A rare surname Glukhovskaya for priests after graduation. The origin of the surname church free

If not determined, then at least it is possible to assume the class affiliation of their ancestors only if they passed on spiritual surnames to their descendants. Most other Russian surnames, in general, are all-class, including the "loud" noble ones. For example, the Gagarins are both representatives of an ancient princely family and Smolensk peasants. It was their descendant that Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin was.

Or another example: Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (1878‒1942), a remarkable Russian writer abroad, wrote under a pseudonym. His real name was Ilyin, and the Ufa nobles of Ilyin were descendants of Rurik. So the “simple” surname Ilyin could be worn by Rurikoviches, as well as merchants, philistines and peasants.

But among the Orthodox clergy there were few Ilyins. This is explained by the fact that at the end of the 18th - the first third of the 19th century, a unique “surname-forming” process took place in the clergy: everywhere, when a student entered the Theological School or the Theological Seminary, he was assigned a new sonorous or original surname.

An interesting description of this era was left in his memoirs, published in 1882 in the journal "Russian Antiquity", professor of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy Dmitry Ivanovich Rostislavov (1809-1877)

“At the time that I am describing, and even for a long time, the family names of most clergymen were of little use ... My father, despite his deanery position, signed all the reports of the consistory and to the bishop Ivan Martynov. Later, siblings who studied at spiritual and educational institutions often had different surnames, for example, from grandfather's children, my father was nicknamed Tumsky, uncle Ivan - Veselchakov, and uncle Vasily - Krylov.

... On the basis of this custom, the clergy, sending their children to the school, gave them such surnames or nicknames that for some reason they liked. Simple people, not inventive, not scientists, in this case took into account either:

1) the name of the village: for example, from the fourteen villages of the Kasimovsky district belonging to Meshchora, only Cherkasovo and Frol, as far as I remember, did not give nicknames to the children of their clergy, and the well-known Tumskys and Tumins, Birenevs, Leskovs, Palinskys came from the others , Peshchurovs, Kurshins, Verikodvorskys, Gusevs, Parmins, Palishchins and Prudins;

2) temple holidays: hence the multitude of Voznesensky, Assumption, Ilyinsky;

3) the title of father: hence the Protopopovs, Popovs, Dyachkovs, Dyakovs, Ponomarevs; it is remarkable that the words "priest" and "clerk" were not popular; I don't remember a single seminarian with the surname of Priests or Clerks;

... Those who studied in seminaries and generally showed a claim to learning or wit, gave surnames to their children, in accordance either with the qualities that were noticed in them, or with the hopes that were counted on them. Hence the multitude of Smirnovs, Krotkovs, Slavskys, Slavinskys, Pospelovs, Chistyakovs, Nadezhdins, Nadezhins, Razumovs, Razumovskys, Dobrynins, Dobrovs, Tverdovs, and so on. Here, however, surnames made up of two words were very loved, especially those that included the words God, good and good. Hence the countless Tikhomirovs, Ostroumovs, Mirolubovs, Peacemakers, Milovidovs, Bogolyubovs, Blagosvetlovs, Blagonravovs, Blagoserdovs, Blagonadezhdins, Purehearts, Dobromyslovs, Dobrolyubovs, Dobronadezhdins, Dobrokhotovs, Dobrotvorskys, and so on.

... But the Russian language seemed insufficient for many, or, perhaps, it was necessary to show off the knowledge of Latin or Greek; hence the Speranskys, the Amfiteatrovs, the Palimsestovs, the Urbanskys, the Antizitrovs, the Vitulins, the Meshcherovs.

The authorities themselves did not want to not declare their participation in this matter either; some because the fathers themselves provided them with naming their sons, while others even took away the right of the fathers to do so. In this regard, the superintendent of the Skopinsky school, Ilya Rossov, was remarkable. For the names of his students, he used all the sciences, especially natural sciences and history: he had the Orlovs, the Solovyovs, the Volkovs, the Lisitsyns, the Almazovs, the Izumrudovs, the Rumyantsevs, the Suvorovs, and so on. and so on. Once he decided to distinguish himself before the board of the seminary and draw his attention to his ingenuity. He sent lists in which the students were included, so to speak, in separate groups, according to the nature of their surnames, i.e. the Rumyantsevs, Suvorovs, Kutuzovs, then Orlovs, Solovyovs, Ptitsyns, then Volkovs, Lisitsyns, Kunitsyns were written to the series. But the board of the seminary returned the lists with a stern reprimand and ordered them to be compiled according to the success of the students, and not according to the meaning of their surnames.

... Many fathers-rectors, academicians, masters liked to be witty about surnames. If for some reason they liked a student, then they changed his surname and gave another one that seemed better to them. The rector of the Ryazan seminary, Iliodor, was distinguished by this intricacy… He baptized my comrade Dmitrov as Melioransky, the student of theology Kobylsky as Bogoslovsky, and so on.

