Comparative characteristics of proper names found in different European languages. Surnames of different nations

Islamic theologian Sheikh Muhammad Saleh al-Munajjid, after analyzing religious texts, compiled a detailed list of names that should not be given to Muslim children.

1. In particular, it is undesirable if the name of a person does not correspond to his nationality and the social environment in which he lives. This can create problems for the person himself.

2. Bad sonorous names often cause ridicule, which can negatively affect the worldview of their carriers.

3. The names of girls should not have an erotic meaning, otherwise they may develop false stereotypes in behavior. Undesirable include: Mignadj (playful, flirtatious), Faten (charming, seductive), Gada (attractive gait), Visal (sexy) and some others.

The name Asiya (rebellious, wayward) is also not suitable, as it can affect the girl’s behavior: “Since my parents called me that, they want me to be like that.”

4. Muslim theologians do not approve of the custom of naming children in honor of famous actors, singers, musicians. Worshiping someone like an idol, they consider unworthy. It is especially bad if the idol leads an "unrighteous" way of life, because a child can take an example from such a person.

5. You should not name children after politicians who tarnished their reputation, as well as the pharaohs ancient egypt and rulers of the past, guilty of crimes against entire nations.

6. Names that indicate any sin or crime are also undesirable. For example, Sarrak (thief) or Zalim (tyrant, despot).

7. If the name is common among representatives of peoples, most of whom do not profess Islam, then it also does not fit. Like John, Ivan, Jean, Juan, Johan or Giovanni.

8. Some people may name their child after an animal or bird. This is acceptable when it comes to underlining positive qualities certain representatives of the fauna: courage, strength, wisdom, nobility. But do not use the names of animals that can be perceived as an insult. For example, Teys (goat) or Khimar (donkey), etc.

9. Male names that end in "al-Islam" or "ad-din" (religion) are considered by Muslim theologians to be too boastful and immodest. They do not recommend people to exalt their sons: after all, men themselves must show their best qualities then others will respect them.

Undesirable, for example, are the following names: Ziyauddin (radiance of religion), Nuruddin (light of religion), Zahabuddin (gold of religion), Nurulislam (light of Islam), Sayfulislam (sword of Islam), Naseruddin (assistant of religion), Masuddin (diamond of religion) Mukhiddin (revitalizing religion), etc.

10. Names with other endings can also be immodest. So, Barra (pious), Abid (worshipper) or Taqi (God-fearing) sometimes do not correspond to their carriers, as well as Hakim al-Hukkam (ruler of rulers), Sittunnisa (mistress of all women), Shahinshah (shah of all shahs).

11. According to some theologians, children should not be named after angels: Jabrail, Israfil, Mikail and others. The Iranian name Fereshta (angel) is also undesirable, as is Malak, which means "angel" in Arabic.

11. Naming children after famous suras of the Koran (Yasin, Taha, Hamim) is also not correct, according to theologians.

The word "surname" in Latin means "family". In the general sense, it is a generic name that indicates the origin of a person from a certain genus, which traces its history from a common ancestor.

AT Ancient Rome the word "surname" denoted a collective of people, consisting of a family of masters and their slaves. For a long time, the use of this word had a similar meaning in Russia and European countries. Even in the 19th century, some serfs were given the surname of their master. A little later, the word surname acquired the main meaning, which is official today.

Each surname consists of the main part, which has a lexical reflection of the past, and is supplemented for euphony with suffixes, prefixes and endings.

Endings usually form adjectival forms, indicating masculine or feminine.

Often the ending of a surname is perceived as a stereotype to determine the ethnicity of its owner. It is worth noting that the ending is an unstable part of the word, which can change over time.

In turn, prefixes in some surnames are an integral part of them. Usually they indicate the aristocratic origin of their wearer. They can be written both together and separately with the main part of the family word.

A short list of the use of prefixes in various states:

• Ter(Armenia) - translated as "lord" or "owner". This title is placed before the family name and shows the attitude of its owner to the highest Armenian aristocracy or the family of a clergyman.
• Background and Tsu- Used in Germany.
• Van(used in the Netherlands) - considered a sign noble origin and shows the geographical relationship to any locality.
• De, du and Dez(France) - indicate a noble origin.
• O", Poppy, Le- Used in Ireland.
• La and De- Used in Italy.
• Doo, Yes, Shower– are used in Brazil and Portugal.

In a number Slavic languages due to morphological features, male and female surnames differ from each other in their form. In Lithuanian, the form of the surname is different for men, unmarried and married women. In turn, in Irish, patronymics are used as surnames, which are formed differently for women and men.

