Folklore genres of folklore exam. Oral folk art is a source of age-old wisdom

Types of small genres of folklore

Lullaby

Lullaby- one of the oldest genres of folklore, as evidenced by the fact that it retained elements of a conspiracy-amulet. People believed that a person is surrounded by mysterious hostile forces, and if a child sees something bad, terrible in a dream, then in reality this will not happen again. That is why in the lullaby you can find the "gray top" and other frightening characters. Later, lullabies lost their magical elements, gained meaning good wishes for the future. So, a lullaby is a song with which a child is lulled to sleep. Since the song was accompanied by the rhythmic swaying of the child, the rhythm is very important in it.

Pied Pisces

Pied Pisces(from the word to nurture, that is, to nurse, groom) - a short poetic chant of nannies and mothers, with which they accompany the actions of the child, which he performs at the very beginning of his life. For example, when the child wakes up, the mother strokes, caresses him, saying:

Podyagunyushki, poztunyushki,
Across the plump
And in the hands of fatyushki,
And in the mouth of talkers,
And in the head of the mind.

When a child begins to learn to walk, they say:

Big feet
We walked along the road:
Top, top, top
Top, top, top.
small feet
Run along the path:
Top, top, top, top
Top, top, top, top!

nursery rhyme

nursery rhyme- an element of pedagogy, a sentence song that accompanies the game with the fingers, arms and legs of the child. Nursery rhymes, like pestles, accompany the development of children. Small rhymes and songs allow in a playful way to induce the child to action, while simultaneously making a massage, physical exercises by stimulating motor reflexes. In this genre children's folklore there are incentives to play the plot with the help of fingers ( finger games or Ladushki), hands, facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help to instill in the child the skills of hygiene, order, develop fine motor skills and emotional sphere.

Examples

"Magpie"

Option 1
magpie crow, (running finger over palm)
magpie crow,
I gave it to the kids.
(bend fingers)
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
But she didn't give it:
Why didn't you cut wood?
Why didn't you bring water?

Option 2(features in the cartoon "Mouse Song"):
magpie-crow
cooked porridge,
Feeding children:
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
And she didn't give it.

"Okay" (clap hands on stressed syllables)

Okay, okay, where have you been? By Grandma!
What did they eat? Porridge!
And what did they drink? Brazhka!
Butter bowl!
Sweetie brat!
(Grandma is kind!)
We drank, we ate, sh-u-u-u...
Shuuuu!!! (Home) Fly!
Sat on the head! ("Ladushki" sang)
sat down, sat down
Further (Home) flew!!!

joke

joke(from bayat, that is, to tell) - poetic, short, a funny story that a mother tells her child, for example:

Owl, owl, owl,
Big head,
I sat on a stake
looked to the side,
Turned her head.

Proverbs

They teach something.

Road spoon to dinner.
The wolf is afraid not to go into the forest.
Birds of a feather flock together.
You can't pull a fish out of a pond without effort.
Fear has big eyes.
The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
A treasure is not needed if the family is in harmony.
Don't have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
If you knew where you would fall, you would lay straws.
You lay softly, but sleep hard.
Motherland is a mother, know how to stand up for her.
Seven do not wait for one.
If you chase two hares, you won't catch one.
The bee is small, but it works.
Bread is the head of everything.
Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.

Games

There were special songs for the games. Games could be:

• kissing. As a rule, these games were played at parties and gatherings (usually ended with a kiss between a young guy and a girl);
• ritual. Such games were characteristic of some kind of ritual, holiday. For example, carnival festivities (characteristic fun: removing a prize from the top of a pillar, tug of war, competitions for agility, strength);
• seasonal. Especially common among children, especially in winter. They played the so-called "Warmers": the leader shows any movements, and everyone else repeats. Or traditional "gates" and "brook".

Kissing game example:

Drake

Drake drove the duck,
Young sulfur drove
Go, Duck, go home,
Go home gray
Duck seven children
And the eighth Drake,
And the ninth herself,
Kiss me once!

In this game, "Duck" stood in the center of the circle, and "Drake" outside, and played like a game of "cat and mouse." At the same time, those standing in a round dance tried not to let the “drake” into the circle.

invocations

invocations- one of the types of exclamatory songs of pagan origin. They reflect the interests and ideas of the peasants about the economy and the family. For example, a rich harvest spell runs through all calendar songs; for themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness, wealth.

