Patronymic of different peoples of the world. Comparative characteristics of proper names found in different European languages

Basova Elena, Mitina Tatiana

Who should name the child? What a question, of course parents. Well, if the parents are in solidarity in choosing a name, but if not? And it happens that even grandparents join the dispute and offer their own options. So the whole can play out family drama, and the child remains unnamed for some time. There is an opinion that a name cannot be invented before birth, or it is kept secret even from close relatives. Are there naming traditions? Often we hear congratulations on name days, happy birthdays. Are there any differences in the concepts of "birthday" and "name day"?

Thus, it turns out that not everything is so simple, therefore this topic we were fascinated, and we decided to carry out this study.

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MKOU "Khoroshkovskaya secondary school"

Pavlogradsky municipal district of the Omsk region

Naming traditions in folk culture

Job done:

Elena Basova, Tatiana Mitina,

4th grade students

Supervisor:

E.B. Shumik,

primary school teacher

2012

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...3

Names, birthdays, birthdays...…………………………………………………4

Naming traditions among different nations………………………………………..5

From the history of Russian names……………………………………………………………7

We are called Tatiana and Elena

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………… 11

Sources of information………………………………………………………..12

Introduction

Choosing a name for a newborn is a serious and responsible matter.
Who should name the child? What a question, of course parents. Well, if the parents are in solidarity in choosing a name, but if not? And it happens that even grandparents join the dispute and offer their own options. So a whole family drama can play out, and the child remains unnamed for some time. There is an opinion that a name cannot be invented before birth, or it is kept secret even from close relatives. Are there naming traditions? Often we hear congratulations on name days, happy birthdays. Are there any differences in the concepts of "birthday" and "name day"?

Thus, it turns out that not everything is so simple, so this topic fascinated us, and we decided to carry out this study.

Target : Show the traditions of naming in folk culture.

Tasks :

1. select literature on the subject;
2. compare the meaning of the words "name", "name day", "birthday";
3. to determine the traditions of choosing a name among the Russian people from antiquity to the present day;
4. find out how our names were chosen;

Hypothesis : Modern names are long-forgotten old names.

Research methodsKeywords: literature search, description, comparison, conversation.

Names, birthdays, birthdays...

The meaning of the concept birthday we understand - this is the day on which a person was born.In order to find out the meaning incomprehensible word or to confirm your guesses, you can refer to the dictionary. The encyclopedia is also a great help. So we found the meaning of the words name and name day. In the electronic encyclopedia states that "A name is a part of speech that gives a name to a person (in this case it will be personal name ), commonly used to distinguish it from others."

"Name - the personal name of a person given at birth, often in general the personal name of a living being.This definition is from the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov.

"Name (name, name) - the word by which the name is, means an individual, a person. Item name, name; animal name, nickname; person's name. the name itself, according to the saint, angelic, godfather, which was not announced in the old days; nickname, generic, surname; a nickname given in the family." This is how V.I.Dal describes this word.

Name day - a calendar day assigned to one or more names. It has religious origin, name day - this is the day of memory of some saint , a holiday for a person who baptism named after this saint.

name day - for Orthodox and Catholics: a personal holiday on the day when the church celebrates the memory of the saint or angel of the same name.

By comparing the definitions, we have found general meaning. Name - the name of the person. Name day - the day of memory of the saint, name day coincides with the birthday of the person named after the saint.

Naming traditions among different peoples

Have all nations always followed the traditions of choosing a name in accordance with name days? Having studied the literature, we learned that since ancient times, in the culture of different peoples, there were various traditions naming. We offer the most interesting in our opinion.

For example, the names of the Papuans, given to them at birth, it was customary to change to others when the child grew up and turned into a girl or a young man.

Representatives northern peoples believed that the child must be named within the first three days after birth, otherwise the name cannot bring happiness. Among other peoples, it was allowed to name a child only after a cradle was made for him. Without a name, the child was not allowed into his first dwelling.

African The tribal naming system is even more interesting. It was believed that the soul of a deceased relative moves into a newborn, so it was important to determine whose soul wished to be born a second time in order to give her name to the child. This is what the shamans did. In some tribes, the whole village chose the name for the child.

The tribes inhabiting Australia give the child the name that he sneezes on. Here is how it happened: first, the father lists the qualities that he wants to see in his child, then he accompanies his words with a song in which he names names, one of which the newborn should choose for himself. The child receives the name, at the pronunciation of which he sneezes. Interestingly, sometimes this sneezing was expected for about a day. But what if this is the custom?

An unusual tradition is followed Indians - if a representative of their tribe borrows money from someone, then he must leave his name as a pledge. Until he repays the debt, he has no right to bear his name. He is not addressed in any way, or they use gestures and sounds as an address.

In Spain each rich person was entitled to 6 names, some could have 12 names, and even the highest-ranking persons had an unlimited number of names. Each name was the name of a heavenly protector, the more a person had names, the more defenders he had. But for each name, the church that gave those names had to be paid. Therefore, the poor could not afford such a luxury and used only one or two names.

In many cultures, a person has several names. One of them accompanies the child in childhood, the other - during adolescence, and the third - the final, adult name given to a person at the age of majority. So it was customary in the Indian tribes, as well as in China, where there is a dairy name, school, marriage and even official. In the Russian tradition, we also observe that children are used in childhood, pet name, then - full, then the person is called by name and patronymic.

Now there is no question of who will name the child. This is usually done by the parents. They choose a name according to their taste, sometimes they give a name in honor of their grandmother, grandfather or some other respected and beloved relative. But in the history of the name, you can find evidence of who chose the name from different peoples, and these were not always parents. Often people believed that only a stranger, a stranger, could give the best name to a child. A stranger giving a name to a child was surrounded by honor, treated very generously, and awarded with gifts. He played the role of a godfather, who every year on his birthday had to present gifts to the child, and on his wedding day he had to give a gun or a horse, which were considered very valuable gifts.