The modern understanding of surnames appeared rather late. It was associated with the emergence of the need to regulate inheritance. First it was introduced in Italy, then the process of formation spread to France, England, Germany and Sweden.

In Russia, the emergence of surnames began with nicknames that have existed in the Novgorod lands since the 14th century. They were not in common use and became legal only in the 16th century. At first, only boyars and princes had surnames, then they appeared among merchants and nobles. Among the peasants, the surnames were fixed only after the abolition of serfdom.

Most Russian surnames were formed from given names and nicknames. So, for example, Fedor - Fedorov's son - Fedorov or Sidor - Sidorov's son - Sidorov. Less commonly, the origin of the surname was associated with the name of the area (Priozersky from Priozersk). Some surnames originated from the occupation of a person (for example, Rybakov from a fisherman). So each surname has its own meaning and history.

According to Russian tradition, when a woman gets married, she usually takes the surname of her chosen one. If necessary, she has the right to keep her maiden name or take a double surname (her own and her husband's), which will be written with a hyphen. Children are usually given the father's surname. If the woman is not married, her child may be recorded under her last name.

In Spain, double surnames are often used, consisting of the father's surname and the mother's surname. In Portugal in double last name The mother's surname comes first, and the father's surname comes second.

With the advent Soviet power Azerbaijani surnames of many people have undergone changes. The endings "ogle", "zade" or "li" were changed to "ov" and "ev" (for example, Mammadli - Mammadov). After Azerbaijan became independent, many decided to return the original historical form of their surnames back.

Surnames appeared in Germany in the Middle Ages. One of the components of the surname was taken title of nobility, the name of an estate or holding.

In Sweden, almost until the twentieth century, almost all citizens did not have surnames that would be passed down from generation to generation. At birth, the child received the patronymic of the father, to which the corresponding prefix was added. The law on the need to have a permanent surname was adopted in this country only in 1901.

Concerning Jewish surnames, they are very different. A significant part of them reflects the migration path of this people. Many Jews, after their expulsion in 1492 from Portugal and Spain, retained the traditional ending of the country where they lived. Some have surnames reflecting their life in Germany. Jews living in the Caucasus or Central Asia, the origin of surnames is associated with the peculiarities of the local dialect or Hebrew roots. There are also a number of surnames associated with the Hebrew language.

In Armenian, the word surname means family name. Despite this, the genus name in the existing perception did not appear immediately. The inhabitants of this state for a long time lived in small isolated groups and officially fixing the surname was not required. If in one settlement there were several people with the same name, then they were distinguished from each other by whose grandchildren they were. Another identification option was nicknames, which reflected some feature of a particular person. Most of the surnames were formed with the advent of Christianity in Armenia, which was adopted in the 4th century. Some Armenian surnames inherited Turkish, Armenian and Persian elements. The need for surnames appeared with the development of Armenia and the appearance of cities on its territory. First, the names appeared among the representatives high society, and then in the peasant environment.

China has its own system of naming people, which is typical for all countries. East Asia. Despite the fact that there are about seven hundred Chinese surnames, most of Chinese residents uses only twenty of them. Almost all Chinese surnames are written with one hieroglyph and only a few of them with two. The most common Chinese surnames are Wang, Zhang and Li. Women in this country, when marrying, most often leave their last name, and give their children the name of their husband.

When writing a Chinese name and surname in Russian, a space is usually placed between them. The Chinese naming system also operates in Korea and Vietnam. There are rather small lists of surname variants, such as Baijiaxing, which means "One Hundred Surnames" in translation.

In some countries, the family name is not considered an obligatory part of a person's full name. For example, in Iceland, a family name is actually a patronymic. A similar system used to be popular in other Scandinavian states.

It is worth noting that the Burmese, Tibetans, Amharians and some other nationalities traditionally do not have surnames.

Abkhazia has been under the influence of various cultures since ancient times. Representatives of many nationalities lived on its territory. This influenced the formation of Abkhaz names. And yet, the Abkhaz remain faithful to their national names to this day.

In the history of the Albanian people, many contentious issues, even the meaning of a certain part of the ancient names remains unknown. Nevertheless, Albanians remain true to their names, receiving from them a powerful charge of positive energy.

How American names different from the names of other English-speaking countries? Why is it so difficult for a foreigner to understand who, a man or a woman, is he talking about? How to explain such a number of female names associated with flowers? What else do America's names say?