The invocations are an appeal to the sun, rainbow, rain and other natural phenomena, as well as to animals and especially often to birds, which were considered the messengers of spring. Moreover, the forces of nature were revered as living: they turn to spring with requests, wish it to come soon, complain about the winter, complain.

Larks, larks!
Fly to us
Bring us a warm summer
Take the cold winter away from us.
Us Cold winter got bored
Hands, feet frostbitten.

Rhythm

Rhythm- a small rhyme, a form of drawing of lots, with the help of which it is determined who drives in the game. The counting room is an element of the game that helps to establish agreement and respect for the accepted rules. In organizing a counting rhyme, rhythm is very important.

Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Aty-baty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
Aty-baty, how much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles
Aty-baty, what is he like?
Aty-baty, golden.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Aty-baty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
Aty-baty, how much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles.
Aty-baty, who's coming out?
Aty-baty, it's me!

Patter

Patter- a phrase built on a combination of sounds that make it difficult to quickly pronounce words. Tongue twisters are also called “pure tongue twisters”, because they contribute and can be used to develop diction. Tongue twisters are both rhyming and non-rhyming.

Greek rode across the river.
He sees a Greek: there is cancer in the river,
He put his Greek hand into the river -
Cancer for the hand of the Greek - DAC!

The bull is stupid, the bull is stupid, the bull's lip was white and dull.

From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.

Mystery

Mystery, like a proverb, is a brief figurative definition of an object or phenomenon, but unlike a proverb, it gives this definition in an allegorical, deliberately obscure form. As a rule, in a riddle one object is described through another based on similar features: “A pear is hanging - you can’t eat it” (lamp). The riddle can also be a simple description of the object, for example: “Two ends, two rings, and in the middle there are carnations” (scissors). This and folk fun, and a test of ingenuity, ingenuity.

The role of riddles and jokes was also played by fables-shifters, which for adults appear as absurdities, for children - funny stories about things that don't happen, for example:

Because of the forest, because of the mountains Grandpa Egor is riding. He is on a gray wagon, On a creaking horse, Belted with an ax handle, A belt is plugged into his belt, Boots are wide open, A zipun is on his bare feet.

General history

Oral folk art(folklore) existed in the preliterate era. Folklore works (riddles, tongue twisters, fables, etc.) were transmitted orally. They memorized by ear. This contributed to the emergence of different versions of the same folklore work.

Oral folk art is a reflection of the life, life, beliefs of ancient people. Works of folk art accompany a person from birth. They contribute to the formation and development of the child.

Links

• Irina Gurina. Useful poems and tales for all cases of disobedience

see also

Notes

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See what "Small genres of folklore" is in other dictionaries:

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Oral folk art - is a traditional verbal creativity of the people. It can be both ancient and new - created in our days. Its main feature is that given art Words are passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth.

There are a lot of genres in verbal folk art. These are myths and legends, epics, epics, proverbs and sayings, riddles, ditties, fairy tales, songs ... You can list them endlessly. The Creator is not an individual, but a people. That is why not a single work has its own specific, single author.

For centuries, the creations of people have evolved into whole verbal forms, subsequently forming rhymes (“poems”). Thanks to this technique, the work was easier to transmit and remember. Thus, ritual, round dance, dance, lullaby songs appeared.

The theme of folklore creativity completely depended and continues to depend on culture, beliefs, history and the region where the people live. But main feature such creations were and still are a combination of a direct reflection of life with a conditional one. Simply put, in folklore there is not, and there was no mandatory reflection of life in the form of life itself, convention is always allowed in it.

Genres of folklore

In order to better understand what oral folk art is, it is necessary to get to know its genres better, and in this form verbal art, a great many.

Proverbs and sayings

Let's start with those that we know well and sometimes use in everyday life - with proverbs and sayings. These types of oral art are among the most interesting genres that have survived to this day.

No one knows for sure when these genres appeared. oral art. The undoubted fact remains how accurately and concisely, figurative, logically complete saying expresses the people's mind and experience accumulated over many centuries.

