Ready-made solutions for oge in literature. Recommendations for preparing for the exam in literature

In the 2018-2019 academic year, 9th grade graduates in all regions of the Russian Federation will be examined in 5 subjects, two of which will be mandatory (Russian language and mathematics), and the choice of the remaining three will be given to the students themselves and their parents.

In 2018, literature was in last place among the optional subjects of the OGE, because only 3% of ninth-graders decided to take this subject. Today, as the moment of choosing subjects for graduates of 2019 approaches, many children and parents have a question whether it is worth taking the OGE in literature in grade 9, and if so, is it difficult to prepare for it. Let's try to understand the intricacies of the subject, the features of KIMs and the secrets of preparing for this exam.

the date of the

Students who will finish grade 9 in 2019 will take the OGE at the end school year. But, as in previous seasons, students will be given the opportunity to pass the test ahead of schedule, or try again if they fail to overcome the minimum passing threshold the first time.

The following days are reserved for the Literature exam in the 9th grade:

Format and features of the literature exam

Literature, as one of the 2019 OGE exams, will be chosen by students who wish to continue their studies in philological classes, because in order to successfully overcome the test, it is necessary:

• know the biographies of writers and poets;
• thoroughly study the works included in the list of the school curriculum;
• be able to analyze and compare texts, make portraits of heroes, evaluate their actions;
• beautifully, concisely and competently express their own opinion.

The main feature of the OGE in Literature from other exams taken by ninth graders in 2019 is the fact that there are no tests with answers on the ticket. Exam ticket 2019 will consist of 2 parts:

Ninth-graders pass final certification on the basis of their school.

Examinees are given 235 minutes (3 hours 55 minutes) to complete the work.

Part 1 (text analysis)

Before proceeding with the tasks of the 1st part, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the two proposed options and choose for analysis only one, the closest and most understandable.

Important! You cannot do both at the same time.

The length of your response should be approximately:

Do not use overly complex speech structures. Let the text be concise, but at the same time readable and filled with deep meaning.

Part 2 (composition)

Most of all, graduates who are accustomed to simply answering tests on control sections in various subjects are afraid of the essay, which is an integral part of the 2019 OGE in literature.

In fact, most graduates who finish grade 9 complete the second part of the OGE in literature without any problems, and in 2019, examinees also have nothing to fear. It is also worth knowing that:

• in the process of writing an essay, it is allowed to use full text a work of art;
• the volume of the essay should be 200 words (works less than 150 words are not evaluated);
• their judgments must be argued using fragments from the text;
• When analyzing a work, it is important not to distort the author's position.

Evaluation of works

The works of the OGE 2019 in the literature do not contain a test part, and therefore are fully evaluated by independent experts. Each work will be reviewed by two teachers for a final score. As a result, the following scenarios are possible:

• The scores agreed - everything is fine, the score is determined and it is entered into the documentation.
• In the assessments of two experts there is a difference not exceeding 2 points - the arithmetic mean is set.
• Expert estimates differ by more than 2 points - a third specialist is involved, whose opinion will be decisive.

The grade received by a ninth-grader at the OGE in Literature in 2019 will affect the score of the certificate. When translating test scores for a given subject into grades, a special correspondence table is used:

Thus, if the preparation for the OGE in literature in 2019 was weak, and the goal of the graduate was to overcome the minimum threshold for passing, then it will be enough for him to get only 7 test points. If the subject was chosen with the aim of entering a specialized class or college, you will need to score at least 15 test points, which already corresponds to a grade of "4".

Since the OGE in literature has its own specifics, it is necessary for graduates of 2019 to start preparing for the exam as early as possible, because they will need to read a fairly large amount of literature (the list of works is given below) and work out the main topics of essays.

Where to begin?

Step 1. Familiarize yourself with the requirements examination work, having familiarized with the codifier and specifications.

Step 2 We read the works given in the list. Naturally, it is better to read the full text in the original, but if there is no time for this, then it is worth reading the abridged version and criticism, which can be found in special collections or on the Internet.

We bring to your attention full list literature for the OGE 2019 in literature with questions that must be answered while reading the work.

Step 3 We make notes. Don't Rely on Possibilities human memory They are, unfortunately, not unlimited. While reading, do not be too lazy to write out in a notebook the basic information that you will need to answer questions and write essays.

