A.M. Gorky

To be a poet means the same, If the truth of life is not violated, To scar oneself on delicate skin, To caress other people's souls with the blood of feelings. S.A. Yesenin

The joy of working on a book is the joy of victory over time, over space. It seems to me that real writers always have a bit of something fabulous in their feeling of joy from a finished work. K.G. Paustovsky

The power, wisdom and beauty of literature is revealed in all its breadth only before an enlightened and knowledgeable person. K.P. Paustovsky - The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can also separate them, with a word you can serve love, with a word you can serve enmity and hatred. L.N. Tolstoy

Mind, knowledge, book, science

The mind is a garment that you will never wear out; knowledge is a spring that you will never exhaust Kyrgyz proverb

The sun will rise - nature comes to life, you read a book - the mind is enlightened. Mongolian proverb

Books are the spiritual testament of one generation to another, the advice of a dying old man to a young man who begins to live, an order transmitted by sentries going on vacation, to sentries who take the place of A.I. Herzen

Reading good books- this is a conversation with the best people of past times, and, moreover, such a conversation when they tell us only their best thoughts. R. Descartes

The role of books in human life

*According to the famous writer F. Iskander, "the main and invariable sign of the success of a work of art is the desire to return to it, re-read it and repeat the pleasure."

* The well-known writer and publicist Y. Olesha wrote: “We read a wonderful book more than once in our lives and each time, as it were, anew, and this is the amazing fate of the authors of golden books ... They are out of time.”

*M. Gorky wrote: "I owe everything good in me to books."

* There are many examples in Russian literature positive impact reading on the formation of a person's personality. So, from the first part of M. Gorky's trilogy "Childhood" we learn that books helped the hero of the work overcome the "lead abominations of life" and become a man.

good and evil

You will repay good with good - well done, you will answer evil with good - you are a sage. Turkmen proverb

In a house where the stove smokes, you can live, but where anger rages, you won’t live. Japanese proverb

In "White Clothes" V. Dudintsev tried to answer the question: how to recognize good and evil, how to distinguish white clothes of good from camouflage thrown over evil.

Good Speech

Good speech is good to listen to. Russian proverb

Speech is the image of the soul. Latin proverb

The spoken language is fading away

Conversational beauty;

Retreating into the unknown

Speeches of Russian miracles.

Hundreds of words native and well-aimed,

locked up

Like birds in cages

Dozing in thick dictionaries.

You let them out

Return to everyday life,

So that speech - a human miracle -

Not missing these days. V. Shefner

The development of the language follows the development folk life N.G. Chernyshevsky

The vagueness of a word is an invariable sign of the vagueness of thought. L.N. Tolstoy

A wound inflicted by a sword will heal, but a wound by the tongue will not.

Armenian proverb

We can't predict

How our word will respond, -

And sympathy is given to us,

How grace is given to us ... F.I. Tyutchev

conscience, morality

There is only one undoubted happiness in life - to live for another. L.N. Tolstoy

Everything should be beautiful in a person: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts. A.P. Chekhov

Gratitude is the least of the virtues, ingratitude is the worst of the vices English proverb

Life without a goal is a man without a head. Assyrian proverb

As you treat others, so will they treat you. Assyrian proverb

Judge not lest ye be judged. From the Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ

Youth, youth

Youth is the main force, the fundamental power of mankind tomorrow. A.V. Lunacharsky

Life gives every person a huge invaluable gift - youth, full of energy, youth, full of aspirations, desires and aspirations for knowledge, for struggle, full of hopes and hopes N.A. Ostrovsky

Whoever in his youth did not bind himself with strong ties to a great and wonderful cause, or at least to simple, but honest and useful work, he can consider his youth completely lost, no matter how fun it was and no matter how many pleasant memories it left. . D.I. Pisarev

Will, freedom

Only he is worthy of life and freedom,

Who every day goes to fight for them. Goethe

The meaning of life, duty, profession

Why deep knowledge, thirst for glory,

talent and ardent love freedom,

When we can't use them. M.Yu.Lermontov

A person who has fulfilled his duty is a rather high concept. And the one about whom this is said should perceive this as a high and at the same time accurate assessment of his activity or his act. K.M.Simonov

All works are good - Choose to taste. V.V.Mayakovsky

Know how to live even when life becomes unbearable. Make it useful. N. Ostrovsky

The most precious thing for a person is life. It is given to him once, and it is necessary to live it in such a way that it would not be excruciatingly painful for the aimlessly lived years, so that the shame for the mean and petty past would not burn ... N. Ostrovsky

The best pleasure, the highest joy of life is to feel needed and loved by people. A.M. Gorky

Everything beautiful on earth is from the sun, and everything good is from man. M.M. Prishvin

Hidden in every person wise power builder, and it must be given free rein to develop and flourish so that it enriches the earth with even greater miracles. A.M. Gorky

Great will is not only the ability to wish and achieve something, but also the ability to force oneself and give up something when necessary. Will is not just a desire and its satisfaction, but it is a desire and a stop, and a desire and a refusal. A.S. Makarenko

I would be glad to serve, it is sickening to serve.

Chatsky's words from A.S. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit"

Human! It's great! It sounds…proud. A.M. Gorky

About mother poets have already found the words,

Equalizing it to the Fatherland…

O woman!.. O mother!.. You are the salt of the earth!

Without a mother, the field of life would have died out.

Artists you lit up the world,

Revealing their wondrous forms...

Shakespeare without Desdemona is not Shakespeare,

And heaven would become hell without Beatrice! T. Zumakulova

Woman is a great word. In her is the purity of a girl, in her is the selflessness of a friend, in her is the feat of a mother.

N.A. Nekrasov

All the pride of the world comes from mothers. Without the sun, flowers do not bloom, without love there is no happiness, without a woman there is no love, without a mother there is neither a poet nor a hero! A.M. Gorky

Heroism, deeds

Let you die! .. But in the song of the brave and strong in spirit you will always be a living example, a proud call to freedom, to the light!... A.M. Gorky

In life there is always a place for exploits. A.M. Gorky

A feat, like a talent, shortens the path to the goal. A.Leonov

Great people and heroes most fully express the appearance of their people, and their names live for centuries. J. Lafitte

A hero is a person who, at a decisive moment, does what needs to be done in the interests of human society. Yu.Fuchik

Let's not forget those heroes

What lies in the damp earth,

Giving life on the battlefield

For the people, for you and me ... S.V. Mikhalkov

In important epochs of life, sometimes at the very ordinary person a spark of heroism flares up, unknown hitherto smoldering in his chest, and then he does things that he had never even dreamed of before. M.Yu.Lermontov

Art

Art is the highest manifestation of power in man. L.N. Tolstoy

Simplicity, truth, naturalness - these are the three great principles of beauty in all works of art K. Gluck

Sports, movement

Movement is the storehouse of life. Plutarch

HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY

Today man, he alone, is responsible for everything on earth. For thousands of years he fought nature as an enemy. Now he is responsible for her as a senior ... Who is this person? It is all of us together and each separately.

D.S. Likhachev

The problem of responsibility.

* Well-known publicist D.S. Likhachev noted that "to be responsible for others means to be able to answer for oneself." The author compares our Earth with spaceship, and us - with his team, on the well-coordinated work of which a lot depends. A person cannot transfer responsibility for the planet to anyone, since he alone is endowed with the power of reason.

A person must live in the sphere of goodness, made by him… Goodness unites, unites, unites.

D.S. Likhachev

What's in your heart? Isn't it darkness? Take some of my light. A. Reshetov

The heart will break into pieces,

If we learn to love. E. Ogonkova

The outstanding Russian writer B. Vasiliev spoke about Dr. Jansen. He died saving children who fell into a sewer hole. A man who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime was buried by the whole city.

At M.Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". AT it tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.

In ancient Babylon, the sick were taken out to the square, and every passer-by could give him advice on how to be healed, or simply say a sympathetic word. This fact shows that already in ancient times people understood that there is no other person's misfortune, there is no other person's suffering.