Meanwhile, many of us have long been accustomed to thinking that proverbs and sayings are one and the same. Actually it is not. A proverb is a complete sentence containing folk wisdom. It is written in simple, often rhyming language.

An example of Russian proverbs:

"God saves man, who save himself"

"Small spool but precious"

"A penny saves a ruble"

Then, as a saying is an established phrase or phrase. It is meant for decoration.

An example of Russian sayings:

"Stay with the nose" (to be deceived)

"Disservice" (help turning to harm)

"When cancer on the mountain whistles" (never)

Signs

Signs are another folklore genre that has undergone quite a few changes, but still has not lost its wisdom and has reached modern man.

It appeared in ancient times, when our ancestors were very close to nature, when people watched it, the phenomena taking place around, and found connections between events. Over time, the people put their observations into words. So signs appeared that through the centuries carry the knowledge of ancestors collected in themselves.

Some examples of weather signs:

Larks fly - to heat, chaffinch - to cold.

A lot of juice flows from a birch - by a rainy summer.

Sparrows bathe in the sand - to rain.

Also, many old signs related to home and life have come down to our days. The most common is: "Spill salt - shed tears." It is believed that this sign appeared in the middle of the 17th century, during the times of riots and uprisings in Russia. Back then, salt was literally worth its weight in gold. From here such a meaning appeared - spilling such an expensive "seasoning" as salt will inevitably lead to a quarrel in the house.

A few more examples household signs which are undoubtedly familiar to us:

“You whistle at home - you will overlook the money”

"Clothes inside out - to a hassle"

“You sew on yourself - you sew up a memory”

Fairy tales

Since ancient times, individual elements of children's folklore have been preserved - fairy tales. Later, this genre of oral art changed greatly. this happened under the influence of aesthetic and pedagogical functions, but still it continues to exist.

However, some genres of verbal art eventually "die off", and humanity gradually forgets about them. This process is a natural phenomenon, it does not indicate the decline of folk art. On the contrary, the process of "withering away" is a sign that, due to changes in the conditions of human existence, the development of the artistic collective creativity of the people is taking place, as a result of which new genres appear and old ones disappear.

epics

These genres include epics (or as they were also called - antiquities - Russian heroic-patriotic songs-tales, the main plot of which was important historical events or heroic deeds heroes and warrior maidens). This genre originated in Ancient Russia, existed until the Middle Ages and gradually began to be forgotten by the 19th century.

In addition, ritual folklore can also be attributed to almost forgotten genres. Let's take a closer look at its components.

Calendar folklore and annual song cycle

These small genres appeared in connection with the need to follow the agricultural cycle, as well as the changes taking place in nature and religious holidays.

Many proverbs, signs, advice and prohibitions have developed in calendar folklore. Here are some of which have survived to this day:

"It will melt early - it will not melt for a long time"

"March sows snow and warms the sun"

Not a few songs were composed by the people for the annual song cycle. So on Shrovetide it was customary to bake pancakes, perform the rites of seeing off winter and sing ritual songs. This and some of the old traditions have survived to this day.

family folklore

It included such small genres as: family stories, lullabies, pestles, nursery rhymes, wedding songs, funeral lamentations.

The name "Family Stories" speaks for itself, and this genre of verbal art has existed since time immemorial - perhaps as long as a person lives in this world. It is notable for the fact that it is formed quite separately, as a rule, within the framework of the family and close circle.

In addition, this genre has its own peculiarity, it can form "certain expressions" that are understandable only to family members or people present at the time of the event that led to the appearance of this phrase. So, for example, in the Tolstoy family there was such an expression as "the architect is to blame."

The birth of this expression was preceded by an event: when Ilya Tolstoy was five years old, on New Year he was presented with the promised cup. Happy child ran to show everyone his gift. Running across the threshold, he stumbled and fell. The cup broke. Little Ilya, justifying himself, said that he was not to blame, but the architect who made this threshold was to blame. Since then, in the family of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, an expression equivalent to the winged one appeared - "the switchman is to blame."

Lullabies

Lullabies were another no less interesting genre in family folklore. In the old days, the ability to sing lullabies was considered special art. During the game, mothers taught their daughters how to “cradle” correctly. This ability was necessary so that older girls at the age of six or seven could look after the younger ones. That is why special attention was paid to this skill.