When I was already at the academy, the Synod somehow guessed that it was necessary to put an end to this disorder, which was the cause of many misunderstandings in inheritance matters. He issued a decree, which ordered that all clergy and clergy be named and signed by name and surname, so that their children would have the surnames of their fathers. At this time, my father decided to act in a rather original way. He already had four children: I was in office, and the rest were still studying, but they all had my last name. He submitted a petition to the bishop, so that he himself would be allowed to be called Rostislavov. My uncle Ivan Martynovych did exactly the same thing: he became Dobrovolsky from Veselchakov, because that was the nickname of his eldest son, who was still studying then, I think, in a seminary. I was very sorry that I did not know about the intention of the priest to change his surname. I don’t know why he wanted to call me Rostislavov, but I didn’t like this surname, it would be more pleasant for me to be Tumsky.

Some spiritual or seminary surnames are known - "tracing paper". When Petukhov turned into Alektorov (from the Greek "alektor" - rooster), Solovyov - into Aedonitsky, Belov - into Albanov, Nadezhdin - into Speransky, and so on.

There were cases when the surname was chosen in honor of a famous or respected person. In the 1920s, the memoirs of the church historian Yevgeny Evsigneevich Golubinsky (1834 - 1912), who was born in the Kostroma province in the family of a village priest E.F. Peskov. “When I was seven years old, my father began to think about taking me to school. At the same time, the first question for him was what name to give me ... he wanted to give me the name of some famous person in the spiritual world. Sometimes, on a winter evening, we would lie down with my father on the stove to twilight, and he would start sorting out: Golubinsky, Delitsyn (who was known as a censor of spiritual books), Ternovsky (meaning the father of the famous teacher of the law of Moscow University in his time, doctor of theology, the only one after Metropolitan Filaret), Pavsky, Sakharov (meaning the father of our Kostroma and his peer Yevgeny Sakharov, who was the rector of the Moscow Theological Academy and who died in the rank of Bishop of Simbirsk), ending his enumeration with a question to me: "Which surname do you prefer?" After a long deliberation, my father finally settled on the surname Golubinsky.

One more amusing episode can be cited from the memoirs published in 1879 in the Russian Starina magazine (the name of their author, a village priest, was not named). In 1835, his father brought him to the Saratov Theological School.

“Several hundred students crowded in the yard ... Some of the newcomers, clinging to the wall, with a piece of paper in their hands, memorized their last name. We spirituals, as everyone already knows, have funny surnames. Where did they come from? It was like this: some father brings his boy to the school, puts him in an apartment, certainly in an artel. Some giant syntaxist, who has been working on Latin and Greek conjugations for 10 years, certainly already dominates in the artel apartment. Sometimes such gentlemen gathered several at a time in one apartment. The father turns to someone and asks: what, my dear sir, should I give my boy's surname? At that time, he was hollowing: tipto, tiptis, tipti ... What surname should I give?! .. Tiptov! Another, the same athlete, is sitting at this time, somewhere astride a hayloft or cellar and hammering: diligenter - diligently, male - badly ... He hears what they are asking and yells: "No, no! Give your son the nickname Diligenterov, Hear: Diligenterov!" The third, the same beast, sits astride a fence and yells a lesson from geography: Amsterdam, Harlem, Sardam, Gaga ... "No, no, - interrupts, - Give a nickname to the son of Amsterdam!" Everyone runs, advice is made, i.e. shouting, swearing, and sometimes with jagged teeth, and whoever takes it, that surname will remain. The wild kid can't even pronounce what these Urvants have christened him. They write to him on a piece of paper, and he goes and memorizes sometimes, really, almost a month. For at least a month, it was like asking someone for a teacher, and ten people would rush into their pockets for a note to ask if he was being called. This is the reason why we, the spiritual, formed the names of the Higher Bells! I have witnessed such scenes more than once. I was already in the last class of the seminary in 1847, when the order of the Synod followed that the children should bear the surname of their fathers. But for that, the Higher Bells were entrenched forever.

The originality of surnames in the clergy often became the subject of jokes. So, in the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Surgery" deacon has the surname Vonmiglasov (from the Church Slavonic "wonmi" - hear, listen); deacon in the story "Gimp" - Otlukavin.

On September 27, 1799, by decree of Emperor Paul I, an independent Orenburg diocese was established. At the same time, the place of residence of the bishop was not the then provincial Orenburg, but the city of Ufa. In June 1800, the Orenburg Theological Seminary was opened in Ufa. In this vast region, it was the first spiritual educational institution. And it can be assumed that, as elsewhere, it was within its walls that active “surname creation” began. But it is worth noting that in the 18th century (that is, in the pre-seminary era) clerics with unusual surnames served in Ufa and the provinces: Rebelinsky, Ungvitsky, Bazilevsky.

In 1893, in the "Ufimskiye Provincial Gazette" local historian A.V. Chernikov-Anuchin published an article about the ancestor of the Bazilevskys, and thanks to his work, the history of the emergence of this surname is known. Archpriest of the Sterlitamak Cathedral Feodor Ivanovich Bazilevsky (1757‒1848) was the son of the priest of the Zilair fortress, Fr. John Shishkov. In 1793, the deacon Theodore Shishkov was ordained a deacon by the Archbishop of Kazan, Ambrose (Podobedov), at the Intercession Church in Sterlitamak. At the same time, Vladyka “ordered the newly appointed deacon to be written everywhere henceforth no longer by Shishkov, but by Bazilevsky.” Probably, the surname was formed from the title of the ancient Greek, and then the Byzantine emperors - basileus. The future millionaire gold miner and the most famous Ufa philanthropist Ivan Fedorovich Bazilevsky (1791‒1876) was one of the first students of the Orenburg Theological Seminary opened in Ufa in June 1800, but he received his surname not there, but from his father, to whom it was assigned during ordination.

