The ideal family in the understanding of Tolstoy. The ideal family in the understanding of L.N.

What is needed for happiness? Quiet family...

with the ability to do good to people.

L. N. Tolstoy

“My ideal is the life of a simple working people, the one who makes life, and the meaning that he gives it” - this is the statement of L. N. Tolstoy, a brilliant thinker, subtle psychologist, humanist writer. Truth and beauty are synonymous for Tolstoy the philosopher. He learned the truth of life from the people and nature. Truth-seeking is the most important, according to Tolstoy, feature of the people. The people are closer to nature, purer in soul, more moral. Being himself in a relentless search for truth, the writer believed: “In order to live honestly, one must be frightened, fight, make mistakes, start again and quit ... And fight and suffer forever.” What is bad, what is good? Why live and what am I? Everyone must answer these eternal questions for himself. A subtle researcher of the human soul, Tolstoy argued that "people are like rivers": each has its own channel, its own source. This source is the native home, family, its traditions, way of life.

What expression do Tolstoy, the philosopher, find in thoughts about the family?

Yes, the novel "War and Peace" is a reflection of the versatility of the personality and the breadth of the writer's worldview. Therefore, we find so many similarities in Tolstoy's favorite heroes, the prototypes of which were members of the family of the writer himself and Sofya Andreevna Bers. The constant work of the soul unites Pierre, Natasha, Andrei, Marya, Nikolai, makes them related, makes the relationship between them friendly, "family".)

How does Tolstoy, the writer, reflect family thought in the novel "War and Peace"?

Tolstoy stands at the origins of folk philosophy and adheres to the folk point of view on the family - with its patriarchal way of life, the authority of parents, their concern for children. Therefore, in the center of the novel are two families: the Rostovs and the Bolkonskys. The author denotes the spiritual community of all family members with one word - Rostovs, and emphasizes the closeness of mother and daughter with one name - Natalya. “The Rostovs had birthday girls Natalia - a mother and a younger daughter ...” Standing on the popular point of view, the author considers the mother to be the moral core of the family, and the sacred duty of motherhood to be the highest virtue of a woman: “The countess was a woman with an oriental type of thin face, 45 years old, apparently exhausted by the children, of whom she had 12 people. The slowness of her movements and speech, which came from the weakness of her strength, gave her a significant air that inspired respect. After the death of her son Petya and her husband, Tolstoy calls her old age "powerless and aimless", will make her die spiritually first, and then physically: "She has already done her work of life." Mother is a synonym for the world of the family in Tolstoy, that natural tuning fork by which the Rostov children will test their lives: Natasha, Nikolai, Petya. They will be united by an important quality laid down in the family by their parents: sincerity, naturalness. Rostov greeted all the guests with the same kindness ... dear or dear spoke to everyone without exception, without the slightest hint, both above and below him standing people, he laughs with "sonorous and bassy laughter", "laughing, shouting ...", He - "dissolute kindness itself."

Rostova, the eldest, is hard on the stiffness of the guests on the name day: “These visits tortured me.” The same simplicity will be with the children of the Rostovs. The finest lyricist, Tolstoy warms with special warmth and light the appearance of children on the pages of the novel: the children run noisily into the living room, bringing animation, and “a ray of sunshine that penetrated the living room along with the younger generation” disappeared with them. The eyes of Tolstoy's favorite heroes also radiate, glow, because (according to popular belief) the eyes are the mirror of a person's soul: "The eyes look and speak to you." And the author conveys the life of the soul of the heroes through radiance, radiance, sparkle of the eyes.

For Tolstoy the writer, a person's eyes are a window into his soul. Show this with two or three examples.

(Marya's eyes radiate, her face becomes beautiful: "as if rays of warm light came out" from her eyes, "these eyes became more attractive than beauty." In moments of deep excitement, the face of Tolstoy's favorite heroes lights up with the light of eyes: Marya "always looked prettier when she cried." Eyes radiate, Andrey's face revives in the Scherer salon at the sight of Pierre, Natasha looks at the world with shining eyes, Nikolai's eyes shine with delight when Natasha sings.The lack of spirituality, the emptiness of life, according to Tolstoy, on the contrary, extinguish the sparkle of the eyes, make the face a lifeless mask: a soulless beauty Helen - a "beautiful statue" with a frozen smile - glistens and shines to everyone except her eyes: "shining with the whiteness of her shoulders, glossy hair and diamonds", "calmed down in a radiant smile". The beautiful Vera has a cold face, calm, which a smile makes unpleasant " “Boris Drubetskoy has a calm and beautiful face, everything in the handsome Berg is “somehow very correct”, but his eyes seem to be not.)

“There is no beauty where there is no truth,” Tolstoy will say, and we will witness the transformation of the ugly Mary into a beauty in family scenes, we will see the complete reincarnation of Natasha in the presence of her loved ones. We will look at Helen's face and, together with the author, will be surprised that, with all the similarity of features, the face of the beautiful Helen will be exactly the same as that of her brother, Hippolyte.

What makes Tolstoy's favorite characters beautiful?

(The beauty of Natasha and Marya is from spiritual overwhelm, which Andrey, Pierre, Nikolai will fully understand. On the day of her name day and her mother, Natasha, “laughing and blushing,” invites Pierre to dance; “Look at dad,” Natasha shouted to the whole hall (completely forgetting that she was dancing with a big one), bending her head to her knees and bursting with her sonorous laughter throughout the hall, "" she burst out laughing so loudly and loudly that everyone, even the stiff guest, laughed against her will. " Petya, "squinting, shaking from soundless laughter." Nikolai's "face expressed swiftness and enthusiasm." At the birthday table, "Sonya and fat Petya were hiding from laughter." Natasha loudly asks about ice cream, "forward confident that her trick will be received well," boldly and capriciously - cheerfully". Seeing Sonya crying, "Natasha roared like a child, not knowing the reason and only because Sonya was crying." The epithets given to Natasha are confirmed: "Cossack girl", "potion", "gunpowder".

Surprisingly subtly, poetically, Natasha perceives the beauty of a summer night in Otradnoye, which is why her desire to fly on such a magical moonlit night is so natural.

And even the familiar winter forest becomes for her fantastic, fabulous, mysterious on Christmas night... A person is rich with such a spiritual world, not closed on the ordinary. The author endows his beloved heroine with a happy gift to “read the secret” of people and nature: “Natasha, of the whole family, is most gifted with the ability to feel shades of intonations, looks, facial expressions”, “Natasha, with her sensitivity, also instantly noticed the state of her brother.”

Nikolai Rostov is also open to people, surprisingly straightforward: "... I am not a diplomat, not an official, I cannot hide what I feel." “Please, Denisov, take my money, because I have it,” said Rostov, blushing. He is absolutely sure that it is a shame to study when everyone goes to war, he is really scared and directly admits this to himself when, having remained in the rear guard, he stumbled upon the “French patrol”, he is honest with himself on the bridge over the Enns River: “I am a coward ". And he will convict officer Telyatin of theft with their inherent straightforwardness, Rostov.

They tend to win over good (in the high, Tolstoyan sense of the word) people. Natasha's pure, bright, poetic world of the soul will be felt not only by the family, but also by uncle and aunt Akhrosimova (they are also from the Rostovs), and Aksinya, and Pierre, and Andrei, and Denisov. Only her elder sister Vera will not accept her. But the parents themselves feel her alienation: “We were too smart with the eldest and do not like the “correct” Vera ... even sixteen-year-old Petya, having voluntarily gone to war, will cause reciprocal love from Denisov and officers. Just a boy, this son of the good-natured and hospitable Rostov will find a family in an officer's circle and will want to warm everyone with childish love. He cannot restrain his delight in front of Denisov's responsiveness: “Let me kiss you, my dear. Ah, how wonderful! How good!” “And, kissing Denisov, he ran into the yard” (Denisov allows the captive drummer boy to be called to the officer’s table) ...

Why is it impossible to be different in the Rostov family?

(Because the openness of the soul, cordiality is its main property: name day - 80 kuverts (cutlery at the ceremonial dinner), a full house of relatives, even in Otradnoye "full of guests", a holiday is arranged in honor of Denisov's guest; a dinner in an English club in honor of Prince Bagration was entrusted to Count Rostov: "rarely has anyone been able to make a feast in such a big way, hospitably."

