Monuments of Gothic architecture. Briefly about the periods and styles of Russian architecture

Gothic is one of the most prominent styles of architecture, causing anyone to feel awkward and in awe. Terrifyingly majestic structures delight everyone who sees them.

Gothic architecture began to develop in the Middle Ages on the basis of Romanesque architecture. Gothic structures, which are mostly cathedrals and temples, are characterized by huge arches with a pointed top, decoration of the facade with various carved details, tall towers, narrow columns and, of course, beautiful stained-glass windows.

The most famous monuments of Gothic architecture

St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna is considered one of the most monumental buildings. The construction of the cathedral began at the beginning of the 12th century, but the fire of 1258 destroyed the cathedral almost to the ground. Only in 1511 St. Stephen's Cathedral was completed thanks to the efforts of Anton Pilgram.

The cathedral at Lincoln was rebuilt from a Norman cathedral. The construction of the cathedral took more than a hundred years, some parts of the cathedral still retain the features of the original building. After the earthquake in 1185, the cathedral was rebuilt.

The cathedral in Cologne was founded in 1248. The cathedral was built incredibly slowly, and in 1450 its construction was completely stopped. Only in 1842 was it decided to resume construction, which was completed in 1880. It is worth noting that the cathedral can hardly be called completely finished, it is still being completed. This is largely due to an unusual legend. The architect of the Cologne Cathedral, realizing that he was unable to complete such a monumental structure, invited the devil to help. The devil agreed to help the architect, but when the cathedral is finished and the last stone is in place, the world will end. To avoid the implementation of the threat, the cathedral is constantly being remodeled.

The first stone was laid in 1221, but to complete the construction of the monument gothic architecture succeeded only in the 19th century. The cathedral is a mighty ship crowned with stone lace.

The Cathedral in Toledo is one of the largest in Europe. Built in 1226-1493, the cathedral became the center catholic faith in Spain. In many ways, this is why the cathedral lost some features of the Gothic style, but acquired many unusual elements from other architectural styles.

Milan Cathedral is considered one of the most significant creations of Gothic architecture. The first stone was laid in 1386, the construction of the cathedral was completed in the 19th century. Interestingly, the cathedral was built from the most valuable Candolian marble, and not from the usual red brick.

The cathedral Notre Dame of Paris considered one of the most famous monuments Gothic architecture, sung by Hugo himself. The construction of the cathedral began in 1163 and ended in the middle of the 14th century. The cathedral houses one of the greatest relics of Christianity - the crown of thorns of Jesus Christ. The cathedral was built with the money of the king, bishops, ordinary citizens and even prostitutes, who promised that their gift would remain a secret.

Reims Cathedral can be safely called the pinnacle of French Gothic architecture. The beautifully preserved cathedral proudly displays its original decoration and magnificent stained glass windows to visitors.

The construction of the Gothic cathedral began in 1344 and was completed in the 20th century. The first temple on the site of the cathedral was built back in 925, a small church was dedicated to St. Vitus.

Architectural style can be defined as a set of main features and signs of architecture of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of its functional, constructive and artistic aspects (the purpose of buildings, Construction Materials and structures, methods of architectural composition).

It is customary to single out architectural styles of global significance:

Prehistoric architecture

Antique architecture. 8th century BC e. - V c. n. e.

· Roman style. X - XII centuries.

· Gothic. XII - XV centuries.

· Revival. Early XV - beginning. 17th century

Baroque. Kon. XVI century - con. 18th century

Rococo. Early XVIII - con. 18th century

· Classicism, incl. Palladian, Empire, neo-Greek. Ser. 18th - 19th centuries

Eclecticism. 1830s - 1890s

· Modern. 1890s - 1910s

· Modernism. Early 1900s - 1980s

· Constructivism. 1920s - early 1930s

Postmodernism. From Ser. 20th century

· High tech. From con. 1970s

Deconstructivism. From con. 1980s

In fact, there are practically no pure styles in architecture; they all exist simultaneously, complementing and enriching each other. Styles are not replaced mechanically by one another, they do not become obsolete, do not appear out of nowhere and do not disappear without a trace. In any architectural style there is something from the previous and future style.

Antique (Greek) style is the architecture ancient rome and Greece. This style appeared on the lands of the Aegean Sea so long ago that it was considered the progenitor and even in some way for such trends as Classicism, Neoclassicism, Renaissance. Because the Romans were students of the Greeks, they immediately adopted the antique style, supplementing it with their own elements (dome, arched-order cell).