The life drama of Eugene Onegin, an outstanding man, is caused precisely by the fact that "hard work was sickening to him." Having grown up in idleness, he did not learn the most important thing - to work patiently, achieving his goal, to live for the sake of another person. His life turned into a joyless existence "no tears, no life, no love."

It is more correct to divide all the heroes of L. Tolstoy not into good and bad, but into those who change, and those who have lost the ability for spiritual self-development. Moral movement, relentless search for oneself, eternal dissatisfaction is, according to Tolstoy, the most complete manifestation of humanity.

N. Gogol, the exposer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human SOUL. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind," he passionately urges the reader to go out into adulthood, take with you all the "human movements", do not lose them on the road of life.

The image of Oblomov is the image of a person who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.

False Values

I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

* The well-known writer, publicist V. Soloukhin believes that technology has made the state and humanity as a whole more powerful. But he immediately asks the question: when will a person be left alone without these greatest inventions, will he be more powerful than all his predecessors on planet Earth?

At everyone in the hands fate peace

A. Kuprin wrote the story " Miraculous Doctor", based on real events. A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, his life and the life of his family changes in the most happy way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

The role of personality in history

1) "Hunter's Notes" AND. Turgenev played a huge role in public life our country. People, after reading the bright, vivid stories about the peasants, realized that it was immoral

own people like cattle. A broad movement began in the country for the abolition of serfdom.

2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, made society take a different look at tragic fate prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

The role of art (science, mass media) in the spiritual life of society

) Many front-line soldiers talk about the fact that soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for cuttings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important for the fighters than food.

When the Nazis laid siege to Leningrad, the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich had a huge impact on the inhabitants of the city. which, according to eyewitnesses, gave people new forces to fight the enemy.

7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of the Undergrowth. They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons homeland.

Interpersonal relationships

Fear in a person's life

B. Zhitkov in one of his stories portrays a man who was very afraid of cemeteries. One day a little girl got lost and asked to be taken home. The road went past the cemetery. The man asked the girl: "Aren't you afraid of the dead?""FROM I'm not afraid of you!" - the girl answered, and these words made the man gather his courage and overcome the feeling of fear.

The well-known revolutionary G. Kotovsky was sentenced to death penalty through hanging. The fate of this not ordinary person excited the writer A. Fedorov, who began to petition for a pardon for the robber. He achieved the release of Kotovsky, and he solemnly promised the writer to repay him with kindness. A few years later, when Kotovsky became a red commander, this writer came to him and asked him to save his son, who was captured by the Chekists. Kotovsky, risking their lives, rescued the young man from captivity.

* The well-known writer and publicist A. Solzhenitsyn wrote: “Human freedom includes voluntary self-restraint in favor of others. Our obligations must always exceed the freedom granted to us.

* The story of the moral decay of the personality of Andrei Guskov is told by V. Rasputin in the story “Live and Remember”. This man was in the war, was wounded and shell-shocked more than once. But, having been discharged from the hospital, he did not go to his unit, but thievishly made his way to the village, became a deserter.

*Ch. Aitmatov wrote about the moral decline of Oberkandalovites and anashists in "The Scaffold".

The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slides over his eyes ... Doesn't this picture remind modern man? Having failed to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth.

2) Mankind has achieved tremendous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it's a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.

In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns around dire consequences: bipedal creature with " dog heart"- this is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, there is no love, honor, nobility.

The press reported that very soon there will be an elixir of immortality. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?

9) Until now, disputes about how legitimate, from a moral point of view, experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Human? Cyborg? means of production?

History knows a lot failed attempts forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then paradise turns into a dungeon. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the appointed hours, their children were to be sent to schools, they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And a man deprived of his freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev's reforms were curtailed.

Man and knowledge

Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.

3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.

The problem of conscience

* One of the heroines of V. Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matyora" recalls the main of the precepts of the fathers: "The main thing is to have a conscience and not to endure from conscience."

*In the "Fire" by V. Rasputin, the tribe of Arkharovtsy is described, devouring the spiritual values ​​\u200b\u200bof a great people, already losing their idea of ​​goodness and justice, truth and lies.

* Well-known scientist, publicist D.S. Likhachev believed that one should never allow oneself to compromise with conscience, to try to find an excuse for lying, theft, etc.

Many people tend to blame adverse conditions for everything: family, friends, way of life, rulers. But after all, it is the struggle, the overcoming of difficulties, that is the most important condition for a full-fledged spiritual formation. It is no coincidence that in folk tales true biography hero begins only when he passes the test (fights a monster, saves a stolen bride, gets a magical item).

Science knows many cases when a child abducted by wolves, bears or monkeys was brought up: for several years away from people. Then he was caught and returned to human society. In all these cases, a person who grew up among animals became a beast, lost almost all human features. Children could not learn human speech, walked on all fours, which at they lost the ability to walk upright, they barely learned to stand on two legs, their children lived for about the same years as the animals that raised them live on average ...

Owhat does this example say?Othat the child needs to be brought up daily, hourly, purposefully manage his development. About what is outside of human societychildturns into an animal.

Scientists have long been talking about the so-called<<пирамиде способностей». AT at an early age there are almost no untalented children, there are already significantly fewer of them at school, even fewer in universities, although they go there by competition; in adulthood, there remains a very insignificant percentage of truly talented people. It has been calculated, in particular, that only three per cent of those engaged in scientific work actually move science forward. In socio-biological terms, the loss of talent with age is explained by the fact that a person needs the greatest abilities during the period of mastering the basics of life and self-affirmation in it, that is, in the early years; then acquired skills, stereotypes, acquired knowledge firmly deposited in the brain, etc. begin to prevail in thinking and behavior. people, in general - to the world

The problem of spirituality

According to the well-known publicist S. Soloveichik, many confuse this concept with intelligence, good breeding, and education. Spirituality is the strength of the spirit, the desire for goodness, truth. Visiting theaters, reading books, unfortunately, is not always good for the soul of some people.

E. Bogat believes that "spiritual life is communication with people, art, the autumn forest and with oneself."

The problem of preserving the concept of "honor" in the modern world

D. Granin wrote that the concept of "honor" is given to a person once along with the name and that it can neither be compensated nor corrected, but can only be saved. This is the moral core of a person.

D. Shevarov, in one of his essays, reflected that the concept of honor, enduring and universal, includes the ability to protect one's life values, a clear conscience, honesty, dignity, and the impossibility of lying. The author does not call for the return of the duel, he only uses the example of A.S. Pushkina argues that honor must be defended.

* In the story "Powerlessness" Y. Bondarev tells about two young people who collided on the street. One hit the shoulder of the other, the second was not timid, but fear of the will of a more courageous opponent stopped him from fighting back. The author concludes that both of them, the winner and the vanquished, in a short street battle of primitive egos, appeared as miserable, insignificant males.

* Y. Bondarev in the story "Beauty" gave an assessment of the behavior of an ugly, at first glance, girl and a dandy guy who invited her to a dance in order to expose her to ridicule. The heroine accepted the challenge of handsome. The author writes that a proud look transformed her into a beauty. The writer admires a man who managed to resist meanness, meanness, without dropping his dignity.

The problem of resisting evil, aggression

The famous writer, publicist V. Soloukhin told the story of a long enmity between two neighbors. In response to aggression, each of them responded with a new evil deed. During this war, the rooster of one and the kitten of the other died. The author writes that a grain of evil gave birth to a pea of ​​evil, a pea gave birth to a nut, a nut - an apple. And now an ocean of evil has accumulated, where all of humanity can drown. One of them made the right decision - to go in peace to a neighbor. Peace reigned in the house. Therefore, only good can resist evil.

The Christian commandment says: "If you hit one cheek, turn the other." Only then can you help heal the one who hit you.

In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "Snowstorm", the main character Marya Gavrilovna, having learned to live in accordance with God's commandments, becomes happy. Her mutual love with Burmin is God's gift for both.

The main idea of ​​the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" is simple and clear. She is the embodiment of God's sixth commandment - "Thou shalt not kill." The author proves the impossibility of committing a crime in good conscience using the example of the story of Rodion Raskolnikov.