Step 4 Let's practice doing the first part. This will help the demo version of the OGE in Literature 2019, as well as the tickets that were offered at the exams to graduates of the 2018-2018 academic year.

Step 5 We practice writing an essay, observing the basic requirements for the text.

It will not be superfluous to listen to the advice of experienced teachers, get acquainted with the analysis of the demo version and recommendations for writing an essay. We offer you to watch one of these video tutorials right now:

The questions brought to your attention in the GIA format will allow the teacher to prepare students for task 1.2.2. These questions will also be useful in self-preparation for the exam.

1. What role do epithets play in the poem? (A.S. Pushkin “I remember wonderful moment…»)

2. What is the role of epithets in F.I. Tyutchev? (“There is in the lordship of autumn evenings ...”)

3. Describe the epithets found by the poet to recreate central image poems. (F.I. Tyutchev "Fountain")

4. What epithets are most important in characterizing Lensky and why? (A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin")

5. Why lyrical hero poems often resorts to rhetorical questions? (V.A. Zhukovsky "The Unspeakable")

6. How does the reception of antithesis help to realize the author's intention? (F.I. Tyutchev “The kite rose from the clearing ...”)

7. For what purpose does the poet use an extended comparison in this poem? (F.I. Tyutchev "Fountain")

8. What figurative and expressive means did I.A. Krylov to create the fabled images of "Pigs under the Oak"?

9. What is the role in the poem by A.A. Feta "In the haze - invisible ..." plays the impersonation technique?

10. With the help of what figurative and expressive means the image is created spring nature? (A.A. Fet “I came to you with greetings ...”)

Completing tasks 1.1.3 or 1.2.3 involves not only thinking about the proposed text, but also comparing it with another work or fragment, the text of which is also given in the examination paper (the approximate length of the answer is 5-8 sentences). These tasks expand the boundaries of the material being tested and determine the level of formation of the most important subject competencies.

But their implementation causes difficulties for students, because they do a poor job of identifying bases for comparison. works of art, with difficulty finding elements of similarity or difference between them.
The difficulties of schoolchildren are also related to the fact that they cannot correctly construct a written statement, arrange it compositionally, observe logic and consistency, and often replace analysis with a retelling of texts.

What to do in this situation? Let's try to give a "recipe" for ready-made happiness. I bring to your attention typical constructions, clichés, which will help students competently and correctly build an answer to an examination question, arrange logical transitions from one thought to another. The main thing is to follow a few rules:

1. Remember: the main fragment and the proposed passage or work for comparison are combined, as a rule, common theme, but it is revealed in different ways depending on the author's intention, creative method poet or writer. That is why it is first necessary to identify similarities, and then differences(if they are).

2. Correctly include source text information in finished speech formulas. This will help avoid retelling.

3. Choose from the list of proposed designs those that most accurately convey your idea or the idea of ​​the author.

CLICHE

1. Works (poems, fragments, excerpts) are united by a motive (theme) ...

2. The same theme in two works (poems, fragments, excerpts) is revealed in completely different ways and develops in opposite aspects.

3. For both works (poems, fragments, excerpts) one more feature is characteristic.

4. One more significant dissimilarity should be noted...

5. Differences in poems are expressed not only in emotional coloring, in pathos, but also in the structure and form of works.

6. The rhythmic sound of the poems is also contrasting. The poetic dimensions chosen by the poets convey ... ( dynamism, movement; fluency, fluency)

7. Unlike the first, the second poem has ...

8. The poems are largely contrasting, and the author put the opposite of feelings as the basis of the contrast (Ex: love and infatuation). The differences of these feelings are due to the differences of lyrical characters.

9. Poems ..., it would seem about the same thing, but how differently the position of the lyrical hero and completely different moods are presented in them.

10. It seems to me that from a comparison of both works (poems, fragments, excerpts), the following conclusion can be drawn.

Analysis of the poem

It is especially difficult for modern schoolchildren to analyze lyrical work. I offer you a cliche, the use of which, I think, in some cases may be appropriate and appropriate.

Cliche

Analysis of the poem

Determining the type of lyrics(love, philosophical, civil, landscape, symbolist lyrics) The poem "..." belongs to ... lyrics

The poem is prime example.. lyrics

The poem can be attributed to ... lyrics

Identification of the lyrical plot, the experience of the lyrical hero. The content of the poem is based on the experiences of the lyrical hero ...