From the history of Russian names

There are three periods in the history of Russian personal names:

1. pre-christian when old Russian names were used.
2. Period after Baptism of Russiawhen they appeared religious names given in honor of saints;
3. Modern period began after the October Revolution, abolished restrictions on giving religious names. At this time, foreign names appeared in Russia.

Old Russian namesrich in composition. Among the Old Russian names, the following groups stand out:

1. Numeric Names. First and First, Second, Tretyak, Quarter, Fifth and Pyatak, Shestak, Semoy and Semak, Osmoy and Osmak, Nine, Tenth. They reflect the order of birth of children in the family.
2. Names given by appearance, hair and skin color. Names were very common.Chernysh, Chernyay, Chernyava, Bel, Belyay, Belyak, Belukha. There were also names associated with body features:Mal, Malyuta, Small, Long, Dry, Tolstoy, Golovach, Loban.
3. Names associated with character traits, habits and behavior. There were namesFun, Scream, Silent, Unsmiling, Smeyana and Nesmeyana.
4. Names that reflect the attitude of parents to the child: Bogdan and Bogdana, Golub, Lyubava, Zhdan and Nejdan.
5. Names associated with the seasonin which the child was born:Veshnyak, Winter, Frost.

The adoption of Christianity by Russia (in 988) led to the appearance on the Russian land of completely new names,associated with the rite of baptism: according to Christian tradition, baptism is accompanied by the naming of a person with a Christian name. The child was named after the saint, whose name was listed in the Saints on the day of the child's christening. saints, or months is church calendar with the indication of holidays and days of remembrance of saints.If these names were not liked, the parents could not go against the will of the church.

1. Most of these names are Greek:Alexander, Gerasim, Anastasia, Varvara, Elena, Tatyana.

1. A group of names of Latin origin is distinguished:Valery, Roman, Valentina.

Third, modern periodin the history of the development of Russian names began afterOctober revolution. Appeared and names of Soviet origin.Every citizen had the right to choose any name for himself or his child. Also, any word could become a name. Women most often refused namesMatryona, Evdokia; men - from the names of Kuzma, Foma. Names were chosen insteadGalina, Valentina, Nina, and Vladimir, Nikolai, Alexander.Among the new names appeared names formed from the names of plants: Lily, or from geographical names: Irtysh.

Recently, some old Russian names are returning. So in our village there were namesMatthew, Daniel, Ephraim. It turns out that the new is the long-forgotten old.

We are called Tatyana and Elena

My name is Tatyana . That's what my dad called me. I was born on January 22, close to January 25 - Tatyana's day, so they gave me that name. I know about this story for a long time from the stories of my parents. But what the name Tatyana means, I did not know until I became interested in this topic. I found information about the name Tatiana in an encyclopedia and found out that Tatiana is one of the most common female names among Russians. According to one version, the name is of Roman origin, according to another, it is Greek. Saint Tatiana is venerated in Orthodox Church. The name became widespread in Russia, and from there it appeared in European countries. The name, presumably, means in Latin "belonging to Tatia" - the legendary king. There is another meaning - "organizer".

The name Tatyana is very popular in our family. my grandmothers : Dynnik Tatyana Gavrilovna (born March 10), Mitina Tatyana Ivanovna (October 20), mother Mitina Tatyana Grigorievna (June 14),my cousins: Chernysh Tatyana Yuryevna (June 5), Proskurnya Tatyana Alexandrovna (September 15), Nestrelyay Tatyana Nikolaevna (July 6). I really like the name Tatyana! And in our Khoroshkovskaya school there are six Tatyanas: three students and three teachers. It becomes clear that the name Tatyana is used at all times: 70, 30, and 10 years ago.

My name is Elena - name Greek origin. I am happy to wear it. AT early childhood I liked the name Anna. But I was Elena. I decided that I was named after my mother's sister and my godmother, Elena Zhukova. I asked my mother the question “Why am I Elena?” It turned out that my father chose this name for me. And there were several reasons. First of all, my father liked the name. Secondly, dad read names close to the birthday in the name day book. My birthday on June 5th was close to Elena's name day - June 3rd. That's how the little girl became Elena. I learned the meaning of the name in class 1 in a lesson with Elena Borisovna Shumik. She told all the guys the meaning of the names. I also liked that we both have such a beautiful name. There are only two Helens in our school now. This name means "chosen, bright", the name of a Greek mythical heroine, famous for her beauty. Meaning "torch" occurs.

There are two Helens among my close relatives. These are my aunts. Elena Zhukova is my mother's sister. Elena Dzyuba is the father's sister. I realized that the name Elena is in demand in different periods stories.

On the site "Goroskop.ru" I read about the features of Elena's character and found a resemblance to myself. “Little Elena loves fairy tales. Keeps a little closed, among children keeps apart, lives his own inner world. Very trusting, kind. She can pick up a homeless puppy on the street, bring him home. Easily gets carried away with something. Tries to knit, sew, embroider. She likes beauty in things. Has a good memory, does well in all subjects.

We compared our stories and realized that the way we were called has a lot in common. The names were chosen by our fathers. Our birthdays are close to name days. We also found out that our names are popular at all times. And yet, in our opinion, Elena and Tatyana are the most beautiful names!

Conclusion

It was very interesting for us to learn the traditions of naming in folk culture. We found out that different peoples showed ingenuity in their own way when choosing names for their children. studying dictionaries and electronic encyclopedia, we found definitions of the concepts "name", "name day". The study made it possible to compare and understand the difference between these words. Now we know that birthdays do not always coincide with name days. But there are times when the birthday is close to the name day, and this is the reason for choosing a name for the child. This is how we got our names.

It was exciting during the conversation to ask relatives about the distribution of the names Elena and Tatyana in our families. It is also important to note that our hypothesis was confirmed, it turned out that the traditions of choosing a name are repeated. Nowadays, there are names that were popular many years ago. But some names have always been popular. These names include our names - Elena and Tatyana.

