Lip instrument of the peoples. Chukchi Musical Instruments

Anna Savvinova
Presentation "Yakut musical instruments»

The ancients Yakuts were developed musical art , the proof of this is Scientific research many scientists. According to their hypothesis, Yakuts since ancient times there are 14 different types musical instruments: noise, string, jew's harp, etc. etc. Kyryympa (kyryyppa) Kyllah kyryympa (or kylyakh)- the most common string musical instrument. It is made from larch, spruce and aspen. At its core, Kyryympa is different from others instruments with special musicality. Dia5a

Dia5a - the most sonorous noise tool. It is made of aspen, small bells are inserted around which different beads are put inside to create a noise effect. KUPSUUR

Kupsuur (Kyupsyur)- shock musical instrument,

drum-like. Made from good larch, pick out the inner layer. The upper shock part is covered with a specially dressed cowhide. BYLAAYAH

Wasaaaah (Bylayah)- stick for kupsyury. They are made of aspen, the striking part is covered with cowhide without removing the fur. AYAAN

Ayaan - musical instrument like a trumpet and a forge. Made from aspen. Breathing in air, they make sounds, such as the voices of animals.

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Vargan (Khomus, Kubyz)

The world of shamans.... He is very mysterious and attractive to modern man. In the age of technological progress and breakneck speeds, the connection between people and Nature is almost completely lost. With our subconscious, we understand that interaction with it is very important, as it gives strength, and life fills with meaning. That's why we are attracted to shamans - mysterious people who cherish this connection, deify and revere Nature, and know how to communicate with it, because they have the gift of immersion in a special state for communicating with spirits. Shamans' arrangement of the world is very figurative and poetic. In their rituals, which are called rituals, vestments and attributes play an important role. Thus, tambourine and jew's harp are indispensable participants in shamanic rituals. The tambourine opens the passage to other worlds for the sorcerer, and the jew's harp serves as a talisman against evil spirits. Vargan - it really is magic tool not only in the hands of a shaman, but also ordinary person. If you are tired of any work, then after playing the jew's harp, you will feel that such music-making helps to relax and even enter into a state of easy controlled trance. This is a great tool for improvising and expressing various feelings.

The history of the harp and many interesting facts read about this musical instrument on our page.

Sound

Vargan refers to a variety of self-sounding reed musical instruments. It has an unusually velvety, but at the same time “metallic” sound that is pleasant to the ear, which calms and sets you up for reflection. Incredibly beautiful sounds and overtones, and sometimes even in combination with throat singing - this is simply unimaginable magic that acts bewitchingly and leads away from the realities of life.

It is not difficult to extract sounds on the jew's harp, for this you need to press the base of the instrument tightly against your teeth or lips, leaving a small gap between them so that the tongue of the jew's harp can freely enter there, which must be pulled when playing. The function of the resonator is performed oral cavity, when changing the contour of which the performer achieves a diverse timbre color of the instrument's sound. real technique It is impossible to teach how to perform on the jew's harp, it comes by itself during regular training. True professionals in their performance use labial, lingual, pharyngeal and laryngeal methods to extract sound, while using the airways, lungs and even the diaphragm.

A photo:

Interesting Facts

• Vargan is an instrument that has become widespread throughout the world, each region has its own name. There are hundreds of names of the instrument, here are some of them: Abafif, Agach-kubyz, Akiz tamburashi, Anconch, Bambaro, Berimbau, Binayo, Bivba, Birimbao, Brumle, Vanni Yayai, Vargas, Varkhan, Vurgan, Kubyz, Kunkon, Myny, Panga, Rbiba, Khamys, Khomus, Khuur, Chang-kobus, Pangar and many others.
• Vargan - Russian name an instrument that comes from the Old Slavonic word varga, which means mouth, mouth.
• Women of Altai love to play music on the jew's harp, using special reception a game in which sound production occurs only with the tongue - without the help of hands. They use this specific method when milking cows, which, listening to the sounds of the harp, give more milk.