Nevertheless, it can be assumed that most of the "indigenous" Ufa spiritual families appeared in the seminary. Sometimes it is possible to trace the process of their formation. So, in the 1880s, the priest Viktor Evsigneevich Kasimovsky served in the Ufa diocese, his brother Vasily Evsigneevich (1832‒1902) was a teacher at the Ufa Theological Seminary. In the revision tales of the village of Kasimov, Ufa district, information has been preserved that in 1798 the deacon Pyotr Fedorov died. In 1811, his fifteen-year-old son Evsigney Kasimovsky studied at the Orenburg Seminary. Thus, Evsigney received his surname from the name of the village where his father served.

In 1809, the pupils of the Orenburg Theological Seminary (recall that it was located in Ufa) had such surnames as Adamantov, Aktashevsky, Alfeev, Albinsky, Amanatsky, Bogoroditsky, Boretsky, Bystritsky, Vysotsky, Garantelsky, Geniev, Golubev, Gumilevsky, Derzhavin, Dobrolyubov, Dubravin, Dubrovsky, Evladov, Evkhoretensky, Yeletsky and others.

It can also be noted that some of the seminarians at the very beginning of the 19th century bore simple surnames formed from given names. There were also those who retained their ancient family ancestry. So, for example, Kibardyny. Back in the 1730s, in the palace village of Karakulin (now in the territory of Udmurtia), Vasily Kibardin was a sexton. In the next more than 200 years, many Kibardins served in the Orenburg-Ufa diocese.

In the 19th century, clerics from the European part of Russia were transferred to the Orenburg region. They translated and brought new spiritual surnames from their homeland. The first fairly complete list of the Ufa clergy (priests, deacons, psalm readers) was published in the Reference book of the Ufa province for 1882-1883. Among them, of course, were the Andreevs, Vasilievs, Makarovs; there were also those who bore "not quite" spiritual surnames: Babushkin, Kulagin, Polozov, Uvarov, Malyshev. But, nevertheless, for the majority of clergy and clergy they were "seminary". After the family "disorder" was stopped in the 1830-1840s by the decrees of the Synod, their share began to gradually decrease, but even in the first third of the 20th century it remained quite high. So, according to information from the Address-calendar of the Ufa province for 1917, more than half of the priests had obviously spiritual surnames.

One may wonder why something similar did not happen, for example, among the merchants? Why were the nobles in no hurry to part with sometimes very dissonant surnames, whose heads were Durovs, Svinins, Kuroyedovs?

In his "Little Things of Bishop's Life" N.S. Leskov wrote about Oryol’s “clergy”, who had been unusually interested in him since childhood: “they won me over ... class originality, in which I sensed incomparably more life than in those so-called“ good manners ”, the suggestion of which tormented me by the pretentious circle of my Oryol relatives. In all likelihood, the "class originality" stemmed from the fact that the clergy were the most educated class of Russian society.

If in 1767, when drawing up an order to the Legislative Commission, more than half of the Ufa nobles (due to ignorance of the letter) could not even sign it, in the Rebelinsky family of priests already in the middle of the 18th century, and possibly earlier, a home commemorative book was kept, in which events were recorded, which they were witnesses. In the future, several Rebelinskys kept personal diaries, wrote memoirs and memoirs. The priest of the Zilair fortress, Ivan Shishkov, since there were no theological schools or a seminary in the region, in the 1770s was able to give his son only a home education. At the same time, the future respected and very enlightened Sterlitamak Archpriest Feodor Ivanovich Bazilevsky learned to read and write, count, the Law of God, church charter and singing according to church use.

The very first secondary educational institution in the vast Orenburg-Ufa province was the Theological Seminary, opened in Ufa in 1800. The first men's gymnasium began its activity almost thirty years later - in 1828.

Until the 1840s, the main subject in the seminaries was the Latin language, which was studied to the degree of fluency in it. In the middle classes, pupils were taught to compose poetry and make speeches in Latin. In higher education, all lectures were given in Latin, the seminarians read ancient and Western European theological and philosophical works, and passed exams in Latin. As early as 1807, classes in medicine and drawing were opened in the Ufa Seminary, and in 1808, classes in French and German were opened. Since the 1840s, Latin has become one of the general educational disciplines. In addition to theological and liturgical subjects, the Ufa Seminary studied: civil and natural history, archeology, logic, psychology, poetry, rhetoric, physics, medicine, agriculture, algebra, geometry, land surveying, Jewish, Greek, Latin, German, French, Tatar and Chuvash languages.

Most of the graduates became parish priests, but there were also those who later served in various secular institutions (officials, teachers). Some seminarians entered higher spiritual and secular educational institutions - theological academies, universities.

In 1897, according to the data of the first general population census in the Ufa province, 56.9% were literate among the nobles and officials, 73.4% in the families of the clergy, and 32.7% in urban estates. Among the nobles and officials of those who received an education above the primary level, there were 18.9%, among the clergy - 36.8%, urban estates - 2.75%.