Hence, from home, this ability of the Rostovs to attract people to themselves, the talent to understand someone else's soul, the ability to experience, to participate. And all this is on the verge of self-denial. The Rostovs do not know how to feel “slightly”, “halfly”, they completely surrender to the feeling that has taken possession of their soul. Petya will take pity on the French drummer and invite him to dinner: “... blushing and looking frightened at the officers, wouldn’t there be mockery in their faces, he said: “Can I call this boy who was taken prisoner? Give him something to eat…”

Natasha the girl will understand the feelings of Sonya and her brother and arrange a date for them; as a sign of love and devotion to Sonya, Natasha will burn her hand with a red-hot ruler. With an enthusiastic love for life, Natasha will revive Andrei's heart after a trip to Otradnoye: "No, life is not over at 31." Natasha will share her mother's grief after Petya's death; Natasha will beg her parents to give carts for the wounded; “Natasha did not leave the wounded Andrey, and the doctor had to admit that he did not expect from the girl either such firmness or such skill in walking after the wounded.” Nikolai will protect Princess Marya on his brother's estate from a mutiny of peasants.

The openness of the soul of the Rostovs is also the ability to live one life with the people, to share their fate; Nikolai and Petya go to war, the Rostovs leave the estate for a hospital, and carts for the wounded. And the evening in honor of Denisov, and the holiday in honor of the war hero Bagration - all these are actions of the same moral order.

The feeling of patriotism will make Nicholas overcome fear, become a courageous person, receive a cross. And the desire for a feat will take Petya out of life.)

But will the openness and gullibility of the younger Rostovs lead only to joy and happiness?

(Natasha will believe in the sincerity of Anatole's feelings and agree to escape, Nikolai will turn into an unreasoning grunt, believing the false idea of ​​officer honor.

The Rostovs are not capable of lying, secrecy disgusts their honest natures: Nikolai will inform his father about the loss of 43 thousand to Dolokhov, Natasha will tell Sonya about the upcoming escape with Anatole. And then he will write to Princess Mary about the break with Andrei, sincerely repent, will not forgive himself, will poison himself.

Natasha's strength is in the ability to live on. Her soul is able to be renewed. Natasha's spirituality is manifested even in the way she sings and dances, revealing here a rare gift of kinship, spiritual unity with the elements of the people, the harmony of sound and movement.

But the main talent of her soul - to love - will open later. And Natasha will take the difficult family burden on her fragile shoulders.)

But is it only through the fault of Natasha that her love with Andrey did not take place?

(Natasha was waiting for love, and she came. But three weeks of separation and a year of waiting! “A year! I can’t bear it! I want to love now!” Natasha’s immense despair, separation is unbearable.

Andrei, who has experienced a lot, knows that the feeling of love can also be resurrected, so he can wait. He decided. Both for himself and for her.

Both Natasha and Nikolai will be deeply, humanly fully happy in family life. It is here that the beauty of the souls of the heroes will be especially clearly manifested: “All the forces of her (Natasha’s) soul were aimed at serving her husband and family” ... “the subject that Natasha completely immersed herself in was her family, that is, her husband ...and children…".

Nikolai strives to get rid of his temper, ardor under the influence of his wife, Princess Marya: “The main basis of his firm, tender and proud love for his wife was always based on this feeling of surprise in front of her sincerity, in front of the sublime, moral world, almost inaccessible to Nikolai, where his wife has always lived.

“He was proud that she was so smart and good, realizing her insignificance before her in the spiritual world, and all the more rejoiced that she, with her soul, not only belonged to him, but was part of him.”

A part of the Rostov home - love for Natasha, his younger sister - he will transfer to his daughter, beloved Natasha.)

(In Natasha, the girl, the fire of revival constantly burns, which is her charm. She is overflowing with vital energy, endowed with many talents: she sings, dances, heals souls, gives friendship. In Natasha, the mother “very rarely ignited ... now the former fire. This it happened only when, as now, the husband returned when the child was recovering ... "And in those rare moments when the old fire was lit in her developed beautiful body, she was even more attractive than before."

“It was important for Tolstoy to show through the fate of Natasha that all her talents are realized in the family. Natasha, a mother, will be able to instill in her children both a love for music and the ability for the most sincere friendship and love; she will teach children the most important talent in life - the talent to love life and people, to love selflessly, sometimes forgetting about themselves; and this study will take place not in the form of notations, but in the form of daily communication of children with very kind, honest, sincere and truthful people: mother and father. And this is the real happiness of the family, because each of us dreams of the kindest and most just person next to him. Pierre's dream came true...”)

OPTION 2

How often Tolstoy uses the word family, family to designate the house of the Rostovs! What a warm light and comfort emanates from this, such a familiar and kind word to everyone! Behind this word - peace, harmony, love.

How are the houses of the Bolkonskys and Rostovs similar?

(A sense of family, spiritual kinship, a patriarchal way of life (general feelings of grief or joy are seized not only by family members, but even by their servants: “The Rostov lackeys joyfully rushed to take off his (Pierre) cloak and take a stick and a hat”, “Nikolai borrows money from Gavrila for a cabman "; the Rostovs' valet is as devoted to the Rostovs' house as Alpatych is to the Bolkonskys' house. "The Rostov family", "Bolkonsky", "Rostov House"; "Bolkonsky's estate" - already in these definitions the sense of unity is obvious: "In Nikolin day, on the name day of the prince, all of Moscow was at the entrance of his (Bolkonsky) house ... ". "The prince's house was not what is called "light", but it was such a small circle, which, although it was not heard in the city , but in which it was most flattering to be accepted ... ").

Name the distinguishing feature of the Bolkonsky and Rostov houses.

(Hospitality is a hallmark of these houses: “Even in Otradnoye, up to 400 guests gathered”, in Bald Mountains - up to a hundred guests four times a year. Natasha, Nikolai, Petya are honest, sincere, frank with each other; they open their souls to their parents, hoping for complete mutual understanding (Natasha - to his mother about self-love; Nikolai - to his father even about losing 43 thousand; Petya - to everyone at home about the desire to go to war ...); Andrey and Marya are friendly (Andrey - to his father about his wife). Both families are very different care of parents about children: Rostova - the eldest hesitates between the choice - carts for the wounded or family heirlooms (future material security of children). The son - a warrior - the pride of the mother. She is engaged in raising children: tutors, balls, trips to society, youth evenings, Natasha's singing , music, preparation for studying at the University of Petit, plans for their future family, children.The Rostovs and Bolkonskys love children more than themselves: Rostova - the eldest cannot stand the death of her husband and younger Petit; old man Bolkonsky loves children passionately and reverently , even his strictness and exactingness come only from the desire for good for children.)

Why is the personality of the old man Bolkonsky interesting to Tolstoy and to us, readers?

(Bolkonsky attracts both Tolstoy and the modern reader with his originality. “An old man with keen intelligent eyes”, “with a gleam of intelligent and young eyes”, “inspires a sense of respect and even fear”, “was harsh and invariably demanding.” A friend of Kutuzov, he even in his youth he received general-in-chief. And disgraced, he did not cease to be interested in politics. His energetic mind requires an exit. Nikolai Andreevich, honoring only two human virtues: "activity and mind", "was constantly busy writing his memoirs, then calculations from higher mathematics, turning snuffboxes on the machine, then working in the garden and observing buildings ... ". "He himself was engaged in raising his daughter. " No wonder Andrei has an insistent insistence on communicating with his father, whose mind he appreciates and whose analytical abilities never cease to amaze. Proud and adamant, the prince asks his son “to hand over the notes... to the sovereign after... my death.” And for the Academy, he prepared a prize for the one who writes the history of Suvorov’s wars n ... Here are my remarks, after me read for yourself, you will find something useful.

He creates a militia, arms people, tries to be useful, to apply his military experience in practice. Nikolai Andreevich sees with his heart the sacredness of his son and himself helps him in a difficult conversation about his wife and unborn child.

And the year unfinished by the old prince to test the feelings of Andrei and Natasha is also an attempt to protect the son’s feelings from accidents and troubles: “There was a son whom it was a pity to give to a girl.”

The old prince was engaged in the upbringing and education of children himself, not trusting and not entrusting this to anyone.)

Why is Bolkonsky demanding of his daughter to the point of despotism?

(The key to the puzzle is in the phrase of Nikolai Andreevich himself: “But I don’t want you to look like our stupid young ladies.” He considers idleness and superstition to be the source of human vices. And the main condition for activity is order. A father who is proud of his son’s mind knows that between Marya and Andrey there is not only complete mutual understanding, but also sincere friendship based on the unity of views... Thoughts ... He understands how rich the spiritual world of his daughter is, knows how beautiful she can be in moments of emotional excitement. Therefore, it is so painful for him the arrival and courtship of the Kuragins, that "stupid, heartless breed.")

When and how will paternal pride manifest itself in Princess Marya?