Thanks to the widespread of English language all over the world, wealth English Literature- English names are quite familiar to our ears. Moreover, there is some similarity with Russian names - the melody of pronunciation and the formation of diminutive forms. As in many other languages, the history of the origin of English names has become a reflection historical processes that took place in England.

Traditional Arabic names are very complex. Each element of this name has a strictly designated purpose. A classic Arabic name can tell a lot of interesting things about its carrier. What is the meaning of modern Arabic names?

National Armenian names, of course, are the symbol that allows the representatives of this ancient people to maintain their national unity.

Some ancient Armenian names that have survived to this day appeared in the pre-Christian era. These are the names of pagan gods (Hayk, Anahit, Vahagn), the names of Armenian kings and commanders (Tigran, Ashot, Gevorg). Many names, both male and female, were formed from the names of various objects, abstract concepts, plants and animals. They evoke positive emotions - Arevik (sun), Vard (rose), Goar (diamond), Mkhitar (consolation), Makrui (clean). special group names associated with religion - Arakel (apostle), Harness (saint), Mktich (baptist).

Among the foreign names in the Armenian name book, most of all are Persian and biblical borrowings - Suren, Gurgen, Movses (Moses), Soghomon (Solomon). In the Soviet period, Armenians willingly called children Russian names, rewriting them in their own way - Valod, Volodik (Vladimir), Serozh, Serzhik (Sergei). This is how they are written in official documents. In the last century, Armenians developed a fashion for Western European names. Henry, Edward, Hamlet and Juliet can still be found among Armenians.

Tell about African names In short, it's not easy. After all, Africa is a huge continent inhabited by various peoples. In our time, there are more than three thousand tribal and clan groups that have different traditions, religions, languages, customs, customs.

African Americans, descendants of slaves taken out of Africa several centuries ago, for a long time did not have the opportunity to choose a name for the child "by the call of blood." They were called by biblical names from the Old Testament. Now they are returning their native national names.

The Aztec culture lasted only 300 years and was swept away Spanish conquerors. But thanks to his bright personality and tragic history She still excites the imagination. Mysterious names The Aztecs contribute to this in no small measure.

The Bible is the most read and most quoted book in the world. Therefore, each of us is familiar with the names that are mentioned in it. But few people thought about the meaning of these ancient names. But all biblical male and female names have deep meaning and contain quite complete description about their first carriers. First of all, this concerns the Hebrew names. In classical Hebrew, words have a hidden content and are associated with the essence of objects and phenomena. The similarity of the essence of a person and the name that he bears distinguishes many biblical names.

Perhaps, not a single Slavic people has preserved so many ancient names as in Bulgaria. The history of the origin of most Bulgarian names has Slavic roots - Zhivko (live), Iveylo (wolf), Lyuben (love), Iskra, Rositsa (dew), Snezhana (snow woman). Two-part names are still very popular - Krasimir, Lubomir, Vladimir, Borislav, Desislava. Favorite national names are found in a variety of variants, many new names are formed from the same root. For example, "zora" (dawn, star) - Zoran, Zoran, Zorina, Zorka, Zoritsa. And how many "joyful" names - Radan, Radana, Radko, Radka, Radoy, Radoil, Radostin and just Joy.

When we talk about Holland, we invariably remember tulips, windmills, cheese and, of course, Dutch surnames, which are easily recognizable all over the world by the prefixes -van, -van der, -de. And few people know that names in the Netherlands not only appeared much earlier than surnames, but are still more important for the Dutch.

Irina, Alexei, Tamara, Kirill, Alexander, Polina and many other names have become so familiar, “ours”, that it is hard to believe in their “overseas” origin. Meanwhile, these are names born before our era and imbued with the spirit ancient Hellas. With full confidence we can say that Greek names are the soul of the people. For example, the idea of ​​the inevitability of fate was reflected in many male Greek names, and their male carriers in our time not only see the “hand of providence” in all events, but are also ready to fight against circumstances and are not afraid of the heat of passions.

The mystical power and huge popularity of Greek names lies in their history of origin. Some of them originate from ancient mythology - Aphrodite, Odysseas, Pinelopi. Others are associated with Christian values ​​- Georgios, Vasilios. Hebrew and Latin names easily adapted to the Greek pronunciation - Ioannis, Konstantinos. Most male and female ancient Greek names had an analogue of the opposite sex, some forms have survived to this day - Eugene-Eugene, Vasily-Vasilisa.
Greek names are surprisingly melodic and are distinguished by positive energy - Eleni (light), Parthenis (chaste), Chryseis (golden). In the rich nomenclature of the Greeks, there was a place for foreign borrowings, which had to slightly change their sound, for example, Robertos. And each official name has a colloquial form (Ioannis-Yannis, Emmanuel-Manolis).