• At one time, the jew's harp was actively used by members of the Sicilian mafia to transmit encrypted signals.
• Masters of jew's harp say that before you start playing a new instrument, you need to "merge" with it - to give up your energy. To do this, you need to wear it for some time as a pendant around your neck or put it in your pocket and in no case pass the jew's harp to another person. Only by observing these conditions, the instrument will sound effortlessly, bringing pleasure to the performer.
• International center, as well as the most big museum khomus (harp), which is recognized as unique, is located in the capital of the Republic of Sokha, Yakutsk. In the main funds of the museum there are about 9 thousand exhibits collected in different countries peace.

• Previously, in Altai and Siberia, jew's harps were made only by those blacksmiths who were relatives of shamans.
• Yakut khomus in December 2011 was sent into space orbit, where, together with the crew spaceship Soyuz stayed for more than 190 days.
• The first International Festival vargan music was organized in the American city of Iowa City in 1984.
• The Seventh International Festival of the Vargan (Khomus), held in Yakutsk in 2011, was noted in the Guinness Book of Records, as it was attended by a record number of participants - 1344 performers on the Vargan.
• In the USSR, during the reign of I. Stalin, the jew's harp (khomus) was banned as an instrument of shamans - sorcerers, who during this period were subjected to severe repressions.
• In the USA, the jew's harp was called the "Jewish harp", but why the instrument has such a strange name, the Americans cannot really explain.
• The electronic jew's harp was created worldwide famous performer on the jew's harp by R. Zagretdinov in 1991.

Design

The design of the jew's harp is very simple. The principle of the device is a fixed base, and in it a freely oscillating tongue. The design of the jew's harp can be either solid, that is, the tongue is simply cut out in the central part of the instrument, or composite - the tongue is attached to the base. The shape of the tool can be both arcuate and in the form of a thin narrow plate.

• Arc-shaped jew's harps are made by forging from a metal rod, a steel tongue with a hook at the end is attached to the center of the instrument.
• Lamellar jew's harps are a solid plate with a slot in the middle and with an attached or cut tongue. Lamellar instruments are made of wood, bamboo, bone, less often metal.

Varieties

Vargan, which has received very wide distribution around the world, has a very a large number of varieties. Some art historians believe that in many regions the instrument appeared independently, independently of each other, therefore, for each nation, it has not only its own name, but also features inherent in the jew's harp only in this area. There are a lot of options for instruments that differ in shape, materials that are used in the manufacture, sound extraction techniques, and here are some of them:

• Yakut khomus- Manufactured from forged steel. The main difference is that the sound is loud and long with a "crackling" timbre, which is the result of the increased size of the reed.

• Altai komuz- tool is not large sizes. The frame loop has a smoothly oval shape. The tool has a light tongue.
• german maultrommel- an instrument of rather large size with a low and powerful sound.
• Vietnamese Dan Moi- a lamellar instrument with soft, long and high sounds. When sound is extracted, it is pressed not to the teeth, but to the lips.
• Nepalese murchunga- a small instrument with an unusual shape: the tongue is elongated in reverse side. The sound is amazing and unique.

It is also worth noting that musicians are constantly trying to improve their favorite instrument. As a result of such upgrades, three-reed, rocker, electronic, multi-channel and other types of harps appeared.

Application

Vargan is a universal musical instrument, the range of application of which is very diverse. In addition to being used in ethnic music, it is widely used in classical music, as well as in various modern musical directions such as rock, folk, pop. Vargan is very popular among the youth, and is also a ritual instrument of the Altai and Yakut shamans - sorcerers. In addition, the jew's harp is used in healing practices, which scientists are very interested in at the present time: the instrument has medicinal properties and positively affects the work of all human organs. It cleanses the lungs well, has an anti-stress effect, and also has a cosmetic effect - smoothes wrinkles.