However, the tradition of such naming did not take root. Yes, and a person who is constantly called not by his real name, but by a nickname, often acquired all the qualities inherent in this nickname. In such a situation, the name-amulet protected the person from who knows what. Since the name was not spoken out loud, it had no internal connection with its bearer.

The influence of a name on a person and his fate has been noticed for a long time. At all times it was believed, and quite rightly, that the word that is chosen for the name with love will help in life. But at the same time, to give a name, to call, means to acquire secret power. In different languages, the emotional coloring of the word does not change, and what means something pleasant has a sound that is pleasant to the ear, and vice versa.

Thus, the development of the name has a long history. Before the adoption of Christianity in Russia, original names were used, created on Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language. The Slavs chose to name their children any words that reflect the various properties and qualities of people, their character traits: Clever, Brave, Kind, Cunning; features of behavior, speech: Molchan; physical advantages and disadvantages: Oblique, Lame, Krasava, Curly, Chernyak, Belyay; the time and "order" of the appearance of a particular child in the family: Menshak, Elder, First, Second, Tretyak; profession: Peasant, Kozhemyaka and much more. Similar names were used among other peoples, it is enough to recall the names of the Indians that characterized the characteristics of a particular person: Eagle Eye, Sly Fox, etc. We had several other names, which later, with the adoption of Christianity and the fixing of names in church calendars, turned into into nicknames. Some of these nicknames have come down to us in the form of surnames: Cat, Beetle, Wolf, Sparrow. It should be noted that these surnames are very common.

From the 11th to the 17th century, the original Slavic names fade into the background, and the Byzantine-Greek ones come to the fore. With the advent of Christianity, a two-name system began to develop. In order to protect a person from evil spirits, he was called one name, but called a completely different one. For given period characterized by social stratification. At this time, ancient Russian names are common, which consist of two roots and contain the root -slav. These are such names as Vyacheslav, Svyatoslav, Yaroslav, Borislav, which were joined by Byzantine-Greek names with the same root: Stanislav, Bronislav, Miroslav, etc.

FROM early XVIII centuries until 1917, canonical names dominate, a three-term formula for naming a person (last name, first name, patronymic) is formed and distributed, a pseudonym appears.

After the revolution, newly formed names reflecting the events taking place in the country become very popular. The formation of new names especially affected girls. So, they were called Idea, Iskra, Oktyabrina. There is evidence that one girl was even called the Artillery Academy. It was fashionable to call twins a boy and a girl Revo and Lucia; the names of the boys Genius, Giant are known (it is noteworthy that these names did not always correspond to reality, and often completely contradicted). However, at that time, names appeared that continue their lives now: Lilia (it is similar to the Russian name Lydia and very harmonious), Ninel (reading the name Lenin in reverse order), Timur, Spartak.

The modern Russian name book includes many names that have various origins. But still, names that we can rightly call Russian have a huge advantage. Although there are very few actual Russian names left. Over time, the original meaning of the names was forgotten, and in fact, historically, each name was a word or phrase of some language. Almost all modern names came to us from Byzantium and have Greek roots, but many of them were borrowed from other ancient languages, or were simply borrowed from ancient Roman, Hebrew, Egyptian and other languages, and with this method of borrowing they were used only as a proper name, and not as a word, denoting something.

Almost all personal names that we have long been accustomed to consider Russian were brought by Christianity to Russia through Byzantium, which collected the best names from its language, as well as foreign names and canonized them, that is, officially legalized them, making them church names. Therefore, they are of Greek, Latin, Hebrew origin, occasionally you can find names belonging to some other Eastern languages, for example, Syriac, Egyptian. The same can be said about many other peoples. That is why there is a correspondence of names in different languages: Russian - Ivan, Polish - Jan, French - Jean, English - John, German - Johann; Russian - Michael, French - Michel, Polish - Michal; Russian - Olga, German - Helga; Russian - Pavel, French - Paul, German - Paul, etc. During the transition of names from other languages, their original meaning was lost (after all, they all came from common nouns), and they became only proper names.

Interestingly, different peoples chose roots of different meanings for the name. So, among the Slavs, the components predominate: "good", "holy", "light", "glory", "grow", "peace", "sweet", "glad", "love", among the Greeks and Romans - words, emphasizing in man moral qualities. Jews and Arabs, on the other hand, preferred to emphasize in their names the detachment from earthly goods and the appeal to God.

Many names that sound different have the same meaning. For example:

Nikita, Nikon (Greek), Victor, Victoria (Latin) - the winner.

Fedor, Dorotheus (Greek) - a gift from God.

George, Yuri, Yegor (Greek) - a farmer.

Oleg, Olga (Scand.) - saint.

Cyril (Greek) - master, Maria (aram.) - mistress.

Albina, Clara (lat.) - white.

Ivan, Zhanna, Yanina (ancient Hebrew), Eliza (ancient German) - the grace of God.

Marina (lat.), Pelageya (Greek) - sea.

Zoya (Greek), Vitaly, Eve, Vitaly (lat.) - life.

Felix, Beatrice, Beata (lat.) - happy.

However, the reverse is also observed: a large number of names in Russian names have a similar sound, but completely different meaning. Such names should not be confused, as they carry different information.

For example:

Erasmus (Greek) - beloved; Erast (Greek) - loving; Philip (Greek) - loving horses.

Valentine (lat.) - strong; Valery (lat.) - peppy, strong.

Vit (lat.) - defeated; Vitaly (lat.) - vital; Witold (ancient German) - forest ruler.

Veronica (Greek) - bringing victory, (lat.) - a true, genuine image; Nika (Greek) - victory.