The problem of Christian morality

D. Orekhov in the book "Buddha from Benares" talks about the teachings, about the transmigration of souls, about the magical world of ancient Indian spirituality.

A striking example of an arrogant attitude towards people around is the heroine of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Helen Kuragin. Beautiful outwardly, she was mentally empty, hypocritical, false.

In the story "Old Woman Izergil" M. Gorky tells the legend about Lara, who was not enough to be happy pride and confidence in his superiority. And the greatest blessing - life - becomes for him a hopeless torment.

* The features of manic stinginess are presented in the image of Plyushkin, the hero of the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls. Taking care of an insignificant trifle, showing penny stinginess, the landowner loses hundreds and thousands, blowing his fortune into the wind, ruining his estate.

The moral and ethical problem of a person's attitude to what is called "to have more than others", "to live for show".

The well-known publicist I. Vasiliev wrote that “the same thing happens with the category of the self-satisfied, who live for show, as with the “hiding” - closing, distance, isolation from people. Their destiny is spiritual loneliness, which is more terrible than criminal punishment.

Having a lot, according to I. Vasiliev, is becoming a fashion. The desire to "have" turns into a painful passion for hoarding. But a metamorphosis takes place with a person: acquiring more and more material things, he becomes impoverished in soul. “The place of generosity, responsiveness, cordiality, kindness, compassion is replaced by stinginess, envy, greed.”

The well-known publicist G. Smirnov wrote that "in the 21st century, mankind will face a painful rejection of the fictitious values ​​of material life and the difficult acquisition of the values ​​of the Spirit."

The hero of V. Astafiev's novel "The Sad Detective" refers to people who "know how to live." Fedya Lebeda has a police salary, but he bought a two-story dacha. And all because he adheres to the principle: "Don't touch us, we won't touch..."

Recall the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Jumper". The main thing that attracted Olga Ivanovna to the world of art was the desire to make acquaintances with celebrities, and by no means a spiritual need for beauty. While admiring mediocre artists and writers, she failed to see in Dr. Dymov a talented scientist whose interest in art was truly genuine.

In the drama A.N. Ostrovsky's "Dowry" merchant Knurov, not finding himself worthy interlocutors, travels to talk to St. Petersburg and abroad. And the “Europeanization” of Vozhevatov is expressed in the fact that in the morning he drinks champagne poured into teapots in a coffee shop.

* In L.N. Tolstoy’s story “Lucerne”, a scene is depicted when all its noble and preoccupied with global problems residents came out onto the balcony of a hotel for very rich people to listen to a poor itinerant musician play the violin. Listening to beautiful music, people experienced the same emotions, thought about the same things, and even seemed to breathe in unison.

* The well-known scientist and thinker D.S. Likhachev draws the image of our Earth as “defenselessly flying in the colossal space of a museum.” He is convinced that the human culture created over the millennia is designed to unite all people living on the planet.

The science fiction writer A. Belyaev in the novel "Professor Dowell's Head" tells that the fruits of scientific thought in the hands of presumptuous and irresponsible people become a real disaster for the entire human race. The author at the same time convinces the reader that evil will not go unpunished.

The famous French writer D. Koveler in the documentary book "Clone Christ?" tells how yesterday's science fiction becomes today's reality.

* The protagonist of V. Shukshin's story "Cut off", Gleb Kapustin, is confident in the truth of his knowledge, obtained as a hodgepodge from various sources. He is pleased when he manages to “click on the nose” of visitors, whom he severely examines.

The problem of heredity

* The well-known publicist L. Serova discussed the problem of heredity in one of her essays. She believes that the manifestation of the genotype will vary depending on the conditions in which a person develops.

* Theodosius Dobzhansky, a geneticist of the 20th century, noted that "a person is what he is, because his genotype plus his biography made him so."

* V. Kharchenko wrote that scientific activity requires patience, perseverance, and courage. It brings pleasure and joy to the scientist and helps to survive in difficult life circumstances.

Importance of the Humanities

* Well-known publicist, scientist D.S. Likhachev argued that the humanities are very important, since it is they who teach to understand art, history, and educate morality. * The ruler of thoughts, Einstein, was inspired by the work of F.M. Dostoevsky. And the famous scientist R. Yakobson said that before writing his works he liked to examine the paintings of Larionov or Goncharova.

* Well-known publicists often turn to the problem of the truth of art. So, I. Dolgopolov, admiring the creations of Andrei Rublev, notes that the creations of true masters live for more than one century, because they are written from the heart. They can be superficially simple, but wise "with that bottomless spiritual depth that marks Pushkin's poetry, Glinka's music, Dostoevsky's prose."
* The power of the magical skill of the great painters is also shown by I. Dolgopolov in his essay on Raphael's "Sistine Madonna". According to the author, our soul, "despite all the dictates of the mind, suggesting that this is just a mirage, the artist's inventions," freezes, contemplating this miracle of painting.

*G.I. Ouspensky has repeatedly noted that a true work of art can transform a person morally. The writer in his work "Rightened" recalls the impression that the statue of Venus de Milo in the Louvre made on him, about "the life-giving mystery of this stone creature." Beauty ennobles the soul of a person, the creations of brilliant masters "fascinate the eye." Such is the wonder of painting!

* N.V. narrates about the true purpose of art. Gogol in the story "Portrait". The author talks about two artists, each of whom chose his own "type" of creativity. One began to work without much effort. Nevertheless, it brought him a decent income. Another decided to penetrate the essence of art and devoted his whole life to learning. In the finale, he creates a true masterpiece, although his path was not accompanied by universal fame.

The famous scientist, publicist A.F. Losev compared the benefits of education with the harvest on the land by a peasant who works, despite all the hardships in the summer, but then enjoys rest and material prosperity all year round.

Psychologist Landreth said: "Education is what remains when everything learned is forgotten."

The mother of the protagonist of the novel, I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" believed that education is not such an important thing, for which you need to lose weight, lose your blush and skip holidays. It is only needed for promotion.

L. Gumilyov wrote that different subjects are taught at school. Many of them do not arouse any interest, but they are necessary, because without a wide perception of the world there will be no development of the mind and feelings. If children have not learned physics, they will not understand what energy and entropy are. Without knowledge of languages ​​and literature, connections with the surrounding world of people are lost, and without history, with the legacy of the past.

The problem of attitude to learning

*According to the famous scientist and publicist Max Planck, "science and religion in truth do not contradict each other, but for every thinking person they need to complement each other."

* A well-known publicist, scientist A. Menu believes that "science and religion - two ways of knowing reality - should not just be independent areas, but in a harmonious combination contribute to the general movement of mankind along the path to Truth."

* The brilliant scientist A. Einstein noted: “The more knowledge about the world science gives us, the more clearly I see the hand of the Almighty, ruling the Universe.”

* Newton, who discovered the laws of motion of celestial bodies, as if exposing the greatest secret of the universe, was a believer and was engaged in theology.

* The great Pascal, the genius of mathematics, one of the creators of the new physics, was not just a believer, but also a Christian saint (although not canonized) and one of the greatest religious thinkers in Europe.

In the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" the main character I. Shukhov, despite all the difficulties of his position, lives and enjoys life. He did not exchange his spiritual ideals for someone else's plate of food or felt boots.

In the comedy "Woe from Wit" by A. Griboyedov, Molchalin lives according to the principle bequeathed to him by his father:

Firstly, to please all people without exception - the Master, where you happen to live,

To the chief with whom I will serve, to his servant who cleans dresses,

Doorman, janitor, to avoid evil, Dog janitor, to be affectionate.

A vivid example of the image of the mores of bureaucratic Russia in the 19th century is the comedy of N.V. Gogol "Inspector". According to the author, sheer lawlessness, bribery, embezzlement, the widespread arbitrariness of the landowners and the inactive neglect of state institutions have become the norm. Ridiculing and criticizing bureaucracy, the writer reveals the entire inconsistency of the administrative structure of the state.

The problem of philistinism

In the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" describes the life of the provincial town of Kalinov. The life of the inhabitants here is boring and monotonous. It sucks like a quagmire, and there is no way to get out of it, to change something. “It’s better in the grave,” says the main character Ekaterina Kabanova, and she finds a way out only in death.