Performers

You can learn how to make sounds on the jew's harp in a few minutes, but virtuoso performance on the instrument is far from accessible to everyone, in order to acquire a certain skill, you need to train a lot. Outstanding jew's harp players deserve special reverence - innovators who have made a significant contribution to the development of performing skills with their work - these are Ivan Alekseev, Anton Bruen, Robert Zagretdinov, Tran Kwan Hai, Rimma Madvarova, Luka Turnin. Talented musicians, which at the present time amaze listeners with their virtuoso playing on the instrument quite a lot, each jew's harp player has his own unique style of performance. Some performers not only masterfully improvise, but also experiment in avant-garde styles in a very interesting way. contemporary music, others captivate listeners with an ensemble performance or an "electronic" sound of the instrument. Among the harp players of the present time, it is necessary to note such virtuosos as A. Siladi, A. Beskrovny, N. Shumarova, O. Podluzhnaya (Uutai), B. Daryshev, B. Bayryshev, A. Danilov, N. Oorzhak, M. Zainetdinov, N. Soboleva.N. Duchev, O. Prass.

Vargan is a very interesting musical instrument that creates a magical atmosphere with its charming voice, connecting the past with the future. The simplicity of the design, but at the same time, the complexity of its performance arouses great interest among musicians today and gives rise to the discovery of new techniques and methods of sound production, which indicates the unexplored possibilities of this ancient instrument.

Video: listen Vargan

Vargan(etymology unclear: either from organ(cf. Czech. varhan), or from Old Slavic varga- mouth, mouth), the Russian name for a folk musical instrument. Refers to self-sounding reed musical instruments. According to legend, Altai shamans, playing the jew's harp, could move around the three worlds by changing the timbre and type of vibrations. When playing, the jew's harp is pressed against the teeth or lips, the oral cavity serves as a resonator. Changing the articulation of the mouth and breathing makes it possible to change the timbre of the instrument. In addition, new shades in the sound are introduced by changes in the position of the diaphragm, numerous pharyngeal, laryngeal, lingual, labial and other methods of sound extraction.

On the territory of Russia, the culture of harp music is especially developed in Altai, in Bashkiria (see kubyz), in Tuva and in Yakutia.

On the territory of the former USSR, jew's harps are most widely distributed in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

Vargan types

There are two main types of jew's harps - lamellar and arched. On the territory of Russia, arched harps are the most common.

• Lamellar Vargan is a thin, narrow wooden or bamboo, bone or metal plate. Its tongue is cut out in the middle of the plate (for example, Vietnamese dan moi).
• Arcuate (arc) harp forged from an iron rod, in the center of which is attached a thin steel tongue with a hook at the end.

There are jew's harps with several reeds (Chinese kousyan).

Vargans of different nations

Altai komus

In the 20th century, the Altai harp survived only in remote areas. Gorny Altai, but thanks to the masters it was restored.

Bashkir kubyz

Known Bashkir harp - kubyz

Belarusian Vargan

Yakut khomus

It is one of the main musical and spiritual instruments. Khomus masters occupied a high social status. The first and largest khomus museum in the world is located in Yakutsk.

Hutsul Drymba

Most often used in Hutsul musical life.

Bali Vargan

Notes

Literature

• A. Plushard. Encyclopedic lexicon, volume 8. - Printing house of A. Plushard; S.-P., 1837 - p. 284 (Vargan).

Links

• varganist.ru - Stories about jew's harps, master makers and performers. Technique of playing the jew's harp according to the notes. Instructions for making jew's harps.

Categories:

• Musical instruments alphabetically
• Reed self-sounding musical instruments
• Russian folk musical instruments
• Kazakh musical instruments

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

The Yakut khomus (vargan) is an ancient musical instrument of the peoples of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), whose age is more than 5 thousand years. It is distinguished by a characteristic "cosmic" sound: since ancient times it has been considered an instrument of the Yakut shamans. The Yakut khomus still retains its sacred meaning and is used in various rituals. Therefore, in Yakutia it is not just a tool, but real symbol national culture Sakha people. Local craftsmen carried the secrets of making sonorous, colorful jew's harps through the centuries. Despite its small size, it allows you to extract mesmerizing sounds that imitate the sounds of nature.