(She will be able to refuse Anatole Kuragin, whom her father brought to marry the Bolkonskys, she will indignantly reject the patronage of the French General Roma; she will be able to suppress her pride in the scene of farewell to the bankrupt Nikolai Rostov: “do not deprive me of your friendship.” She will even say with her father’s phrase: “I it will hurt.)

How is the Bolkonsky breed manifested in Prince Andrei?

(Like his father. Andrei will be disappointed in the world and go into the army. The son will want to realize his father’s dream of a perfect military charter, but Andrei’s work will not be appreciated. outstanding officer. The courage and personal bravery of the young Bolkonsky in the battle of Austerlitz does not lead the hero to the heights of personal glory, and participation in the battle of Shengraben convinces that true heroism is modest, and the hero is outwardly ordinary. Therefore, it is so bitter to see Captain Tushin, who, according to Andrey's conviction, "we owe the success of the day," at a meeting of officers ridiculed and punished.Only Andrey will stand up for him, be able to go against the general opinion.

Andrey's activity is as tireless as his father's work... Work in the Speransky commission, an attempt to draw up and approve his plan for the deployment of troops at the Shengraben, the liberation of the peasants, and the improvement of their living conditions. But during the war, the son, like his father, sees the main interest in the general course of military affairs.)

In what scenes will the feeling of fatherhood manifest itself with particular force in the old man Bolkonsky?

(Nikolai Andreevich does not trust anyone not only fate, but even the upbringing of his children. With what “outward calmness and inner malice” does he agree to Andrei’s marriage to Natasha; the impossibility of being separated from Princess Marya pushes him to desperate acts, malicious, bilious: with the groom will tell his daughter: "... there is nothing to disfigure yourself - and she is so bad." By courtship of the Kuragins, he was offended for his daughter. The insult is the most painful, because it did not apply to him, to the daughter whom he loved more than himself.")

Reread the lines about how the old man reacts to his son's declaration of love for Rostova: he screams, then "plays a subtle diplomat"; the same methods as in the courtship of the Kuragins to Marya.

How will Marya embody her father's ideal of a family?

(She will become paternally demanding of her children, observing their behavior, encouraging good deeds and punishing evil ones. A wise wife, she will be able to instill in Nikolai the need to consult with herself, and noticing that his sympathies are on the side of his youngest daughter, Natasha , reproaches him for this. She will reproach herself for not enough, as it seems to her, love for her nephew, but we know that Marya is too pure in soul and honest, that she never betrayed the memory of her beloved brother, that for her Nikolenka is a continuation of the prince Andrey She will call her eldest son "Andryusha".)

As Tolstoy proves his idea, there is no moral core in parents - will there not be one in children?

(Vasily Kuragin is the father of three children, but all his dreams come down to one thing: to attach them more profitably, to get away with it. All Kuragins endure the shame of matchmaking easily. with a beautiful smile, she condescendingly treated the idea of ​​\u200b\u200brelatives and friends to marry her to Pierre. He, Anatole, is only slightly annoyed by an unsuccessful attempt to take Natasha away. Only once will their "restraint" change them: Helen will scream from fear of being killed by Pierre, and her brother will cry like a woman, having lost her leg. Their calmness is from indifference to everyone except themselves: Anatole "had the ability of calmness, precious to the world, and unchanging confidence." like a shot: "Where you are, there is debauchery, evil."

They are alien to Tolstoy's ethics. Egoists are closed only on themselves. Empty flowers. Nothing will be born from them, because in a family one must be able to give warmth and care to others. They only know how to take: “I’m not a fool to give birth to children” (Helen), “We must take a girl while she is still a flower in a bud” (Anatole).)

Arranged marriages... Will they become a family in Tolstoy's sense of the word?

(The dream of Drubetsky and Berg came true: they married successfully. In their houses everything is the same as in all rich houses. Everything is as it should be: comme il faut. But there is no rebirth of heroes. There are no feelings. The soul is silent.)

But the true feeling of love regenerates Tolstoy's favorite heroes. Describe it.

(Even the “thinking” Prince Andrei, in love with Natasha, seems different to Pierre: “Prince Andrei seemed and was a completely different, new person.”

For Andrei, Natasha's love is everything: "happiness, hope, light." "This feeling is stronger than me." "I wouldn't believe anyone who told me that I could love like that." "I can't help but love the light, it's not my fault", "never experienced anything like it." “Prince Andrei, with a radiant, enthusiastic and renewed face, stopped in front of Pierre ...”

Natasha wholeheartedly responds to Andrei's love: "But this, this has never happened to me." "I can't bear the separation" ...

Natasha comes to life after Andrei's death under the rays of Pierre's love: “The whole face, gait, look, voice - everything suddenly changed in her. Unexpected for her, the power of life, hopes for happiness surfaced and demanded satisfaction”, “Change ... surprised Princess Marya”.

Nikolai "got closer and closer to his wife, discovering new spiritual treasures in her every day." He is happy with the spiritual superiority of his wife over him and strives to be better.

The hitherto unknown happiness of love for her husband and children makes Mary even more attentive, kinder and more tender: “I would never, never have believed,” she whispered to herself, “that you can be so happy.”

And Marya worries because of her husband’s temper, she worries painfully, to tears: “She never cried from pain or annoyance, but always from sadness and pity. And when she cried, her radiant eyes acquired an irresistible charm. In her face, “suffering and loving,” Nikolai now finds answers to his questions that torment him, is proud of him and is afraid of losing her.

After the separation, Natasha meets Pierre; her conversation with her husband takes a new path, contrary to all the laws of logic... Already because at the same time they spoke about completely different subjects... This was the surest sign that "they fully understand each other.")

Love gives vigilance to their souls, strength to their feelings.

They can sacrifice everything for the beloved, for the happiness of others. Pierre belongs undividedly to the family, and she belongs to him. Natasha leaves all her hobbies. She has something more important, the most precious - family. And the main talent is important for the family - the talent of care, understanding, love. They are: Pierre, Natasha, Marya, Nikolai - the embodiment of family thought in the novel.

But the epithet "family" in Tolstoy is much broader and deeper. Can you prove it?

(Yes, the family circle is Raevsky’s battery; father and children are Captain Tushin and his batteries; “everything is like the children looked”; the father of the soldiers is Kutuzov. And the girl Malashka Kutuzov is her grandfather. from Andrei about the death of Nikolai Andreevich, he will say that now he is the father for the prince. The soldiers stopped the words Kamensky - father to Kutuzov - father. "A son worried about the fate of the Motherland" - Bagration, who in a letter to Arakcheev will express his son's concern and love to Russia.

And the Russian army is also a family, with a special, deep sense of brotherhood, unity in the face of a common misfortune. The spokesman for the people's attitude in the novel is Platon Karataev. He, with his paternal, paternal attitude towards everyone, became for Pierre and for us the ideal of serving people, the ideal of kindness, conscientiousness, a model of “moral” life - life according to God, life “for everyone”.

Therefore, together with Pierre, we ask Karataev: “What would he approve of?” And we hear Pierre’s answer to Natasha: “I would approve of our family life. He so desired to see beauty, happiness, tranquility in everything, and I would proudly show him us. It is in the family that Pierre comes to the conclusion: “... if vicious people are interconnected and constitute a force, then honest people only need to do the same. It's so simple.)

Perhaps, Pierre, brought up outside the family, did he place the family at the center of his future life?

(Amazing in him, a man, is childish conscience, sensitivity, the ability to heartily respond to the pain of another person and alleviate his suffering. “Pierre smiled his kind smile,” “Pierre sat awkwardly in the middle of the living room,” “he was shy.” He feels his mother’s despair who lost her child in burning Moscow; empathizes with the grief of Marya, who lost her brother; considers himself obliged to reassure Anatole and asks him to leave, and in the salon of Sherer and his wife, he will deny rumors about the escape of Natasha with Anatole. Therefore, the purpose of his public service is good, "active virtue".)

In what scenes of the novel is this property of Pierre's soul manifested most clearly?

(The big child is called Pierre and Nikolai and Andrey. Bolkonsky will entrust him, Pierre, with the secret of love for Natasha. He will be entrusted with Natasha, the bride. He will advise her to turn to him, Pierre, in difficult times. friend will be Pierre in the novel. It is with him that Natasha's aunt, Akhrosimova, will consult regarding her beloved niece. But it is he, Pierre, who will introduce Andrey and Natasha at the first adult ball in her life. He will notice the confusion of Natasha's feelings, whom no one invited to dance, and asks his friend Andrey to engage her.)

What are the similarities and differences in the mental structure of Pierre and Natasha?