The purpose of lullabies was not only to soothe, but also to protect the child. Many of the songs were "conspiracies". They were called upon to protect small child from the dangers that might lie in wait for him in the future. Often lullabies were addressed to spirits and mythological creatures, carriers of sleep - Dream, Sleep. They were called to lull the baby. At present, this genre of folk art is almost forgotten.

Pestushki and nursery rhymes

Pestushki and nursery rhymes - were short tunes. They helped the child in the development and in the knowledge of the world around. Perhaps someone remembers from childhood - "Magpie-Crow ...". Such small songs-sentences encouraged the baby to act, instilled hygiene skills, developed fine motor skills, reflexes, helped to explore the world.

wedding songs

Wedding songs were strikingly different from all other small genres of family folklore. It was noteworthy that these songs did not sound outside the wedding ceremony. In addition, from a functional point of view, they were extremely important, as they played a kind of "legal role" in this event. Along with wedding songs, lamentations played an important role in the ceremony. They were an integral part of the holiday, they were lyrical stories that described the experiences of the bride, parents and friends.

Magnifications also played a significant role. With them, in the songs, the guests praised the bride and groom, wished the young well-being and happiness. In addition, not a single wedding could do without reproachful songs. This small component of the wedding ceremony was a comic song. As a rule, they were addressed to matchmakers, because of which the bride "left" native family, girlfriends and lost her girlish will.

Funeral lamentations or lamentations are another ancient folklore genre, about the time, the appearance of which, no one knows for sure. It has survived only in “scraps” to this day, but from the name you can easily understand what it is about and what this genre served for.

The main feature of this oral art was that it had its own “formula”, or rather a strict sequence, which each mourner “decorated” with his own creative element - a story about the life, love or death of the deceased. Now, for example, part of the ceremony, as well as cries can be seen and heard in the film "Viy" (1967).

Occasional folklore

Folklore inconsistent with common usage. Wore individual character conditioned by a specific situation, an occasion. It included such small genres as: incantations, counting rhymes, conspiracies.

invocations

Russian folklore is incredibly rich. They were small songs, often not devoid of humor and accompanied by playful actions. The plots of this small genre were very different: they could be incantations about the weather and weather phenomena, about nature and the seasons, about animals and fabulous creatures ...

Rain, lei! Rain, lei!

For me and people!

Spoonful for me.

On the people on the bowl.

And on the goblin in the forest -

Lei for a whole bucket!

Rhymes

Rhyming rhymes is another small genre of verbal folk art. It appeared a very long time ago, but now it has almost disappeared from contemporary folklore. Meanwhile, no matter how surprising it may sound, in ancient times, counting rhymes were widely used by adults. Their main function was the distribution of work.

Yes Yes. After all, then many types of work were not only very difficult, but sometimes life-threatening. Therefore, few people own will wanted to do something like this. And the counting rhymes made it possible to distribute the work between the participants so that no one was “offended”. Nowadays, this "important role" of counting rhymes has been lost, but they still exist and still fulfill their function in children's games.

CONSPIRACY

And finally, the most amazing, but by no means the last, rather complex in its structure, ancient genre of oral folk art, which, oddly enough, continues to live in our time - a conspiracy. Function, since its inception this genre, has not changed. He still continues to play the role of a "magic tool" designed to fulfill the desire of the speaker. As mentioned above, this genre is quite original in its execution and often complex in its design - this is its peculiarity.

You can talk about the genres of oral folk art for an infinitely long time, because all directions are interesting and unique in their own way. This article is intended only to acquaint the reader with the immense, multifaceted wealth of human culture and wisdom, clearly reflecting the experience of previous generations.

Folklore. Genres of folklore

Folklore (from English folk - people, lore - wisdom) - oral folk art. Folklore arose before the advent of writing. Its most important feature is that folklore is the art of the spoken word. This is what distinguishes it from literature and other forms of art. Another important distinguishing feature folklore is a collectivity of creativity. It arose as a mass creativity and expressed the ideas of the primitive community and clan, and not of an individual.