Especially in the 19th century, the clergy regularly supplied the intelligentsia to the Russian state, and among the names of famous scientists, doctors, teachers, writers, and artists there are many "spiritual" ones. It is far from accidental that the embodiment of talent, civility, originality and common culture is Bulgakov's hero Filipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky, the son of the cathedral archpriest.

This surname Tserkovny in some cases is of Polish origin and is formed either from Poland itself or from neighboring states (Belarus, Ukraine). The overwhelming majority of representatives of the Church family belonged to the Polish gentry. In 10% percent, the bearer of the surname is possibly a descendant of an ancient Russian princely or boyar family. But in both cases, the surname mainly indicates the area where the distant ancestors of a person lived or the settlement from where, according to legend, this family originates, however, the surname can also come from the nickname or name of a distant ancestor. It can be assumed that in 24% of cases this surname was given by the ancestor of the clergyman when he graduated from the seminary. Usually such a surname was given at the behest of the leadership of the school and could be formed from the name of a city, village, or saint.

The surname Tserkovny is considered to be poorly spread on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries. In the surviving annalistic texts, citizens with this surname belonged to the class of the aristocracy from the Slavic Pskov merchants in the 16th-17th centuries, having at their disposal a great royal privilege. The original evidence of the surname can be found in the index of the census of All Russia in the era of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The ruler kept a certain list of respected and euphonious surnames, which were bestowed on relatives only in case of special merits or awards. Thus, the specified surname conveyed a personal unique origin and is exceptional.

Surname spelling in Latin: TSERKOVNYIY

In modern society, surnames of spiritual origin are quite common, and many of their carriers do not even suspect that a distant ancestor could belong to the priestly class. Spiritual (sometimes they are also called seminary) surnames are not only Bogoyavlensky, Agrov or Cherubimov; but also, for example, Skvortsov, Zverev, Kasimovsky, Boretsky, Velikanov, Svetlov, Golovin, Tikhomirov and many others.

If not determined, then at least it is possible to assume the class affiliation of their ancestors only if they passed on spiritual surnames to their descendants. Most other Russian surnames, in general, are all-class, including the "loud" noble ones. For example, the Gagarins are both representatives of an ancient princely family and Smolensk peasants. It was their descendant that Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin was.

Or another example: Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (1878‒1942), a remarkable Russian writer abroad, wrote under a pseudonym. His real name was Ilyin, and the Ufa nobles of Ilyin were descendants of Rurik. So the “simple” surname Ilyin could be worn by Rurikoviches, as well as merchants, philistines and peasants.

But among the Orthodox clergy there were few Ilyins. This is explained by the fact that at the end of the 18th - the first third of the 19th century, a unique “surname-forming” process took place in the clergy: everywhere, when a student entered the Theological School or the Theological Seminary, he was assigned a new sonorous or original surname.

An interesting description of this era was left in his memoirs, published in 1882 in the journal "Russian Antiquity", professor of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy Dmitry Ivanovich Rostislavov (1809-1877)

“At the time that I am describing, and even for a long time, the family names of most clergymen were of little use ... My father, despite his deanery position, signed all the reports of the consistory and to the bishop Ivan Martynov. Later, siblings who studied at spiritual and educational institutions often had different surnames, for example, from grandfather's children, my father was nicknamed Tumsky, uncle Ivan - Veselchakov, and uncle Vasily - Krylov.

... On the basis of this custom, the clergy, sending their children to the school, gave them such surnames or nicknames that for some reason they liked. Simple people, not inventive, not scientists, in this case took into account either:

1) the name of the village: for example, from the fourteen villages of the Kasimovsky district belonging to Meshchora, only Cherkasovo and Frol, as far as I remember, did not give nicknames to the children of their clergy, and the well-known Tumskys and Tumins, Birenevs, Leskovs, Palinskys came from the others , Peshchurovs, Kurshins, Verikodvorskys, Gusevs, Parmins, Palishchins and Prudins;

2) temple holidays: hence the multitude of Voznesensky, Assumption, Ilyinsky;

3) the title of father: hence the Protopopovs, Popovs, Dyachkovs, Dyakovs, Ponomarevs; it is remarkable that the words "priest" and "clerk" were not popular; I don't remember a single seminarian with the surname of Priests or Clerks;

... Those who studied in seminaries and generally showed a claim to learning or wit, gave surnames to their children, in accordance either with the qualities that were noticed in them, or with the hopes that were counted on them. Hence the multitude of Smirnovs, Krotkovs, Slavskys, Slavinskys, Pospelovs, Chistyakovs, Nadezhdins, Nadezhins, Razumovs, Razumovskys, Dobrynins, Dobrovs, Tverdovs, and so on. Here, however, surnames made up of two words were very loved, especially those that included the words God, good and good. Hence the countless Tikhomirovs, Ostroumovs, Mirolubovs, Peacemakers, Milovidovs, Bogolyubovs, Blagosvetlovs, Blagonravovs, Blagoserdovs, Blagonadezhdins, Purehearts, Dobromyslovs, Dobrolyubovs, Dobronadezhdins, Dobrokhotovs, Dobrotvorskys, and so on.

... But the Russian language seemed insufficient for many, or, perhaps, it was necessary to show off the knowledge of Latin or Greek; hence the Speranskys, the Amfiteatrovs, the Palimsestovs, the Urbanskys, the Antizitrovs, the Vitulins, the Meshcherovs.