(The structure of the souls of Natasha and Pierre is in many ways similar. Pierre, in a confidential conversation with Andrei, confesses to a friend: “I feel that, besides me, spirits live above me and that there is truth in this world”, “we lived and will live forever there, in everything (he pointed to the sky)". Natasha "knows" that in a previous life everyone was angels. Pierre was the first and very keenly felt this connection (he is older) and involuntarily worried about Natasha's fate: he was happy and for some reason sad, when he listened to Andrei's confession of love for Rostova, he seemed to be afraid of something.

But after all, Natasha will also be afraid for herself and for Andrei: “How I fear for him and for myself, and for everything I am afraid ...” And Andrei’s feeling of love for her will be mixed with a sense of fear and responsibility for the fate of this girl.

This is not how Pierre and Natasha will feel. Love will revive their souls. There will be no place of doubt in the soul, everything will be filled with love.

But the insightful Tolstoy saw that even at the age of 13, Natasha, with her responsive to everything truly beautiful and kind soul, noted Pierre: at the table she looks from Boris Drubetskoy, whom she vowed to “love to the very end”, to Pierre; Pierre is the first adult man whom he invites to dance, it is for Pierre that the girl Natasha takes a fan and plays an adult out of herself. "I love him so much".

The "unchanging moral certainty" of Natasha and Pierre can be traced throughout the novel. “He did not want to curry favor with the public,” he built his life on internal personal foundations: hopes, aspirations, goals, which were based on the same family interest; Natasha does what her heart tells her to. In essence, Tolstoy emphasizes that "doing good" with his favorite characters means responding "purely intuitively, with heart and soul" to those around him. Natasha and Pierre feel, understand, “with their characteristic sensitivity of the heart,” the slightest falsehood. Natasha, at the age of 15, tells her brother Nikolai: "Don't be angry, but I know that you won't marry her (Sonya)." “Natasha, with her sensitivity, also noticed her brother’s condition”, “She knew how to understand what was ... in every Russian person”, Natasha “does not understand anything” in Pierre’s sciences, but attributes them to great importance. They never “use” anyone and call for only one type of connection - spiritual kinship. They truly blow it, experience it: cry, scream, laugh, share secrets, despair and again look for the meaning of life in caring for others.)

What is the significance of children in the Rostov and Bezukhov families?

(Children for people, "non-family" - a cross, a burden, a burden. And only for family they are happiness, the meaning of life, life itself. How happy the Rostovs are for the return of Nikolai, a favorite and a hero, from the front on vacation! With what love he takes children in his arms Nikolai and Pierre! Remember the same expression on the face of Nikolai and his favorite - black-eyed Natasha? Remember with what love Natasha peers into her younger son's facial features, finding him similar to Pierre? Marya is happy in the family. Not a single similar to happy family pictures we will not find it at the Kuragins, Drubetskoys, Bergs, Karagins. Remember, Drubetskoy was “unpleasant to remember childhood love for Natasha”, and all the Rostovs are absolutely happy only at home: “Everyone screamed, talked, kissed Nikolai at the same time”, here, at home, among relatives, Nikolai is happy as he has not been happy for a year and a half. The family world for Tolstoy's favorite heroes is the world of childhood. In the most difficult moments of their lives, Andrei and Nikolai remember their relatives: Andrei on the Austerlitz field talk about the house, Marya; under the bullets - about the order of the father. The wounded Rostov, in moments of oblivion, sees his home and all his own. These heroes are living, understandable people. Their experiences, grief, joy cannot but touch.)

Is it possible to say that the heroes of the novel have a child's soul?

(They, the author’s favorite heroes, have their own world, a high world of goodness and beauty, a pure children’s world. Natasha and Nikolai transfer themselves to the world of a winter fairy tale on Christmas Eve. In a magical waking dream, 15-year-old Petya spends the last night in his life at the front Rostov. "Come on, our Matvevna," Tushin said to himself. "Matvevna" seemed in his imagination a cannon (large, extreme, old casting ...). And the world of music also unites the heroes, elevating, spiritualizing them. Petya Rostov leads an invisible orchestra in a dream, "Princess Marya played the clavichord", Natasha is taught to sing by a famous Italian. Nikolai gets out of a moral impasse (losing to Dolokhov in 43 thousand!) Under the influence of his sister's singing. And books in the lives of these heroes play an important role. Andrey stocks up in Brunn "on a trip with books". Nikolai made it a rule not to buy a new book without first reading the old ones. We will see Marya, Natasha with a book in her hands, and never Helen.)

Results

Even the purest word "childish" is associated in Tolstoy with the word "family". “Rostov again entered this family children's world of his” ... “Rostov felt, as under the influence of these bright rays of Natasha's love, for the first time in a year and a half. On his soul and on his face bloomed that childish and pure smile, which he had never smiled since he left home. Pierre has a childlike smile. The childlike, enthusiastic face of Junker Nikolai Rostov.

The childishness of the soul (purity, naivety, naturalness), which a person preserves, is, according to Tolstoy, the heart - the guilt of morality, the essence of beauty in a person:

Andrey, on the Pratsenskaya height, with a banner in his hands, raises a soldier behind him: “Guys, go ahead! he shouted in a child's voice.

Childishly unhappy eyes will look at Andrei Kutuzov, having learned about the death of the elder Bolkonsky, his comrade-in-arms. Marya will respond with a childish expression of extreme resentment (tears) to her husband's outbursts of unreasonable anger.

They, these heroes, even have confidential, homely vocabulary. The word "darling" is pronounced by the Rostovs, and the Bolkonskys, and Tushin, and Kutuzov. Therefore, class partitions are broken, and the soldiers on the Raevsky battery accepted Pierre into their family and called him our master; Nikolai and Petya easily enter the officer's family, the families of the young Rostovs - Natasha and Nikolai are very friendly. The family develops in them the best feelings - love and self-giving.

Municipal educational institution

"Secondary school No. 20"

Literature examination essay

The ideal of the family in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".

Performed

11th grade student B

Selyanina Yana Valerievna.

checked

teacher of Russian language and literature

Balueva Elena Nikolaevna

Novomoskovsk

I.Introduction ............................................... ................................................. .................3

II. The ideal of the family in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace"................................................. ...4 -30

1. The atmosphere of the family world in the novel.

2. Prototypes of the heroes of the novel

3. The Bolkonsky family

4. The Kuragin family

5. The Rostov family

6. The relationship between Pierre Bezukhov and Natalya Rostova is an idyll of family happiness.

III. Conclusion ............................................... ................................................. ....31 - 32

IV. List of references .............................................................. ....................33

I. Introduction.

It is known that the family plays a decisive role in the formation of a person. A person's personality is created in the family, in the atmosphere in which he grows up. Therefore, writers often turn to the theme of the family, exploring the environment in which the hero develops, trying to understand him. Let us recall the play by D. I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth", the novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov", an epic novel

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

What is an ideal family for Leo Tolstoy? To answer this question, let's turn to the writer's novel "War and Peace", where the master of words reveals the psychology of the characters, showing their attitude towards other people and eternal human values: nature, art, love, their ability to self-denial. LN Tolstoy always took the problem of family relations very seriously. He believed that the most important thing in a family is peace, mutual understanding and love. In the novel, the main characters are not only individuals, but also their families, in which the characters live. On the pages of "War and Peace" we get acquainted with the life of several noble families: Rostovs, Bolkonskys, Bezukhovs, Kuragins.

L.N. Tolstoy wrote: “In “War and Peace” I loved folk thought, and in “Anna Karenina” family thought.” But this does not mean that “family thought” is not present in “War and Peace”. In general, "War and Peace" is largely a family novel. His main thought is the thought of the world. The world is love, consent, but it is also separate worlds of human associations. The main human associations are families. L.N. Tolstoy is a family writer in the sense that he almost never presents his heroes as loners. In constant development, we observe not only the heroes of the novel, but also the families themselves, the relationships within them.

It seems to me that by depicting the relationship of people within the family in the novel, Tolstoy wanted to say a lot by this. Firstly, the family has a very strong influence on the spiritual development of a person. On the example of the Bolkonsky family, we see how all the best qualities of a person are transmitted from generation to generation in this family. Secondly, if there were no such families, it would be difficult for Russia to win the war of 1812 (such people had the only important goal to save Russia).

My choice of this essay topic is due to the desire to figure out which family, depicted in the novel "War and Peace", can be considered ideal.

The purpose of this work is to determine which family in the novel "War and Peace" is the best, ideal.

Analyzing the literature on the topic of the abstract, we can identify several main sources, based on which our activities were carried out.

S.G. Bocharov in his book “The novel of L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"" writes that the family in the life and work of L.N. Tolstoy played an important role. It is the family that makes a person a person, morally educates him.