In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" tells about the fate of Dr. Startsev, who gradually becomes a layman. He is destroyed by the desire for satiety and peace, which suppresses all previous impulses, hopes and plans.

In the play "Petty Bourgeois" M. Gorky, on the one hand, presented the world of petty bourgeoisie in the person of the foreman of the paint shop Vasily Bessemenov and his family, on the other hand, people who oppose this musty life, led by Nil.

* The well-known publicist V. Levy wrote that “people with the talent to be happy are sunny people. Near them it is always light, breathe freely.

* I.A. Bunin in the poem "Evening" wrote:

We always remember happiness.

And happiness is everywhere. Maybe it is

This autumn garden behind the barn

And clean air pouring through the window ...

The hum of the thresher is heard on the threshing floor...

I see, I hear, I am happy. Everything is in me.

* The modern well-known publicist E. Lebedeva wrote that one should try to appreciate the unpretentious moments of life in order to feel like a happy person for no reason.

* In the story “The Scream”, Y. Bondarev tells about an incident that happened to him on one of the autumn days. The author enjoyed walking along the street, strewn with rustling golden leaves, and pondered the secrets of nature. But suddenly he heard a desperate cry of a woman from the window of the house. At that moment, happiness turned to bitterness. It seemed to the writer that humanity itself was screaming from unbearable pain, having lost a sense of the joy of its unique existence.

F. Abramov, in one of his essays, spoke about his teacher Alexei Fedorovich Kalintsev, who possessed such qualities as erudition, energy, self-esteem, devotion to his work, etc. According to the author, "a teacher is a person who holds in his hands the day of the country, the future of the planet."

Giovanni Odarinni wrote: "A teacher is a candle that shines on others while burning itself."

In V. Rasputin's story "French Lessons", the teacher Lidia Mikhailovna taught her student the main lesson ... of kindness and mercy.

A. Dementiev wrote:

Don't you dare forget the teachers! May life be worthy of their efforts!

Russia is famous for its teachers. The disciples bring glory to her.

*I remember lines from one poem:

If there were no teacher, then there would probably be no

No poet, no thinker, No Shakespeare, no Copernicus...

Without his sunny smile, Without his hot fire

To the light of our eyes sunflowers Could not turn.

*We repeat with N.A. Nekrasov his lines:

Teacher, before your name

Let me humbly kneel...

* The famous poet, writer, publicist R. Rozhdestvensky believed that the irresponsibility of officials at various levels leads to tragic consequences in our lives. Disregard for one's own and other people's work breeds mismanagement. To deal with it, you need to ask each person.

* A. Platonov wrote about the problem of irresponsibility in the story “Doubting Makar”, ridiculing the dairy boss, who referred to the authorities from Moscow, and he himself was indifferent to his work.

* The problem of irresponsibility was ridiculed in the "Directive bow" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov, and at the beginning of the 20th century they asked: "When will this end?" Almost a hundred years have passed, and we are still faced with mismanagement and our own negligence in our work.

The problem of the Russian village

* A. Solzhenitsyn in the story "Matryonin Dvor" described the wretched life of the village in the early fifties. People worked for workdays. The main entertainment after work was dancing, drinking, street fights.

The problem of the heroic struggle of the people for their independence

In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" tells about the heroic struggle of the Ukrainian people for national liberation from the Polish magnates. For people living in the Zaporozhian Sich, there is nothing higher than the interests of the people, the freedom and independence of the Motherland.

In The Tale of Igor's Campaign, the chronicler spoke about the struggle of the Russian people against the Polovtsy.

The problem of love of freedom

In the image of Katerina Kabanova, the main character of the play "Thunderstorm" - A.N. Ostrovsky captured all the beauty and broad nature of the freedom-loving Russian soul.

“An unusual phenomenon of Russian power” was called by N.V. Gogol is the main character of his story Taras Bulba. Stern and adamant, the leader of the Cossack army leads a life full of hardships and dangers. Zaporizhzhya Sich - that's his element. And the soul is imbued with only one desire - for the freedom and independence of its people.

Mtsyri, the main character of the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov, despised people who had come to terms with life in a prison-monastery. Having tasted freedom, he paid a high price for those wonderful moments that he lived in freedom - his life.

The famous poet V. Vysotsky wrote:

But is this life when in chains,

But is it a choice, if constrained.

* L.G. Protopovich in the book "Where did the Indigo come from?" talks about children for whom there are no geographical, linguistic or cultural barriers. They are born in any country. Their distinguishing feature is the bright blue color of the aura. Another distinguishing feature was their special talents and super-high level of intelligence.

In the tragedy "Boris Godunov" A.S. Pushkin raises political and moral questions. The people, which at first became a blind instrument in the hands of the criminal king, is shown by the author as an ideal of truth and conscience.

A.S. Pushkin continued to reflect on the role of the people in the history of Russia in the story "The Captain's Daughter". This work tells about the peasant uprising of 1773-1775 led by E. Pugachev. The author is trying to find ways to bring nobles and peasants closer together, but concludes that this is not yet possible.

A.N. Tolstoy in the novel "Peter the Great" touched upon the eternal problem of the relationship between state power and the people. The writer resolutely denies any violence of the state over its people, no matter how it is justified.

In the review novel "The History of a City" M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin shows that the city of Foolov exists only because of the obedience and ignorance of the people. Mayors rob, tyranny, and ordinary people die of hunger, endure torture, and console themselves with false promises of power. Only sometimes they rebel, but the rebellion ends in a flogging. And again, everyone lives in fear.

V.F. Myasnikov, a member of the round-the-world Antarctic expedition that sailed along the course of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, tells in his book Journey to the Land of the White Sphinx about the courageous work of hydrographers beyond the Southern Arctic Circle.

Yuri Modin is one of the most successful Soviet spies. His memoirs about the heroic work of the famous spy group “Cambridge Fives” in the book “The Fates of Scouts. My Cambridge Friends.

In B. Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans", Yegor Polushkin was not afraid to go against the poachers, saving the birds, because he felt his responsibility for them. Osip Dymov, the hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper", perfectly aware of the danger, the risk he takes, decides to save the boy suffering from diphtheria. The patient recovers, but the doctor dies.

The problem of selfless labor

* Osip Dymov, hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper", perfectly aware of the danger, the risk he takes, decides to save the boy suffering from diphtheria. The patient recovers, but the doctor dies. The author believes that the ability to follow one's professional duty even under dangerous circumstances is a gift without which society cannot survive.

* In the story "A Photograph Where I'm Not", V. Astafiev tells about young teachers who renovated the school, found textbooks, etc. One day one of them rushed to save the children from a snake. Probably, just such a person will become a worthy example for his students.

* The teacher Ales Moroz, the hero of V. Bykov's story "Obelisk", in occupied Belarus, risking his life, brought up hatred for the invaders in his students. When the guys are arrested, he surrenders to the Nazis to support them in a tragic moment.

* We learn about the heroism of soldiers from A. Fedorov's book "Nightingales".

*The cruel truth of the war is shown in B. Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet".

*Looking back, we have no right to forget the countless victims. E. Yevtushenko is right when he wrote in the story "Fuku":

The one who forgets yesterday's victims,

Maybe tomorrow's victim will be.

The problem of the heroism of people of peaceful professions during the years of WWII

Breeders of besieged Leningrad, in conditions of wild famine, managed to preserve priceless varieties of breeding wheat for a future peaceful life.

E. Krieger, a well-known modern prose writer, in the story "Light" tells how, during the hostilities, the workers of the power plant decided not to evacuate with the inhabitants of the village, but to work. The “light-emitting power plant,” as its author called it, not only generated electricity, but also inspired the soldiers, helped them remember what they were fighting for.

The cycle of stories by A. Krutetsky “In the steppes of Bashkiria” shows the hard work of collective farmers living with the slogan “Everything for the front, everything for victory!”

F. Abramov's novel "Brothers and Sisters" tells about the feat of Russian women who spent the best years of their lives on the labor front during the Great Patriotic War.

