Among the hundreds of Russian fairy tales, there are several dozen so-called fantastic. They also preserved the images of the heroes of ancient myths. A simple enumeration of fairy-tale heroes speaks of this: the Sun, the Month, the Moon, the Solntseva sister, Morozko, Baba Yaga, Likho one-eyed, Koschei the Immortal and Death itself - after all, these are the ancient "big" gods. Of course, time has made a lot of new things in their appearance and characters. The sun, for example, in a number of fairy tales is named allegorically: Pig-golden bristles, Duck-golden feathers, Golden-horned deer, Golden-maned horse, Beloved Beauty, etc.

There are even more "small" gods in such tales: these are ghouls and devils, a demon and a goblin, a sea king and witches, a water and a snake queen. And the animals, birds, fish, which the Russians worshiped in ancient times, are all represented in fairy tales: a bear, a wolf, a fox, a hare, a goat, a rooster, a duck, a chicken, a raven, a heron, a crane, an eagle, a falcon, a pike, a ruff, a crayfish and other. The idea of ​​the three-dimensionality of the world is indirectly given in the tales of the three kingdoms. The enemies of the chipped plowmen, the Cimmerians, turned into a terrible Serpent with three or more heads.

Time has created a new genre in Russian folklore - epics and new heroes - heroes. Bogatyrs are no longer gods, although this word has "god" in its root. They are simple people, but possessing extraordinary physical strength, dexterity, courage, performing fantastic feats for the glory of their homeland. There are "senior" and "junior" heroes. The elders include Volkh (Volga) Vseslavievich, Svyatogor, Mikula Selyaninovich, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich. Volkh Vseslavievich is the son of a snake, he has the ability to reincarnate. Mikula Selyaninovich is the twin of the "divine plowman" - Tsar Koloksai, who learned to cultivate the land. Svyatogor is a hero who does not yet know where to apply his exorbitant strength. Ilya Muromets - the main hero of the Kyiv cycle. He is the ataman of thirty heroes standing at the outpost guarding the border of Kievan Rus. In the epic “Ilya Muromets and Sokolnik”, recorded in the Arkhangelsk village of Ust-Tsilma, almost all of them are named. I will quote only a small part of that epic:

There were thirty heroes with a hero.
The old Cossack Ilya Muromets is an ataman,
Let's give something Samson and Kolybanovich,
Dobrynya Mikitich lived as a clerk,
Alyosha Popovich lived as a cook,
Mishka Toropanishka lived in the stables...

George Gordon Byron. "You ended the path of life, hero! .."

Objectives: to introduce the work of the English poet, who dedicated his life, his poetic gift to the protection of the oppressed, disadvantaged and humiliated; to learn to determine the theme, idea, moral orientation of the work.

Methodical techniques: expressive reading, analytical conversation.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Checking homework.

– Who did R. Burns sing in his works? What do you know about him?

Reading by heart the song "Honest Poverty" by R. Burns.

III. Presentation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

1. The word of the teacher.

George Noel Gordon Byron (1788-1824) was born into the family of an English nobleman, at the age of ten he inherited the Byron family title, their estate and a bench in the House of Lords - the aristocratic chamber of the British Parliament. Having completed his education at the famous University of Cambridge, the young lord went on a two-year journey (he visited the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkans).

England, which repeatedly opposed revolutionary France and got involved in a long-term war with Napoleon, experienced a severe crisis at the beginning of the 19th century. In the 10s. popular unrest broke out with renewed vigor, the movement of the Luddites, the destroyers of machine tools, revived. The Luddites believed that by destroying machine tools, machines in factories, they thereby destroy the source of all their troubles. Numerous repressions were undertaken against the Luddites, up to the adoption of a law on the death penalty for damage to the property of a manufacturer.