Meaning large group ancient Georgian names are associated with the languages ​​of numerous ethnographic groups of Georgians - Khevsurs, Pshavs, Imeretians, Mengrelians, Svans, Gurians. Folk names formed from various concepts and common nouns.

Dagestan is a country of mountains. This small area is inhabited by Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Chechens and other mountain peoples who speak more than thirty languages. But, despite such a number of languages, the naming system of all Dagestan peoples is largely the same.

Jewish names have a special history, and it is connected with difficult fate this ancient people.
Most of the ancient Jewish names have survived to our times thanks to their mention in the Old Testament. There are more than two thousand of them in the Bible. Many male names were formed from various names of God - Michael, Tsurishaddai, Yohanan. Sometimes theophoric names mean whole concepts - Israel (God-fighter), Elnatan (God gave).
Not all biblical names have a religious connotation. Like many other peoples, a separate group of Jewish names highlights any sign of a person - Iedida (sweetheart), Barzilai (hard like iron) or correlates with plants and animals - Rachel (sheep), Tamar (palm tree), Deborah (bee ).

Even in the Old Testament times, the Jews had names borrowed from the languages ​​of neighboring peoples. The Chaldeans "gave" Bebay and Atlay to the Jews, the Babylonians - Mordechai. In Jewish families one could meet Greek and Roman names - Antigonus, Julius. And Alexander, popular in many countries, became Sender among the Jews.
As the Jews became scattered throughout the world, some Hebrew names had to adapt to the language of the indigenous peoples. In the Arab countries, Abraham turned into Ibrahim, David into Daud. In Georgia, Yosef became Joseph; in Western Europe, Moses became Moises. In Russia, many Jews used Russian names that were close in pronunciation to traditional Jewish names - Boris-Berl, Grigory-Gersh, Lev-Leib. And such ancient Jewish names as Sarah, Dinah, Solomon, Anna, Tamara, Elizabeth, Zakhar have long become international.

Many Indians call their children names or epithets of gods. So they invoke divine mercy on their child. But besides the personal name, there is also a collective name. How to determine the caste of a resident of India by this name?

At the end of the last century, Spanish names in literally poured into our lives from the TV screens. The craze for Mexican and Brazilian TV series led to the fact that Russia has its own Luis Alberto, Dolores and, of course, “just Maria”. It is not surprising that exotic names, as if filled with a hot sun, were to the liking of some Russian parents. Another question is how such a Luis Alberto lives among Sing and Fedorov.

It remains a mystery whether the cheerful Italians make their names so attractive, or whether the Italian name endows its bearers with positive energy. Anyway, but italian names have a special charm and warmth. Perhaps the secret is that almost all Italian names end in a vowel. This gives them melodiousness and melodiousness.

Most Italian names have ancient origin. Latin names were a distinctive sign of a person - Flavio (blond), Luca (who came from Lucania). Commoners received names derived from the titles of the owners - Tessa (countess), Regina (queen). Names such as Elena, Ippolito were borrowed from the myths of Ancient Greece, and the Western European peoples enriched the Italian names with their names, rewritten in the Italian way - Arduino, Theobaldo.

Christianity not only brought some Hebrew and Arabic names to the Italians, but also forbade calling children "barbarian" names. The name for the newborn could only be chosen from the Catholic calendar, and the same names in the same family were repeated from generation to generation. This was due to the fact that children were traditionally named after maternal and paternal ancestors. This custom has survived to this day. He led to the fact that many derivative names appeared in the Italian nomenclature. For example, Antonio - Antonello, Antonino, Giovanna - Giovanella, Ianella, Janella.

In any Kazakh family, the birth of a child is big celebration. Therefore, the choice of a name for a newborn has always been treated with responsibility. Traditionally, the name was chosen by the grandfather or a respected person, so that the baby would grow up as a worthy person.

Modern Azerbaijani names varied in origin and meaning. In religious families, children are most often called Muslim names. According to folk tradition, children are given the names of respected people, prominent figures, literary heroes.

Chinese names name the personal characteristics of a person, distinguish him from the numerous members of the collective name. Traditionally male Chinese names note courageous character traits, military prowess and intelligence. What do female names emphasize?

Classic male Roman names were a reflection of the lifestyle and traditions of Ancient Rome. All of them consisted of at least two parts - a personal and generic name. Sometimes personal nicknames or names of offshoots of the main genus were added to them.