The authorities themselves did not want to not declare their participation in this matter either; some because the fathers themselves provided them with naming their sons, while others even took away the right of the fathers to do so. In this regard, the superintendent of the Skopinsky school, Ilya Rossov, was remarkable. For the names of his students, he used all the sciences, especially natural sciences and history: he had the Orlovs, the Solovyovs, the Volkovs, the Lisitsyns, the Almazovs, the Izumrudovs, the Rumyantsevs, the Suvorovs, and so on. and so on. Once he decided to distinguish himself before the board of the seminary and draw his attention to his ingenuity. He sent lists in which the students were included, so to speak, in separate groups, according to the nature of their surnames, i.e. the Rumyantsevs, Suvorovs, Kutuzovs, then Orlovs, Solovyovs, Ptitsyns, then Volkovs, Lisitsyns, Kunitsyns were written to the series. But the board of the seminary returned the lists with a stern reprimand and ordered them to be compiled according to the success of the students, and not according to the meaning of their surnames.

... Many fathers-rectors, academicians, masters liked to be witty about surnames. If for some reason they liked a student, then they changed his surname and gave another one that seemed better to them. The rector of the Ryazan seminary, Iliodor, was distinguished by this intricacy… He baptized my comrade Dmitrov as Melioransky, the student of theology Kobylsky as Bogoslovsky, and so on.

When I was already at the academy, the Synod somehow guessed that it was necessary to put an end to this disorder, which was the cause of many misunderstandings in inheritance matters. He issued a decree, which ordered that all clergy and clergy be named and signed by name and surname, so that their children would have the surnames of their fathers. At this time, my father decided to act in a rather original way. He already had four children: I was in office, and the rest were still studying, but they all had my last name. He submitted a petition to the bishop, so that he himself would be allowed to be called Rostislavov. My uncle Ivan Martynovych did exactly the same thing: he became Dobrovolsky from Veselchakov, because that was the nickname of his eldest son, who was still studying then, I think, in a seminary. I was very sorry that I did not know about the intention of the priest to change his surname. I don’t know why he wanted to call me Rostislavov, but I didn’t like this surname, it would be more pleasant for me to be Tumsky.

Some spiritual or seminary surnames are known - "tracing paper". When Petukhov turned into Alektorov (from the Greek "alektor" - rooster), Solovyov - into Aedonitsky, Belov - into Albanov, Nadezhdin - into Speransky, and so on.

There were cases when the surname was chosen in honor of a famous or respected person. In the 1920s, the memoirs of the church historian Yevgeny Evsigneevich Golubinsky (1834 - 1912), who was born in the Kostroma province in the family of a village priest E.F. Peskov. “When I was seven years old, my father began to think about taking me to school. At the same time, the first question for him was what name to give me ... he wanted to give me the name of some famous person in the spiritual world. Sometimes, on a winter evening, we would lie down with my father on the stove to twilight, and he would start sorting out: Golubinsky, Delitsyn (who was known as a censor of spiritual books), Ternovsky (meaning the father of the famous teacher of the law of Moscow University in his time, doctor of theology, the only one after Metropolitan Filaret), Pavsky, Sakharov (meaning the father of our Kostroma and his peer Yevgeny Sakharov, who was the rector of the Moscow Theological Academy and who died in the rank of Bishop of Simbirsk), ending his enumeration with a question to me: "Which surname do you prefer?" After a long deliberation, my father finally settled on the surname Golubinsky.

One more amusing episode can be cited from the memoirs published in 1879 in the Russian Starina magazine (the name of their author, a village priest, was not named). In 1835, his father brought him to the Saratov Theological School.

“Several hundred students crowded in the yard ... Some of the newcomers, clinging to the wall, with a piece of paper in their hands, memorized their last name. We spirituals, as everyone already knows, have funny surnames. Where did they come from? It was like this: some father brings his boy to the school, puts him in an apartment, certainly in an artel. Some giant syntaxist, who has been working on Latin and Greek conjugations for 10 years, certainly already dominates in the artel apartment. Sometimes such gentlemen gathered several at a time in one apartment. The father turns to someone and asks: what, my dear sir, should I give my boy's surname? At that time, he was hollowing: tipto, tiptis, tipti ... What surname should I give?! .. Tiptov! Another, the same athlete, is sitting at this time, somewhere astride a hayloft or cellar and hammering: diligenter - diligently, male - badly ... He hears what they are asking and yells: "No, no! Give your son the nickname Diligenterov, Hear: Diligenterov!" The third, the same beast, sits astride a fence and yells a lesson from geography: Amsterdam, Harlem, Sardam, Gaga ... "No, no, - interrupts, - Give a nickname to the son of Amsterdam!" Everyone runs, advice is made, i.e. shouting, swearing, and sometimes with jagged teeth, and whoever takes it, that surname will remain. The wild kid can't even pronounce what these Urvants have christened him. They write to him on a piece of paper, and he goes and memorizes sometimes, really, almost a month. For at least a month, it was like asking someone for a teacher, and ten people would rush into their pockets for a note to ask if he was being called. This is the reason why we, the spiritual, formed the names of the Higher Bells! I have witnessed such scenes more than once. I was already in the last class of the seminary in 1847, when the order of the Synod followed that the children should bear the surname of their fathers. But for that, the Higher Bells were entrenched forever.