Teacher Ales Moroz, the hero of V. Bykov's story "Obelisk", in occupied Belarus, risking his life, brought up hatred for the invaders in his students. When the guys are arrested, he surrenders to the Nazis to support them in a tragic moment.

In the poem “Ukraine”, M. Rylsky wrote: You see: the Russian is with you, the Bashkirs and the Tajik, All brothers and friends are an avalanche of formidable rati. Holy is our union, the people are infinitely great, Infinitely strong in their lion's fury.

POW problem

The story of V. Bykov "Alpine Ballad" shows the tragedy of people who were captured.

The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" shows the tragic fate of Andrei Sokolov. The protagonist went through the trials of fascist captivity, lost his family, but managed to defend his human dignity, did not lose the will to live, a sense of compassion for people.

The problem of patriotism

Talking about the Patriotic War of 1812 in the novel "War and Peace", L.N. Tolstoy with love and respect draws people of different social class, who were united by a common love for Russia.

In the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy paints pictures of military actions and various types of their participants. We see both faithful sons of the Fatherland (Denis Davydov, elder Vasilisa, etc.), and false patriots who think only about their own selfish interests.

* In the article by I. Dolgopolov "Genius" it is noted that a genius is not a light-winged angel who appears to people once a century. The only passion of a genius - the desire to create - completely rejects his other aspirations, and therefore the true creator is doomed to eternal suffering. And, nevertheless, despite all the hardships that fell on the lot of geniuses, "the light from them continues to come to us even through a string of centuries after their death."

*Famous writer and publicist V.G. Belinsky wrote in an article about Lomonosov: “Willpower is one of the main signs of a genius

The protagonist of A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" is an extraordinary person. Shukhov survives in the vile camp life thanks to his extreme diligence and long-suffering. In the world of evil and violence, lack of rights and enslavement, "sixes" and "blatars" who profess the camp law "you die today, and I - tomorrow", it is not easy to save the soul and human warmth. But Ivan Denisovich had his own sure means to restore a good mood - work.

About the inhumanity, the horror of the situation that prevailed in the country during the era of Stalin's rule, Y. Bondarev told in his work "Bouquet". The fate of the heroine was typical for that time. The fault of the heroine consisted only in the fact that she was young, good-looking, naively believed in the decency of those who were in power.

The role of personality in history

The true spokesman of the national spirit was M.I. Kutuzov. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" historically accurately painted the image of the great commander.

A.N. Tolstoy in the novel "Peter the Great" tells about the life of the reformer tsar. On the one hand, Peter the Great seems to love his people and believes in their creative forces, on the other hand, he brutally cracks down on the participants in the archery rebellion, and later builds a beautiful city on the bones of convicts and serfs. The main tragedy, according to the author, is that for Peter the people are only a means, an instrument for the realization of his plans.

Y. Ovsyannikov in the book “Peter the Great. The First Russian Emperor” tells how Peter determined the character of the new Russia with his activities. Under the clash of axes and the thunder of cannons, the medieval state entered the union of European countries as an equal partner. which must be reckoned with.

In M. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" the history of Palestine and Jerusalem is resurrected. The author prophetically showed the inevitable tragedy of the Jewish religious authorities, claiming a monopoly in the spiritual and legal sphere.

D. Lyskov in the book “Stalin's repressions. The Great Lie of the 20th Century" tries to understand the problem of terror objectively and impartially, avoiding ideological clichés, relying not on emotions, but on facts.

A. Pristavkin's story "A Golden Cloud Spent the Night" tells about the tragic fate of the Kuzmyonysh brothers, who became unwitting participants in an interethnic conflict. Small children, whose orphanage was destroyed by the Chechens, became victims of the struggle of the state machine with small nations.

One of the founders of historical romance A. Chapygin in the novel "Stepan Razin" describes the era of the great peasant war, headed by S. Razin.

V. Rasputin's story "Live and Remember" presents the story of the deserter Andrey Guskov.

V. Bykov in the story "Sotnikov" Rybak becomes a traitor, and later the executioner of his former comrade.

The problem of motherhood

The topic of motherhood is touched upon by N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "Nightingales". A mother teaches her children to appreciate beauty, to love nature. She really wants her children to be happy. Expressing the dream of all mothers, she says that if there were lands for the people where they would live freely, then “peasant women would take them all in the arms of their children.”

Matryona Timofeevna, one of the heroines of the poem by N.A., brings up her children by her personal example. Nekrasov "Who is it good to live in Russia?" She takes upon herself the humiliating punishment intended for her son, protects his pure soul from shocks.

The well-known writer A. Fadeev in his “Word about Mother” urged readers to look back at their lives and answer the question: “Is it not because of our failures and because of our grief that our mothers turn gray?” He noted with chagrin that "the hour will come when all this will turn into a painful reproach to the heart at the mother's grave."

The story of V. Astafiev tells about the cat Belogrudka, whose kittens were taken away by the guys from the village. The author writes with pain about the pain of a mother looking for her children.

The well-known writer A. Fadeev wrote in his “Word about Mother”: “Is it not because of our failures, mistakes, and is it not because of our grief that our mothers turn gray? But the hour will come when all this at the mother’s grave will turn into a painful reproach to the heart.

In the short story "Happiness", the famous writer Y. Bondarev tells about a story that happened in one ordinary family. The main character was thinking about hopelessness, about the misfortunes that haunt people throughout their lives. She was struck by the fact that her father considered himself a happy person, because everyone is alive, there is no war, the whole family is together. The woman’s heart warmed up, she realized that happiness is to feel loved by loved ones and give them her love.

In the story "White Goose", the famous children's writer E. Nosov tells about a handsome goose who, during a strong hail, covered his babies with himself. All twelve fluffy "dandelions" survived. He himself died.

* The famous talented writer I. Bunin in the story "Beauty" tells about the cruel treatment of a stepmother to her little stepson. It is also terrible that the father chose to betray his own child, exchanging it for his own well-being, peace of mind.

The life and fate of women

* The essence of the life of the main character of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" by Natalia Rostova is love.

* A.N. wrote about the female share in his works. Nekrasov.

The problem of finding the meaning of life

The closest and dearest for L.N. Tolstoy, the heroes are those who are in constant moral search, whose soul is working on the problem of choice, on solving the eternal question about the meaning of life. Those, of course, are Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. These are people with a restless soul and a proud heart. They are in continuous internal development. Wishing to depict the formation of their personality, it was for them that the artist prepared a difficult fate.

The protagonist of the novel by V. Hugo "Les Misérables", having gone through many trials, having been in hard labor, did not harden his soul, but was able to continue his life's journey, helping others and even compassionate enemies.

*Famous writer and publicist V.P. Astafiev wrote in one of his essays that the moral health of the nation depends on each of us. People should understand that there is no need to look for the causes of vices on the side. The fight against drunkenness, lies, etc. in society must begin with eradicating such things in oneself.

M.A. Bulgakov in the novel "The White Guard".

Heroes-intellectuals were portrayed by writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. For example, in M. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" it was the writer, weak and not adapted to life, who managed to see and reflect in his novel those eternal moral values ​​that humanity developed and which in the 30s of the 20th century could resist social evil .

The famous Russian writer, translator, literary critic V. Nabokov wrote about the role of the intelligentsia in the modern world. The author believes that the presence of such people is a guarantee of a "better future for the whole world", because they are an example of self-denial and moral purity.

V. Dudintsev wrote about the plight of the intelligentsia in White Clothes.

The problem of lonely old age

*I.S. Turgenev in his prose poem “How good, how fresh were the roses...” contrasts the loneliness and cold of old age with the passionate feeling of youth. He bitterly regrets the lost youthful years, about everything that warmed the soul, with which life was once filled. Just as “a candle dims and goes out,” so does human life come to an end.

* The well-known publicist M. Molina wrote: “For Russian-speaking people living in Russia or dispersed around the world, language is the only common heritage ... The first concern is not to let it die.”

*FROM. Erichev noted that "with the help of verbal mental images, we can create or destroy our genetic structure... Some words heal the body... others destroy it."

* "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy begins with a lengthy dialogue in French, and the babbling of Anatole Kuragin, who unsuccessfully tried to tell a joke in Russian, looked very pitiful.