In folklore, as in literature, there are three types of works: epic, lyrical and dramatic. At the same time, epic genres have poetic and prose form(in literature epic race presented only prose works: story, story, novel, etc.). Literary genres and folklore genres differ in composition. In Russian folklore epic genres include epics, historical songs, fairy tales, legends, tales, proverbs, sayings. Lyrical folklore genres are ritual, lullabies, family and love songs, lamentations, ditties. To dramatic genres include folk dramas. Many folklore genres have entered literature: song, fairy tale, legend (for example, Pushkin's fairy tales, Koltsov's songs, Gorky's legends).

Folklore genres each have their own content: epics depict the feats of arms of heroes, historical songs - events and heroes of the past, family songs describe the everyday side of life. Each genre has its own heroes: heroes Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich act in epics, Ivan Tsarevich, Ivan the Fool, Vasilisa the Beautiful, Baba Yaga act in fairy tales, wife, husband, mother-in-law in family songs.

Folklore differs from literature in a special system means of expression. For example, for composition (construction) folklore works characteristic is the presence of such elements as the chant, the beginning, the saying, the slowing down of the action (retardation), the trinity of events; for style - permanent epithets, tautologies (repetitions), parallelisms, hyperbolas (exaggerations), etc.

Folklore different peoples has a lot in common in genres, artistic means, plots, types of heroes, etc. This is due to the fact that folklore as a type of folk art reflects general patterns social development of peoples. General Features in the folklore of different peoples can arise due to the proximity of culture and life or long-term economic, political and cultural ties. Similarity also plays an important role. historical development, geographical proximity, movement of peoples, etc.

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Types of small genres of folklore

Lullaby

Lullaby- one of the oldest genres of folklore, as evidenced by the fact that it retained elements of a conspiracy-amulet. People believed that a person is surrounded by mysterious hostile forces, and if a child sees something bad, terrible in a dream, then in reality this will not happen again. That is why in the lullaby you can find the "gray top" and other frightening characters. Later, lullabies lost their magical elements and acquired the meaning of a good wish for the future. So, a lullaby is a song with which a child is lulled to sleep. Since the song was accompanied by the rhythmic swaying of the child, the rhythm is very important in it.

Pied Pisces

Pied Pisces(from the word to nurture, that is, to nurse, groom) - a short poetic chant of nannies and mothers, with which they accompany the actions of the child, which he performs at the very beginning of his life. For example, when the child wakes up, the mother strokes, caresses him, saying:

Podyagunyushki, poztunyushki,
Across the plump
And in the hands of fatyushki,
And in the mouth of talkers,
And in the head of the mind.

When a child begins to learn to walk, they say:

Big feet
We walked along the road:
Top, top, top
Top, top, top.
small feet
Run along the path:
Top, top, top, top
Top, top, top, top!

nursery rhyme

nursery rhyme- an element of pedagogy, a sentence song that accompanies the game with the fingers, arms and legs of the child. Nursery rhymes, like pestles, accompany the development of children. Small rhymes and songs allow in a playful way to encourage the child to act, while doing massage, physical exercises, stimulating motor reflexes. In this genre of children's folklore, incentives are laid for playing the plot with the help of fingers (finger games or Ladushki), hands, and facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help to instill in the child the skills of hygiene, order, develop fine motor skills and emotional sphere.

Examples

"Magpie"

Option 1
magpie crow, (running finger over palm)
magpie crow,
I gave it to the kids.
(bend fingers)
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
But she didn't give it:
Why didn't you cut wood?
Why didn't you bring water?

Option 2(features in the cartoon "Mouse Song"):
magpie-crow
cooked porridge,
Feeding children:
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
And she didn't give it.

"Okay" (clap hands on stressed syllables)

Okay, okay, where have you been? By Grandma!
What did they eat? Porridge!
And what did they drink? Brazhka!
Butter bowl!
Sweetie brat!
(Grandma is kind!)
We drank, we ate, sh-u-u-u...
Shuuuu!!! (Home) Fly!
Sat on the head! ("Ladushki" sang)
sat down, sat down
Further (Home) flew!!!

joke

joke(from bayat, that is, to tell) - a poetic, short, funny story that a mother tells her child, for example:

Owl, owl, owl,
Big head,
I sat on a stake
looked to the side,
Turned her head.