Naming traditions

The ordering of Slavic names began with the compilation of church lists - Saints and Mena. By decision of Pope Gregory, it was allowed to call only names legalized by religion, or canonical, recorded in these books. All other names were called pagan. Canonical names were included in civil and church calendars. The same names appeared in the calendars for the same numbers associated with the veneration of one or another saint. Christian names were the names of ascetics and martyrs who died for the establishment of this religion. In addition, these same names belonged to the representatives of those peoples from whose language they were borrowed. Therefore, now these names are not perceived by us as church ones. The child was named after the saint, whose name was listed in the Saints on the day of the child's christening. Often these were very unfortunate sonorous names but parents could not go against the will of the church. True, the parents of an infant from wealthy families or belonging to the upper class had a certain privilege - they could choose a name without coordinating it with church calendar, but, nevertheless, this name should have been contained in the Saints.

Other naming systems have existed in the history of the name. For example, it was customary to change the names of the Papuans given to them at birth for others when the child grew up and turned into a girl or a boy. Representatives of the northern peoples believed that the child must be named in the first three days after his birth, since three days later the name would be prompted to him evil spirit which, of course, cannot bring him happiness. Among other peoples of the North, it was allowed to name a child only after a cradle was made for him. To do it before birth was considered bad omen- a child could be born dead or live for a short time, but without a name, the child was not allowed into his first dwelling. In African tribes, the naming system is even more interesting. It was believed that the soul of a deceased relative moves into a newborn, so it was important to determine whose soul wished to be born a second time in order to give her name to the child. This is what the shamans did.

It is impossible not to notice that all this is also inherent in Slavic names. The same name change - from a diminutive to a first name-patronymic, the same custom of naming a child in honor of departed relatives and a warning against naming living parents.

Abkhazia has been under the influence of various cultures since ancient times. Representatives of many nationalities lived on its territory. This influenced the formation of Abkhaz names. And yet, the Abkhaz remain faithful to their national names to this day.

In the history of the Albanian people, many contentious issues, even the meaning of a certain part of the ancient names remains unknown. Nevertheless, Albanians remain true to their names, receiving from them a powerful charge of positive energy.

How American names different from the names of other English-speaking countries? Why is it so difficult for a foreigner to understand who, a man or a woman, is he talking about? How to explain such a number of female names associated with flowers? What else do America's names say?

Thanks to the widespread of English language all over the world, wealth English Literature- English names are quite familiar to our ears. Moreover, there is some similarity with Russian names - the melody of pronunciation and the formation of diminutive forms. As in many other languages, the history of the origin of English names has become a reflection of the historical processes that took place on the territory of England.

Traditional Arabic names very complex. Each element of this name has a strictly designated purpose. A classic Arabic name can tell a lot of interesting things about its carrier. What is the meaning of modern Arabic names?

National Armenian names, of course, are the symbol that allows the representatives of this ancient people to maintain their national unity.

Some ancient Armenian names that have survived to this day appeared in the pre-Christian era. These are the names of pagan gods (Hayk, Anahit, Vahagn), the names of Armenian kings and commanders (Tigran, Ashot, Gevorg). Many names, both male and female, were formed from the names of various objects, abstract concepts, plants and animals. They evoke positive emotions - Arevik (sun), Vard (rose), Gohar (diamond), Mkhitar (consolation), Makrui (clean). special group names associated with religion - Arakel (apostle), Harness (saint), Mktich (baptist).

Among the foreign names in the Armenian name book, most of all are Persian and biblical borrowings - Suren, Gurgen, Movses (Moses), Soghomon (Solomon). AT Soviet period Armenians willingly called children Russian names, rewriting them in their own way - Valod, Volodik (Vladimir), Serozh, Serzhik (Sergey). This is how they are written in official documents. In the last century, Armenians developed a fashion for Western European names. Henry, Edward, Hamlet and Juliet can still be found among Armenians.

Talking about African names briefly is not easy. After all, Africa is a huge continent inhabited by various peoples. In our time, there are more than three thousand tribal and clan groups that have different traditions, religions, languages, customs, customs.

African Americans, descendants of slaves taken out of Africa several centuries ago, for a long time did not have the opportunity to choose a name for the child "by the call of blood." They were called by biblical names from the Old Testament. Now they are returning their native national names.

The Aztec culture lasted only 300 years and was swept away by the Spanish conquerors. But thanks to his bright personality and tragic history She still excites the imagination. Mysterious names The Aztecs contribute to this in no small measure.

The Bible is the most read and most quoted book in the world. Therefore, each of us is familiar with the names that are mentioned in it. But few people thought about the meaning of these ancient names. But all biblical male and female names have deep meaning and contain a fairly complete description of their first carriers. First of all, this concerns the Hebrew names. In classical Hebrew, words have a hidden content and are associated with the essence of objects and phenomena. The similarity of the essence of a person and the name that he bears distinguishes many biblical names.

Perhaps, not a single Slavic people has preserved so many ancient names as in Bulgaria. The history of the origin of most Bulgarian names has Slavic roots - Zhivko (live), Iveylo (wolf), Lyuben (love), Iskra, Rositsa (dew), Snezhana (snow woman). Two-part names are still very popular - Krasimir, Lubomir, Vladimir, Borislav, Desislava. Favorite national names are found in a variety of variants, many new names are formed from the same root. For example, "zora" (dawn, star) - Zoran, Zoran, Zorina, Zorka, Zoritsa. And how many "joyful" names - Radan, Radana, Radko, Radka, Radoy, Radoil, Radostin and just Joy.

When we talk about Holland, we invariably remember tulips, windmills, cheese and, of course, Dutch surnames, which are easily recognizable all over the world by the prefixes -van, -van der, -de. And few people know that names in the Netherlands not only appeared much before surnames, but are still more important for the Dutch.