* Well-known publicist A. Prosvirnov in the article “Why do we need imported weeds?” resents the unreasonable misuse of foreign words and jargon in our language.

* S. Kaznacheev in one of his essays wrote that the "blind" use of borrowing today leads to a distortion of the alphabet, the destruction of words, disruption of the functioning of the language, and the loss of cultural traditions.

* N. Gal believes that one of the most dangerous diseases of our speech is clerical. Stamps oppress the "living core" of the language, they are dangerous both in the live speech of people and in the speech of characters in literary works.

* Publicist V. Kostomarov is sure that "language is subject to people who use it." It reflects the state of society. So “it’s not the language that needs to be corrected now ...”

The Problem of Inspiration

* The famous writer K. Paustovsky noted: “Inspiration enters us like a radiant summer morning that has just thrown off the mists of a quiet night, splashed with dew, with thickets of wet grass. It gently breathes its healing coolness into our faces.

* Tchaikovsky argued that inspiration is a state when a person works with all his strength, like an ox, and does not coquettishly wave his hand.

* The well-known writer, publicist S. Dovlatov, in his essay, reflected on what an inferiority complex is: a perpetual brake or a perpetual motion machine. He is sure that everything depends on us.

*According to the popular scientist and publicist M. Moltz, “inferiority and superiority are two sides of the same coin. Getting rid of them is in realizing that the medal itself is fake.”

The problem of fathers and children

*Modern publicist A.K. Perevozchikova believes that the constant repetition of the conflict of generations is inevitable. The reason often lies in the fact that young people are trying to deny the experience accumulated by their fathers. The older generation should take a position of greater compromise due to the fact that they are able to analyze the situation better, because they have more life experience and more information about similar situations in the history of mankind.

* The problem of relationships between generations is one of the most important in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The change of generations is always a complex and painless process. "Children" receive from the "fathers" as an inheritance the entire spiritual experience of mankind. In this case, there is a certain revaluation of values. Experience is rethought. In the novel, the rejection of the experience of the "fathers" is embodied in Bazarov's nihilism

The hero of the story V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician", born blind Peter, had to go through many obstacles on the way to happiness. The inability to see the light, the beauty of the world around him upset him, but he imagined it thanks to his sensitive perception of sounds.

At different stages of history, people treated people with disabilities in different ways. For example, in Sparta, newborn children with physical disabilities were killed.

In the esoteric thriller "The Way of the Fool" S. Sekorisky writes that "naturally physically strong people are rarely smart, since their minds are replaced by fists."

The well-known Russian writer, publicist V. Soloukhin writes in one of his essays that limitation is a relative concept. The space not known by man is so large that all of humanity as a whole can be considered limited.

The novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was a very intelligent man with vast life experience. But still, his knowledge was limited and gave rise to many contradictions.

* The brilliant psychiatrist A. Adler believed that this complex "is even useful, because a person, solving his problems, is forced to improve."

* F. Iskander in his essay "Soul and Mind" writes that humanity can be divided into "wretched" and "beasts". The fate of the first in this case is to do good during a short life, since "they are doomed to perish." The second has nothing left to do but to recognize the fidelity of the life position of the "wretched" and return back to the shell of self-defense.

* N. Gumilev in the poem "Excerpt" wrote:

Christ said: blessed are the poor,

The fate of the blind, the crippled and the poor is enviable,

I'll take them to the over-stellar villages,

I will make them knights of the sky

And I will call the most glorious of the glorious ...

* A. Pristavkin talks about one of the children's colonies in his work “Kukushata, or a lamentatory song to calm the heart”. On behalf of juvenile delinquents, one of the heroes says: “We have only anger left. Yes, even brutalized against all souls: against the cops, against the village ... Yes, and against the world in general.

* L. Gabyshev wrote about the difficult fate of juvenile delinquents in his work “Orlyan, or the Air of Freedom”.

*Modern publicist A.K. Perevozchikova, in one of her essays, wrote that the danger of a non-standard spiritual search for young people is that it can lead to spiritual and physical destruction of the individual.

*Which of us does not remember Mowgli, the hero of the fairy tale of the same name by R. Kipling? Incredible trials fell to his lot, and the only phrase: "You and I are of the same blood - you and me!" - turned wild animals into friends and helpers. A wonderful fairy tale, probably more for adults, because it teaches love for everything around, teaches you to live in complete harmony with the world.

*At L.N. Tolstoy in his diary there is an interesting entry that “a powerful means to true happiness in life is, without any laws, to let out of yourself in all directions, like a spider, a whole web of love and catch everything that got there ...” Similar foundations of worldview the hero of the story, S. Dovlatov, also preaches. Kenneth Bowers believed that the people of the world are related.

* The famous writer A. Kondratiev wrote that the mixing of languages, races, cultures has been going on for centuries. There are no higher and lower races, no "cultural" and "barbarian" languages, no "entirely independent" and "totally borrowed" cultures. For us, people of the 21st century who know their past, every person on the globe belongs to a single family - HUMANITY.

* The well-known publicist I. Rudenko wrote that “in a country that has won fascism, suffered from fascism, where the very word“ fascist ”is still a curse, lovers of the swastika will be able to lead people ... The superiority of some over others, the fall in the value of human life is a breeding ground from which fascism can grow."

* Scientist, publicist D.S. Likhachev believed that "nationalism is a manifestation of the weakness of the nation, and not its strength." In his opinion, weak peoples become infected with nationalism. A great people with its great culture and national traditions must be kind, especially if the fate of a small people is connected with it.

* L. Zhukhovitsky, in his essay, spoke about how in Moscow he was severely beaten by police sergeants Hero of Russia, aircraft and spacecraft tester Magomet Tolboev just because they wanted to more thoroughly check the face of Caucasian nationality. Thanks to journalists, this story became known to the public. They apologized to the victims. But the author asks: “What if a simple person were in Tolboev’s place?”

* The famous Russian writer M. Prishvin in the story "Treacherous Sausage" tells about the amazing, interesting world of animals. The author believes that our four-legged pets are sometimes unusually smart and are able to surprise us with their behavior no less than people.

* The famous Russian writer M. Prishvin in the story "Treacherous Sausage" argued that if there is a four-legged friend in the house, the owner must be responsible for him, educate him in order to avoid unpleasant misunderstandings and tragedies.

*FROM. Exupery wrote: "We are responsible for those whom we have tamed."

* D. Granin, in an essay on the book of the English veterinarian D. Harriot "On all creatures - large and small" admires the work of this man, who heals day by day, and sometimes saves our smaller brothers.

* In M. Moskvina's story "Don't step on the beetle," seventh-grader Zhenya learns that her classmates kill dogs and give them to businessmen to make hats. The girl asks: “What do people think? How will they live?

* In N. Leonov’s story “The Vultures”, an outwardly respectable young man destroys animals, and then a person, for the sake of self-assertion…

* In the work of V. Mayakovsky there is a wonderful poem about a horse that "crashed on its croup." The poet condemns people who do not notice a fallen animal in the bustle of the city, which looks at everything upside down and understands that no one needs it. The author is very sorry for the horse, he convinces the reader that not only people can suffer, worry. For some reason they just forget about it.

* In the story “Ors”, Y. Bondarev tells how the owners killed a dog with a shovel just because it did not protect apples in the garden from thieves.

The problem of attitude to learning

* The well-known publicist S. Soloveichik believes that "there are two types of occupations in the world: teaching with torment and teaching with passion." And it is teaching with passion - "a happy life."

* An irresponsible attitude to learning is shown in D. Fonvizin's "Undergrowth".

* Well-known publicist A.A. Zinoviev writes that computers "have become the omnipotent deities of our Global human life." According to the author, they are considered the materialization of our spiritual life, our souls, a kind of "confessors" of our thoughts.

The problem of the future of the book

* The popular publicist S. Kuriyu discussed in his essay “The Book and the Computer Age” whether the book will die under the condition of the development of modern information technologies. The author argued that a book is primarily a text, but in what format it is presented does not matter for the essence of the work.