Proverbs

They teach something.

Road spoon to dinner.
The wolf is afraid not to go into the forest.
Birds of a feather flock together.
You can't pull a fish out of a pond without effort.
Fear has big eyes.
The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
A treasure is not needed if the family is in harmony.
Don't have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
If you knew where you would fall, you would lay straws.
You lay softly, but sleep hard.
Motherland is a mother, know how to stand up for her.
Seven do not wait for one.
If you chase two hares, you won't catch one.
The bee is small, but it works.
Bread is the head of everything.
Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.

Games

There were special songs for the games. Games could be:

• kissing. As a rule, these games were played at parties and gatherings (usually ended with a kiss between a young guy and a girl);
• ritual. Such games were characteristic of some kind of ritual, holiday. For example, carnival festivities (characteristic fun: removing a prize from the top of a pillar, tug of war, competitions for agility, strength);
• seasonal. Especially common among children, especially in winter. They played the so-called "Warmers": the leader shows any movements, and everyone else repeats. Or traditional "gates" and "brook".

Kissing game example:

Drake

Drake drove the duck,
Young sulfur drove
Go, Duck, go home,
Go home gray
Duck seven children
And the eighth Drake,
And the ninth herself,
Kiss me once!

In this game, "Duck" stood in the center of the circle, and "Drake" outside, and played like a game of "cat and mouse." At the same time, those standing in a round dance tried not to let the “drake” into the circle.

invocations

invocations- one of the types of exclamatory songs of pagan origin. They reflect the interests and ideas of the peasants about the economy and the family. For example, a rich harvest spell runs through all calendar songs; for themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness, wealth.

The invocations are an appeal to the sun, rainbow, rain and other natural phenomena, as well as to animals and especially often to birds, which were considered the messengers of spring. Moreover, the forces of nature were revered as living: they turn to spring with requests, wish it to come soon, complain about the winter, complain.

Larks, larks!
Fly to us
Bring us a warm summer
Take the cold winter away from us.
We are tired of the cold winter
Hands, feet frostbitten.

Rhythm

Rhythm- a small rhyme, a form of drawing of lots, with the help of which it is determined who drives in the game. The counting room is an element of the game that helps to establish agreement and respect for the accepted rules. In organizing a counting rhyme, rhythm is very important.

Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Aty-baty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
Aty-baty, how much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles
Aty-baty, what is he like?
Aty-baty, golden.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Aty-baty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
Aty-baty, how much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles.
Aty-baty, who's coming out?
Aty-baty, it's me!

Patter

Patter- a phrase built on a combination of sounds that make it difficult to quickly pronounce words. Tongue twisters are also called “pure tongue twisters”, because they contribute and can be used to develop diction. Tongue twisters are both rhyming and non-rhyming.

Greek rode across the river.
He sees a Greek: there is cancer in the river,
He put his Greek hand into the river -
Cancer for the hand of the Greek - DAC!

The bull is stupid, the bull is stupid, the bull's lip was white and dull.

From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.

Mystery

Mystery, like a proverb, is a brief figurative definition of an object or phenomenon, but unlike a proverb, it gives this definition in an allegorical, deliberately obscure form. As a rule, in a riddle one object is described through another based on similar features: “A pear is hanging - you can’t eat it” (lamp). The riddle can also be a simple description of the object, for example: “Two ends, two rings, and in the middle there are carnations” (scissors). This is both folk fun and a test of ingenuity and ingenuity.

The role of riddles and jokes was also played by fables-shifters, which for adults appear as absurdities, but for children - funny stories about what does not happen, for example:

Because of the forest, because of the mountains Grandpa Egor is riding. He is on a gray wagon, On a creaking horse, Belted with an ax handle, A belt is plugged into his belt, Boots are wide open, A zipun is on his bare feet.

General history

Oral folk art (folklore) existed in the preliterate era. Folklore works (riddles, tongue twisters, fables, etc.) were transmitted orally. They memorized by ear. This contributed to the emergence of different versions of the same folklore work.

Oral folk art is a reflection of the life, life, beliefs of ancient people. Works of folk art accompany a person from birth. They contribute to the formation and development of the child.