Irina, Alexey, Tamara, Cyril, Alexander, Polina and many other names have become so familiar, “ours”, that it is hard to believe in their “overseas” origin. Meanwhile, these are names born before our era and imbued with the spirit ancient Hellas. With full confidence we can say that Greek names are the soul of the people. For example, in many men's Greek names the idea of ​​the inevitability of fate was reflected, and their male carriers in our time not only see the “hand of providence” in all events, but are also ready to fight against circumstances and are not afraid of the heat of passions.

The mystical power and huge popularity of Greek names lies in their history of origin. Some of them originate from ancient mythology - Aphrodite, Odysseas, Pinelopi. Others are associated with Christian values ​​- Georgios, Vasilios. Hebrew and Latin names easily adapted to the Greek pronunciation - Ioannis, Konstantinos. Most male and female ancient Greek names had an analogue of the opposite sex, some forms have survived to this day - Eugene-Eugene, Vasily-Vasilisa.
Greek names are surprisingly melodic and are distinguished by positive energy - Eleni (light), Parthenis (chaste), Chryseis (golden). In the rich nomenclature of the Greeks, there was a place for foreign borrowings, which had to slightly change their sound, for example, Robertos. And each official name has a colloquial form (Ioannis-Yannis, Emmanuel-Manolis).

The meaning of a large group of ancient Georgian names is associated with the languages ​​of numerous ethnographic groups of Georgians - Khevsurs, Pshavs, Imeretians, Mengrelians, Svans, Gurians. Folk names were formed from various concepts and common nouns.

Dagestan is a country of mountains. This small area is inhabited by Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Chechens and other mountain peoples who speak more than thirty languages. But, despite such a number of languages, the naming system of all Dagestan peoples is largely the same.

Jewish names have a special history, and it is connected with the difficult fate of this ancient people.
Most of the ancient Jewish names have survived to our times thanks to their mention in the Old Testament. There are more than two thousand of them in the Bible. Many male names formed from various names of God - Michael, Tsurishaddai, Yohanan. Sometimes theophoric names mean whole concepts - Israel (God-fighter), Elnatan (God gave).
Not all biblical names have a religious connotation. Like many other peoples, a separate group of Jewish names highlights any sign of a person - Iedida (sweetheart), Barzilai (hard like iron) or correlates with plants and animals - Rachel (sheep), Tamar (palm tree), Deborah (bee ).

Even in the Old Testament times, the Jews had names borrowed from the languages ​​of neighboring peoples. The Chaldeans "gave" Bebay and Atlay to the Jews, the Babylonians - Mordechai. In Jewish families one could meet Greek and Roman names - Antigonus, Julius. And Alexander, popular in many countries, became Sender among the Jews.
As the Jews became scattered throughout the world, some Hebrew names had to adapt to the language of the indigenous peoples. In the Arab countries, Abraham turned into Ibrahim, David into Daud. In Georgia, Yosef became Joseph; in Western Europe, Moses became Moises. In Russia, many Jews used Russian names that were close in pronunciation to traditional Jewish names - Boris-Berl, Grigory-Gersh, Lev-Leib. And so ancient Jewish names like Sarah, Dina, Solomon, Anna, Tamara, Elizabeth, Zakhar have long become international.

Many Indians call their children names or epithets of gods. So they invoke divine mercy on their child. But besides the personal name, there is also a collective name. How to determine the caste of a resident of India by this name?

At the end of the last century spanish names literally poured into our lives from the TV screens. The craze for Mexican and Brazilian TV series led to the fact that Russia has its own Luis Alberto, Dolores and, of course, “just Maria”. It is not surprising that exotic names, as if filled with a hot sun, were to the liking of some Russian parents. Another question is how such a Luis Alberto lives among Sing and Fedorov.

It remains a mystery - whether the cheerful Italians make their names so attractive, or whether the Italian name endows its carriers with positive energy. One way or another, but Italian names have a special charm and warmth. Perhaps the secret is that almost all Italian names end in a vowel. This gives them melodiousness and melodiousness.

Most Italian names have ancient origin. Latin names were a distinctive sign of a person - Flavio (blond), Luca (who came from Lucania). Commoners received names derived from the titles of the owners - Tessa (countess), Regina (queen). Names such as Elena, Ippolito were borrowed from myths Ancient Greece, and the Western European peoples enriched the Italian name book with their names, altered in the Italian way - Arduino, Teobaldo.

Christianity not only brought some Hebrew and Arabic names to the Italians, but also forbade calling children "barbarian" names. The name for the newborn could only be chosen from the Catholic calendar, and the same names in the same family were repeated from generation to generation. This was due to the fact that children were traditionally named after maternal and paternal ancestors. This custom has survived to this day. He led to the fact that many derivative names appeared in the Italian nomenclature. For example, Antonio - Antonello, Antonino, Giovanna - Giovanella, Ianella, Janella.

In any Kazakh family, the birth of a child is a big holiday. Therefore, the choice of a name for a newborn has always been treated with responsibility. Traditionally, the name was chosen by the grandfather or a respected person, so that the baby would grow up as a worthy person.

Modern Azerbaijani names varied in origin and meaning. In religious families, children are most often called Muslim names. According to folk tradition, children are given the names of respected people, prominent figures, literary heroes.

Chinese names name the personal characteristics of a person, distinguish him from the numerous members of the collective name. Traditionally male Chinese names note courageous character traits, military prowess and intelligence. What do female names emphasize?

Classic male Roman names were a reflection of the lifestyle and traditions of Ancient Rome. All of them consisted of at least two parts - a personal and generic name. Sometimes personal nicknames or names of offshoots of the main genus were added to them.

For Lithuanians, the name has always been the key word for determining the personality of a person. In ancient times, each of the Lithuanian names had its own individual meaning. If the name given at birth did not fit with the character or behavior of its bearer, then a nickname was chosen for him, reflecting the internal and external qualities - Juodgalvis (black-headed), Mazhulis (small), Kuprius (humped), Vilkas (wolf), Jaunutis (young).

Muslim names are a special layer of names that are allowed by Sharia law. Their main part is of Arabic origin, but there are names with Turkic and Persian roots.