The originality of surnames in the clergy often became the subject of jokes. So, in the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Surgery" deacon has the surname Vonmiglasov (from the Church Slavonic "wonmi" - hear, listen); deacon in the story "Gimp" - Otlukavin.

On September 27, 1799, by decree of Emperor Paul I, an independent Orenburg diocese was established. At the same time, the place of residence of the bishop was not the then provincial Orenburg, but the city of Ufa. In June 1800, the Orenburg Theological Seminary was opened in Ufa. In this vast region, it was the first spiritual educational institution. And it can be assumed that, as elsewhere, it was within its walls that active “surname creation” began. But it is worth noting that in the 18th century (that is, in the pre-seminary era) clerics with unusual surnames served in Ufa and the provinces: Rebelinsky, Ungvitsky, Bazilevsky.

In 1893, in the "Ufimskiye Provincial Gazette" local historian A.V. Chernikov-Anuchin published an article about the ancestor of the Bazilevskys, and thanks to his work, the history of the emergence of this surname is known. Archpriest of the Sterlitamak Cathedral Feodor Ivanovich Bazilevsky (1757‒1848) was the son of the priest of the Zilair fortress, Fr. John Shishkov. In 1793, the deacon Theodore Shishkov was ordained a deacon by the Archbishop of Kazan, Ambrose (Podobedov), at the Intercession Church in Sterlitamak. At the same time, Vladyka “ordered the newly appointed deacon to be written everywhere henceforth no longer by Shishkov, but by Bazilevsky.” Probably, the surname was formed from the title of the ancient Greek, and then the Byzantine emperors - basileus. The future millionaire gold miner and the most famous Ufa philanthropist Ivan Fedorovich Bazilevsky (1791‒1876) was one of the first students of the Orenburg Theological Seminary opened in Ufa in June 1800, but he received his surname not there, but from his father, to whom it was assigned during ordination.

Nevertheless, it can be assumed that most of the "indigenous" Ufa spiritual families appeared in the seminary. Sometimes it is possible to trace the process of their formation. So, in the 1880s, the priest Viktor Evsigneevich Kasimovsky served in the Ufa diocese, his brother Vasily Evsigneevich (1832‒1902) was a teacher at the Ufa Theological Seminary. In the revision tales of the village of Kasimov, Ufa district, information has been preserved that in 1798 the deacon Pyotr Fedorov died. In 1811, his fifteen-year-old son Evsigney Kasimovsky studied at the Orenburg Seminary. Thus, Evsigney received his surname from the name of the village where his father served.

In 1809, the pupils of the Orenburg Theological Seminary (recall that it was located in Ufa) had such surnames as Adamantov, Aktashevsky, Alfeev, Albinsky, Amanatsky, Bogoroditsky, Boretsky, Bystritsky, Vysotsky, Garantelsky, Geniev, Golubev, Gumilevsky, Derzhavin, Dobrolyubov, Dubravin, Dubrovsky, Evladov, Evkhoretensky, Yeletsky and others.

It can also be noted that some of the seminarians at the very beginning of the 19th century bore simple surnames formed from given names. There were also those who retained their ancient family ancestry. So, for example, Kibardyny. Back in the 1730s, in the palace village of Karakulin (now in the territory of Udmurtia), Vasily Kibardin was a sexton. In the next more than 200 years, many Kibardins served in the Orenburg-Ufa diocese.

In the 19th century, clerics from the European part of Russia were transferred to the Orenburg region. They translated and brought new spiritual surnames from their homeland. The first fairly complete list of the Ufa clergy (priests, deacons, psalm readers) was published in the Reference book of the Ufa province for 1882-1883. Among them, of course, were the Andreevs, Vasilievs, Makarovs; there were also those who bore "not quite" spiritual surnames: Babushkin, Kulagin, Polozov, Uvarov, Malyshev. But, nevertheless, for the majority of clergy and clergy they were "seminary". After the family "disorder" was stopped in the 1830-1840s by the decrees of the Synod, their share began to gradually decrease, but even in the first third of the 20th century it remained quite high. So, according to information from the Address-calendar of the Ufa province for 1917, more than half of the priests had obviously spiritual surnames.

One may wonder why something similar did not happen, for example, among the merchants? Why were the nobles in no hurry to part with sometimes very dissonant surnames, whose heads were Durovs, Svinins, Kuroyedovs?

In his "Little Things of Bishop's Life" N.S. Leskov wrote about Oryol’s “clergy”, who had been unusually interested in him since childhood: “they won me over ... class originality, in which I sensed incomparably more life than in those so-called“ good manners ”, the suggestion of which tormented me by the pretentious circle of my Oryol relatives. In all likelihood, the "class originality" stemmed from the fact that the clergy were the most educated class of Russian society.