L.A. Smirnova in the book "Russian Literature of the 18-19th Century" compares family relations in the novel "War and Peace" and concludes that the ideal family, according to Tolstoy, is the family of Natasha and Pierre.

The abstract consists of an introduction, 6 chapters of the main part, a conclusion and a list of references.

II. The ideal of the family in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace"

1) The atmosphere of the family world in the novel

The warehouse of human psychology, his views and fate, according to Tolstoy, are largely determined by the family environment and tribal traditions, which form a kind of soil for him. And it is not surprising that many chapters of the epic novel are devoted to the home life of the characters, their way of life, and intra-family relations. Although Tolstoy sometimes portrays the strife between blood relatives (the strained relationship between Princess Mary and her father at the time of their Moscow life; the estrangement between Nikolai and his mother because of his intention to marry Sonya), the main thing in the family episodes of War and Peace is genuinely live communication between people who are dear and close to each other. The family world throughout the novel is opposed as a kind of active force to extra-family discord and alienation. This is both the harsh harmony of the orderly and strict way of the Lysogorsky house, and the poetry of warmth that reigns in the Rostovs' house with its everyday life and holidays (recall hunting and Christmas time, which make up the center of the fourth part of the second volume). Rostov family relations are by no means patriarchal. Here everyone is equal, everyone has the opportunity to express themselves, to interfere in what is happening, to act proactively.

The family, according to Tolstoy, is a free-personal, non-hierarchical unity of people. This Rostov tradition is also inherited by the newly formed families, which are discussed in the epilogue. The relationship between husband and wife in the novel is not regulated by custom and customary etiquette, nor by newly introduced rules. They are naturally installed every time anew. Natasha and Pierre are completely different from Nikolai and Marya: the right of the first vote is not predetermined by anything except the individual traits of people. Each member of the family freely and fully manifests his personality in it.

For Tolstoy's heroes, their "family" community and involvement in family giving, traditions of fathers and grandfathers are invaluable indeed. When the French were about to approach Bogucharov, Princess Marya felt herself "obliged to think for herself with the thoughts of her father and brother": "... what would be done now, she felt it necessary to do." Detailed worries completely take over Nikolai Rostov at a difficult time for the family: he does not refuse the obligation to pay debts, since the memory of his father is sacred to him.

The family, according to Tolstoy, is not a clan closed in itself, not separated from everything surrounding it, patriarchally ordered and existing for a number of generations (monastic isolation is most alien to it), but uniquely individual "cells" updated as generations change, always having their age. In "War and Peace" families are subject to qualitative changes, sometimes quite significant.

In crisis circumstances (if life so requires), the heroes of the novel are ready not only to give up their ancestral property (the Rostovs' carts, intended for the removal of things, are given to the wounded), but also endanger themselves and loved ones. As a severe necessity, the Bolkonskys perceive the service in the army of Prince Andrei, the Rostovs Petit's departure for the war. Participating in the St. Petersburg opposition to the government, Pierre deliberately meets the most serious test for himself and his family.

A wide range of extra-family ties is involved in the peaceful life of the Bolkonskys and Rostovs. Trips to neighbors, receiving guests, long stays in the homes of relatives and friends, going out into the world - all this is organically included in the "commonness" of the Rostov family. The everyday life of a Rostov house (both Moscow and Otradnensky) is unthinkable without live contacts between gentlemen and courtyards.

In the home life of Tolstoy's heroes there is a place for discussion of "general" problems, moral and philosophical reflections, disputes on military and political topics. A similar “tone” in the Bolkonsky family is set by Nikolai Andreevich, who, despite the fact that he is constantly in the Bald Mountains, knows the “state of things” in Russia and Europe better than many residents of the capital. One can recall the discussions about the war in the Rostovs' house, and Pierre's philosophical conversation with Andrei Bolkonsky in Bogucharov. An inquisitive, searching, anxious thought, an endless moral search, so characteristic of the Bolkonsky family, are also manifested in the epilogue: Countess Marya keeps a diary, writing down her thoughts about raising children. Inconspicuously and naturally arises in the Bald Mountains in 1820. The dispute, in the traditions of the Bolkonskys, is about modern Russia, about its further development paths. The moral and philosophical thoughts of Countess Marya and the civic enthusiasm of Pierre

Teacher of the Russian language and literature, MBOU "Secondary School No. 48 named after. R.M. Kamenev, Kursk.

The purpose of the lesson: show that L.N. Tolstoy in the epic novel "War and Peace" affirms eternal values ​​- a patriarchal family with relationships built on "good and truth" - as the basis of human life.

Tasks:

– based on the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" to reveal the topic "The author's ideal of the family in the novel", using elements of the analysis of the means of creating characters' images; through a comparative description of two generations, to reveal the author's view on the topic of the family;

- to develop the research skills of students: the ability to analyze, highlight the main thing, compare, pose and solve problems.

- to form their own family ideal among students.

Equipment: portrait of L.N. Tolstoy, the text of the epic novel "War and Peace", video clips of the adaptation of the novel "War and Peace", a multimedia presentation, cards depicting the heroes of the novel, a family tree template.

Used educational technology: pedagogical workshop.

Epigraph to the lesson:“What is needed for happiness? Quiet family life ... with the ability to do good to people ”(L.N. Tolstoy).

During the classes

1st stage - induction . opening speechteachers.

Good afternoon! Today we have gathered here to go to a creative workshop through the pages of one of the novels of Russian literature and to write a psychological portrait of the heroes of this novel.

Since ancient times, a stand-alone tree has been especially perceived in the popular mind. To our distant ancestors, the tree resembled a person. Its trunk seemed to be the body, the roots - the legs, the crown - the head, the branches - the arms. Like a person, it grew and matured, grew old and died.

A particular perception of the tree can be found in the Bible. On its very first pages, two trees of the Garden of Eden are mentioned: the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. “And out of the ground the Lord God made to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, and the tree of life in the midst of paradise, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.” The fruits of the first give immortality, under the tree here is meant faith. The second tree is called to test this faith. It reminds us that a person can choose in his life both the path of good and the path of evil. This is what a believer thinks about when he sees the image of a tree on icons.

Let us also recall the genealogical tree of the Russian tsars, their lives are a story that has its roots in the distant past, but allows us to give our own assessment of the time and events that they personified.

Reflection of actions, their evaluation can be found not only in history, but also in literature. In literature, as in a mirror, history is reflected, but only refracted through the prism of spirituality.

I ask you to turn your attention to the screen, where an episode of the novel of Russian literature will be presented, which, in my opinion, one of the roots of Russian national culture.

Screen adaptation of the episode "The First Ball of Natasha Rostova".

2nd stage – small announcement.

1. Tell me, what episode of a literary work was presented on the screen?

(the novel "War and Peace", episode "The First Ball of Natasha Rostova").

2. And who are these heroes? (Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky)

Teacher's word.

The choice of this episode is not accidental - the characters come to life in it, personifying honor, love for the Fatherland, duty to the Fatherland - on the one hand, hospitality, cordiality, openness - on the other. It is these qualities that form the basis of the author's ideal of the family.

Each family in the novel has its own history, is proud of its family and traditions.

I would like to note that this is not only a portrait of a hero, where his features are beautifully or not spelled out, but this is also that inner world, those values ​​that go from father to son, those moral standards that go from generation to generation, are absorbed with mother's milk .

– You recognized the work we will be working with and saw the work of the students. What do you think the task is? What will be the result of the workshop? (compilation of a family tree)

- Drawing up a family tree is not an end in itself, is it more important to understand the moral character of the family, those moral qualities that form the basis of the author's ideal of the family?

4th stage - socio-construction (at this stage, cards with illustrations of the heroes of the novel are distributed).

Teacher's word. L.N. Tolstoy, a subtle researcher of the human soul, said: "People are like rivers: each has its own channel, its own source." This source is the native home, family, its traditions, way of life. The world of the family is the most important component of the novel.

In order to achieve the goal of our lesson, we will go to a creative workshop to study the novel "War and Peace".

So, we are going to the family estate of the Bolkonsky family - Bald Mountains.

When working with the text of the novel, you will receive cards that will form the basis of the family tree at the next stage of our lesson, in order to fix the knowledge gained, you fill out worksheets lying on your tables.

The story of the family tree in the dining room of the Bolkonsky house.

Bolkonsky family.

Work on the episode "In the estate of the Bolkonsky Bald Mountains" (vol. I, part 1, ch.22-25).