We can say that the lyrical hero ...

The poem clearly captures the mood(joy, sadness, delight, hope)

... the motive of sadness sounds ...

Selection of compositional parts(if any) - climax, digressions, opposition of parts, ring composition The poem consists of ... stanzas ...

The product was built…

It has a clear structure.

The climax of the poem is...

Name interpretation The poem is so named because...

Characteristics of images(nouns-images) - In the first stanza, images (nouns) appear ...

Artistic and expressive means. The author, characterizing the images, uses artistic and expressive means ... Here the use helps the author ... An important role is played by ...

Actions and States(problem verbs). The author uses verbs, the content of which reflects the problems raised in the text

Notes (what?) ... describes (what?) ... concerns (what?) ... draws attention to (what?) ... recalls (what?)

Space, time. The space is presented in a very interesting way... (description of the room and everything in it, from the general to the particular, from the particular to the general, the description is presented from top to bottom, the description of the space is wide, access to the level of the sky, space...)

Stylistic level(vocabulary, rhyme, syntax). The author uses (high, low) vocabulary in the work

The poem is written using ... rhyming ... The stanzas have ... rhyming ...

The following syntactic means are used in the poem how ... (repetitions: anaphora, epiphora, inversion, parallelism, rhetorical questions, exclamations, defaults)

The sentences used are built…

Phonic level(verse size, sound writing: alliteration, assonance) ... At the heart of the rhythmic pattern is a five-foot trochee ...

At the heart of the rhythm of the poem is a five-foot trochee ... The size of the poem is

A special selection of consonant vowels (consonants) enhances the impression ...

ESSAY (tasks 2.1-2.4)

Introductory and concluding parts of the essay.

When starting to compose, remember that what is best appreciated and perceived is what and how it is said at the very beginning and end. Therefore, it is necessary to attract some original thought that will give originality to the introduction. This may be information about the era, facts from the biography of the writer, or some general reasoning about the topic.

Accordingly, the following entry types:
historical (epoch);
analytical (analyzing any concept included in the formulation of the topic);
biographical (facts from the biography of the writer);
comparative (about literary traditions);
picturesque (with a description of the picture);
lyrical (personal perception of the topic);
social science (with the involvement of knowledge in social disciplines).

Conclusion must be original in form, clear and expressive in thought.
it is desirable that a new thesis be put forward in the conclusion, expanding the main part;
it can be an ending - a conclusion, reflection, research, a rhetorical question, an ending - quotes and others;
the original conclusion is remarkable for its suddenness, novelty;
a happy ending can be an aphorism or a biblical saying.
As you work on your conclusion, remember the words of Dale Carnegie: "The ending is the most important strategic element. Don't leave it unfinished and broken."

Characteristic artistic image or character
Sample Plan

I. The place of the character in the system of images of the work.
II. Characteristics of a character as a certain social type
1. Social and financial situation.
2. Appearance.
3. The originality of the worldview and worldview, range of interests, habits, inclinations:
A) the nature of the activity and the main life aspirations;
B) influence on others.
4. Area of ​​feelings:
A) relationships with others

B) features of internal experiences.
5. Author's attitude to the character.
6. Personal traits that are revealed in the work:
A) with the help of a portrait;
B) in the author's description;
C) through the characteristics of others actors;
D) background or biography;
D) through a chain of actions;
E) in speech;
g) environment.
III. What social problem led the author to create similar image?

Analysis of an episode of a work of art
Sample Plan

An episode is a relatively independent unit of the action of a work, an excerpt, a fragment that talks about a completed event, incident.

1. Determining the theme of the episode.
2. Place of the episode in the ideological concept of the writer.
3. Determining the boundaries of the episode.
4. Finding out the reader's perception (reader's perception, thoughts, feelings).
5. Most significant artistic details(landscape, speech, interior).
6. How the hero is revealed in this episode (his thoughts, feelings, experiences).
7. Author's position(on whose side is the author).

comic creation tools

2. Hyperbole.
3. Portrait.
4. Speech characteristic.
5. Subject-household item.
6. Reception of surprise.
7. Neighborhood of the serious with the insignificant.
8. Selection of visual means.