Byron's first speech in the House of Lords was aimed at defending the Luddites. The intransigence of the poet, who devoted his gift to defending the ideals of the Great French Revolution, which the "usurper" Napoleon betrayed, serving the oppressed, destitute and humiliated, supporting the national liberation movements in Europe, aroused quite natural hatred towards him from the ruling circles of England. They subjected the poet to vile persecution. The poet left England; he lived first in Switzerland (1816), then in Italy (1817-1823). In one of the poems, Byron, with the utmost brevity and expressiveness, revealed the essence of his short and brilliant life path:

Who cannot fight for his will,

Someone else can defend.

In Italy, Byron took a direct part in the Carbonari movement and suffered its defeat hard. In 1823, having equipped a warship at his own expense, he sailed to Greece, where a national liberation war was going on against Turkish domination. He became one of the leaders of the uprising, but suddenly fell ill and died of a fever in the Greek city of Missolungi on April 19, 1824. Byron's heart was buried in Greece, and the body was buried in England in his family estate.

Having lived a short life - only 36 years - the poet left us magnificent examples of intimate, philosophical, political lyrics, romantic and dramatic poems, humorous and satirical poems, historical tragedies, biographical prose, a satirical-moral descriptive novel in verse "Don Juan", which remained, unfortunately unfinished. Byron came up with the idea of ​​an irreconcilable, albeit tragic, struggle against hostile reality. This revolutionary feature of Byron's romanticism determined the artistic innovation of his poem "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage", the first two songs of which were published in 1812 and brought the poet international fame.

The innovative genre of "Pilgrimage ..." - a lyrical-epic poem - was developed in the work of Pushkin, Lermontov and other classics of world literature.

2. Reading a textbook article (p. 233), drawing up an answer plan.

1) Pushkin on Byron.

2) Participant in the liberation war of the Greek people from the Turkish yoke.

3) The humanistic meaning of Byron's work.

3. Reading the poem "You ended the path of life, hero! .."

4. Work on the analysis of the poem.

- "You ended your life path, hero! .." How to explain? (The hero fell in battle, but his name did not disappear without a trace, only now “glory will begin”, your image, your courage will live in the songs of the “holy homeland”, for the freedom of which you fell in battle.)

- How to understand:

Inhale powerful courage

Your feat should be in our chest?

(The people, for whose freedom the hero fought, will not forget, “it is not possible to forget you.” His life and struggle became an example for him (the people).

Gorky in the "Song of the Falcon" has the following lines: "Let you die, but in the song of the brave and strong in spirit you will always be a living example, a proud call to freedom, to the light!")

Task: commentary on the 3rd stanza.

(Your name will instill fear in the enemy, the virgins will sing songs about you, about a valiant death. And no one will shed tears so as not to offend your “glorious ashes.”)

Task: to name the heroes of fairy tales and epics, Pushkin's and Lermontov's works, which can "breathe powerful courage" in others and which can be said in the words of Byron's poem. “And in the songs of the homeland the saint will live a majestic image.”

Conclusion. The theme of struggle and freedom excited writers and poets, both Russian and foreign; they sang of the exploits of heroes who did not spare their lives for the sake of the happiness of others, and called for a fight, like a Nekrasov citizen:

Go into the fire for the honor of the fatherland,

For faith, for love...

IV. Summing up the lesson.

Homework: prepare an expressive reading of the poem “You ended your life the way ...” and say which character you dedicate your reading to.

The tales of the famous Russian poet are a symbiosis of folk fairy tale traditions and literary innovation. It is believed that A. S. Pushkin used previously heard fairy tales that were reworked in his artistic system.

We present you a list of the names of the heroes of fairy tales, if you do not remember. then write it down!

Tales of A. S. Pushkin | hero names:

1. "The Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs"
   Among the positive characters of this tale was the king, the princess, the prince Elisha, seven heroes.
   Magic attribute - mirror.
   Among the negative - the Queen.
2. "The Tale of Tsar Saltan"
   The positive characters in this tale were Tsar Saltan, his wife Tsaritsa, their son Prince Gvidon, a fairy-tale character - the Swan Princess.
   The negative characters were the cook, the woman Babarikha, the weaver.
3. "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish"
   A positive role in the tale of A.S. Pushkin went to the old man and the goldfish.
   Negative - grumbling old woman.
4. "The Tale of the Priest and his Worker Balda"
   The positive hero was Balda.
   Negative - Pop, Devils.
5. "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel"
   The Golden Cockerel played a positive role in this tale.
   Neutral roles went to the sons of the king, the astrologer, the governor, the old sorcerer.
   Negative - Shamakhan queen and king Dadon.

