What names should not be given to Muslims. Lists of foreign (national) names

Every person is given a name at birth. Long before a child is born, parents think about what they will name it. Why is it so important? Of course, the name distinguishes one person from another. But still, giving a name to a child, we change something in it. To the date of birth and biological characteristics, which were combined in a new person by the will of fate, we want to add a wish, parting words, the first gift is a name. Does it affect the fate of the newborn? Even someone who considers himself a convinced materialist cannot but admit that he influences. So people have always tried to understand exactly how it happens. This was done not only by astrologers, but also by representatives of other occult teachings.

Perhaps this will surprise the reader, but proper names have long been the subject of study. After all, a word, like any sound, has a wave nature and directly affects the human brain. A name is a word that a person hears all his life more often than other words. Therefore, naturally, it has a direct impact on the development and formation of a person, on his perception of reality, and even on appearance, and as a result, on his fate.

Every citizen has a given name, surname and patronymic. The name has a social meaning, determining the status of a person by its form. Appeals by name, first name and patronymic, surnames show the different roles of a person in society and reflect different attitude to him. Each form sounds different and has its own shade of meaning. All this, and more, should be seriously considered by parents who choose a name for their child.

In this book you will find a lot of useful information to help you choose a name for your child. If you tend to have a materialistic perception of the world, you can choose a name based on it. historical roots, euphony and impact on perception. If you believe in astrology and numerology, you can choose a name using the recommendations of the most famous astrologers. Believers will be able to use the name day calendar and choose a name using the Saints.

The reader will learn about the names in other cultures, the history of their origin and their unusual relationship. After reading the book, you will understand how close people of different cultures are to each other, how intertwined were the destinies of all people and their names in human history. Of course, this will allow you to make a good choice and present your child with a worthy gift.

The book also contains a lot of practical information, for example, how to change the name and surname, how the names sound in different languages. It can be useful not only for choosing a name for a child, but it can become an exciting and useful read for absolutely everyone.

fate and name

The history of the origin of names

Proper names have been highlighted in ancient times. Of course, it is impossible to find witnesses who would confirm this, but even the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus (c. 280-208 / 205 BC) singled out names as a separate group of words. Today, the study of people's proper names, the laws of their emergence and development, their structure, functioning in society, distribution is engaged in anthroponymy ("anthropos" - a person, "onyma" - a name). The proper names of people are called anthroponyms.

People have always been given names. There are many legends and legends about how they arose. Here is one of them. In a distant time, when the Higher Mind gave people speech, there was one language. Each word reflected the inner essence of things. Whoever knew the word gained power over what it meant. Chaos arose in the world, because people could not decide who exactly would rule and who would obey. Then the priests came up with other words for everything in the world, in order to prevent the uninitiated from using true names things to evil. Higher knowledge turned out to be beyond the reach of man. As a result, different languages ​​arose, and true language was hidden and then almost completely lost. So it is said about the language, words and names in the legends of many peoples. The same thing happened with the names of people.

People now had to invent names themselves. Moreover, in many cultures, the child was given two names - close to the present and the second, for general use, so that no one could, knowing the real name, harm the child. Our distant ancestors understood that a name is not just the name of a person to distinguish him from others, but a kind of verbal formula that is somehow connected with the fate of a person and power over him. They tried to use it in different ways.

In Indian and some African tribes given repulsive names to ward off evil spirits. Once upon a time it was believed that only the person himself and his parents should know the real name. In Indian tribes, a young man learned his real name only on the day he was recognized as an adult through meditation and communication with spirits and did not tell anyone. Old Indian shamans say that often this name could not be pronounced with normal sounds, it existed only as a mixture of image and sound.

The ancient Greeks gave the child the names of gods and heroes, hoping that the child would enjoy their favor and inherit their qualities and destiny. But calling children by similar names was somehow tactless, and dangerous - after all, the gods of the Hellenes lived very close - on Mount Olympus, were very similar to people and often communicated with them. They might not like such familiarity. Therefore, for everyday appeal to the gods, various epithets were used, which also transformed into names. For example, Victor is the winner, Maxim is the greatest. These epithets were called Zeus. Mars wore a laurel branch, hence the name Laurus. Many gods wore headdresses like crowns or diadems. Hence the name Stefan - crowned.

However, the tradition of giving children the direct names of the gods, although not the supreme ones, was also preserved in order to avoid their wrath for such impudence. The names Muse, Apollo, Aurora, Maya are still in use. Later, this desire became a Christian tradition to give names in honor of the righteous, canonized as saints.

In Russia, there was another tradition: the parents gave the newborn a name that was real - it was known to the parents, godparents and especially close people. It combined the wishes for the baby, the hopes and aspirations of the parents, it reflected the love for the child and the desire for his happiness. Then the child was wrapped in matting and taken out of the threshold, as if demonstrating evil spirits that they found an abandoned baby, which is not particularly needed. And they called him such a name that would scare away evil spirits and lull her attention. "They call Zovutka, but they call it a duck." It means what to call given name to a stranger was considered dangerous. What if the stranger was a sorcerer who could use the knowledge of the name for evil. Giving the child a dissonant and repulsive name, they hoped that the evil forces would not bother themselves with harming the unworthy, and also the plain name would not arouse the envy of the gods. The ceremony of the second naming was carried out in adolescence, when the main character traits were formed. The name was given based on these traits.