For Lithuanians, the name has always been the key word for determining the personality of a person. In ancient times, each of the Lithuanian names had its own individual meaning. If the name given at birth did not fit with the character or behavior of its bearer, then a nickname was chosen for him, reflecting the internal and external qualities - Juodgalvis (black-headed), Mazhulis (small), Kuprius (humped), Vilkas (wolf), Jaunutis (young).

Muslim names are a special layer of names that are allowed by Sharia law. Their main part is of Arabic origin, but there are names with Turkic and Persian roots.

In Muslim countries, there are certain rules that are strictly observed when choosing a name for a child. Allah has 99 names, but a person cannot bear the name of God. Therefore, the prefix "abd" (slave) is added to the names - Abdullah (slave of Allah). The names of the prophets and their companions are traditionally popular among Muslims - Mohammed, Isa, Musa. At the same time, the Shiites do not recognize the names of the caliphs who came to power after the Prophet Muhammad (Umar), and the Sunnis do not call their children the names of the Shiite imams (Jawad, Kazim). Naturally, all of the above applies to male Muslim names.

Female Muslim names conquer with their melodiousness. According to custom, names for girls should delight the ear with a harmonious sound, emphasize the beauty and virtues of the fair sex. Women are compared with flowers (Yasmine-jasmine), the moon (Ayla-moon-like), they highlight their external attractiveness (Alsu-beautiful). But the most popular Muslim female names are the names of the mother of the prophet Isa - Maryam, the wives and daughters of the prophet Muhammad - Aisha, Fatima, Zeynab.

In German families, when choosing a name for a newborn, simple rules are strictly observed. The name must necessarily indicate gender and cannot be fictitious. Indeed, why invent non-existent names when there is already a large selection. Moreover, the law does not limit the number of registered names, and some parents give their beloved child up to a dozen of them. Moreover, short forms of the name, for example, Katya, can be considered official.

The oldest German names appeared before our era. As in other languages, they described the virtues and characteristics of a person - Adolf (noble wolf), Karl (brave), Ludwig (who gained fame in battle). In modern German, there are few such names left, about two hundred. From the second half of the 8th century christian names are gradually gaining more and more popularity. Children are increasingly called by biblical names of Hebrew, Greek or Roman origin. At the same time, proper German names associated with religion appear - Gotthold (the power of God).

The close ties of Germans with other peoples brought borrowings from languages ​​into German culture. Western Europe and even Russian. German parents give their children the names of famous actors and show business stars. Now in Germany, original foreign names, which do not always comply with the laws of German spelling. So, Gertrude is next to Natasha, and Hans is next to Lucas. But traditional German names have always prevailed over extravagant inclusions.

The history of the origin of Polish names, like that of other Slavic peoples, is rooted in the pre-Christian era. Early Polish names arose from common nouns, which were essentially the nicknames of people - Wilk (wolf), Koval (blacksmith), Hola (naked). The child was often named after a deceased relative, so some names were passed down from generation to generation and became fixed in the folk name book. The division of society into classes singled out the nobility. In this environment, names formed from two components (Vladislav, Kazimir), which are found in our time, have become popular.

In ancient Rome, the attitude to names was more than serious. There was even a saying: "Names are not subject to disclosure." Therefore, the Roman priests avoided pronouncing the names of the patron gods of Rome - the enemies will recognize these names and lure the gods to themselves. And the slaves did not have the right to call the name of their master to a stranger.

The vast majority of Russian names, so familiar to our ears, in fact, do not have Slavic roots. They appeared in the Russian nomenology during the period of the establishment of Christianity in Russia. And, oddly enough, the original Slavic names were almost completely replaced from everyday life. How did our distant ancestors call each other?

The pagan Slavs lived in harmony with nature, believed in the existence of a soul in plants and animals, endowed natural phenomena with mystical power. The name served not only to distinguish people. It was both a personal amulet and a characteristic of a person. To ward off " evil spirit", The child was often given an unsightly name - Kriv, Malice. affectionate name, which the parents called the child, was kept secret so that no one could damage the baby through him. To a teenager, when some of his personal qualities was given a new name. Children were called names from the plant and animal world (Wolf, Nut). In large families, the name indicated the order of birth - Pervak, Devyatko. Names evaluated the personality and appearance of their carriers - Fool, Krasava, Malusha. Old Slavic names-nicknames have long disappeared from use, but at one time they became the basis for the formation of surnames - Volkov, Fools, Karasin.