In the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" the poet gathered almost all the heroes of Russian fairy tales and settled them in the fabulous Lukomorye. However, in fact, he talks about real historical figures: Prince Vladimir, his daughter Lyudmila and the devoted knight Ruslan.

As you can see, the poet gave his heroes worthy names not by chance, and if you pay attention to the meaning of the name, you will see a truly Russian origin.

The names of the heroes of Pushkin's fairy tales 2, 3rd grade.

If you ask the average person in our country to name the names of Russian heroes, you will almost certainly be named Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich. And here is further - hitch. Thanks to popular culture, only these three have become widely known. Meanwhile, there were much more heroes in Russia, but not everyone knows about them. Let's try to rectify the situation and tell in this collection about the "unknown" Russian heroes.

One of the most ancient heroes of the Russian epic epic. Svyatogor is a giant hero so big and strong that even Mother Earth Cheese could not stand him. However, Svyatogor himself, according to the epic, could not overcome the “earthly pull” contained in the bag: trying to raise the bag, he went to the ground with his feet.


The legendary plowman-hero, with whom you can not fight, because "the whole family of Mikuls loves Mother - Cheese Earth." According to one of the epics, it was Mikula Selyaninovich who asked the giant Svyatogor to pick up a bag that had fallen to the ground. Svyatogor could not do this. Then Mikula Selyaninovich raised the bag with one hand and said that it contained "all the burden of the earth." Folklore says that Mikula Selyaninovich had two daughters: Vasilisa and Nastasya. And they became the wives of Stavr and Dobrynya Nikitich, respectively.


Volga is one of the most ancient heroes in Russian epics. His distinguishing features were the ability to shapeshift and the ability to understand the language of birds and animals. According to legend, Volga is the son of a snake and Princess Marfa Vseslavievna, who miraculously conceived him by accidentally stepping on a snake. When he saw the light, the earth trembled and a terrible fear fettered all living beings. An interesting episode of the meeting between Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich is described by epics. During the collection of taxes from the cities of Gurchevets and Orekhovets, Volga met the plowman Mikula Selyaninovich. Seeing a mighty hero in Mikul, Volga called him with him to the squad to collect taxes. Having driven off, Mikula remembered that he had forgotten the plow in the ground. Twice Volga sent combatants to pull out that plow, on the third time he himself and his squad did not overcome the whole. Mikula pulled out that plow with one hand.


Hero of the Kyiv epic cycle. According to legend, Sukhman goes to get a white swan for Prince Vladimir. During the trip, he sees that the Nepra River is fighting the Tatar force, which is building Kalinov bridges on it in order to go to Kyiv. Sukhman beats the Tatar force, but during the battle he gets wounds, which he covers with leaves. Sukhman returns to Kyiv without the swans. Prince Vladimir does not believe him and orders him to be imprisoned for boasting in the cellar, and sends Dobrynya Nikitich to find out if Sukhman told the truth, and when it turns out that the truth is, Vladimir wants to reward Sukhman; but he removes the leaves from the wounds and bleeds. The river Sukhman flowed from his blood.


One of the most popular heroic images in Russian epics. Unlike the three main characters of the epic (Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich), Danube Ivanovich is a tragic character. According to legend, during the wedding, Danube and Nastasya Korolevichna, who was also a hero, begin to brag, Danube - courage, and Nastasya - accuracy. They arrange a duel and Nastasya shoots the silver ring lying on the head near the Danube three times. Unable to recognize the superiority of his wife, Danube orders her to repeat the dangerous test in the reverse version: the ring is now on Nastasya's head, and Danube shoots. The arrow of the Danube hits Nastasya. She dies, and the Danube finds out, “spreading her womb”, that she was pregnant with a wonderful baby: “knee-deep legs in silver, elbow-deep little hands in gold, frequent stars on the braids of her head.” The Danube rushes to his saber and dies next to his wife, the Danube River originates from his blood.