However, the tradition of such naming did not take root. Yes, and a person who is constantly called not by his real name, but by a nickname, often acquired all the qualities inherent in this nickname. In such a situation, the name-amulet protected the person from who knows what. Since the name was not spoken out loud, it had no internal connection with its bearer.

The influence of a name on a person and his fate has been noticed for a long time. At all times it was believed, and quite rightly, that the word that is chosen for the name with love will help in life. But at the same time, to give a name, to call, means to acquire secret power. In different languages, the emotional coloring of the word does not change, and what means something pleasant has a sound that is pleasant to the ear, and vice versa.

Thus, the development of the name has a long history. Before the adoption of Christianity in Russia, original names were used, created on Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language. The Slavs chose to name their children any words that reflect the various properties and qualities of people, their character traits: Clever, Brave, Kind, Cunning; features of behavior, speech: Molchan; physical advantages and disadvantages: Oblique, Lame, Krasava, Curly, Chernyak, Belyay; the time and “order” of the appearance of a particular child in the family: Menshak, Elder, First, Second, Tretiak; profession: Peasant, Kozhemyaka and much more. Similar names were used among other peoples, it is enough to recall the names of the Indians that characterized the characteristics of a particular person: Eagle Eye, Sly Fox, etc. We had several other names, which later, with the adoption of Christianity and the fixing of names in church calendars, turned into into nicknames. Some of these nicknames have come down to us in the form of surnames: Cat, Beetle, Wolf, Sparrow. It should be noted that these surnames are very common.

From the 11th to the 17th century, the original Slavic names fade into the background, and the Byzantine-Greek ones come to the fore. With the advent of Christianity, a two-name system began to develop. In order to protect a person from evil spirits, he was called one name, but called a completely different one. For given period characterized by social stratification. At this time, ancient Russian names are common, which consist of two roots and contain the root -slav. These are such names as Vyacheslav, Svyatoslav, Yaroslav, Borislav, which were joined by Byzantine-Greek names with the same root: Stanislav, Bronislav, Miroslav, etc.

FROM early XVIII centuries until 1917, canonical names dominate, a three-term formula for naming a person (last name, first name, patronymic) is formed and distributed, a pseudonym appears.

After the revolution, newly formed names reflecting the events taking place in the country become very popular. The formation of new names especially affected girls. So, they were called Idea, Iskra, Oktyabrina. There is evidence that one girl was even called the Artillery Academy. It was fashionable to call twins a boy and a girl Revo and Lucia; the names of the boys Genius, Giant are known (it is noteworthy that these names did not always correspond to reality, and often completely contradicted). However, at that time, names appeared that continue their lives now: Lilia (it is similar to the Russian name Lydia and very harmonious), Ninel (reading the name Lenin in reverse order), Timur, Spartak.

The modern Russian name book includes many names that have various origins. But still, names that we can rightly call Russian have a huge advantage. Although there are very few actual Russian names left. Over time, the original meaning of the names was forgotten, and in fact, historically, each name was a word or phrase of some language. Almost all modern names came to us from Byzantium and have Greek roots, but many of them were borrowed from other ancient languages, or were simply borrowed from ancient Roman, Hebrew, Egyptian and other languages, and with this method of borrowing they were used only as a proper name, and not as a word, denoting something.

Different names - similar roots

Almost all personal names that we have long been accustomed to consider Russian were brought by Christianity to Russia through Byzantium, which collected best names from their own language, as well as foreign names and canonized them, that is, officially legalized them, making them church names. Therefore, they are of Greek, Latin, Hebrew origin, occasionally you can find names belonging to some other Eastern languages, for example, Syriac, Egyptian. The same can be said about many other peoples. That is why the correspondence of names in different languages ​​can be traced: Russian - Ivan, Polish - Jan, French - Jean, English - John, German - Johann; Russian - Michael, French - Michel, Polish - Michal; Russian - Olga, German - Helga; Russian - Pavel, French - Paul, German - Paul, etc. During the transition of names from other languages, their original meaning was lost (after all, they all came from common nouns), and they became only proper names.

It's interesting that different nations roots of different meanings were chosen for the name. So, among the Slavs, the components prevail: “good”, “holy”, “light”, “glory”, “grow”, “peace”, “sweet”, “glad”, “love”, among the Greeks and Romans - words, emphasizing in man moral qualities. Jews and Arabs, on the other hand, preferred to emphasize in their names the detachment from earthly goods and the appeal to God.

Many names that sound different have the same meaning. For example:

Nikita, Nikon (Greek), Victor, Victoria (Latin) - the winner.

Fedor, Dorotheus (Greek) - a gift from God.

George, Yuri, Yegor (Greek) - farmer.

Oleg, Olga (Scand.) - saint.

Cyril (Greek) - master, Maria (aram.) - mistress.

Albina, Clara (lat.) - white.