Khomus - musical instrument

There are several varieties of khomus, a Yakut musical instrument. In ancient times, the Yakut harp was made of wood or bone, and the prototype was a tree broken by lightning. When the wind gusts, it made mysterious sounds. In the old days, such a tree was considered sacred and its chips were carefully stored.

Today, the traditional Yakut khomus is made of iron. It has a horseshoe shape, consists of a rim and two tapering "cheeks". From the middle of the rim, a steel tongue begins, passing between the "cheeks". Where the "cheeks" end, the tongue is bent, forming a knee and a curved tip. This vibrating plate creates an unusual crackling sound. The musical instrument khomus can have from one to four reeds. A single-reed jew's harp plays on one note. The vibration of the tongue is created by breathing and articulation. Rhythm is no less important - it depends on the technique and skill of the player.

The mystique of the Yakut khomus lies in the fact that full concentration is required to play it. Only in this case is the harmony of sound achieved, and the music is perceived not only by the ears, but by the whole body. The jew's harp is also used for self-contemplation: when the frequency of air vibrations coincides with the vibrations of the human body, complete unity with it is achieved.

The Yakut khomus is a shamanic instrument. In their rituals, shamans used mainly instruments with a low, booming sound. It was believed that the sound of the Yakut musical instrument khomus is woven from cosmic vibrations and is an instrument that connects a person with the upper world. Vargan was often decorated national ornament. Some sacred meanings patterns on the Yakut khomus have not yet been unraveled.

It's no secret that many of you would like to learn how to play the khomus. Playing the khomus is always an improvisation that reflects internal state playing. However, it is necessary to master the basic skills so that the sounds of the jew's harp merge into a harmonious melody.

Holding the Yakut khomus correctly is not so difficult as it seems at first glance. With one hand, you need to take it by the ring, firmly press the outer cheeks to the teeth. The tongue should pass freely between the teeth without touching them. Sounds are extracted by vibrations of the tongue: for this, they beat on its curved tip index finger.

Basic tongue strike techniques

To do this, you need to rotate with a relaxed brush, touching the tongue in front with a bent index finger. It is necessary to control the strength and tempo of the strike depending on the rhythm. You can hit your finger on the tongue and with the reverse movement of the brush - you get a reverse blow.

Breathing technique when playing the khomus

Breathing plays an important role in the formation of the melody. If you slowly and carefully inhale the air into yourself, the sound of the jew's harp will lengthen. Exhalation does not affect the sound, but, in combination with proper inhalation, it increases the strength of the tongue vibration. Additional possibilities are provided by the use of aperture. If you “pump” air with it, you can get a stronger and deeper sound.

Music control

The sound can be changed using the organs of speech: the vibration of the tongue, the movements of the lips. So, if you wrap your lips around the body, the sound will intensify.

The game on the Yakut khomus is available to everyone. The main thing is to understand how to play the khomus, train systematically, persevere and have a great desire to master the jew's harp.

The sound of the Yakut khomus in terms of timbre and sound is in many respects in tune with the national manner of singing. After all, throat singing, often found among the peoples of Siberia, has much in common with playing the Yakut khomus. Particular attention should be paid to the interweaving of speech into the music, when the khomus player, as it were, sings through a jew's harp. The khomus player who has merged with the jew's harp becomes for a while a musical instrument.

For the Yakuts, playing the khomus is a deeply personal, chamber action. Yakut shamans used it to heal people and exorcise evil spirits. Also, this instrument often accompanied love confessions, when the most intimate feelings. The Yakut khomus was especially popular among women - there was even special genre khomus songs. After the revolution, interest in the instrument weakened, it was even banned due to associations with shamanism, but in recent times this folk tradition is reborn. Often masters conduct training, where everyone is told how to play the Yakut khomus.

Khomus Museum

There is the only khomus museum in the world. It contains more than 2 thousand exhibits that tell about this amazing instrument.

Among them are Indian, Mongolian, Tuvan khomuses and many others. national instruments. cherishes spiritual heritage various peoples. It hosts conferences, lectures, meetings, excursions aimed at preserving and developing the instrument.