One of the minor heroes. He is known only in northern Russian epics as a handsome man and snake fighter. There are several legends about him. According to one of them, while hunting Mikhailo met a swan who turned into a girl - Avdotya Lebed Belaya. They got married and took an oath that if someone dies earlier, then the survivor will be buried with the deceased in the same grave. When Avdotya died, Potyk, along with her corpse, was lowered into the grave, on a horse in full armor. A snake appeared in the grave, which the hero killed, and with his blood he resurrected his wife. According to other epics, the wife drugged Potyk and turned him to stone, and she herself fled with Tsar Koshchei. The comrades of the hero - Ilya, Alyosha and others, save Potyk and avenge him by killing Koshchei and quartering the unfaithful White Swan.

A hero in Russian epics, acting in one epic as a matchmaker and groom. The story of Khoten and his bride is practically the old Russian story of Romeo and Juliet. According to legend, the Mother of Khoten, a widow, at one feast wooed her son to the beautiful China Sentinel. But the girl's mother answered her with an insulting refusal, which was heard by all the feasters. When Khoten found out about this, he went to the bride and she agreed to marry him. But the girl's mother was categorically against it. Then Khoten demanded a duel and beat the nine brothers of his bride. China's mother asks the prince for an army to deal with the hero, but Khoten also defeats him. After that, Hoten marries the girl, taking a rich dowry.


Formally, he does not belong to the heroes, but he is a snake-fighter hero. According to legend, the daughter of the prince of Kyiv was carried away by a serpent and kept in captivity. Having learned from the serpent himself that he is afraid of only one person in the world - Nikita Kozhemyaku, she sends a letter with a dove to her father with a request to find this hero and encourage him to fight the serpent. When the envoys of the prince entered the hut of Kozhemyaki, who was busy with his usual business, out of surprise he rips through 12 skins. At the prince's first request to fight the snake, Nikita refuses. Then the prince sends the elders to him, who also could not persuade Nikita. For the third time, the prince sends children to the hero, and their crying touches Nikita, he agrees. Wrapped in hemp and smeared with resin to become invulnerable, the hero fights with the snake and frees the prince's daughter. Further, as the legend says, the snake, defeated by Nikita, begs him for mercy and offers to share the land equally with him. Nikita forges a plow of 300 pounds, harnesses a snake into it and draws a furrow from Kyiv to the Black Sea; then, starting to divide the sea, the serpent drowns.

Also formally not a hero, but a very strong hero, representing the ideal of valiant and boundless prowess. From childhood, Vasily was a daredevil, did not know any constraints and did everything just the way he liked. At one of the feasts, Vasily bets that he will fight at the head of his squad on the Volkhov bridge with all the Novgorod peasants. The battle begins, and Vasily's threat to beat all opponents to the last is close to being carried out; only the intervention of Vasily's mother saves the Novgorodians. In the next epic, feeling the weight of his sins, Basil goes to pray for them in Jerusalem. But the pilgrimage to holy places does not change the character of the hero: he defiantly violates all prohibitions and dies in the most ridiculous way on the way back, trying to prove his youth.


One of the most original heroes of the Kyiv epic epic. According to legend, Duke arrives in Kyiv from “Rich India”, which, apparently, was the name of the Galicia-Volyn land. Upon arrival, the Duke begins to brag about the luxury of his city, his own wealth, his clothes, which his horse brings daily from India, and finds the wine and kalachi of the prince of Kyiv tasteless. Vladimir, in order to test Duke's boasting, sends an embassy to Duke's mother. As a result, the embassy admits that if you sell Kyiv and Chernigov and buy papers for an inventory of Dyukov's wealth, then that paper will not be enough.

Russian epics are a reflection of historical events retold by the people, and as a result, have undergone strong changes. Each hero and villain in them is most often a real-life person, whose life or activity was taken as the basis of a character or a collective and very important image for that time.