Links

• Irina Gurina. Useful poems and tales for all cases of disobedience

see also

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

• Uranium(VI)-diuranium(V) oxide
• Tilt (rotation)

See what "Small genres of folklore" is in other dictionaries:

Genres of Lermontov's poetry- GENRES of Lermontov's poetry. Lit. L.'s activity proceeded in the era of destruction and diffusion of the genre system of the 18th century, and his creative work. legacy does not always lend itself to genre classification, reflecting at the same time the search for new forms. Student lyrics L. ... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia

Meletinsky, Eleazar Moiseevich- This article or section needs to be revised. Please improve the article in accordance with the rules for writing articles. Eleazar Mo ... Wikipedia

Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky- (October 22, 1918, Kharkov December 16, 2005, Moscow) Russian scientist philologist, cultural historian, doctor of philological sciences, professor. Founder of the research school of theoretical folklore. Contents 1 Biography 2 Works ... Wikipedia

Eleazar Meletinsky

Meletinsky- Meletinsky, Eleazar Moiseevich Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky (October 22, 1918, Kharkov December 16, 2005, Moscow) Russian scientist philologist, cultural historian, doctor of philological sciences, professor. The founder of the theoretical school of research ... ... Wikipedia

Meletinsky, Eleazar- Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky (October 22, 1918, Kharkov December 16, 2005, Moscow) Russian scientist philologist, cultural historian, doctor of philological sciences, professor. Founder of the research school of theoretical folklore. Contents 1 ... ... Wikipedia

Meletinsky E.- Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky (October 22, 1918, Kharkov December 16, 2005, Moscow) Russian scientist philologist, cultural historian, doctor of philological sciences, professor. Founder of the research school of theoretical folklore. Contents 1 ... ... Wikipedia

Meletinsky E. M.- Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky (October 22, 1918, Kharkov December 16, 2005, Moscow) Russian scientist philologist, cultural historian, doctor of philological sciences, professor. Founder of the research school of theoretical folklore. Contents 1 ... ... Wikipedia

Meletinsky Eleazar Moiseevich- Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky (October 22, 1918, Kharkov December 16, 2005, Moscow) Russian scientist philologist, cultural historian, doctor of philological sciences, professor. Founder of the research school of theoretical folklore. Contents 1 ... ... Wikipedia

Folklore, translated from of English language, means "folk wisdom, folk knowledge." First introduced by the English scientist W.J. Toms in 1846. At first, this term covered the entire spiritual (beliefs, dances, music, woodcarving, etc.), and sometimes material (housing, clothing) culture of the people. From the beginning of the 20th century the term is also used in a narrower, more specific sense: oral folk art.

Folklore is an art that has been formed over many centuries and changes over time.

Only all 3 of these factors present at the same time are a sign of folklore and distinguish it from literature.

Syncretism is the fusion, inseparability of various types of art, characteristic of the early stages of its development. Artistic creativity is not separated from other activities and, together with them, is directly included in practical life. Syncretism is an undeveloped state of early traditional folklore. The oldest species verbal art arose in the process of the formation of human speech in the era of the Upper Paleolithic. Verbal creativity in ancient times it was closely connected with human labor activity and reflected religious, mythical, historical ideas, as well as the beginnings of scientific knowledge. Ritual actions through which primitive sought to influence the forces of nature, fate, were accompanied by the words: spells, conspiracies were pronounced, various requests or threats were addressed to the forces of nature. The art of the word was closely connected with other types of primitive art - music, dance, decorative art. In science, this is called "primitive syncretism." Traces of it are still visible in folklore.

The Russian scientist A.N. Veselovsky believed that the origins of poetry are in folk ritual. Primitive poetry, according to his concept, was originally a song of the choir, accompanied by dance and pantomime. The role of the word at first was insignificant and entirely subordinated to rhythm and facial expressions. The text was improvised according to the performance, until it acquired a traditional character.

As humanity accumulated more and more significant life experience that needed to be passed on to the next generations, the role of verbal information increased. The separation of verbal creativity into an independent form of art is the most important step in the prehistory of folklore.