The ancient names, consisting of two bases, which were originally the privilege of princely families, continue to live in modern world- Yaroslav, Svyatoslav, Miroslava. Already in Christian Russia, the female names Vera, Hope and Love, popular at all times, were born. This is a direct translation of the Greek words "pistis, elpis and agape" (faith, hope, love). The Slavic names Olga, Oleg, Igor were included in the calendar, their use was legalized by the church.

Serbs are a South Slavic people who, despite centuries of domination Ottoman Empire, was able to save national culture and language. This is evidenced Serbian names. The history of the origin of most Serbian names has Slavic roots.

The warlike nature of the numerous tribes that inhabited the lands of Scandinavia in ancient times left an imprint on the origin and meaning of most Scandinavian names. Even the custom of naming itself was rather harsh - the father had every right to recognize the newborn as a member of the family and give him a name in honor of his ancestors or abandon the baby.
Many ancient Scandinavian names originated from common nouns that name the distinctive features of a person, the names of animals, objects, or abstract concepts. Such nicknames could change as a new individual trait appeared.

The rich mythology of the Scandinavians also could not stay away from a kind of “fashion” for names - children were willingly called names. mythical heroes. Even female names often had a formidable connotation - Hilda (battle), Ragnhilda (battle of the defenders). Most of these names have two bases, which makes them related to the ancient Slavic names - Wigmarr (glorious war), Alfhild (battle of the alves).
The commitment of the Scandinavian peoples to their national names, which came from the depths of centuries, is worthy of respect. Even the spread of Christianity and the power of the Church could not supplant the patriarchal names. In the Middle Ages, a child could generally be baptized under any pagan name. And even later, the baptismal name remained secret, and in everyday life people used the usual old names. And representatives of the military elite even called Christian names only for illegitimate children.

Soviet names, the fashion for which swept the inhabitants Soviet Union in the first half of the twentieth century, amaze with their "originality". It is impossible to imagine that now anyone would want to name their son Uryuvkos or Jarek. What do these names mean?

It so happened that the Tatar people “responded” to almost every historical event by forming or borrowing new names.
Pagan names had common roots with all Turkic peoples. Usually they indicated belonging to a particular genus and social status human - Ilbuga (homeland of the bull), Arslan (lion), Altynbike (golden princess).

In the tenth century, Islam began to spread among the ancestors of the present Tatars, Arabic and Persian names were strengthened in the Tatar name-book. Some of them are undergoing changes, adapting to Tatar language- Gabdulla, Gali. Especially popular and now enjoy women's Tatar names Arabic origin. They are filled with positive energy and have a melodic sound - Latifa (beautiful), Valiya (holy).
In Soviet times, there was no need to call children only Muslim names, ancient names of Turkic-Bulgarian origin reappeared in everyday life - Aidar, Chulpan, Bulat. And the old names (Chanysh, Bikmulla) were replaced by new ones - Leysan, Azat. In many Tatar families, children began to be called European and Slavic names - Svetlana, Marat, Roza, Eduard.

Tatar names great amount. Their diversity is associated not only with extensive borrowings, but with creative fantasy Tatar people. This was manifested in the formation of new names with components from different languages- Gentimer (Persian-Turkic-Tatar), Shakhnazar (Arabic-Persian). There were female analogues of male names - Ilhamia, Farida. Despite the fact that the meanings of many Tatar names are difficult to determine, they are remembered for their beauty and originality.

In the Turkish nomenology, a worthy place is occupied by the most diverse names in origin and meaning. In Muslim families, they try to call their children by the names that are mentioned in the Koran. Folk names have a beautiful sound and an interesting meaning.

Turkic names are an ancient mirror reflecting the Turkic ideas about the world, their way of life, relations in society. The names tell about the militant nature of their bearers, about who the Turks worshiped, what character traits they valued.

Uzbek names amaze with their diversity, bizarre pattern of construction and multifaceted meaning. To some, these names may seem exotic and unusual. Their true meaning becomes clear if we consider the history of the origin of Uzbek names as a reflection of the way of life, traditions and customs of the people.

Ukrainian names differ little from Russian and Belarusian names, they have a similar history of origin with them. This is due to the historical commonality of the East Slavic peoples, close traditions and a single faith.

The history of the origin of ancient Finnish names is closely connected with the subtle perception of nature by the Finns. In the old days, names were formed from the names of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world - Ilma (air), Kuura (hoarfrost), Villa (grain), Suvi (summer). Until the 16th century, the Finns did not have their own written language, and the Finnish language was considered the language of the common people until the middle of the 19th century. Folk names were passed from mouth to mouth, forgotten over time, they were replaced by new names borrowed from other peoples.