Ivan, Zhanna, Yanina (dr. Heb.), Eliza (dr. German) - God's mercy.

Marina (lat.), Pelageya (Greek) - sea.

Zoya (Greek), Vitaly, Eve, Vitaly (lat.) - life.

Felix, Beatrice, Beata (lat.) - happy.

However, the reverse is also observed: a large number of names in Russian names have a similar sound, but completely different meaning. Such names should not be confused, as they carry different information.

For example:

Erasmus (Greek) - beloved; Erast (Greek) - loving; Philip (Greek) - loving horses.

Valentine (lat.) - strong; Valery (lat.) - peppy, strong.

Vit (lat.) - defeated; Vitaly (lat.) - vital; Witold (ancient German) - forest ruler.

Veronica (Greek) - carrying victory, (lat.) - a true, genuine image; Nika (Greek) - victory.

Naming traditions

The ordering of Slavic names began with the compilation church lists- Saints and Mena. By decision of Pope Gregory, it was allowed to call only names legalized by religion, or canonical, recorded in these books. All other names were called pagan. Canonical names were included in civil and church calendars. The same names appeared in the calendars for the same numbers associated with the veneration of one or another saint. Christian names were the names of ascetics and martyrs who died for the establishment of this religion. In addition, these same names belonged to the representatives of those peoples from whose language they were borrowed. Therefore, now these names are not perceived by us as church ones. The child was named after the saint, whose name was listed in the Saints on the day of the child's christening. Often these were very unfortunate sonorous names but parents could not go against the will of the church. True, the parents of an infant from wealthy families or those belonging to the upper class had some privilege - they could choose a name without harmonizing it with the church calendar, but, nevertheless, this name should have been contained in the Saints.

Other naming systems have existed in the history of the name. For example, it was customary to change the names of the Papuans given to them at birth for others when the child grew up and turned into a girl or a boy. Representatives northern peoples it was believed that the child must be named in the first three days after his birth, since three days later the name would be suggested to him by evil spirits, which, of course, cannot bring him happiness. Among other peoples of the North, it was allowed to name a child only after a cradle was made for him. To do it before birth was considered bad omen- a child could be born dead or live for a short time, but without a name, the child was not allowed into his first dwelling. In African tribes, the naming system is even more interesting. It was believed that the soul of a deceased relative moves into a newborn, so it was important to determine whose soul wished to be born a second time in order to give her name to the child. This is what the shamans did.

It cannot be overlooked that all this is inherent and Slavic names. The same name change - from a diminutive to a first name-patronymic, the same custom of naming a child in honor of deceased relatives and a warning against naming living parents.

Now we do not have a question about who will name the child. This is usually done by the parents. They choose a name according to their taste, sometimes they give a name in honor of their grandmother, grandfather or some other respected and beloved relative. But in the history of the name, you can find evidence of who chose the name from different peoples, and these were not always parents. Often people believed that only a stranger, a stranger, could give the best name to a child. He chooses the name objectively, and therefore the child should be happy. A stranger giving a name to a child was surrounded by honor, treated very generously, and awarded with gifts. He played the role of a godfather, who every year on his birthday had to present gifts to the child, and on his wedding day he had to give a gun or a horse, which were considered very valuable gifts. In some Nigerian tribes, the whole village chose the child's name.

The tribes inhabiting New Zealand, give the child the name on which he sneezes. Here's how it happens: first, the father lists the qualities that he wants to see in his child, then he accompanies his words with a song in which he names names, one of which the newborn should choose for himself. The child receives the name, at the pronunciation of which he sneezes. Interestingly, sometimes this sneezing was expected for about a day. But what if this is the custom?

The social role of the name is enormous, and in the history of the development of names, traditions are intricately intertwined that reflect the relationship of people among themselves, with the state and with God. As human communities grew, one name for identification was no longer enough. This situation has come out in different ways. The tradition of patronymics has taken root among the Orthodox. Among Catholics one could meet whole garlands of names. So, in Spain of the 18th century, each nobleman had the right to 6 names, noble nobles could have 12 names, and even the highest-ranking persons had an unlimited number of names. Each name was the name of a heavenly protector than more people had names more defenders he had. But for each name, the church that gave those names had to be paid. Therefore, the poor could not afford such a luxury and used only one or two names. The nobility demonstrated the train of their names as an indicator of their state. This tradition remains, but long names rarely seen today. In a number of Spanish-speaking countries, the name of a person is in the middle between the names of the mother and father, and among the Jews, only the name of the mother matters.

The Indians of the Kwakutl tribe adhere to an unusual tradition - if a representative of their tribe borrows money from someone, then he must leave his name as a pledge. Until he repays the debt, he has no right to bear his name. He is not addressed in any way, or they use gestures and sounds as an address. Isn't it, it speaks of great respect for the name?

Meaning and interpretation of names

Each name that came to us from other languages, or that has primordially Russian origin, is formed from a certain word and has its own meaning. But today this meaning has been so erased that we no longer draw a parallel between the name and its meaning. A name, unlike any other word, does not denote any object, but names a specific person, and due to the repetition of one name, it is often not enough to separate one person from another, for this you still need to know the patronymic and surname.