Roman style. X-XII centuries (in some countries XIII century)(with elements of Roman-antique culture). Medieval Western European art of the time of the complete domination of feudal-religious ideology. the main role in the Romanesque style, harsh, fortified architecture was assigned: monastic complexes, churches, castles were located on elevated places, dominating the area. The churches were decorated with murals and reliefs, in conditional, expressive forms, expressing the frightening power of the deities. The Romanesque era is characterized by nobility and austere beauty.

The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries.. In contrast to the Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by pointed arches, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (wimpergi, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-colored stained-glass lancet windows. . All style elements emphasize the vertical. In Gothic architecture, 3 stages of development are distinguished: early, mature (high gothic) and late (flaming gothic).

Renaissance (Renaissance). (fr. Renaissance), a period in the cultural and ideological development Western countries. and Central Europe(in Italy XIV-XVI centuries, in other countries the end of the XV-XVI centuries), transitional from medieval culture to the culture of the new age. In architecture, secular structures began to play a leading role - public buildings, palaces, city houses. Using the order division of the wall, arched galleries, colonnades, vaults, domes, architects (Brunelleschi, Alberti, Bramante, Palladio in Italy, Lescaut, Delorme in France) gave their buildings majesty, clarity, harmony and proportionality to man. Particular importance in this direction is given to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportion, geometry and order. constituent parts, which is clearly evidenced by the surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportion of medieval buildings is replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels, asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, niches, and aedicules.

Baroque (Italian barocco- “vicious”, “dissolute”, “prone to excesses”, port. perola barroca - “pearl of irregular shape” (literally “pearl with vice”); - characteristic European culture XVII-XVIII centuries, the center of which was Italy. Baroque art is characterized by grandiosity, pomp and dynamics, pathetic elation, intensity of feelings, passion for spectacular spectacles, the combination of the illusory and the real, strong contrasts of scales and rhythms, materials and textures, light and shadow. Baroque palaces and churches, thanks to the luxurious, bizarre plasticity of facades, the restless play of light and shade, complex curvilinear plans and outlines, acquired picturesqueness and dynamism and, as it were, poured into the surrounding space. The ceremonial interiors of Baroque buildings were decorated with multicolored sculpture, molding, and carving; mirrors and murals illusoryly expanded the space, and ceiling paintings created the illusion of yawning vaults. Baroque architecture (L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, V. V. Rastrelli in Russia) is characterized by spatial scope, unity, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms.

Rococo (French Rococo, from rocaille- a decorative motif in the form of a shell), a style direction in European art 1st half of XVIII century. Rococo, associated with the crisis of absolutism, is characterized by a departure from life to the world of fantasy, theatrical play, mythical and pastoral plots, and erotic situations. Graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm dominates in Rococo art. The characteristic features of Rococo are sophistication, great decorative loading of interiors and compositions, graceful ornamental rhythm, great attention to mythology, erotic situations, and personal comfort.

Classicism (French classicisme, from lat. classicus - exemplary) - architectural style and aesthetic direction in European art of the late XVII - early XIX centuries main feature architecture of classicism was an appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. The architecture of classicism as a whole is characterized by the regularity of planning and the clarity of volumetric form. The order, in proportions and forms close to antiquity, became the basis of the architectural language of classicism. Classicism is characterized by symmetrical axial compositions, restraint of decorative decoration, and a regular system of city planning.

Empire (from fr. empire- "empire") - the style of late (high) classicism in architecture and applied arts. Originated in France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I; developed during the first three decades of the 19th century; replaced by eclectic currents. The Empire style is a kind of reflection of the Roman classics, combined with Egyptian motifs. Empire architecture is characterized by monumentality, geometric correctness of volumes and integrity ( triumphal arches, columns, palaces). The Empire through numerous attributes and symbols asserted the idea of ​​imperial greatness.

Eclecticism (eclecticism) (from the Greek eklektikos- choosing), a mechanical combination of heterogeneous, often opposite principles, views, theories, artistic elements etc.; in architecture and fine arts a combination of heterogeneous stylistic elements or an arbitrary choice of stylistic design for buildings or artistic products that have a qualitatively different meaning and purpose.