In Muslim countries, there are certain rules that are strictly observed when choosing a name for a child. Allah has 99 names, but a person cannot bear the name of God. Therefore, the prefix "abd" (slave) is added to the names - Abdullah (slave of Allah). The names of the prophets and their companions are traditionally popular among Muslims - Mohammed, Isa, Musa. At the same time, the Shiites do not recognize the names of the caliphs who came to power after the Prophet Muhammad (Umar), and the Sunnis do not call their children the names of the Shiite imams (Jawad, Kazim). Naturally, all of the above applies to male Muslim names.

Female Muslim names conquer with their melodiousness. According to custom, names for girls should delight the ear with a harmonious sound, emphasize the beauty and virtues of the fair sex. Women are compared with flowers (Yasmine-jasmine), the moon (Ayla-moon-like), they highlight their external attractiveness (Alsu-beautiful). But the most popular Muslim female names are the names of the mother of the prophet Isa - Maryam, the wives and daughters of the prophet Muhammad - Aisha, Fatima, Zeynab.

In German families, when choosing a name for a newborn, simple rules are strictly observed. The name must necessarily indicate gender and cannot be fictitious. Indeed, why invent non-existent names when there is already a large selection. Moreover, the law does not limit the number of registered names, and some parents give their beloved child up to a dozen of them. Moreover, short forms of the name, for example, Katya, can be considered official.

The oldest German names appeared before our era. As in other languages, they described virtues and character traits man - Adolf (noble wolf), Karl (brave), Ludwig (who gained fame in battle). In modern German there are few such names left, about two hundred. From the second half of the 8th century christian names are gradually gaining more and more popularity. Children are increasingly called by biblical names of Hebrew, Greek or Roman origin. At the same time, proper German names associated with religion appear - Gotthold (the power of God).

The close ties of the Germans with other peoples brought to German culture borrowings from languages Western Europe and even Russian. German parents name their children famous actors and show business stars. Now in Germany, original foreign names are often becoming popular, which do not always meet the laws of German spelling. So, Gertrude is next to Natasha, and Hans is next to Lucas. But traditional German names have always prevailed over extravagant inclusions.

The history of the origin of Polish names, like others Slavic peoples, has its roots in the pre-Christian era. Early Polish names arose from common nouns, which were essentially the nicknames of people - Wilk (wolf), Koval (blacksmith), Goly (naked). The child was often named after a deceased relative, so some names were passed down from generation to generation and became fixed in the folk name book. The division of society into classes singled out the nobility. In this environment, names formed from two components (Vladislav, Kazimir), which are found in our time, have become popular.

AT Ancient Rome the attitude to names was more than serious. There was even a saying: "Names are not subject to disclosure." Therefore, the Roman priests avoided pronouncing the names of the patron gods of Rome - the enemies will recognize these names and lure the gods to themselves. And the slaves did not have the right to call the name of their master to a stranger.

The vast majority of Russian names, so familiar to our ears, in fact, do not have Slavic roots. They appeared in the Russian nomenology during the period of the establishment of Christianity in Russia. And, oddly enough, the original Slavic names were almost completely replaced from everyday life. How did our distant ancestors call each other?

The pagan Slavs lived in harmony with nature, believed in the existence of a soul in plants and animals, endowed natural phenomena with mystical power. The name served not only to distinguish people. It was both a personal amulet and a characteristic of a person. To ward off "evil spirits", the child was often given an unsightly name - Kriv, Malice. affectionate name, which the parents called the child, was kept secret so that no one could damage the baby through him. To a teenager, when some of his personal qualities was given a new name. Children were called names from the plant and animal world (Wolf, Nut). In large families, the name indicated the order of birth - Pervak, Devyatko. Names evaluated the personality and appearance of their carriers - Fool, Krasava, Malusha. Old Slavic names-nicknames have long disappeared from use, but at one time they became the basis for the formation of surnames - Volkov, Fools, Karasin.

The ancient names, consisting of two bases, which were originally the privilege of princely families, continue to live in modern world- Yaroslav, Svyatoslav, Miroslava. Already in Christian Russia, the female names Vera, Hope and Love, popular at all times, were born. This is a direct translation of the Greek words "pistis, elpis and agape" (faith, hope, love). The Slavic names Olga, Oleg, Igor were included in the calendar, their use was legalized by the church.

Serbs are a South Slavic people who, despite the centuries-old domination of the Ottoman Empire, were able to preserve national culture and language. This is evidenced Serbian names. The history of the origin of most Serbian names has Slavic roots.

The warlike nature of the numerous tribes that inhabited the lands of Scandinavia in ancient times left an imprint on the origin and meaning of most Scandinavian names. Even the custom of naming itself was rather harsh - the father had every right to recognize the newborn as a member of the family and give him a name in honor of his ancestors or abandon the baby.
Many ancient Scandinavian names are derived from common nouns calling features person, names of animals, objects or abstract concepts. Such nicknames could change as a new individual trait appeared.

The rich mythology of the Scandinavians also could not stay away from a kind of "fashion" for names - children were willingly called the names of mythical heroes. Even female names often had a formidable connotation - Hilda (battle), Ragnhilda (battle of the defenders). Most of these names have two bases, which makes them related to the ancient Slavic names - Wigmarr (glorious war), Alfhild (battle of the alves).
The commitment of the Scandinavian peoples to their national names, which came from the depths of centuries, is worthy of respect. Even the spread of Christianity and the power of the Church could not supplant the patriarchal names. In the Middle Ages, a child could generally be baptized under any pagan name. And even later, the baptismal name remained secret, and in everyday life people used the usual old names. And representatives of the military elite even called Christian names only for illegitimate children.

Soviet names, the fashion for which swept the inhabitants Soviet Union in the first half of the twentieth century, amaze with their "originality". It is impossible to imagine that now anyone would want to name their son Uryuvkos or Jarek. What do these names mean?