Video about khomus

Watch the video and see how beautiful the Yakut khomus sounds in modern design masters of khomus - Olga Podluzhnaya. Rhythmic playing on the Yakut khomus simply fascinates a person:

Photos of Yakut khomuses

YARAR - CHUKOTKA DRAMA, THE OLD AND MOST COMMON MUSICAL INSTRUMENT OF CHUKOTKA RESIDENTS. THE DEER SKIN IS STRETCHED ON THE WOODEN RIM, ALDER, LARCH, BIRCH ARE USED FOR THE RIM. THE MALLET WAS MADE FROM WHALE BALE OR A WOODEN STICK. yarar - tambourine

VANNYARAR - "DENTAL TAMMER". VANNYYARAR IS MADE FROM BIRCH, BAMBOO (FLAVON), WHALE BALE, BONE OR METAL PLATE. LATER A BILINGUAL HARVAR APPEARED. A LABEL IS CUT OUT INSIDE THE PLATE, GRADUALLY NOWERING TOWARDS THE END. AT THE BASE OF THE TONGUE THERE IS A HOLE WITH A THREAD IN IT. BY CHANGING THE VOLUME OF THE MOUTH CAVITY, THEY GET THE NECESSARY HEIGHT AND PERFORM THE TRADITIONAL PLAYS. vanyarar - oral tambourine

JUV'S JAW - BROWN JAW'S JUF. IS A METAL FORK WITH A ROUND LOOP AND EXTENDED ENDS. IN THE MIDDLE OF THE LOOP, A STEEL TANK WITH A HOOK-LIKE BENT FREE END IS REINFORCED. THERE ARE JAWS WITH TWO OR THREE TONGUES. JUV GAWS ARE USED FOR THROAT SINGING, IMITATION OF THE VOICES OF BIRDS AND ANIMALS. jew's harp

TELITEL IS A TWO-BLADE TURNING TURN - A VORTEX FREE AIRPHONE. BY ROTATING BOTH HANDS THE LACES ARE TWISTED. BY ALTERNATELY STRENGTHENING AND WEAKENING THE TENSION OF THE SHORES, TELITEL ROTATES QUICKLY IN ONE DIRECTION, THEN IN THE OTHER SIDE, MAKE A BUZZING SOUND. IN THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF THE CHUKCHIAS, TELITEL HAD A RITUAL SIGNIFICANCE, WHILE NOW IT IS USED AS A CHILDREN'S TOY. telitel

VYOPCHANAN HAS EIGHT VARIETIES. IT IS MADE FROM A BARK OF A TREE, A HORGEN SPRING OR BONE, A WARLUS BUBBLE, FROM A SWAN BONE, A WALALALUS TUSK OR A BEAR TOOTH, FROM PIECES OF BIRCH BARS, A SHRUBS. WHEN THE WHISTLE IS PRODUCED A SCREECHING SOUND. IT HAS BEEN USED FOR LONG OLD WHEN HERGING DEER AND DURING BIRD HUNTING AS A CALL. vyepchanan

MEMBRAMOPHONE - A RATCH IS MADE FROM THE DRIED PARTOWAGE STOMACH. THE CLEANED STOMACH IS INFLATED AND DRY, THEN SMALL RIVER OR SEA PELLETS (PELLETS) ARE POURED INTO IT. MODERN TOOL. TAKE EMPTY TIN. RIVER REEDS ARE POURED INTO IT AND TIGHTLY CLOSE WITH A LID. A COVER FROM MATERIAL OR LEATHER, DECORATED WITH NATIONAL ORNAMENT AND COLOR PENDANTS, IS PUT ON THE JAR. membranophone

THE RESONATOR IS A TIN CAN. A WOODEN NECK PASSES THROUGH THE ENTIRE LENGTH. TIGHTEN TWO TIGHT THREADS. THE BOW WAS MADE FROM WHAHALE WHALES OR BAMBOO. TO EXTRACT THE SOUND, THE STICK IS LIGHTLY DAMPENED IN WATER AND DRIVED ON THE STRING. Ein en - bowed picolute