Genera of folklore: Epos (legends, fairy tales, legends, epics - genres) Lyric-epic genre (transitional) - romance

Lyrics (songs, ditties); Drama (folk theater)

Types of folklore: Archaic - folklore is formed among the peoples at the primitive stage of development. There is no written language yet, culture is oral. The folklore of people with mythological thinking covers the entire culture of the ethnic group. Classical - folklore develops in an era when states are formed, writing and literature arise. Here artistic fiction is formed, a genre system is formed. Modern - post-folklore, which took shape in Russia after the abolition of serfdom. His element is the city. In place of the epic fairy tales and traditional lyrical songs come songs of a new formation, ditties, jokes.

Folklore (according to V.E. Gusev) - verbally - musically - choreographically - the dramatic part of folk art (spiritual component folk culture) is not material art. Materially expressed (DPI) - folk art.

Folklore is a syncretic and synthetic art, because combines different types of arts.

Signs of folklore: Orality (not only the form of distribution, but the form in which the pr-e has the greatest aesthetic impact); Impersonality (the work has an author, but is not identified); Collectivity (as an aesthetic category. The quality of the project accepted by the team corresponds to the folk tradition. Collectivity = tradition + improvisation); Traditional (works are invested on the basis of traditions); Variation ( different variants in different areas) Improvisation; Nationality (aesthetic category, expression of the ideals, interests, aspirations of the people).

Tradition is stable schemes, artistic techniques and means used by a community of people for many generations, and transmitted from generation to generation. Tradition is understood as the most general principles of creativity, and in folklore - a set of stable plot forms, types, heroes, poetic forms.

Genres of folklore:

The folklore genre is a set of works united by a common poetic system, domestic purpose, forms of performance and musical order. (V.Ya. Propp) Genre is a unit of folklore classification

Phr is divided into genera (epos, lyrics, drama), genera - into types (for example, songs, fairy tales, etc.), and types into genres. If the classification is based on the mode of existence of works, then f-r will be divided into ritual and non-ritual.

The epic reproduces reality in narrative form in the form of objective pictures. Subdivided into: Song (poetic)

Epics; historical songs; ballads; spiritual verses; prose; Fairy tale prose; Tales about animals; Fairy tales; jokes

Novels; Fairy-tale prose; Traditions; Legends; Bylichki (demonological stories).

In epic folklore genres, the main artistic feature is the plot. It is based on conflict, which is based on the clash of the hero with supernatural or real opponents. The plot can be both simple and complex, events can be perceived as real or fictional, and the content can be related to the past, present and future.

Lyrics - lyrics poetically depict the inner, mental state of a person, his subjective experiences

Songs Chastushki; Lamentations; The dramatic genres of folklore have a spectacular and playful nature, and convey an attitude to reality in a playful action; Ritual games; Dramatic games; Late theatrical genres; Theater of live actors; Puppet show; Rayok;

According to the way of existence of works, folklore is divided into: Ritual; Ritual calendar; Ritual family; Extra-ritual.

In addition, there are small genres of folklore: proverbs; Proverbs and sayings; Puzzles

As well as such types as children's folklore. (lullabies, teasers, horror stories, incantations, etc., folklore of workers (songs, ditties, prose), WWII folklore (ditties, f-r front, rear, driven into the occupation, Victory, etc.)

Each folklore genre has its own circle of heroes, its plots and stylistic devices, however, all together folklore genres in their natural existence are interconnected, form a system. In this system obsolete f.zh. and on their basis new ones are born.

Folklore researchers: V.N. Tatishchev (18th century), Slavophiles P.V. Kirievsky, N.M. Yazykov, V.I. Dahl and others; 1850-60s: F.I. Buslaev, A.N. Afanasiev, A.N. Veselovsky, V.F. Miller; the beginning of the Soviet era: B.M. and Yu.M. Sokolovs, D.K. Zelenin, M.K. Azadovsky, N.P. Andreev. Second floor. 20 in: V.I. Chicherov, V.Ya. Propp, N.N. Veletskaya, V.K. Sokolova, L.N. Vinogradova, I.E. Karpukhin, V.P. Anikin, E.V. Pomerantseva, E.M. Meletinsky, V.A. Bakhtin, V.E. Gusev, A.F. Nekrylova, B.N. Putilov, etc.