It so happened that the Tatar people “responded” to almost every historical event by forming or borrowing new names.
Pagan names had common roots with all Turkic peoples. Usually they indicated belonging to a particular genus and social status human - Ilbuga (homeland of the bull), Arslan (lion), Altynbike (golden princess).

In the 10th century, Islam, Arab and Persian names strengthened in the Tatar nomenclature. Some of them are undergoing changes, adapting to Tatar language- Gabdulla, Gali. Especially popular and now enjoy women's Tatar names Arabic origin. They are filled with positive energy and have a melodic sound - Latifa (beautiful), Valiya (holy).
AT Soviet time there was no need to call children only Muslim names, ancient names of Turkic-Bulgarian origin reappeared in everyday life - Aidar, Chulpan, Bulat. And the old names (Chanysh, Bikmulla) were replaced by new ones - Leysan, Azat. In many Tatar families, children began to be called European and Slavic names - Svetlana, Marat, Roza, Eduard.

There are a huge number of Tatar names. Their diversity is associated not only with extensive borrowings, but with creative fantasy Tatar people. This was manifested in the formation of new names with components from different languages ​​- Zhantimer (Persian-Turkic-Tatar), Shakhnazar (Arabic-Persian). There were female analogues of male names - Ilhamia, Farida. Despite the fact that the meanings of many Tatar names are difficult to determine, they are remembered for their beauty and originality.

In the Turkish nomenology, a worthy place is occupied by the most diverse names in origin and meaning. In Muslim families, they try to call their children by the names that are mentioned in the Koran. Folk names have a beautiful sound and an interesting meaning.

Turkic names are an ancient mirror, which reflected the ideas of the Turks about the world, their way of life, relations in society. The names tell about the militant nature of their bearers, about who the Turks worshiped, what character traits they valued.

Uzbek names amaze with their diversity, bizarre pattern of construction and multifaceted meaning. To some, these names may seem exotic and unusual. Their true meaning becomes clear if we consider the history of the origin of Uzbek names as a reflection of the way of life, traditions and customs of the people.

Ukrainian names differ little from Russian and Belarusian names, they have a similar history of origin with them. This is due to the historical commonality of the East Slavic peoples, close traditions and a single faith.

The history of the origin of ancient Finnish names is closely connected with the subtle perception of nature by the Finns. In the old days, names were formed from the names of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world - Ilma (air), Kuura (hoarfrost), Villa (grain), Suvi (summer). Until the 16th century, the Finns did not have their own written language, and the Finnish language was considered the language of the common people until the middle of the 19th century. Folk names were passed from mouth to mouth, forgotten over time, they were replaced by new names borrowed from other peoples.

Ah, these luxurious french names! How they fascinated Russian society in the 19th century. It was enough to change the name a little and put the emphasis on the last syllable, and the rustic Masha turned into a sophisticated Marie, and the bumpkin Vasya into the aristocrat Basil. At the same time, few people knew that French names proper, in fact, are “foreigners” in their homeland. Their origin is associated with historical events that led to numerous borrowings from the names of various ancient tribes and peoples.

On the territory of France, the population has long used Celtic (Bridget, Alan-Alen), Greek and Hebrew names (Dion, Eve). The Romans left their generic names (Mark, Valerie) as a "legacy" to the French. And after the German invasion, German names appeared in the name book (Alphonse, Gilbert). In the 18th century Catholic Church forbade naming children by names not included in the Catholic naming calendar. The choice of a name for French newborns became limited, borrowings ceased.
AT modern France these restrictions have been lifted, and parents are free to choose any name they like for their child. Foreign names became popular again - Tom, Lucas, Sarah. The French are quite warm about Russian names, using them in a short form. Calling a little Frenchwoman Tanya or Sonya is a special chic. How to pronounce in Russia Russian name with a French accent.

Gypsies living in different countries not only preserve their traditions, but also have to adapt to different cultures and languages. This is the reason for the complex system of gypsy names and the history of their origin. In today's world, every gypsy has an official name and surname, registered in the passport in full accordance with the laws and customs of the country of residence. But along with the official name, it is customary for gypsies to have their own, gypsy, "internal" or "secular" name. "Secular" names can be divided into proper gypsy names, foreign names adapted to Romani culture, and directly borrowed names from other languages.

Today, the vast majority of Chechens in choosing a name for a child try to adhere to established traditions. 90% of modern Chechen names are of Arabic origin. At the same time, borrowed Russian and Western names, mostly female ones, sometimes “penetrate” the Chechen name book. Some of them are even short form names - Lisa, Sasha, Zhenya, Raisa, Tamara, Rosa, Louise, Zhanna.

The history of the origin of Scottish names is like a mosaic. Every period is difficult eventful life of the Scottish people, has left its mark on the names. Most ancient population Scotland, the legendary Picts, representatives of the Celtic tribes (Scots and Gaels), Roman conquerors - all of them influenced the composition and meaning of Scottish names.

The Yakuts have always been very responsible in choosing a name for a child. Their names became the wishes of parents to see their children strong, healthy and happy. If the name did not match the character or appearance, the person received a new name.

The choice of names for newborns is unlimited. Parents can make any name for their child. The main thing is that you can use only permitted hieroglyphs, of which there are about two thousand. How did the ancient samurai clan influence the formation of new names?

Most unusual people in matters of choosing a name - the Indians. They were allowed to have many names and change them throughout their lives. The Indians assigned names referring to merit or distinctive features person. For example, Gvivisensish is a bad boy, Gizhiyash is a fast swimmer.

Armenians name children after kings, gods, generals, planets, precious stones and holidays. Popular names are Narek (offering, gift) and Milena (dear). In Kazakhstan, sonorous names are preferred. Akbota: Ak - white, Bota - a small camel. Common names are Damelya (reassuring) and Rahat (pleasure). The French give the child at least two names. The choice is simplified by the fact that children are called by the names of relatives. Thus, the focus is on the family tree. On the day of baptism, the name of the saint is added. In Greece, children are named after their grandparents. The Japanese write the surname in capital letters, so as not to be confused with the given name. The name of the child often depends on the order of birth of the child in the family.