At present, anthroponymists, on the basis of the conducted research, are trying to formulate the psychological characteristics of the bearer of a certain name. According to this theory, each name has its own specific features (after all, it is no coincidence that the name has a meaning), which form the character of its owner. This theory is a great success, since it has been proven in practice that indeed each name leaves a certain imprint on a person, as a result of which certain character traits are formed in him. Anthroponymic studies were carried out, during which it was found that carriers of the same name have common features character, and often most of the owners of the same name even have a similar appearance. This, of course, is about the type of appearance, and not about specific features.

In addition, when choosing a name, you should think about the correspondence between the sound characteristics of the name of the surname and patronymic. It has been proven that the more harmonious a person's name, the more harmonious it will be. inner world and consequently, the luckier and happier he will be.

The philosopher A.F. Losev wrote about names: “Looking for the appropriate term for a name in languages, I cannot find anything better than the term “magic”. Magic is usually understood as just this semantic charge of a certain idea, which, being actually expressed and directed to this direction, is discharged in the form of major events in a given area of ​​reality. There is no actual direction of meaning in the symbol; it is in the name. A name always comes from somewhere and goes somewhere, while a symbol is simply given as a static being. Therefore, the introduction of the moment of magic into the dialectical formula of the name is its essential addition. The name is a personal and energetic symbol, or an energy-personal symbol. This formula, however, expresses its essence more clearly if we say that the name is a magic-mythical symbol.

Possibly related to this existing legend about how once Alexander the Great noticed among the soldiers of his army a man who always ran away from the battlefield. When he learned that his name was also Alexander, he told him: “Either be brave in battle, or change your name so that they don’t confuse me with you.”

Interestingly, there is a fashion for names. In a certain period of time, one name or a group of names becomes fashionable. This may be due to the heroes of books, movies, popular at that time, with names famous people, artists, etc. But you should not get carried away with such names, since during the period of popularity one or another name becomes overly popular, and a person who has received such a name may be doomed to a lack of individuality. Agree, a person with an ordinary Russian name, not pretentious, but not very common, attracts much more attention. In this regard, it is worth recalling such good Russian names that were undeservedly forgotten, for example: Savely, Semyon, Avdey, Evdokia, Alevtina, Varvara, etc.

How to choose a name

Tribal and national traditions

The choice of name is due different traditions. In many cultures, a person has several names. One of them accompanies the child in childhood, the other - during adolescence, and the third - the final, adult name given to a person at the age of majority. So it was accepted in the Indian tribes, as well as in China, where there is a dairy name, school, marriage and even official. In the Russian tradition, we also observe that children are used in childhood, pet name, then - complete, and as an indicator that a person has taken place and is not only a full-fledged person, but also acquires significance as a guardian of the clan, he is called by his first name and patronymic, which has always been considered a tribute and not used for everyone. In more early period this treatment was primordially noble, people of the lower classes were called derogatory names, and only the most respected were honored with the full name.

Together with the name, a heavenly patron is given to a person, who can be an intercessor before God. Orthodox and Catholics believe in this. Therefore, when choosing a name, find out which saint's name he will inherit, who will be his patron. This is important to know in the event that you or someone else will apply with a prayer for the forgiveness of sins, for assistance in worldly affairs about healing severe ailments, about keeping your property or advancing your career. Even if you are an agnostic yourself, give your child the opportunity to choose for himself whether to be a believer or not.

Many beliefs and traditions are associated with naming, in which pagan ideas about higher powers and Christian doctrine. Since these traditions have gone through centuries of testing, they should not be discounted. We will tell about some of them.

It was believed that naming a child by the name of a righteous man is good, and by the name of a martyr, dooming him to wandering and torment in life.

They did not give the child the name of the father, mother, brother, sister, the names of all those who live in the house - he or his namesake could die. This is a purely pagan belief, but there are many observations that confirm its correctness.

It is believed that a girl should not be called by her mother's name - it will be difficult for them to find mutual language.

It is believed that girls should not be named male names, because they grow up rough, often with difficulty getting married.

In no case were three people named by the same name.

For example, if a grandmother, daughter and granddaughter were called by the same name, then this was considered a bad omen. Our ancestors believed that of the three, the first takes the last. If such a situation has developed in your family, you need to baptize all three in three churches on the same day with other names. If the first one has already died, then the younger one still needs to be baptized. Moreover, the one who should be baptized, according to folk beliefs, must arrive at the church first and enter the baptismal first, ahead of the rest of the people.

However, it was considered most favorable to name children in honor of grandparents, even living ones - after all, they voluntarily transfer the strength of their spirit to their beloved grandchildren.

They did not give the child the name of the deceased baby in the family, so that he would not repeat his fate.

Before the christening, the name of the child was not told to anyone, so as not to jinx it. And if they asked the name of the child, they answered: “My child is given by God and his name is Bogdan.”

Prior to baptism, the child was usually given a temporary name.

If newborn children died in the family, then they were called Adam and Eve, in honor of the grandparents. Or they gave the names of their parents, thereby conveying an evil fate to them.