If in 1767, when drawing up an order to the Legislative Commission, more than half of the Ufa nobles (due to ignorance of the letter) could not even sign it, in the Rebelinsky family of priests already in the middle of the 18th century, and possibly earlier, a home commemorative book was kept, in which events were recorded, which they were witnesses. In the future, several Rebelinskys kept personal diaries, wrote memoirs and memoirs. The priest of the Zilair fortress, Ivan Shishkov, since there were no theological schools or a seminary in the region, in the 1770s was able to give his son only a home education. At the same time, the future respected and very enlightened Sterlitamak Archpriest Feodor Ivanovich Bazilevsky learned to read and write, count, the Law of God, church charter and singing according to church use.

The very first secondary educational institution in the vast Orenburg-Ufa province was the Theological Seminary, opened in Ufa in 1800. The first men's gymnasium began its activity almost thirty years later - in 1828.

Until the 1840s, the main subject in the seminaries was the Latin language, which was studied to the degree of fluency in it. In the middle classes, pupils were taught to compose poetry and make speeches in Latin. In higher education, all lectures were given in Latin, the seminarians read ancient and Western European theological and philosophical works, and passed exams in Latin. As early as 1807, classes in medicine and drawing were opened in the Ufa Seminary, and in 1808, classes in French and German were opened. Since the 1840s, Latin has become one of the general educational disciplines. In addition to theological and liturgical subjects, the Ufa Seminary studied: civil and natural history, archeology, logic, psychology, poetry, rhetoric, physics, medicine, agriculture, algebra, geometry, land surveying, Jewish, Greek, Latin, German, French, Tatar and Chuvash languages.

Most of the graduates became parish priests, but there were also those who later served in various secular institutions (officials, teachers). Some seminarians entered higher spiritual and secular educational institutions - theological academies, universities.

In 1897, according to the data of the first general population census in the Ufa province, 56.9% were literate among the nobles and officials, 73.4% in the families of the clergy, and 32.7% in urban estates. Among the nobles and officials of those who received an education above the primary level, there were 18.9%, among the clergy - 36.8%, urban estates - 2.75%.

Especially in the 19th century, the clergy regularly supplied the intelligentsia to the Russian state, and among the names of famous scientists, doctors, teachers, writers, and artists there are many "spiritual" ones. It is far from accidental that the embodiment of talent, civility, originality and common culture is Bulgakov's hero Filipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky, the son of the cathedral archpriest.

Janina SVICE

The publication is based on a report onV Tabyn Readings

POKROVSKY

The history of the Pokrovsky surname begins in the 17th century in the central regions of Russia and is inextricably linked with the Russian Orthodox Church.

This surname is defined by historians as an "artificial surname". Such surnames appeared during the XVII-XIX centuries. among the Russian Orthodox clergy. The clergy were the only social group in Russia that systematically introduced artificial surnames into use. This practice began at the very end of the 17th century and continued for over two centuries. Artificial surnames were sometimes given instead of existing ones or were assigned in theological schools to students who had not previously had surnames. Since Orthodox priests could marry, their artificial surnames were inherited by children and thus gained further distribution.

At first, artificial surnames served simply to fix the identity of nameless children, but in the future, the creation of such surnames became a widespread practice. They could easily change on the sole decision of the leadership of a theological school, seminary or higher theological academy.

Surnames were usually given as a reward or punishment. The inventiveness of the people who gave surnames was practically inexhaustible, and therefore the surnames of the Russian clergy are not only extremely diverse, but also picturesque. Such surnames were formed: from the name of the area, from the names of saints, from the names of church holidays, from exotic animals and plants. Surnames were also popular, which were given in order to highlight the behavior and moral qualities of their carriers. The seminarians put together a witty formula for the surnames they received: "Across churches, over flowers, over stones, over cattle, and as if his Eminence will delight."

The feast of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, established in the middle of the 18th century in the reign of the Byzantine emperor Leo, in memory of the miraculous appearance of the Mother of God, spreading her cover over Constantinople as the heavenly protection of the city from the Saracens who besieged it, took on a peculiar coloring among the newly converted Christians - Slavs. Of the whole series of legends caused by this holiday, the following was especially popular in the view of the Slavs.

In ancient times, the Mother of God wandered the earth, it happened to her to go into one village, where people who forgot about God and about all mercy lived. The Mother of God began to ask for a lodging for the night - they did not let her anywhere. Ilya the prophet, who was passing at that time along the heavenly path above the village, heard hard-hearted words - he could not endure such an insult inflicted on the Virgin Mary and thunder-lightnings fell from the sky on those who refused the Divine Wanderer for the night, fiery and stone arrows flew, a hail the size of the size of a man's head, poured downpour-rain, threatening to flood the entire village. The frightened wicked people wept, and the Mother of God took pity on them. She unfolded the cover and covered the village with it, which saved her offenders from total extermination. Goodness inexpressible reached the hearts of sinners, and the ice of their cruelty, which had not melted for a long time, was melted: from that time on, they all became kind and hospitable.

Therefore, in Russia, since ancient times, the feast of the Holy Intercession was celebrated with special solemnity and pomp, and in seminaries, students who stood out for their success in the sciences and theology and showed great promise were often assigned a surname formed from the name of this bright holiday. In addition, the surname Pokrovsky was usually given to a priest who served in the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God.

The children of priests, as a rule, had the opportunity to get a good education, so already at the end of the 18th century, representatives of this family were often found among Russian statesmen.

The first surnames among Russians appeared in the 13th century, but most remained “nicknameless” for another 600 years. Enough name, patronymic and profession.