If you chose literature as an additional exam, and now you don’t know what to do with it and how to pass it, don’t be sad. The advice of the teachers of the educational center "Merlin" will help you successfully cope with this test.

Who needs literature?

Literature is handed over not only by future philologists, but also by creative people. If you are going to enter the theater or art university, then high scores in literature will come in handy. Therefore, it is better to prepare in advance - there are a lot of program works and theory. Learn and read everything at once short period time is impossible. Let the OGE become your dress rehearsal, and then it will be much easier for you to pass the exam in grade 11.

Pitfalls of the OGE in Literature

Exam questions are structured in such a way as to check:

• do you know how to work with prose and poetic texts, analyze excerpts of a work, compare works of different authors;
• whether you are well oriented in the historical and literary process;
• do you know how to write detailed answers-essays with the involvement of artistic material;
• do you know literary terms;
• Are you familiar with artistic expressions?

The most offensive mistakes that schoolchildren make when passing the OGE, are incorrectly given quotes, inaccurate use of words and terms. Among the factual errors there is an incorrect spelling of the names of authors, main and secondary characters, distortion key points works, as well as spelling and punctuation errors. All of this can be avoided if you take pre-exam preparation seriously.

How to prepare for the OGE in literature, as soon as you take it?

1. Read and write

A list of works that can be found on the exam can be found on the FIPI website, this institute develops control and measuring materials for the OGE. They need to be well known. We advise you to reader's diary, it will help to quickly refresh the text in memory before exams. In the course of reading, write out the main characters in the notebook, their brief description, years of creation of the work, indicating the name of the author in full, the prerequisites for writing, the main problems that are raised in the work, in a word, all the information that may be required.

Not enough time? Find quality brief retellings with comments. In large bookstores, often in departments methodological literature, editions are sold, where program works are recounted in detail with detailed analysis. In these books you will find many useful information, which will help you answer the exam questions correctly.

If possible, watch Soviet film adaptations classical literature- "War and Peace" by Sergei Bondarchuk, " Cruel romance" Eldar Ryazanov, "Incognito from Petersburg" by Leonid Gaidai, "A Few Days in the Life of I. I. Oblomov" by Nikita Mikhalkov, etc. They are filmed, as they say, close to the text, and will help you better understand the work.

When working with critical materials, do not forget to also write down the main points, names, facts in the reader's diary. For each work, you should end up with something like a Wikipedia article.

2. Organize

In assignments, it is often required to draw parallels between the works of different authors. Even if you have read, it will take precious time to remember what issues are raised in a particular poem or story. We propose to pre-divide at least the lyrics by topic: love, a poet and society, war, love for the motherland, creativity, etc. This way you will kill two birds with one stone: carefully read the text, highlighting the problems and structuring knowledge.

3. Homemade

Writing is one of the most difficult tasks. Basically, the cause of errors is the inability to coherently and competently express one's thoughts. Merlin teachers advise writing an essay according to a pre-prepared plan, using cliché phrases that will help build the text compositionally and logically. Try to write similar essays every week for a year and show them to your teacher so that he can help you evaluate the text objectively.

4. Use collections

We must not forget about the collections of standard examination tasks - these are the main assistants in preparing for the OGE. Please review the grading criteria before starting class. Answers use only for self-examination. Review assignments from previous years.

5. Sign up for preparatory courses

It is quite possible to prepare for the exam on your own, but only a disciplined and responsible person can do it. If you are not sure that you can definitely devote at least one day a week to literature, it is better not to risk it and enroll in courses. So, you will regularly study, fill in the gaps and systematize your knowledge.

We wish you success!

In contact with

In 2018, the first part of the OGE in literature will remain unchanged. Graduates choose one of two options and write detailed answers to tasks in the text. Volume - 5-8 sentences.

Below you have two options for a detailed answer for the three tasks of part one as an example of answers to the first three OGE assignments on literature. Topics related to " dead souls"Gogol and Tyutchev's poem "There is in the autumn of the original ...".

Open the demo version of the OGE in Literature 2017 and read the assignments and the text for it.

We analyze option 1

Task 1.1.1

What properties of Chichikov's nature manifested themselves in his internal monologue?