On the day of the name day, you need to break something from the dishes, even if on purpose - for good luck.

In general, the choice of a name is very important decision in the lives of parents who define future destiny your child. After all, first of all, the name is the answer to the questions “who am I?” and “what am I?”. Try asking a three-year-old, "Who are you?" - and, most likely, he will answer either: “I am a boy (girl)”, or he will call the name by which he is called at home. Of course the name defines future life of a person not to the same extent as, say, sex, but it allows the baby to be psychologically aware of himself as a person, and this is a very important factor in development.

Choosing a name for a child is a very important first intervention in his destiny and an attempt to direct it in a better direction. This right belongs to the parents. It often happens that some kind of intuition tells a mother what to name her child when he has not yet been born. Maybe it’s worth following him, but still, before choosing a name, it doesn’t hurt to correlate it with the surname, patronymic, birth sign. When the child is born, one should choose from the proposed names the one that best fits the date of birth.

Be sure to think about what name your child will be called in childhood. You should not choose a name that is too pretentious, as it can become an occasion for ridicule. For boys, when choosing a name, one should take into account that someday he will become a father and will think about how his name forms a patronymic.

The name is directly related to nationality. Receiving the name of his people, the child involuntarily begins to reckon himself in his history and inherit national character. There are also international names that give the baby greater freedom in national self-determination. They have some unifying meaning, that is, it is easier for a person with this name to feel like a "citizen of the world."

If you live in multinational country treat yours with respect national traditions. If you want to imprint in the name the belonging of a son or daughter to certain culture, first of all, think about the language environment in which they will live. If, for example, at home muslim name child will sound absolutely natural, then in a Russian-speaking environment a boy with that name will constantly face questions and distortions of his name. It is still better to choose a name that is more or less familiar to native speakers of the Russian language and therefore better remembered.

In such a situation, it is useful to know about "international" names that have variants in different languages ​​- both European and Eastern (among them - Maria, Ivan, Yakov, Gabriel, George, etc.).

If in a mixed marriage the name or patronymic of the child has a pronounced affiliation to specific language and culture, think about how your chosen name will be combined with the patronymic and surname of the child. The principle of unity is very important here: a foreign name will be dissonant with the Russian surname and patronymic.

Foreign names should be given with caution. The combination of Orlando Ivanovich would probably bring a lot of suffering to its owner. It is better if it is a name that is adapted to the culture in which you live. For the Orthodox, it is desirable that the name be in the Saints if you are going to baptize a child. Of course, the surge of infatuation foreign names, which gave such strange combinations as Esther Petrovna, John Ivanovich and others, has already passed, and in recent times there is an opposite trend - a return to old Russian names: Praskovya, Taras, Agafya, Thekla, Akim, Zakhar. Of course, a name that is too rare, subtracted from the ancient Saints, for example, Ardalion or Psoy, will distinguish a child from others, but fashion passes quickly ... Will a person be comfortable with such rare name in life? Although, undoubtedly, many names and the people who bore them are worthy of being called children.

So, the name should be harmonious, form various forms that will not be a reason for ridicule of the child, nationally suitable and beautifully combined with the surname and patronymic.

1. The name should be easy to pronounce both separately and with a patronymic.

2. The name should be easy to remember.

3. On behalf of, diminutive forms should be easily formed.

4. The name should not cause in people undesirable associations for its bearer.

5. If the child will have a surname that does not indicate his gender, you should not give him a name like Zhenya, Sasha or Vali. Kids get upset when a girl is mistaken for a boy and vice versa.

Baptism and name

The sacrament of baptism is still one of the most secret rites performed by the church. This is an equal blessing for all Christians, giving a person a name that he will carry through his whole life, which will influence his fate. After all, it is known that the name book consists of the names legalized by the church that belong to the saints. Naming the child by one name or another, the parents, as it were, call on the saint to protect their baby. No wonder it says in Scripture: "Rejoice, for your names are written in Heaven!". That is, the church believes that the Christian name is the blessing of God.

Through the rite of baptism, all Christians today bear the names once chosen by Jesus. One can read in the Bible about Jesus' warnings about keeping the name as given. That is, we are talking about the preservation of the verbal formula.

When they began to call children at baptism the names of holy martyrs, the apostles taught that this was done not for the sake of repeating the martyr's path, but for the glory of those who went through it and for the sake of the name itself. The bottom line is this: it is impossible not to admit that at least one of the prophecies of the Bible came true - Jesus Christ gave names to all Christians.

Different peoples have the same names, with slight fluctuations in spelling and pronunciation, which resulted from adapting them to national characteristics. The rest is a translation into the local language of a name that came from the same time and was used earlier. For example, the name Agathon (kind) corresponded Slavic Dobrynya, Peter - Old Russian Stone. The Hebrew name Thomas corresponds to Latin name Thomas and Greek name Didim, which then transformed into the name Dmitry and means "twin".

Baptism is a ritual of naming. The first Christians changed their name. A person who is undergoing the rite of baptism enters the water without a name, and the priest at this time drives away dark forces and calls on the forces of Light to take the person under their care and calls the name by which they recognize him. Light forces should help a baptized person.