The fashion for surnames came to Russia from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. As early as the 12th century, Veliky Novgorod established close contacts with this state. Noble Novgorodians can be considered the first official owners of surnames in Russia.

The earliest known list of the dead with surnames: “Novgorodets is the same pade: Kostyantin Lugotinits, Gyuryata Pineshchinich, Namst, Drochilo Nezdylov son of a tanner ...” (The first Novgorod chronicle of the senior version, 1240). Surnames helped in diplomacy and in accounting for the troops. So it was easier to distinguish one Ivan from another.

Boyar and princely families

In the XIV-XV centuries, Russian princes and boyars began to take surnames. Surnames were often formed from the names of lands. Thus, the owners of the estate on the Shuya River became Shuisky, on Vyazma - Vyazemsky, on Meshchera - Meshchersky, the same story with Tversky, Obolensky, Vorotynsky and other -skys.

It must be said that -sk- is a common Slavic suffix, it can be found in Czech surnames (Komensky), Polish (Zapototsky), and Ukrainian (Artemovsky).

The boyars also often received their surnames from the baptismal name of the ancestor or his nickname: such surnames literally answered the question “whose?” (meaning “whose son?”, “what kind?”) and had possessive suffixes in their composition.

The suffix -ov- joined worldly names ending in solid consonants: Smirnoy - Smirnov, Ignat - Ignatov, Petr - Petrov.

The suffix -Ev- joined names and nicknames that had a soft sign at the end, -y, -ey or h: Medved - Medvedev, Yuri - Yuryev, Begich - Begichev.

The suffix -in- received surnames formed from names with vowels "a" and "ya": Apukhta -Apukhtin, Gavrila - Gavrilin, Ilya -Ilyin.

Why Romanovs - Romanovs?

The most famous surname in Russian history is the Romanovs. Their ancestor Andrei Kobyly (a boyar from the time of Ivan Kalita) had three sons: Semyon Zherebets, Alexander Elka Kobylin and Fedor Koshka. The Zherebtsovs, Kobylins and Koshkins, respectively, descended from them.

After several generations, the descendants decided that the surname from the nickname is not noble. Then they first became the Yakovlevs (after the great-grandson of Fyodor Koshka) and the Zakharyin-Yurievs (after the names of his grandson and another great-grandson), and remained in history as the Romanovs (after the great-great-grandson of Fyodor Koshka).

Aristocratic surnames

The Russian aristocracy originally had noble roots, and among the nobles there were many people who came to the Russian service from abroad. It all started with surnames of Greek and Polish-Lithuanian origin at the end of the 15th century, and in the 17th century they were joined by the Fonvizins (German von Wiesen), Lermontovs (Scottish Lermont) and other surnames with Western roots.

There are also foreign stems for surnames that were given to illegitimate children of noble people: Sherov (French cher “dear”), Amantov (French amant “beloved”), Oksov (German Ochs “bull”), Herzen (German Herz “heart ").

Born children generally "suffered" a lot from the imagination of their parents. Some of them did not bother to come up with a new surname, but simply abbreviated the old one: this is how Pnin was born from Repnin, Betskoy from Trubetskoy, Agin from Yelagin, and the “Koreans” Go and Te came from Golitsyn and Tenishev. The Tatars also left a significant mark on Russian surnames. This is how the Yusupovs (descendants of Murza Yusup), the Akhmatovs (Khan Akhmat), the Karamzins (Tatar. kara "black", murza "lord, prince"), the Kudinovs (distorted Kazakh-Tatars. Kudai "God, Allah") and other.

Surnames of servicemen

Following the nobility, simple service people began to receive surnames. They, like the princes, were also often called according to their place of residence, only with the suffixes “simpler”: families living in Tambov became Tambovtsevs, in Vologda - Vologzhaninovs, in Moscow - Moskvichevs and Moskvitinovs. Some were satisfied with a “non-family” suffix denoting an inhabitant of this territory in general: Belomorets, Kostromich, Chernomorets, and someone received the nickname without any changes - hence Tatyana Dunay, Alexander Galich, Olga Poltava and others.

Surnames of the clergy

The surnames of priests were formed from the names of churches and Christian holidays (Christmas, Assumption), and were also artificially formed from Church Slavonic, Latin and Greek words. The most amusing of them were those that were translated from Russian into Latin and received the "princely" suffix -sk-. So, Bobrov became Kastorsky (lat. castor "beaver"), Skvortsov - Sturnitsky (lat. sturnus "starling"), and Orlov - Aquilev (lat. aquila "eagle").

Peasant surnames

Surnames among peasants until the end of the 19th century were rare. The exceptions were non-serf peasants in the north of Russia and in the Novgorod province - hence Mikhailo Lomonosov and Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva.

After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the situation began to improve, and by the time of universal passportization in the 1930s, every inhabitant of the USSR had a surname.

They were formed according to already proven models: suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in- were added to names, nicknames, habitats, professions.

Why and when did they change names?

When the peasants began to acquire surnames, for superstitious reasons, from the evil eye, they gave the children not the most pleasant surnames: Nelyub, Nenash, Bad, Bolvan, Kruchina. After the revolution, queues of those who wanted to change their surname to a more euphonious one began to form at the passport offices.