Ah, these luxurious french names! How they fascinated Russian society in the 19th century. It was enough to change the name a little and put the emphasis on the last syllable, and the rustic Masha turned into a sophisticated Marie, and the bumpkin Vasya into the aristocrat Basil. At the same time, few people knew that French names proper, in fact, are “foreigners” in their homeland. Their origin is associated with historical events, which led to numerous borrowings from the names of various ancient tribes and peoples.

On the territory of France, the population has long used Celtic (Bridget, Alan-Alen), Greek and Hebrew names (Dion, Eve). The Romans left their generic names (Mark, Valerie) as a "legacy" to the French. And after the German invasion, German names appeared in the name book (Alphonse, Gilbert). In the 18th century Catholic Church forbade naming children by names not included in the Catholic naming calendar. The choice of a name for French newborns became limited, borrowings ceased.
AT modern France these restrictions have been lifted, and parents are free to choose any name they like for their child. Foreign names became popular again - Tom, Lucas, Sarah. The French are quite warm about Russian names, using them in a short form. Calling a little Frenchwoman Tanya or Sonya is a special chic. How to pronounce in Russia Russian name with a French accent.

Gypsies living in different countries not only preserve their traditions, but also have to adapt to different cultures and languages. This is the reason for the complex system of gypsy names and the history of their origin. In today's world, every gypsy has an official name and surname, registered in the passport in full accordance with the laws and customs of the country of residence. But along with the official name, it is customary for gypsies to have their own, gypsy, "internal" or "secular" name. "Secular" names can be divided into proper gypsy names, foreign names adapted to Romani culture, and directly borrowed names from other languages.

Today, the vast majority of Chechens in choosing a name for a child try to adhere to established traditions. 90% of modern Chechen names are of Arabic origin. At the same time, borrowed Russian and Western names, mostly female ones, sometimes “penetrate” the Chechen name book. Some of them are even short form names - Lisa, Sasha, Zhenya, Raisa, Tamara, Rosa, Louise, Zhanna.

The history of the origin of Scottish names is like a mosaic. Every period is difficult eventful life of the Scottish people, has left its mark on the names. Most ancient population Scotland, the legendary Picts, representatives of the Celtic tribes (Scots and Gaels), Roman conquerors - all of them influenced the composition and meaning of Scottish names.

The Yakuts have always been very responsible in choosing a name for a child. Their names became the wishes of parents to see their children strong, healthy and happy. If the name did not match the character or appearance, the person received a new name.

The choice of names for newborns is unlimited. Parents can make any name for their child. The main thing is that you can use only permitted hieroglyphs, of which there are about two thousand. How did the ancient samurai clan influence the formation of new names?

Most unusual people in matters of choosing a name - the Indians. They were allowed to have many names and change them throughout their lives. The Indians assigned names referring to the dignity or distinctive features of a person. For example, Gvivisensish is a bad boy, Gizhiyash is a fast swimmer.

Armenians name children after kings, gods, generals, planets, precious stones and holidays. Popular names- Narek (offering, gift) and Milena (dear). In Kazakhstan, sonorous names are preferred. Akbota: Ak - white, Bota - a small camel. Common names are Damelya (reassuring) and Rahat (pleasure). The French give the child at least two names. The choice is simplified by the fact that children are called by the names of relatives. Thus, the focus is on the family tree. On the day of baptism, the name of the saint is added. In Greece, children are named after their grandparents. The Japanese record the surname capital letters not to be confused with the name. The name of the child often depends on the order of birth of the child in the family.

If the 1st child is a boy, then the suffix - kazu is added to the name, if the 2nd son - ji, the third - zo. Women's names ending in -mi denote beauty. For example, Akemi is dazzlingly beautiful.

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You probably know the phrase from the movie “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears”, which has long become winged: “I need Georgy Ivanovich, he is Yuri, he is Gosha, he is Zhora, he is Gora ...”.

Why do different names have so many variations?

Why are people called by the same names in different countries and even on different continents?

Science answers these questions. anthroponymy, which studies the origin, evolution and functional component of names.

Scientifically, proper or personal names (for example, Ivan, Maria, Svetlana) are called anthroponyms. By the way, anthroponyms also include patronymics, surnames, nicknames and even nicknames.

But let's focus on the names for now. How is it that, living in different countries, having different history, culture and languages, do we have, if not the same, then very similar names?

HISTORY UNITES US

In fact, everything lies precisely in history.

All nationalities, regardless of their territorial location, went through similar milestones of evolution, a similar cultural path of development, during which the first and subsequent names appeared, as well as the traditions of naming people.