Heroes of epics

Ilya Muromets (Russian hero)

Glorious Russian hero and brave warrior. This is exactly how Ilya Muromets appears in the Russian epic epic. Serving faithfully to Prince Vladimir, the warrior was paralyzed from birth and sat on the stove for exactly 33 years. Brave, strong and fearless, he was cured of paralysis by the elders and gave all his heroic strength to the defense of the Russian lands from the Nightingale the Robber, the invasion of the Tatar yoke and the Pogany Idol.

The hero of epics has a real prototype - Ilya Pechersky, canonized as Ilya Muromets. In his youth, he suffered paralysis of the limbs, and died from a blow to the heart with a spear.

Dobrynya Nikitich (Russian hero)

Another hero from the famous trio of Russian heroes. He served Prince Vladimir and carried out his personal assignments. He was the closest of all the heroes to the princely family. Strong, brave, agile and fearless, he swam perfectly, knew how to play the harp, knew about 12 languages ​​and was a diplomat in solving state affairs.

The real prototype of the glorious warrior is the governor Dobrynya, who was the maternal uncle of the prince himself.

Alyosha Popovich (Russian hero)

Alyosha Popovich is the youngest of the three heroes. He is famous not so much for his strength as for his onslaught, resourcefulness and cunning. A lover of boasting about his achievements, he was instructed on the true path by senior heroes. In relation to them behaved in two ways. Supporting and protecting the glorious trio, he falsely buried Dobrynya in order to marry his wife Nastasya.

Olesha Popovich is a Rostov brave boyar, whose name is associated with the appearance of the image of the epic hero-hero.

Sadko (Novgorod hero)

Lucky gusler from Novgorod epics. For many years he earned his daily bread by playing the harp. Having received an award from the Tsar of the Sea, Sadko became rich and set off by sea with 30 ships to overseas countries. On the way, a benefactor took him to himself as a ransom. On the instructions of Nicholas the Wonderworker, the guslar managed to escape from captivity.

The prototype of the hero is Sodko Sytinets, a Novgorod merchant.

Svyatogor (hero-giant)

A giant and a hero who possessed remarkable strength. Huge and mighty, born in the mountains of Saints. As he walked, the forests trembled and the rivers overflowed. Svyatogor transferred part of his strength in the writings of the Russian epic to Ilya Muromets. Shortly thereafter, he died.

There is no real prototype of the image of Svyatogor. It is a symbol of a huge primitive power, which has never been used.

Mikula Selyaninovich (heroic plowman)

Bogatyr and peasant who plowed the land. According to the epics, he was familiar with Svyatogor and gave that bag to lift the full weight of the earth. According to legend, it was impossible to fight with the plowman, he was under the protection of Mother Raw Earth. His daughters are the wives of the heroes, Stavr and Dobrynya.

The image of Mikula is fictional. The name itself is derived from the common at that time Michael and Nicholas.

Volga Svyatoslavich (Russian hero)

Hero-bogatyr of ancient epics. He possessed not only impressive strength, but also the ability to understand the language of birds, as well as turn around any animal and wrap others in them. He went on campaigns to the Turkish and Indian lands, and after that he became their ruler.

Many scientists identify the image of Volga Svyatoslavich with Oleg the Prophet.

Nikita Kozhemyaka (Kyiv hero)

Hero of Kyiv epics. A brave hero with great strength. Could easily tear apart a dozen folded bull skins. He tore out the skin with meat from the angry bulls rushing at him. He became famous for having defeated the snake, freeing the princess from his captivity.

The hero owes his appearance to the myths about Perun, reduced to everyday manifestations of miraculous power.

Stavr Godinovich (Chernigov boyar)

Stavr Godinovich is a boyar from Chernihiv region. Known for his good playing on the harp and strong love for his wife, whose talents he was not averse to boasting to others. In epics, the role is not the main one. More famous is his wife Vasilisa Mikulishna, who rescued her husband from imprisonment in the dungeons of Vladimir the Red Sun.

There is a mention of the real Sotsky Stavra in the annals of 1118. He was also imprisoned in the cellars of Prince Vladimir Monomakh after the riots.