Naming the children during baptism with the names of the martyrs who suffered for the faith, it was believed that after death the saints found themselves at the throne of the Lord and had the opportunity to ask for mercy for their “wards”.

The old custom of naming children after heroes and gods was continued. At first there were no special rules, according to which a person who accepts the Christian faith chose a saint whose name he was baptized. This was the person whose deeds were closest to him or touched some strings of his soul, or that person lived nearby.

In the 16th century, Pope Gregory XIII, who was one of the most enlightened people of his time, introduced the calendar, which became known as the Gregorian, officially approved the custom of giving the names of saints and martyrs at baptism. A name was now given to a person at the moment when he accepted Christianity, as well as to newborns whose parents were Christians.

This is the rite of baptism. First, the priest read the prayer three times. Then he also called the Holy Spirit three times, consecrated the water that was in the baptismal font. In this water, he immersed the baby (with the head) three times. It was difficult for adults to find a large font, so the clergyman who performed the sacrament sprinkled the new believer with blessed water three times. Water is not just a symbol of purification. Plunging into the water, a person, as it were, died and then resurrected, but already as a Christian.

The newly born is given a new name - Christian, and from now on the patron saint can ask the Lord for forgiveness and mercy for a person. The Holy Spirit enters a newly made Christian through holy water and a drop of special incense - myrrh oil, which the priest applies to the forehead of the person being baptized. It means the blessing of the Lord and the equality of all before the Lord.

Most unusual people in matters of choosing a name - the Indians. They were allowed to have many names and change them throughout their lives. The Indians assigned names referring to merit or distinctive features person. For example, Gvivisensish is a bad boy, Gizhiyash is a fast swimmer.

Armenians name children after kings, gods, commanders, planets, precious stones and holidays. Popular names- Narek (offering, gift) and Milena (dear). In Kazakhstan, sonorous names are preferred. Akbota: Ak - white, Bota - a small camel. Common names are Damelya (reassuring) and Rahat (pleasure). The French give the child at least two names. The choice is simplified by the fact that children are called by the names of relatives. Thus, the focus is on the family tree. On the day of baptism, the name of the saint is added. In Greece, children are named after their grandparents. The Japanese record the surname capital letters not to be confused with the name. The name of the child often depends on the order of birth of the child in the family.

If the 1st child is a boy, then the suffix - kazu is added to the name, if the 2nd son - ji, the third - zo. Women's names ending in -mi denote beauty. For example, Akemi is dazzlingly beautiful.

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However, the tradition of such naming did not take root. Yes, and a person who is constantly called not by his real name, but by a nickname, often acquired all the qualities inherent in this nickname. In such a situation, the name-amulet protected the person from who knows what. Since the name was not spoken out loud, it had no internal connection with its bearer.

The influence of a name on a person and his fate has been noticed for a long time. At all times it was believed, and quite rightly, that the word that is chosen for the name with love will help in life. But at the same time, to give a name, to call, means to acquire secret power. In different languages, the emotional coloring of the word does not change, and what means something pleasant has a sound that is pleasant to the ear, and vice versa.

Thus, the development of the name has a long history. Before the adoption of Christianity in Russia, original names were used, created on Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language. The Slavs chose to name their children any words that reflect the various properties and qualities of people, their character traits: Clever, Brave, Kind, Cunning; features of behavior, speech: Molchan; physical advantages and disadvantages: Oblique, Lame, Krasava, Curly, Chernyak, Belyay; the time and "order" of the appearance of a particular child in the family: Menshak, Elder, First, Second, Tretyak; profession: Peasant, Kozhemyaka and much more. Similar names were used among other peoples, it is enough to recall the names of the Indians that characterized the characteristics of a particular person: Eagle Eye, Sly Fox, etc. We had several other names, which later, with the adoption of Christianity and the fixing of names in church calendars, turned into into nicknames. Some of these nicknames have come down to us in the form of surnames: Cat, Beetle, Wolf, Sparrow. It should be noted that these surnames are very common.

From the 11th to the 17th century, the original Slavic names fade into the background, and the Byzantine-Greek ones come to the fore. With the advent of Christianity, a two-name system began to develop. In order to protect a person from evil spirits, he was called one name, but called a completely different one. This period is characterized by social stratification. At this time, ancient Russian names are common, which consist of two roots and contain the root -slav. These are such names as Vyacheslav, Svyatoslav, Yaroslav, Borislav, which were joined by Byzantine-Greek names with the same root: Stanislav, Bronislav, Miroslav, etc.

From the beginning of the 18th century until 1917, canonical names dominated, a three-term formula for naming a person (last name, first name, patronymic) was formed and distributed, and a pseudonym appeared.

After the revolution, newly formed names reflecting the events taking place in the country become very popular. The formation of new names especially affected girls. So, they were called Idea, Iskra, Oktyabrina. There is evidence that one girl was even called the Artillery Academy. It was fashionable to call twins a boy and a girl Revo and Lucia; the names of the boys Genius, Giant are known (it is noteworthy that these names did not always correspond to reality, and often completely contradicted). However, at that time, names appeared that continue their lives now: Lilia (it is similar to the Russian name Lydia and very harmonious), Ninel (reading the name Lenin in reverse order), Timur, Spartak.