Conversation on questions:

1. Which of the heroes of the novel can be represented among the fruits of this tree?

2. Find the "portraits" of Marya Bolkonskaya, Andrei, the old prince. What distinguishes Tolstoy in the appearance of the characters, their behavior? (short stature, “dry” features, amazing eyes - “radiant”, like Marya’s, “beautiful”, like Prince Andrei’s, “smart”, like an old prince’s. Restraint, respect in behavior and attitude towards each other)

- ON THE. Bolkonsky;

- Princess Marya;

- Andrey Bolkonsky;

– Little Princess Lisa Bolkonskaya (work with a card: a comparative analysis);

- Nikolenka Bolkonsky;

- Nikolai Rostov;

- Children of Marya Bolkonskaya and Nikolai Rostov.

3. The most striking, in your opinion, details in the image of the internal and external appearance of the Bolkonskys (the scene of farewell to his son, farewell to his sister, Marya and Burien).

4. How will Princess Marya embody her father's ideal of a family?

Conclusion: Distinctive features of the Bolkonskys are spirituality, intelligence, independence, nobility, high ideas of honor, duty. The old prince, in the past Catherine's nobleman, a friend of Kutuzov, is a statesman. He, serving Catherine, served Russia. Nikolai Andreevich, who is proud of his son's mind and his daughter's spiritual world, knows that in their family between Marya and Andrey there is not only complete mutual understanding, but also sincere friendship based on the unity of views and thoughts. Relationships in this family are not built on the principle of equality, but they are full of care and love, only hidden. The Bolkonskys are all very reserved. This is an example of a true family. They are characterized by high spirituality, true beauty, pride, sacrifice and respect for other people's feelings.

Work with the table (correlation of the hero and character traits).

To consolidate the material covered, I propose to repeat once again the moral qualities of the Bolkonsky family.

5th stage of the workshop - socialization.

Teacher's word. Now from the cards you have to compile a genealogical tree of the Bolkonsky family, using the knowledge gained.

(Students perform group creative work based on the accumulated material. They independently build their own visual image that they have formed during this lesson, using cards with illustrations obtained at the previous stage.
Thus, the studied material is consolidated through activities associated with creativity).

6th stage - big advertising. Hanging "works" - creative works of students in the audience and familiarization with them.

7th stage - the stage of soft correction . The teacher shares his work, shows the students his vision of the topic and ideas of the lesson - presents creative work as a model.

8th stage – master project. The projects of students and teachers are compared, similarities and differences are noted (erroneous judgments and conclusions are gently corrected).

9th stage - break. This is an internal awareness by the participants of the workshop of the incompleteness or inconsistency of their old knowledge with the new, this is an internal emotional conflict that pushes them to deepen the problem, search for answers, and reconcile new knowledge with literary sources.

- Tell me, what noble families are still represented in the novel?

- How are the houses of the Bolkonskys and Rostovs similar?

Teacher's word. Against the background of the characteristics of the Rostovs and Bolkonskys, the relationship in the Kuragin family will sound in contrast.

Now I suggest you turn your attention to the screen (work with the Rostov and Kuragin tree).

Actually, the Bolkonskys and Rostovs are more than families, they are whole lifestyles, each of which is covered with its own poetry. Simple and so profound for the author of "War and Peace" family happiness, the very one that the Rostovs and Bolkonskys know, it is natural and familiar to them. This family happiness will not be given to the Kuragin family, where an atmosphere of universal calculation and lack of spirituality reigns. The immorality allowed in the Kuragin family becomes the norm of their life. In this house there is no place for sincerity and decency.
Pierre said very precisely about the false Kuragin family: “Oh, vile, heartless breed!”

The last step is reflection. Reflection of feelings, sensations, associations that arose among the participants of the workshop in the course of work. There is a joint discussion of the results of the lesson and the mood that remained after it.

Grading.

Homework.

Final word from the teacher.

Student Worksheet

The name of the hero of the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"	Moral qualities of heroes
Prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky
Andrey Bolkonsky
Princess Marya Bolkonskaya
Little Princess Lisa Bolkonskaya
Nikolenka Bolkonsky
Nikolay Rostov
Eldest son Andryusha
Three-year-old Natasha
Son Mitya

Literature lesson outline. Topic: Family thought in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Target: on the example of the families of the Rostovs, Bolkonskys and Kuragins, to reveal the ideal of the family in the understanding of L.N. Tolstoy.
Tasks:
1. Know the text of the novel "War and Peace", Tolstoy's ideal of the patriarchal family.
2. Be able to compare material and draw conclusions, re
say the material close to the text.
3. To instill in students a sense of respect for family values.
Theoretical lesson
Equipment: writing on the board, a portrait of the writer, multimedia material.

During the classes.