If the 1st child is a boy, then the suffix - kazu is added to the name, if the 2nd son - ji, the third - zo. Women's names ending in -mi denote beauty. For example, Akemi is dazzlingly beautiful.

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You probably know the phrase from the movie “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears”, which has long become winged: “I need Georgy Ivanovich, he is Yuri, he is Gosha, he is Zhora, he is Gora ...”.

Why do different names have so many variations?

Why are people called by the same names in different countries and even on different continents?

Science answers these questions. anthroponymy, which studies the origin, evolution and functional component of names.

Scientifically, proper or personal names (for example, Ivan, Maria, Svetlana) are called anthroponyms. By the way, anthroponyms also include patronymics, surnames, nicknames and even nicknames.

But let's focus on the names for now. How is it that, living in different countries, having different histories, cultures and languages, we have, if not the same, then very similar names?

HISTORY UNITES US

In fact, everything lies precisely in history.

All nationalities, regardless of their territorial location, went through similar milestones of evolution, a similar cultural path of development, during which the first and subsequent names appeared, as well as the traditions of naming people.

In ancient times, people identified themselves with the Universe, believed in their origin and dependence on the nature around them - plants, animals, as well as natural phenomena. The reason for choosing a name was also the expected or desired qualities of a newborn person, as well as his external signs. Another significant "reason" for getting a name is the occupation that the family of the newborn is engaged in.

The most obvious and, perhaps, famous example names of people from these points of view can be called names in Indian tribes. You probably read and remember fascinating books about Indians, where the main characters were called Vigilant Falcon, Leather Stocking, St. John's Wort, Faithful Hand, etc.

The same can be said about Old Russian names. Digging through the archives and descriptions of family trees, you can find names such as Oladin Pie, Rusin, Kozhemyaka, Dobr, Khitr, Molchan, etc. Agree that from the examples given, you can easily guess what this or that family was doing, or what this or that person was like.

Many of the names that are still used today have come to us since pagan times, when people wanted to give their child a sonorous, promising or "happy" name.

For example, how would you decipher and compare two such names as Valdemar and Vladimir? It turns out that they really have a lot in common:

The Slavic name Vladimir consists of two parts and literally means " own the world»;

In turn, Valdemar similarly means kingdom and glory (valtan + mar), so in Germany you can safely call Vova Waldemar.

A similar example of "loud" names that have the same roots, but different sounds - is widely known and quite popular Henry and already forgotten Slavic Domazhir. Although it is hard to believe, but, in fact, people with such names are full namesakes, since in the literal sense their names mean “wealth (“fat” - in the Slavic example) in the house.

AND RELIGION

The greatest importance in the emergence of names was played religious beliefs rituals, beliefs and traditions. This largely explains why we all have namesakes in other countries, which, by the way, we may not even be aware of.

United many nations Christian faith, which, in turn, collected and consecrated, or, more correctly, canonized many names from different languages. At one time, at the baptism of children, newborns should have been given only those names that were allowed or “welcomed” by the church. It is now that parents can give their child any name that comes into their head.

For example, recall that in the early years Soviet power such “pearl names” appeared as Oktyabrina, Noyabrina or Elmira, meaning “electrification of the world”. At the same time, names appeared at the same time - analogues of traditional foreign ones, but with a completely different meaning. For example, the Soviet Gertrude is not at all a German analogy, but an abbreviation for "Hero of Labor". Or male version- Renat: this name, familiar to Tatars and Muslims, is also an abbreviation of the high-profile Soviet slogan "Revolution, Science, Labor." Here are the namesakes for you!

· Today, "advanced" moms and dads also amaze with their rich imagination, calling their children unimaginable names. For example, in domestic registry offices in recent times babies were registered with the names Uslada, Dolphin, Lunalika and even a name in the form of a set of numbers...

But let's get back to traditional names that have similarities in different nationalities and mean the same thing in different languages.

Christian names were most widespread in the 10th century. Orthodox world actively borrowed or, more precisely, collected the best names around the world. As a rule, they are of Greek, Latin and Hebrew origin - which is why names that mean essentially the same thing can differ markedly in pronunciation. Byzantium, located between Europe and Asia, played a special role in the spread of Christianity, therefore the names legalized by the Byzantine Empire are somewhat different.

There are many examples of such "international" names.

One of the most famous and common is the name Ivan, to which, by analogy with the phrase from the movie “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears” mentioned at the beginning of the article, you can add:

He is John and Johann, Gianni, Jean and Johan, Giovanni and Joao, Juan and Jens, as well as Janos and Jan. Most of our compatriots Ivanov do not even realize how many namesakes they have around the world!

Among other names that are widespread everywhere, it should be noted such as Anna and Maria, Andrei and Alexei, Olga and Ekaterina, Mikhail and Yuri and many others. If you trace the history of their origin, then immediately revealed religious origins.

Here are a few examples in the table of what the name means and how it sounds in multilingual interpretations:

These are far from all examples, and the list can be supplemented with analogues of these and other names in other languages ​​(for example, in Italian George is Giorgio, Alexander is Alessandro, and the famous Shakespearean heroine Juliet is the namesake of Russian Julia). As you can see from the table, the names are more than similar to each other - the differences are explained by the linguistic features of each language.

ALL NEW - WELL FORGOTTEN OLD

There are several other reasons for the international "interpenetration" of names, in particular, this is globalization and the expansion of ties between different countries. But even in such cases, it often turns out later that a foreign name is a well-forgotten anthroponym, which is already more than one century old. For example, modern Angelica and Angelina are the namesakes of girls who long ago bore the name Angelina.