The modern Russian name book includes many names of various origins. But still, names that we can rightly call Russian have a huge advantage. Although there are very few actual Russian names left. Over time, the original meaning of the names was forgotten, and in fact, historically, each name was a word or phrase of some language. Almost all modern names came to us from Byzantium and have Greek roots, but many of them were borrowed from other ancient languages, or were simply borrowed from ancient Roman, Hebrew, Egyptian and other languages, and with this method of borrowing they were used only as a proper name, and not as a word for something.

Almost all personal names that we have long been accustomed to consider Russian were brought by Christianity to Russia through Byzantium, which collected the best names from its language, as well as foreign names and canonized them, that is, officially legalized them, making them church names. Therefore, they are of Greek, Latin, Hebrew origin, occasionally you can find names belonging to some other Eastern languages, for example, Syriac, Egyptian. The same can be said about many other peoples. That is why there is a correspondence of names in different languages: Russian - Ivan, Polish - Jan, French - Jean, English - John, German - Johann; Russian - Michael, French - Michel, Polish - Michal; Russian - Olga, German - Helga; Russian - Pavel, French - Paul, German - Paul, etc. During the transition of names from other languages, their original meaning was lost (after all, they all came from common nouns), and they became only proper names.

Interestingly, different peoples chose roots of different meanings for the name. So, among the Slavs, the components predominate: "good", "holy", "light", "glory", "grow", "peace", "sweet", "glad", "love", among the Greeks and Romans - words, emphasizing moral qualities in a person. Jews and Arabs, on the other hand, preferred to emphasize in their names the detachment from earthly goods and the appeal to God.

Many names that sound different have the same meaning. For example:

Nikita, Nikon (Greek), Victor, Victoria (Latin) - the winner.

Fedor, Dorotheus (Greek) - a gift from God.

George, Yuri, Yegor (Greek) - a farmer.

Oleg, Olga (Scand.) - saint.

Cyril (Greek) - master, Maria (aram.) - mistress.

Albina, Clara (lat.) - white.

Ivan, Zhanna, Yanina (ancient Hebrew), Eliza (ancient German) - the grace of God.

Marina (lat.), Pelageya (Greek) - sea.

Zoya (Greek), Vitaly, Eve, Vitaly (lat.) - life.

Felix, Beatrice, Beata (lat.) - happy.

However, the opposite situation is also observed: a large number of names in the Russian name-book have a similar sound, but completely different meanings. Such names should not be confused, as they carry different information.

For example:

Erasmus (Greek) - beloved; Erast (Greek) - loving; Philip (Greek) - loving horses.

Valentine (lat.) - strong; Valery (lat.) - peppy, strong.

Vit (lat.) - defeated; Vitaly (lat.) - vital; Witold (ancient German) - forest ruler.

Veronica (Greek) - bringing victory, (lat.) - a true, genuine image; Nika (Greek) - victory.

Naming traditions

The ordering of Slavic names began with the compilation of church lists - Saints and Mena. By decision of Pope Gregory, it was allowed to call only names legalized by religion, or canonical, recorded in these books. All other names were called pagan. Canonical names were included in civil and church calendars. The same names appeared in the calendars for the same numbers associated with the veneration of one or another saint. Christian names were the names of ascetics and martyrs who died for the establishment of this religion. In addition, these same names belonged to the representatives of those peoples from whose language they were borrowed. Therefore, now these names are not perceived by us as church ones. The child was named after the saint, whose name was listed in the Saints on the day of the child's christening. Often these were very dissonant names, but the parents could not go against the will of the church. True, the parents of a baby from wealthy families or those belonging to the upper class had some privilege - they could choose a name without harmonizing it with the church calendar, but, nevertheless, this name should have been contained in the Saints.

Other naming systems have existed in the history of the name. For example, it was customary to change the names of the Papuans given to them at birth for others when the child grew up and turned into a girl or a boy. Representatives of the northern peoples believed that the child must be named in the first three days after his birth, because three days later the name would be suggested to him by evil spirits, which, of course, cannot bring him happiness. Among other peoples of the North, it was allowed to name a child only after a cradle was made for him. It was considered a bad omen to do it before birth - a child could be born dead or live for a short time, but without a name, the child was not allowed into his first home. In African tribes, the naming system is even more interesting. It was believed that the soul of a deceased relative moves into a newborn, so it was important to determine whose soul wished to be born a second time in order to give her name to the child. This is what the shamans did.

It is impossible not to notice that all this is also inherent in Slavic names. The same name change - from a diminutive to a first name-patronymic, the same custom of naming a child in honor of departed relatives and a warning against naming living parents.

You probably know the phrase from the movie “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears”, which has long become winged: “I need Georgy Ivanovich, he is Yuri, he is Gosha, he is Zhora, he is Gora ...”.

Why do different names have so many variations?

Why are people called by the same names in different countries and even on different continents?