* V. Soloukhin writes about the enormous advantage of the book over the cinema. The reader, in his opinion, "directs" his film himself, the film director does not impose on him the appearance of the characters. Thus, reading books is a more creative process than sitting in front of a “box”, when a person is more a consumer than a creator.

I. Bukin - Honored Artist of Russia, famous entertainer, author of the book "Well, burn me at the stake! ..." In his work, he tells about how he walked the ladder of success, as well as about such performers as A. Pugacheva, I. Kobzon and others, with whom he worked together.

In N Nadezhdin's book Freddie Mercury: I Want to Become a Legend, he presented the biography of a wonderful singer, the leader of the Queen group, a unique voice, the expressive manner of singing of which fans of his work will long remember.

V. Kholodkovsky in the book "House in Klin" spoke about the life and work of the great Russian composer P.I. Tchaikovsky.

* A modern publicist A. Varlamov believes that "there is a totalitarian offensive of yellowness." In contrast to it, it is necessary to publish literary journals that will be called upon to preserve our main wealth - language, must make life facts a fact of literature, present Russian life in all its richness from the western borders to the eastern.

* The well-known publicist V. Kutyrev believes that television is likened to the "gifts of the Danaans." This is an illusory good, fraught with a threat, depriving a person of joy and direct communication.

* V. Soloukhin wrote that the general enthusiasm for television programs forms a consumer attitude towards art and reduces the cognitive and creative activity of a person. Entertainment programs are of the greatest interest, and special programs are more likely to interest a non-specialist.

* I. Petrovsky in the essay “We Remain. Where are we to go?" writes with regret that there are few truly talented, useful, interesting programs on television. From year to year, the growing disproportion between what the viewer needs and what is beneficial to television itself cannot but disturb people who think in the slightest.

*Love...What is this feeling? Why do people deify him? Light, gentle bliss or all-consuming passion? This is a question to which we will search for an answer, perhaps for the rest of our lives. Let us recall the poetic lines of W. Shakespeare:

What is love?

Madness from fumes

Playing with fire leading to fire

ignited a sea of ​​tears,

Thinking - thoughtlessness for the sake of,

A mixture of poison and antidote...

* The well-known publicist O. Kozhukhova wrote: “Love exalts and has mercy, but it also punishes with the objectivity of an impartial, but strict judge, rejecting the insignificant, vile, petty. The power of attraction to a beloved being is able to overcome all obstacles and difficulties.

In the cycle of poems "The Ballad of Love", V. Vysotsky argued that a great feeling unites all lovers into a single Land of Love. The following lines sound unusually reverent:

I will lay the fields for lovers -

Let them sing in a dream and in reality!...

I breathe, which means - I love! I love, and therefore - I live!

Love

Love is the greatest feeling that works miracles in general, that creates new people, creates the greatest human values. A.S. Makarenko

Pepper:

The problem of the relationship between man and nature.

The role of nature in human life

The problem of ecological catastrophe

Seeing beauty in the ordinary

Friendship

Story

The problem of preserving historical memory.

Attitude to cultural heritage The role of cultural traditions in the moral development of a person Fathers and children

The problem of disrespectful attitude of youth towards old age and old people. Loneliness problem.

The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries.

Work

The problem of drug addiction.

The problem of love for the motherland

The problem of choosing a profession.

Russian language

The problem of moral duty, moral choice.

The problem of the national spirit in the tragic moments of history

War and Peace

The problem of the moral strength of a simple soldier

The problem of the heroic everyday life of war

Literature and poetry

Mind, knowledge, book, science

The role of books in human life

good and evil

Good Speech

conscience, morality

Youth, youth

Will, freedom

Heroism, deeds

Art

Sports, movement

HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY

The problem of responsibility.

Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor.

Human self-realization. Life is a struggle for happiness

False Values

The problem of the development of science and technology

In everyone's hands fate peace

The role of personality in history

The impact of art on the spiritual development of man

The educational function of art

Interpersonal relationships

Fear in a person's life

The problem of human rights and obligations

The problem of moral degradation of the individual

Man and scientific progress The role of science in modern life Spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries Scientific progress and moral qualities of man

Laws of social development. Man and power

Man and knowledge.

The problem of conscience

role of example. Human education

The problem of spirituality

The problem of boorish attitude towards others (or (in) worthy behavior in society)

The problem of the influence of religion on human life

The problem of moral squeamishness

The problem of human stinginess

The problem of true and false human interest in culture

The influence of art, culture on a person

The problem of ethical aspects of human cloning

The problem of true and false education

The problem of heredity

The problem of the influence of scientific activity on human life and habits

The problem of the truth of art

The problem of timely education

The problem of attitude to learning

The problem of the relationship between science and religion

The problem of human perception of the surrounding world

The problem of hypocrisy

The problem of bribery, lawlessness of officials

The problem of philistinism

The problem of transience of human happiness

The problem of the influence of the personality of the teacher on the formation of the character of students

The problem of irresponsibility of officials

The problem of the Russian village

The problem of love of freedom

The problem of human realization of superpowers

The problem of the relationship between the people and the authorities

The problem of courage and heroism in peacetime

The problem of heroism during the Great Patriotic War

The problem of the heroism of people of peaceful professions during the WWII in

The problem of national unity during the war

POW problem

The problem of patriotism

The problem of true and false patriotism

The problem of opposition of geniuses to the outside world

The problem of the tragic situation of man in a totalitarian state

The role of personality in history

The Problem of the Moral Lessons of History

The problem of betrayal during the war

The problem of motherhood

The Problem of the Transformative Power of Parental Love

The problem of parenthood

The problem of merciless attitude of adults to the child

The life and fate of women

The problem of finding the meaning of life

The problem of the moral health of the nation

The problem of the role of the intelligentsia in society

The problem of lonely old age

The problem of attitude to the native language

The problem of inspiration.

Psychological problem of inferiority complex

The problem of fathers and children

The problem of human limitation

The problem of juvenile delinquency

The problem of non-standard spiritual search of modern young people

The problem of the unity of peoples and cultures

The problem of crime motivated by interethnic hostility (or nationalism)

The problem of human perception of the animal world

The problem of human relations with animals

The problem of attitude to learning

Computer abuse problem

The problem of the future of the book

The problem of educating true masters of the performing arts

The role of printed publications in modern Russia

The role of television in human life

The problem of the relationship between a woman and a man

Love

You need to use at least 1 of your arguments taken from fiction, journalistic or scientific literature. Most often, examples are given from fiction, since it is these works that are taught in literature classes as part of the school curriculum.

Here is an approximate list of literature, the arguments from which you can take to justify your point of view. It is compiled on the basis of works from which arguments are most often given when writing an essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. The list is sorted alphabetically by author's last name.

It should be noted that this list of references is not strictly defined and is only a recommendation. Arguments can be given from any other works, the main thing is that they correspond to the main problem of the text. It is also not necessary to read all the works below, it is enough for each topic that the text can be devoted to, prepare 2 arguments from some works.