1. Organizing moment. (5 minutes)
2. Word of the teacher. (7 min.)
The family is one of the most important themes in Russian literature of the 60-70s of the 19th century. Saltykov-Shchedrin writes a family chronicle, F.M. Dostoevsky evaluates the fate of a random family, and Tolstoy has “a family thought.
Thus, the purpose of our lesson: on the example of comparing the families of the Rostovs, Bolkonskys and Kuragins, to reveal the ideal of the family in the understanding of L.N. Tolstoy.
The world of the family is the most important "component" of the novel. Tolstoy traces the fate of entire families. His heroes are connected by family, friendship, love relationships; often they are separated by mutual hostility, enmity.
On the pages of "War and Peace" we get acquainted with the family nests of the main characters: Rostovs, Kuragins, Bolkonskys. The family idea finds its highest embodiment in the way of life, the general atmosphere, in the relations between close people of these families.
You, I hope, having read the pages of the novel, visited these families. And today we have to figure out which family is ideal for Tolstoy, which family life he considers “real”.
As an epigraph to the lesson, let's take the words of V. Zenkovsky: “Family life has three sides: biological, social and spiritual. If any one side is arranged, and the other sides are either directly absent or neglected, then a family crisis is inevitable.
So, let's focus on the family of Count Rostov.
Movie (5 min)
Count Rostov (student's speech, 5 min.): We are simple people, we can neither save nor increase. I am always happy to have guests. The wife even complains sometimes: they say, the visitors tortured her. And I love everyone, I have all the cute. We have a big friendly family, I have always dreamed of such a family, I am attached to my wife and children with all my heart. It is not customary in our family to hide feelings: if we are sad, we cry, if we are happy, we laugh. I want to dance - please.
Countess Rostova (student's speech, 5 min.): I want to add to my husband's words that in our family there is one main feature that binds everyone together - love. Love and trust, because "only the heart is vigilant." We are all attentive to each other.
Natasha: (student's speech 5 min.) Can I also say. My mother and I have the same first name. We all love her very much, she is our moral ideal. Our parents were able to instill in us sincerity and naturalness. I am very grateful to them for the fact that they are always ready to understand, forgive, help in the most difficult moments of life. And there will be many more such situations. Mommy is my best friend, I can’t sleep until I tell her all my secrets and worries.
(student's speech, 7 min) The world of the Rostovs is the world whose norms are affirmed by Tolstoy for their simplicity and naturalness, purity and cordiality; causes admiration and patriotism of the "Rostov breed".
The mistress of the house, Countess Natalya Rostova, is the head of the family, wife and mother of 12 children. We celebrate the scene of the reception of guests - "congratulations" - by Count Ilya Rostov, who, without exception, "both above and below him standing people" said: "Very, very grateful to you, for myself and for dear birthday girls." The count speaks to the guests more often in Russian, "sometimes in very bad, but self-confident French." The conventions of secular tact, secular news - all this is observed in conversations with guests. These details indicate that the Rostovs are people of their time and class and bear its features. And the younger generation breaks into this secular environment, like a "beam of the sun". Even the jokes of the Rostovs are pure, touchingly naive.
So, in the Rostov family, simplicity and cordiality, natural behavior, cordiality, mutual love in the family, nobility and sensitivity, closeness in language and customs to the people and at the same time their observance of a secular way of life and secular conventions, which, however, are not calculation and gain. So in the storyline of the Rostov family, Tolstoy reflects "the life and work of the local nobility." We were confronted with various psychological types: the good-natured, hospitable loafer Count Rostov, the Countess who tenderly loves her children, the sensible Vera, the charming Natasha; sincere Nikolai. In contrast to the Sherer salon in the house of the Rostovs there is an atmosphere of fun, joy, happiness, sincere concern for the fate of the Motherland.
L.N. Tolstoy stands at the origins of folk philosophy and adheres to the folk point of view on the family - with its patriarchal way of life, the authority of parents, their concern for children. The author denotes the spiritual community of all family members with one word - Rostovs, and emphasizes the closeness of mother and daughter with one name - Natalya. Mother is a synonym for the world of the family in Tolstoy, that natural tuning fork by which the Rostov children will test their lives: Natasha, Nikolai, Petya. They will be united by an important quality laid down in the family by their parents: sincerity, naturalness, simplicity. Openness of soul, cordiality is their main property. Hence, from home, this ability of the Rostovs to attract people to themselves, the talent to understand someone else's soul, the ability to experience, sympathize. And all this is on the verge of self-denial. The Rostovs do not know how to feel “slightly”, “halfly”, they completely surrender to the feeling that has taken possession of their soul.
It was important for Tolstoy to show through the fate of Natasha Rostova that all her talents are realized in the family. Natasha - the mother will be able to educate in her children both the love of music and the ability for the most sincere friendship and love; she will teach children the most important talent in life - the talent to love selflessly, sometimes forgetting about themselves; and this study will take place not in the form of notations, but in the form of daily communication of children with very kind, honest, sincere and truthful people: mother and father. And this is the real happiness of the family, because each of us dreams of the kindest and most just person next to him. Pierre's dream came true...
How often Tolstoy uses the words "family", "family" to designate the house of the Rostovs! What a warm light and comfort emanates from this, such a familiar and kind word to everyone! Behind this word is peace, harmony, love.
Name and write down those main features of the Rostov family. (3 min)
Type of entry in the notebook:
Rostovs: love, trust, sincerity, openness, moral core, the ability to forgive, the life of the heart
Now we characterize the Bolkonsky family.
Movie (5 min)
Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky: (student's speech 5 min) I have firmly established views on the family. I went through a harsh military school and I believe that there are two sources of human vices: idleness and superstition, and only two virtues: activity and intelligence. I have always been involved in raising my daughter myself, in order to develop these virtues, giving lessons in algebra and geometry. The main condition of life is order. I do not deny that sometimes I am harsh, too demanding, sometimes I arouse fear, reverence, but how else. I honestly served my homeland and would not tolerate treason. And if it was my son, I, the old man, would be doubly hurt. I passed on patriotism and pride to my children.
Princess Marya: (student's speech 5 min.) Of course, I am shy in front of my father and a little afraid of him. I live mostly by reason. I never show my feelings. True, they say that my eyes treacherously betray excitement or love. This was especially noticeable after meeting Nikolai. In my opinion, we share a common feeling of love for the motherland with the Rostovs. In a moment of danger, we are ready to sacrifice everything. Nikolay and I will instill in our children pride, courage, firmness of spirit, as well as kindness and love. I will be demanding of them, as my father was demanding of me.
Prince Andrei (student's speech 5 min): I tried not to let my father down. He managed to instill in me a high concept of honor and duty. Once dreamed of personal glory, but never achieved it. In the battle of Shengraben, I looked at many things with different eyes. I was especially offended by the behavior of our command in relation to the real hero of the battle, Captain Tushin. After Austerlitz, he revised his outlook on the world, and was largely disappointed. Natasha “breathed” life into me, but, unfortunately, I never managed to become her husband. If we had a family, I would bring up kindness, honesty, decency, love for the motherland in my children.
(student's speech 5 min) Distinctive features of the Bolkonskys are spirituality, intelligence, independence, nobility, high ideas of honor, duty. The old prince, in the past Catherine's nobleman, a friend of Kutuzov, is a statesman. He, serving Catherine, served Russia. Not wanting to adapt to the new time, which required not to serve, but to serve, he voluntarily imprisoned himself in the estate. However, disgraced, he never ceased to be interested in politics. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky tirelessly makes sure that children develop their abilities, know how to work and want to learn. The old prince was engaged in the upbringing and education of children himself, not trusting and not entrusting this to anyone. He does not trust anyone, not only the upbringing of his children, but even their fate. With what "outward calmness and inner malice" he agrees to Andrei's marriage to Natasha. And the year to test the feelings of Andrei and Natasha is also an attempt to protect the son’s feelings from accidents and troubles as much as possible: “There was a son whom it is a pity to give to a girl.” The impossibility of being separated from Princess Mary pushes him to desperate acts, vicious, bilious: in the presence of the groom, he will tell his daughter: "... there is nothing to mutilate yourself - and so bad." He was offended by the courtship of the Kuragins “for his daughter. The insult is the most painful, because it did not apply to him, to his daughter, whom he loved more than himself.
Nikolai Andreevich, who is proud of his son's mind and his daughter's spiritual world, knows that in their family between Marya and Andrey there is not only complete mutual understanding, but also sincere friendship based on the unity of views and thoughts. Relationships in this family are not built on the principle of equality, but they are also full of care and love, only hidden. The Bolkonskys are all very reserved. This is an example of a true family. They are characterized by high spirituality, true beauty, pride, sacrifice and respect for other people's feelings.
How are the Bolkonskys' house and the Rostovs' house similar? First of all, a sense of family, spiritual kinship of close people, patriarchal way of life, hospitality. Both families are distinguished by the great concern of parents for children. Rostov and Bolkonsky love children more than themselves: Rostova - the eldest cannot bear the death of her husband and younger Petya; old man Bolkonsky loves children passionately and reverently, even his strictness and exactingness come only from the desire for good for children.
The life of the Bolkonsky family in the Bald Mountains is in some elements similar to the life of the Rostovs: the same mutual love of family members, the same deep cordiality, the same natural behavior, just like the Rostovs, great closeness to the people in language and relationships with ordinary people. On this basis, both families are equally opposed to high society.
There are also differences between these families. The Bolkonskys are distinguished from the Rostovs by the deep work of thought, the high intelligence of all family members: the old prince, and Princess Mary, and her brother, who are prone to mental activity. In addition, a characteristic feature of the "breed" of the Bolkonskys is pride.
Name and write down the main features of the Bolkonsky family: high spirituality, pride, courage, honor, duty, activity, mind, fortitude, natural love, hidden under the mask of coldness
Let's turn to the Kuragin family.
According to the roles, the dialogue between Prince Vasily and Anna Pavlovna Sherer. (5 minutes)
Prince Vasily (student's speech 3 min): I don't even have a bump of parental love, but I don't need it. I think it's all redundant. The main thing is material well-being, position in the world. Didn't I try to make my children happy? Helen married off the richest groom in Moscow, Count Pierre Bezukhov, Ippolit was attached to the diplomatic corps, Anatole almost married Princess Marya. To achieve the goals, all means are good.
Helen: (student's speech 3 min) I don't understand your lofty words about love, honor, kindness. Anatole, Ippolit, and I have always lived in our pleasure. It is important to satisfy your desires and needs, even at the expense of others. Why should I be tormented by pangs of conscience, if the remoteness to change this mattress with Dolokhov? I am always right about everything.
(student's speech, 5 min) The external beauty of the Kuragins replaces the spiritual one. There are many human vices in this family. Hélène makes fun of Pierre's desire to have children. Children, in her understanding, are a burden that interferes with life. According to Tolstoy, the worst thing for a woman is the absence of children. The purpose of a woman is to become a good mother, wife.
Actually, the Bolkonskys and Rostovs are more than families, they are whole lifestyles, each of which, for its part, is fanned by its own poetry.
Family happiness that is simple and so deep for the author of War and Peace, the very one that the Rostovs and Bolkonskys know, it is natural and familiar to them - this family, “peaceful” happiness will not be given to the Kuragin family, where an atmosphere of universal calculation and lack of spirituality reigns . They are devoid of generic poetry. Their family closeness and connection is unpoetic, although it certainly exists - instinctive mutual support and solidarity, a kind of mutual guarantee of egoism. Such a family connection is not a positive, real family connection, but, in essence, its negation.
To make a service career, to “make” them a profitable marriage or marriage - this is how Prince Vasily Kuragin understands his parental duty. What are his children in essence - he is of little interest. They need to be "attached". The immorality allowed in the Kuragin family becomes the norm of their life. This is evidenced by the behavior of Anatole, the relationship of Helen with her brother, which Pierre recalls with horror, the behavior of Helen herself. In this house there is no place for sincerity and decency. You noticed that in the novel there is not even a description of the Kuragins' house, because the family ties of these people are weakly expressed, each of them lives apart, taking into account, first of all, their own interests.
Pierre said very precisely about the false Kuragin family: “Oh, vile, heartless breed!”
Vasil Kuragin is the father of three children, but all his dreams come down to one thing: to attach them more profitably, to get away with it. The shame of matchmaking is easily endured by all Kuragins. Anatole, who accidentally met Mary on the day of the matchmaking, holds Bourien in his arms. Helen, calmly and with a frozen smile of beauty, condescendingly treated the idea of ​​\u200b\u200brelatives and friends to marry her to Pierre. He, Anatole, is only slightly annoyed by the unsuccessful attempt to take Natasha away. Only once will their “restraint” change them: Helen will scream in fear of being killed by Pierre, and her brother will cry like a woman, having lost her leg. Their calmness comes from indifference to everyone except themselves: Anatole "had the ability of calmness, precious to the world, and unchanging confidence." Their spiritual callousness, meanness will be stigmatized by the most honest and delicate Pierre, and therefore the accusation will sound from his lips, like a shot: “Where you are, there is debauchery, evil.”
They are alien to Tolstoy's ethics. Egoists are closed only on themselves. Empty flowers. Nothing will be born from them, because in a family one must be able to give warmth and care to others. They only know how to take: “I’m not a fool to give birth to children” (Helen), “We must take a girl while she is still a flower in a bud” (Anatole).
Features of the Kuragin family: lack of parental love, material well-being, the desire to satisfy their needs at the expense of others, the lack of spiritual beauty.
3. Summing up(7 min).
Only those who yearn for unity, Tolstoy, at the end of his epic, will grant the acquisition of a family and peace. In the epilogue, we see the happy family of Natasha and Pierre. Natasha, with her love for her husband, creates that amazing atmosphere that inspires and supports him, and Pierre is happy, admiring the purity of her feelings, that wonderful intuition with which she penetrates his soul. Understanding each other without words, according to the expression of their eyes, gesture, they are ready to go together to the end along the road of life, preserving the inner, spiritual connection and harmony that has arisen between them.
L.N. Tolstoy in the novel shows his ideal of a woman and family. This ideal is given in the images of Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya and the images of their families. Tolstoy's favorite heroes want to live honestly. In family relationships, the heroes keep such moral values ​​as simplicity, naturalness, noble self-esteem, admiration for motherhood, love and respect. It is these moral values ​​that save Russia in a moment of national danger. The family and the woman - the keeper of the family hearth - have always been the moral foundations of society.
Many years have passed since the appearance of Leo Tolstoy's novel, but the main values ​​of the family: love, trust, mutual understanding, honor, decency, patriotism remain the main moral values. Rozhdestvensky said: "Everything begins with love." Dostoevsky said: "Man is not born for happiness and deserves it with suffering."
Every modern family is a big complex world with its own traditions, attitudes and habits, even its own view of raising children. Children are said to be echoes of their parents. However, in order for this echo to sound not only due to natural affection, but mainly due to conviction, it is necessary that customs, orders, rules of life be strengthened in the house, in the family circle, which cannot be transgressed not out of fear of punishment, but out of respect for the foundations of the family, to its traditions.
Do everything so that childhood and the future of your children are wonderful, so that the family is strong, friendly, family traditions are preserved and passed on from generation to generation. I wish happiness in the family, in the one in which you live today, which you yourself will create tomorrow. May mutual help and understanding always reign under the roof of your home, may your life be rich both spiritually and materially.
4. Homework.(3 min)
Write a mini-essay on the topic "My future family."