Science answers these questions. anthroponymy, which studies the origin, evolution and functional component of names.

Scientifically, proper or personal names (for example, Ivan, Maria, Svetlana) are called anthroponyms. By the way, anthroponyms also include patronymics, surnames, nicknames and even nicknames.

But let's focus on the names for now. How is it that, living in different countries, having different history, culture and languages, do we have, if not the same, then very similar names?

HISTORY UNITES US

In fact, everything lies precisely in history.

All nationalities, regardless of their territorial location, went through similar milestones of evolution, a similar cultural path of development, during which the first and subsequent names appeared, as well as the traditions of naming people.

AT ancient times people identified themselves with the Universe, believed in their origin and dependence on the nature around them - plants, animals, and also natural phenomena. The reason for choosing a name was also the expected or desired qualities of a newborn person, as well as his external signs. Another significant "reason" for getting a name is the occupation that the family of the newborn is engaged in.

The most obvious and, perhaps, famous example names of people from these points of view can be called names in Indian tribes. You probably read and remember fascinating books about Indians, where the main characters were called the Vigilant Falcon, Leather Stocking, St. John's wort, Faithful Hand, etc.

The same can be said about Old Russian names. Digging through archives and descriptions family trees, you can find names such as Oladin Pie, Rusin, Kozhemyaka, Dobr, Cunning, Molchan, etc. Agree that from the examples given, you can easily guess what this or that family was doing, or what this or that person was like.

Many of the names that are still used today have come to us since pagan times, when people wanted to give their child a sonorous, promising or "happy" name.

For example, how would you decipher and compare two such names as Valdemar and Vladimir? It turns out that they really have a lot in common:

The Slavic name Vladimir consists of two parts and literally means " own the world»;

In turn, Valdemar similarly means kingdom and glory (valtan + mar), so in Germany you can safely call Vova Waldemar.

A similar example of "high-profile" names that have the same roots, but different sound- widely known and quite popular Henry and already forgotten Slavic Domazhir. Although it is hard to believe, but, in fact, people with such names are full namesakes, since in the literal sense their names mean “wealth (“fat” - in the Slavic example) in the house.

AND RELIGION

The greatest importance in the emergence of names was played religious beliefs rituals, beliefs and traditions. This largely explains why we all have namesakes in other countries, which, by the way, we may not even be aware of.

United many nations Christian faith, which, in turn, collected and consecrated, or, more correctly, canonized many names from different languages. At one time, at the baptism of children, newborns should have been given only those names that were allowed or “welcomed” by the church. It is now that parents can give their child any name that comes into their head.

For example, recall that in the early years Soviet power such “pearl names” appeared as Oktyabrina, Noyabrina or Elmira, meaning “electrification of the world”. At the same time, names appeared at the same time - analogues of traditional foreign ones, but with a completely different meaning. For example, the Soviet Gertrude is not at all a German analogy, but an abbreviation for "Hero of Labor". Or male version- Renat: this name, familiar to Tatars and Muslims, is also an abbreviation of the high-profile Soviet slogan "Revolution, Science, Labor." Here are the namesakes for you!

· Today, "advanced" moms and dads also amaze with their rich imagination, calling their children unimaginable names. For example, in domestic registry offices, babies have recently been registered with the names Uslada, Dolphin, Lunalika, and even a name in the form of a set of numbers ...

But let's get back to traditional names that have similarities in different nationalities and mean the same thing in different languages.

Most widespread christian names received in the 10th century. Orthodox world actively borrowed or, more precisely, collected the best names around the world. As a rule, they are of Greek, Latin and Hebrew origin - which is why names that mean essentially the same thing can differ markedly in pronunciation. Byzantium, located between Europe and Asia, played a special role in the spread of Christianity, and therefore the names legalized byzantine empire, are somewhat different.

There are many examples of such "international" names.

One of the most famous and common is the name Ivan, to which, by analogy with the phrase from the movie “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears” mentioned at the beginning of the article, you can add:

He is John and Johann, Gianni, Jean and Johan, Giovanni and Joao, Juan and Jens, as well as Janos and Jan. Most of our compatriots Ivanov do not even realize how many namesakes they have around the world!

Among other names that are widespread everywhere, it should be noted such as Anna and Maria, Andrei and Alexei, Olga and Ekaterina, Mikhail and Yuri and many others. If you trace the history of their origin, then immediately revealed religious origins.

Here are a few examples in the table of what the name means and how it sounds in multilingual interpretations:

These are far from all examples, and the list can be supplemented with analogues of these and other names in other languages ​​(for example, in Italian George is Giorgio, Alexander is Alessandro, and the famous Shakespearean heroine Juliet is the namesake of Russian Julia). As you can see from the table, the names are more than similar to each other - the differences are explained by the linguistic features of each language.

ALL NEW - WELL FORGOTTEN OLD

There are several other reasons for the international "interpenetration" of names, in particular, this is globalization and the expansion of ties between different countries. But even in such cases, it often turns out later that a foreign name is a well-forgotten anthroponym, which is already more than one century old. For example, modern Angelica and Angelina are the namesakes of girls who long ago bore the name Angelina.