Answer to task 1.1.1

The internal monologue is one of the means that Gogol resorts to to characterize his character. In this fragment, such features of Chichikov as prudence, attentiveness and coldness are revealed to the reader: "But our hero was already middle-aged and a prudently chilled character." Emotional impulses and recklessness in behavior are alien to him. Chichikov is a typical cynic, subordinating his impulses to reason, which makes him think first - then act. The same traits of the hero can be found in chapter 4, where the nature of the hero is revealed through a conversation with Nozdryov.

Task 1.1.2

Answer to task 1.1.2

The mention of a twenty-year-old youth is given to indicate the contrast between the behavior of a young man and the behavior that Chichikov demonstrated. At twenty years old, young men are still a little naive, impressionable and ready for rash acts, "forgetting themselves, and service, and the world, and everything that is in the world." Their behavior is guided by strong spiritual impulses, and the mind is always inferior to the heart. Such behavior completely contradicts the prudence of Chichikov's "middle years".

Task 1.1.3.

Compare the fragments of the poem by N.V. Gogol " Dead Souls"and comedy D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth". In what way is Skotinin similar to Chichikov, who thought about the "young stranger"?

An excerpt from task 1.1.3

Skotinin. Why can't I see my bride? Where's she? In the evening there will be already an agreement, so isn't it time for her to say that she is being married off?
Ms. Prostakova. We'll make it, brother. If she is told this ahead of time, then she may still think that we are reporting to her. Although by my husband, however, I am a relative of hers; and I love that strangers listen to me.
Prostakov (Skotinin). To tell the truth, we treated Sofyushka like a real orphan. After her father, she remained a baby. Tom, with six months, as her mother, and my fiancé, had a stroke ...
Mrs. Prostakova (shows that she is baptizing her heart). The power of the cross is with us.
Prostakov. From which she went into the next world. Her uncle, Mr. Starodum, went to Siberia; and since for several years now there has been no rumor or news about him, we consider him dead. We, seeing that she was left alone, took her to our village and oversee her estate as if it were our own.
Ms. Prostakova. Why are you so upset today, my father? Another brother might think that we took her to us for the sake of interest.
Prostakov. Well, mother, how can he think it? After all, Sofyushkino's real estate cannot be moved to us.
Skotinin. And although the movable has been put forward, I am not a petitioner. I don't like to bother, and I'm afraid. No matter how much the neighbors offended me, no matter how much damage they did, I didn’t hit anyone with my forehead, and any loss, than to go after him, I’ll tear off my own peasants, and the ends are in the water.
Prostakov. That's true, brother: the whole neighborhood says that you are a masterful collector of dues.
Ms. Prostakova. If only you would teach us, brother father; and we can't. Since we took away everything that the peasants had, we can no longer tear anything off. Such trouble!
Skotinin. If you please, sister, I will teach you, I will teach you, just marry me to Sofyushka.
Ms. Prostakova. Do you really like this girl?
Skotinin. No, I don't like a girl.
Prostakov. So in the neighborhood of her village?
Skotinin. And not villages, but the fact that it is found in villages and what my mortal hunt is.
Ms. Prostakova. To what, brother?
Skotinin. I love pigs, sister, and we have such large pigs in our neighborhood that there is not a single one of them that, standing on its hind legs, would not be taller than each of us by a whole head.

(D.I. Fonvizin. "Undergrowth")

Answer to task 1.1.3

Chichikov and Skotinin can find a series common features, such as prudence, selfishness, lack of romantic impulse. Chichikov is a typical "acquirer", in whom Gogol saw a new evil in Russia: quiet, diligent, but enterprising. He cares only for his own benefit, and the young girl to do " tidbit”in his eyes, only “two hundred thousand dowry” can. At the landowner Skotinin main characteristic already included in his name. He is also concerned about his own benefit, but it does not even find expression in money. After all main passion this hero is a pig. He wants to marry Sofyushka, but only because his favorites are found in her village. Both Chichikov's cold prudence and Skotinin's selfish ignorance are similar in their lack of interest in everything that does not directly lead to the satisfaction of their self-interest.

We analyze option 2

Task 1.2.1

What mood is imbued with the poem "There is in the autumn of the original ..."?

Answer to task 1.2.1

Tyutchev's poem creates a mood of peace and solemnity. To do this, the poet uses expressive epithets: “in the initial autumn”, “wonderful time”, “pure and warm azure”, etc. The feeling of innuendo and languor is given to the poem by the frequently occurring dots, which symbolize that the time of stormy emotions ended with the summer. Autumn is a time of unhurried reflection and relaxation.