Introduction

Leo Tolstoy is one of the greatest prose writers of the 19th century, the "golden age" of Russian literature. For two centuries now, his works have been read all over the world, because these amazingly lively and vivid verbal canvases not only occupy the reader, but make you think about many important questions for a person - and provide answers to some of them. A vivid example of this is the pinnacle of the writer's work, the epic novel "War and Peace", in which Tolstoy touches on topics that are burning for any thinking person. The theme of the family in the novel "War and Peace" by Tolstoy is very important, as well as for the author himself. That is why Tolstoy's heroes are practically never alone.

The text most fully reveals the structure and relationships of three completely different families: the Rostovs, Bolkonskys and Kuragins - of which the first two for the most part correspond to the opinion of the author himself on this issue.

Rostovs, or the great power of love

The head of the large Rostov family, Ilya Andreevich, is a Moscow nobleman, a very kind, generous and trusting person, who adores his wife and children. In view of his extreme spiritual simplicity, he does not know how to run a household at all, so the family is on the verge of ruin. But Rostov Sr. cannot refuse anything to the household: he leads a luxurious life, pays his son's debts.

The Rostovs are very kind, always ready to help, sincere and responsive, so they have many friends. It is not surprising that it was in this family that the true patriot of the Motherland Petya Rostov grew up. Authoritarianism is not inherent in the Rostov family at all: here children respect their parents, and parents respect their children. That is why Natasha was able to persuade her parents to take out not valuable things from besieged Moscow, but wounded soldiers. The Rostovs preferred to remain penniless rather than transgress the laws of honor, conscience and compassion. In the images of the Rostov family, Tolstoy embodied his own ideas about the ideal family nest, about the indestructible connection of a real Russian family. Isn't this the best illustration that can show how big the role of the family is in War and Peace?

The "fruit" of such love, such a highly moral upbringing is beautiful - this is Natasha Rostova. She absorbed the best qualities of her parents: from her father she took kindness and breadth of nature, the desire to make the whole world happy, and from her mother - caring and thriftiness. One of the most important qualities of Natasha is naturalness. She is not able to play a role, to live according to secular laws, her behavior does not depend on the opinions of others. This is a girl with a wide-open soul, an extrovert, capable of completely and completely surrendering to love for all people in general and for her soulmate. She is the ideal woman from Tolstoy's point of view. And this ideal was brought up by an ideal family.

Another representative of the younger generation of the Rostov family, Nikolai, does not differ in either depth of mind or breadth of soul, but he is a simple, honest and decent young man.

The "ugly duckling" of the Rostov family, Vera, chose a completely different path for herself - the path of selfishness. Having married Berg, she created a family that did not look like either the Rostovs or the Bolkonskys. This cell of society is based on external gloss and a thirst for enrichment. Such a family, according to Tolstoy, cannot become the foundation of society. Why? Because there is nothing spiritual in such a relationship. This is the path of separation and degradation, leading to nowhere.

Bolkonsky: duty, honor and reason

The Bolkonsky family, serving nobles, is somewhat different. Each of the members of this genus is a remarkable personality, talented, integral and spiritualized. This is a family of strong people. The head of the family, Prince Nikolai, is a man of an extremely harsh and quarrelsome nature, but not cruel. Therefore, he is respected and feared even by his own children. Most of all, the old prince appreciates smart and active people, and therefore he tries to instill such qualities in his daughter. Andrei Bolkonsky inherited nobility, sharpness of mind, pride and independence from his father. The son and father of the Bolkonsky are diversified, intelligent and strong-willed people. Andrei is one of the most complex characters in the novel. From the first chapters of the epic to the end of his life, this person goes through a complex spiritual evolution, trying to comprehend the meaning of life and find his calling. The theme of the family in "War and Peace" is fully revealed at the end of Andrei's life, when he nevertheless understands that only a family man surrounded by people dear to his heart can become happy.

Andrei's sister, Princess Marya Bolkonskaya, is shown in the novel as an absolutely whole physically, psychologically and morally person. A girl who is not distinguished by physical beauty lives in constant expectation of quiet family happiness. This is a boat filled with love and care, waiting for a patient and skillful captain. This smartest, romantic and extremely religious girl dutifully endures all the rudeness of her father, never for a moment ceasing to love him strongly and sincerely.

Thus, the younger generation of the Bolkonsky family inherited all the best qualities of the old prince, ignoring only his rudeness, imperiousness and intolerance. Therefore, Andrei and Marya are able to truly love people, which means they are able to develop as individuals, climb the spiritual ladder - to the ideal, to the light, to God. Therefore, the war and peace of the Bolkonsky family are so difficult to understand for most of their contemporaries, therefore neither Maria nor Andrei love social life.

Kuragins, or the abomination of empty egoism

The Kuragin family is directly opposite to the two previous genera. The head of the family, Prince Vasily, hides the rotten nature of a greedy, through and through false brute behind an external gloss. For him, the main thing is money and social position. His children, Helen, Anatole and Hippolyte, are in no way inferior to their father: outwardly attractive, superficially smart and successful young people in society are in fact empty, albeit beautiful, vessels. Behind their own egoism and greed, they do not see the spiritual world - or do not want to see. In general, the Kuragin family are vile toads dressed in lace and hung with jewels; they sit in a dirty swamp and croak contentedly, not seeing the beautiful endless sky above their heads. For Tolstoy, this family is the personification of the world of the "secular mob", which the author himself despised with all his heart.

conclusions

Finishing the essay “The Theme of the Family in the Novel War and Peace”, I want to note that this topic is one of the main ones in the text. This thread permeates the fate of almost all the heroes of the work. The reader can observe in action the causal relationship between upbringing, the atmosphere in the parental home, the future fate of an adult person - and his influence on the world.

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