AT ancient times people identified themselves with the Universe, believed in their origin and dependence on the nature around them - plants, animals, and also natural phenomena. The reason for choosing a name was also the expected or desired qualities of a newborn person, as well as his external signs. Another significant "reason" for getting a name is the occupation that the family of the newborn is engaged in.

The most obvious and, perhaps, the most famous example of naming people from these points of view can be called names in Indian tribes. You probably read and remember fascinating books about Indians, where the main characters were called the Vigilant Falcon, Leather Stocking, St. John's Wort, Faithful Hand, etc.

The same can be said about Old Russian names. Digging through archives and descriptions family trees, you can find names such as Oladin Pie, Rusin, Kozhemyaka, Dobr, Cunning, Molchan, etc. Agree that from the examples given, you can easily guess what this or that family was doing, or what this or that person was like.

Many of the names still used today come to us from pagan times, when people wanted to give their child a sonorous, promising or "happy" name.

For example, how would you decipher and compare two such names as Valdemar and Vladimir? It turns out that they really have a lot in common:

The Slavic name Vladimir consists of two parts and literally means " own the world»;

In turn, Valdemar similarly means kingdom and glory (valtan + mar), so in Germany you can safely call Vova Waldemar.

A similar example of "high-profile" names that have the same roots, but different sound- widely known and quite popular Henry and already forgotten Slavic Domazhir. Although it is hard to believe, but, in fact, people with such names are full namesakes, since in the literal sense their names mean “wealth (“fat” - in the Slavic example) in the house.

AND RELIGION

Religious beliefs, rituals, beliefs and traditions played a huge role in the emergence of names. This largely explains why we all have namesakes in other countries, which, by the way, we may not even be aware of.

United many nations Christian faith, which, in turn, collected and consecrated, or, more correctly, canonized many names from different languages. At one time, at the baptism of children, newborns should have been given only those names that were allowed or “welcomed” by the church. It is now that parents can give their child any name that comes into their head.

For example, let us recall that in the first years of Soviet power such “pearl names” appeared as Oktyabrina, Noyabrina or Elmira, meaning “electrification of the world”. At the same time, names appeared at the same time - analogues of traditional foreign ones, but with a completely different meaning. For example, the Soviet Gertrude is not at all a German analogy, but an abbreviation for "Hero of Labor". Or the male version - Renat: this name, familiar to Tatars and Muslims, is also an abbreviation of the loud Soviet slogan "Revolution, Science, Labor." Here are the namesakes for you!

· Today, "advanced" moms and dads also amaze with rich imagination, calling their children unimaginable names. For example, in domestic registry offices in recent times babies were registered with the names Uslada, Dolphin, Lunalika and even a name in the form of a set of numbers...

But back to traditional names, having similarities in different nationalities and meaning the same thing in different languages.

Christian names were most widespread in the 10th century. Orthodox world actively borrowed or, more precisely, collected best names around the world. As a rule, they are of Greek, Latin and Hebrew origin - which is why names that mean essentially the same thing can differ markedly in pronunciation. Byzantium, located between Europe and Asia, played a special role in the spread of Christianity, therefore the names legalized by the Byzantine Empire are somewhat different.

There are many examples of such "international" names.

One of the most famous and common is the name Ivan, to which, by analogy with the phrase from the movie “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears” mentioned at the beginning of the article, you can add:

He is John and Johann, Gianni, Jean and Johan, Giovanni and Joao, Juan and Jens, as well as Janos and Jan. Most of our compatriots Ivanov do not even realize how many namesakes they have around the world!

Among other names that are widespread everywhere, it should be noted such as Anna and Maria, Andrei and Alexei, Olga and Ekaterina, Mikhail and Yuri and many others. If you trace the history of their origin, then immediately revealed religious origins.

Here are a few examples in the table of what the name means and how it sounds in multilingual interpretations:

These are far from all examples, and the list can be supplemented with analogues of these and other names in other languages ​​(for example, in Italian George is Giorgio, Alexander is Alessandro, and the famous Shakespearean heroine Juliet is the namesake of Russian Julia). As you can see from the table, the names are more than similar to each other - the differences are explained by the linguistic features of each language.

ALL NEW - WELL FORGOTTEN OLD

There are several other reasons for the international "interpenetration" of names, in particular, this is globalization and the expansion of ties between different countries. But even in such cases, it often turns out later that a foreign name is a well-forgotten anthroponym, which is already more than one century old. For example, modern Angelica and Angelina are the namesakes of girls who long ago bore the name Angelina.