Task 1.2.2.

What role do epithets play in the poem "There is in the original autumn ..."?

Answer to task 1.2.2.

Epithets are especially important when describing nature. After all, they allow not only to describe objects, but to convey the attitude of the author to what he writes about. Even the most common words used as epithets can create vivid images. “Cheerful sickle”, “cobwebs of thin hair”, “short time”, “on an idle furrow”, “crystal day” - all these combinations create the mood of the poem, conveying Tyutchev's feelings caused by early autumn.

Task 1.2.3

What is the difference between the pictures of autumn created in the poems of F.I. Tyutchev "There is in the autumn of the original ..." and N.A. Nekrasov "Before the rain"

An excerpt from a poem for task 1.2.3

BEFORE THE RAIN

A mournful wind drives
I flock clouds to the edge of heaven,
Broken spruce groans,
The dark forest whispers dully.

On the stream, pockmarked and motley,
A leaf flies after a leaf,
And a stream dry and sharp
The cold is coming.

Twilight falls on everything;
Flying from all sides,
Whirling in the air with a cry
A flock of jackdaws and crows.

Above the roadway
The top is lowered, the front is closed;
And went!" - standing up with a whip,
The gendarme shouts to the driver...

(N.A. Nekrasov. 1846)

Answer to task 1.2.3.

Tyutchev's poem describes early autumn, which the author himself calls "wonderful times." The work is permeated with peace and admiration for the beauty of nature. This is the moment when both the earth and people are resting: "Where the cheerful sickle walked and the ear fell / Now everything is empty - space is everywhere ...". Autumn is represented by a beautiful, solemn time, when the cold weather is still far away and you can indulge in thoughts and gentle sadness. Nekrasov presents a completely different autumn: it is unfriendly and unmerciful to the traveler. “Pure and warm azure” gives way to “a mournful wind”, and “radiant evenings” to “twilight that falls on everything”. The autumn described by Nekrasov evokes a mood of anxiety and sadness. Two poems - personify two opposite pictures of autumn, familiar to everyone.

OGE in literature is one of the optional final exams at the end of 9th grade. In 2018, it took place on May 31, a day after the Russian language exam.

Many of the dealers said that especially a lot of time to prepare did not allocate, referring to the fact that the exam itself does not require exact theoretical knowledge. Most of the students did not hide the fact that their training consisted only of acquaintance with exam structure and visits school lessons literature.

Although I decided on elective exams at the beginning of the year, I really started to prepare only in the spring. There were no tutors: I just bought everything reference materials to understand what is required, what should be repeated and so on. In literature, I decided only five or six options, that is, I wrote essays once a week. And even then, I confess that it is not always fair ...

There are exceptions. Some ninth graders approached the task responsibly, so already in October they began active training with tutors, began to analyze works of art, study the biographies of authors, etc.

I want to be a journalist. Accordingly, I had no problems with the choice of exams: it is obvious that I will have to take literature. Already in September, I declared my desire and began the path to the highest score. There were no tutors, but she attended all the consultations of her teacher in literature. Gradually I solved all the options, which were then checked by the teacher. There were no samplers: the school considered that this exam did not require such increased attention ...

A student who passed the OGE in literature

On June 10, the students received their results. Many were dissatisfied with their assessment, but they themselves admit that with better preparation, the result would have been higher. We decided to find out firsthand what is needed to pass the Literature exam in grade 9.

How to prepare well for the OGE in literature

My result for the exam (the highest 33 points - author's note) is an assessment not only of my literary abilities, but also of fortune, which was favorable to me that day. I came across an option with my favorite works, so answering questions, comparing fragments was a joy. When I left the examination point, I was very worried, as it would be a shame to get low scores for essays. But, as you can see, lucky.

A student who passed the OGE in literature

Study the criteria for assessing the OGE

Preparation for the exam is an individual matter, since even students who study in the same class, varying degrees readiness and understanding of the subject. But most students agree that necessary know the criteria for assessing the exam. Perhaps this is the basis for preparing for any exam. On the literature, knowledge and understanding of the requirements is particularly important.

Don't Skip Literature Classes

Most of the codifier consists of works of 8-9 classes. Accordingly, it is best for students attended all literature classes and carefully studied the material.

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