List of literature for the arguments of the composition of the exam in the Russian language

Author	Artworks
L.N. Andreev	"Judas Iscariot", "Red Laughter", "Petka in the Country"
V.P. Astafiev	"Tsar-Fish", "Domsky Cathedral", "Izba", "Horse with a Pink Mane", "Lyudochka", "Postscript", "Last Bow"
I. Babel	Cavalry
R. Bach	"A Seagull Named Jonathan Livingston"
V. Bianchi	"Animal Stories"
G. Beecher Stowe	"Uncle Tom's Cabin"
A. Blok	"Twelve"
M.A. Bulgakov	"Master and Margarita", "Heart of a Dog", "Notes of a Young Doctor", "Fatal Eggs"
I.A. Bunin	"The Gentleman from San Francisco", "Brothers", "Dark Alleys"
V. Bykov	"Raid", "Sotnikov", "Survive Until Dawn"
B. Vasiliev	“And the dawns here are quiet…”, “Drop by drop”
J. Verne	"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea"
K. Vorobyov	"German in boots"
N. Gal	"Word alive and dead"
E. Ginzburg	"Cool route"
N.V. Gogol	"Taras Bulba", "Dead Souls", "Overcoat", "Inspector", "Terrible Revenge"
I.A. Goncharov	"Oblomov"
M. Gorky	"Old Woman Izergil", "At the Bottom", "Childhood", "Mother", "Tales of Italy", "My Universities", "Konovalov", "Spouses Orlovs"
A.S. Griboyedov	"Woe from Wit"
V. Grossman	"Life and Destiny"
Ch. Dickens	"David Copperfield"
F.M. Dostoevsky	"Crime and Punishment", "Idiot", "White Nights", "The Brothers Karamazov", "Demons", "Christ's Boy on the Christmas Tree"
T. Dreiser	"American tragedy"
V. Dudintsev	"White clothes"
S.A. Yesenin	"Song of the Dog"
A. Zheleznyakov	"Scarecrow"
A. Zhigulin	"Black Stones"
V. Zakrutkin	"Mother of Man"
M. Zamyatin	"We"
I. Ilf, E. Petrov	"Golden calf"
A. Knyshev	"O great and mighty Russian language!"
V. Korolenko	"Children of the Underground"
A.I. Kuprin	"Pomegranate Bracelet", "Taper", "Duel"
Y. Levitansky	"Everyone chooses for himself ..."
M.Yu. Lermontov	“Borodino”, “Hero of Our Time”, “And I see myself as a child ...”, “Stans”, “Clouds”, “I will not humble myself before you”
N.S. Leskov	"Lefty", "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District", "The Enchanted Wanderer"
D.S. Likhachev	"Reflections on the Motherland"
D. London	"Love of Life", "Martin Eden"
V.V. Mayakovsky	"Good attitude towards horses"
M. Maeterlinck	"Blue bird"
ON THE. Nekrasov	“Who should live well in Russia”, “Grandfather Mazai and hares”, “Railway”, “Reflections at the front door”
A. Nikitin	"Journey Beyond Three Seas"
E. Nosov	"Difficult Bread"
A.N. Ostrovsky	"Thunderstorm", "Own people - we will count!"
K.G. Paustovsky	"Telegram", "Old Chef", "Tale of Life"
A. Petrov	"The Life of Archpriest Avvakum"
A.P. Platonov	"In a beautiful and furious world", "Yushka"
B. Field	"A Tale of a Real Man"
A. Pristavkin	"A golden cloud spent the night"
M. Prishvin	"Pantry of the sun"
A.S. Pushkin	"Eugene Onegin", "The Captain's Daughter", "The Stationmaster", "The Queen of Spades", "Nanny", "I loved you ...", "October 19", "God help you, my friends", "The more often the Lyceum celebrates "," Chaadaev "
V.G. Rasputin	"Farewell to Matera", "French Lessons"
A. Rybakov	"Children of the Arbat", "35th and other years"
K.F. Ryleev	"Ivan Susanin", "Death of Yermak"
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin	"The History of a City", "The Golovlyov Family"
A. de Saint-Exupery	"The little Prince"
A. Solzhenitsyn	"Matryona Dvor", "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", "Gulag Archipelago", "In the First Circle"
V. Soloukhin	"Black Boards", "Letters from the Russian Museum"
A.T. Tvardovsky	"Vasily Terkin"
L.N. Tolstoy	"War and Peace", "Sevastopol Stories", "Childhood", "After the Ball"
Y. Trifonov	"Waterfront House", "The Disappearance"
I.S. Turgenev	"Fathers and Sons", "Mumu", "Russian Language", "Biryuk", "Notes of a Hunter", "Nature", "Conversation", My Trees, "Sea Voyage", "Asya"
F.I. Tyutchev	"Not what you think, nature ...", "The Last Cataclysm"
L. Ulitskaya	"Daughter of Bukhara"
G.I. Uspensky	"Straightened"
A. Fadeev	"Young guard"
A.A. Fet	“Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch ...”, “On a haystack at southern night”, “Dawn says goodbye to the dawn”, “Pines”
DI. Fonvizin	"Undergrowth"
E. Hemingway	"The Old Man and the Sea", "Where it's Clean, It's Light", "Undefeated"
N. Chernyshevsky	"What to do?"
A.P. Chekhov	Cherry Orchard, Darling, Jumper, Anna on the Neck, Ionych, Gooseberry, Ward No. 6, Student, Chameleon, Thick and Thin, Death of an Official ”, “Vanka”, “Steppe”, “Tosca”, “Unter Prishbeev”, “Bride”
L. Chukovskaya	"Sofya Petrovna"
K.I. Chukovsky	"Live Like Life"
V. Shalamov	"Kolyma stories"
E. Schwartz	"The Dragon"
M.A. Sholokhov	“Quiet Don”, “The Fate of a Man”, “Bakhchevnik”, “Mole”

A. S. Pushkin."Eugene Onegin". A person sometimes, not noticing his happiness, passes by. When the feeling of love arises in him, it becomes too late. This is what happened to Eugene Onegin. At first he rejected the love of a village girl. After meeting her a few years later, he realized that he was in love. Unfortunately, their happiness is impossible.

M. Yu Lermontov."Hero of our time". Pechorin's true love for Vera. His frivolous attitude towards Mary and Bela.

And S. Turgenev."Fathers and Sons". Yevgeny Bazarov denied everything, including love. But life forced him to experience this true feeling for Anna Odintsova. The stern nihilist could not resist the mind and charm of this woman.

and A. Goncharov."Oblomov". Lyubov Oblomov Olga Ilyinskaya. Olga's desire to pull Ilya out of a state of indifference and laziness. Oblomov tried to find the purpose of life in love. However, the efforts of the lovers were in vain.

A. N. Ostrovsky. It is impossible to live without love. Proof of this is, for example, the deep drama experienced by Katerina, the main character in A. N. Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm".

I.A. Goncharov. "Oblomov". The great power of love is the theme of many writers. Often a person is able to change even his life for the sake of a loved one. However, this is not always possible. For example, Ilya Ilyich, the hero of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov", for the sake of love he abandoned many of his habits. Olga, having experienced disappointment, leaves Oblomov. The mutually enriching development of their relationship did not work out, because the desire to vegetate "crawling from one day to another" turned out to be stronger for Ilya.

L.N. Tolstoy. Love is a great feeling. It can change a person's life. But it can bring a lot of hope and disappointment. However, this state can also transform a person. Such life situations were described by the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace". For example, after the hardships of life, Prince Bolkonsky was convinced that he would never again experience happiness and joy. However, the meeting with Natasha Rostova changed his view of the world. Love is a great power.

A. Kuprin. Sometimes it seems that poetry disappears from our life, the magical beauty of love, that people's feelings are diminished. Faith in love still amazes readers with the story of A. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet". It can be called an exciting hymn of love. Such stories help to keep the faith that the world is beautiful, and people sometimes have access to the inaccessible.

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The influence of friendship on the formation of personality is a serious topic that worried I. A. Goncharov. The heroes of his novel, peers and friends, I. I. Oblomov and A. I. Stolz, are shown in almost the same way: childhood, environment, education. But Stolz tried to change his friend's sleepy life. His attempts were unsuccessful. After the death of Oblomov, Andrei took his son Ilya into his family. That's what real friends do.

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Friendship is about mutual influence. Relationships are fragile if people do not want to help each other. This is shown in the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Ilya Ilyich's apathetic, difficult to lift nature and Andrey Stolz's young energy - all this spoke of the impossibility of friendship between these people. However, Andrei made every effort to encourage Oblomov to some kind of activity. True, Ilya Ilyich could not adequately respond to his friend's concern. But the desires and attempts of Stolz deserve respect.

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Friendship is not always strong, especially if it rests on the subordination of one person to another. A similar situation was described by Turgenev in the novel Fathers and Sons. Arkady Kirsanov was at first a fierce supporter of Bazarov's nihilistic views and considered himself his friend. However, he quickly lost his conviction and went over to the side of the older generation. Bazarov, according to Arkady, was left alone. This happened because friendship was not equal.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" (about friendship, partnership). The fact that "there is no holier than the bonds of partnership" is said in the story of N. Gogol "Taras Bulba".