Art Nouveau architecture- an architectural style that became widespread in Europe in the 1890s-1910s as part of artistic direction modern. Art Nouveau architecture is distinguished by the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, "natural" lines, the use of new technologies (metal, glass). Like a number of other styles, Art Nouveau architecture is also distinguished by the desire to create both aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings. Much attention was paid not only appearance buildings, but also the interior, which was carefully designed. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies - artistically processed. Modern architecture has a number of characteristic features, for example, the rejection of mandatory symmetrical forms. New forms appear in it, such as, for example, "shop windows", that is, wide ones designed to play the role of showcases. During this period, the type of residential apartment building finally takes shape. Multi-storey construction is being developed.

constructivism, direction to contemporary art 1920s, which put forward the task of constructing the material environment, human environment. Constructivism sought to use the new technique to create simple, logical, functionally justified forms, expedient structures (architectural projects of the brothers A.A., V.A. and L.A. Vesnin, M.Ya. Ginzburg, I.I. Leonidov).

Hi-tech (english). hi-tech, from high technology - high tech) is a style in architecture and design that originated in the depths of postmodern architecture in the 1970s and was widely used in the 1980s. It is characterized by pragmatism, the idea of ​​an architect as an elite professional, the provision of service architecture, complex simplicity, sculptural form, hyperbole, manufacturability, structure and design as an ornament, anti-historicity, monumentality.

Deconstructivism- direction to modern architecture, which took shape as an independent movement in the late 1980s in America and Europe and then spread in one form or another around the world.

For an architectural style that originated in medieval Europe, are characterized by semicircular arches, which differ from the Gothic lancet. Since examples of Romanesque architecture can be found throughout the European continent, this style is often regarded as the first pan-European architectural style since Roman times. In addition to semicircular arches, the direction is distinguished by massive forms, thick walls, strong supports, cross vaults and large towers. From the 6th to the 10th century, most churches and monasteries in Europe were built in this majestic style. We have selected for you 25 of the most breathtaking and impressive examples of Romanesque architecture that you simply must see!

Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Gurk, Austria. 12th century

This basilica is considered one of the most important Romanesque buildings in the country. It has two towers, three apses, a crypt and galleries.

Notre Dame Cathedral, Tournai, Belgium. 17th century

Since 1936, it has been considered the main attraction and heritage of Wallonia. It is impossible not to note the heavy and serious character of the building, the Romanesque nave and the cluster of five bell towers and semicircular arches.

Rotunda of St. Longina, Prague. 12th century

Founded as a parish church in a small village near Prague, it was almost destroyed in the early 19th century but rebuilt later.

Cathedral of Saint Trophime, Arles, France. 15th century

One of the most important examples of Romanesque architecture in France.

Saint-Savin-sur-Hartampes, France. Mid 11th century

Church included in the list of objects world heritage UNESCO in 1983, has a square tower and five ray chapels with a polygonal apse.

Bamberg Cathedral, Bamberg, Germany. 13th century

The church, founded in 1012 by Emperor Henry II, is known for its four imposing towers. The cathedral was partially destroyed by fire in 1081, but rebuilt by 1111.

Cathedral in Clonfert, Ireland. 12th century

The doorway of this cathedral is considered the crowning achievement of the Romanesque style. It is decorated with animal heads, leaves and human heads.

San Liberatore on Maiella, Abruzzo, Italy. 11th century

The facade of this abbey is an example of the Lombard-Romanesque architectural style.

Cathedral of Modena, Modena, Italy. 12th century

The cathedral is considered one of the most iconic Romanesque buildings in Europe and is a World Heritage Site.

Basilica of Saint Servatius, Maastricht, Netherlands. 11th century

The building is considered an example of various architectural styles, but predominantly Romanesque.

Doors of the cathedral in Gniezno, Poland. 12th century

Bronze doors are considered one of the most significant works Romanesque art in Poland. They are decorated with bas-reliefs that show 18 scenes from the life of St. Wojciech.

Monastery of Peter and Paul, Kruszwica, Poland. 1120

This work of Romanesque art is built of sandstone and granite. It has a transept, a presbytery and an apse.

Andrew's Church, Krakow, Poland. 1079-1098 years

This church was created for defensive purposes. It is one of the few remaining examples of European fortified churches.

Lisbon Cathedral, Portugal. 1147

The oldest church in Lisbon, which is a mixture various styles and became famous for its Romanesque iron gates.

Cathedral of Saint Martin, Slovakia. 13th-15th century

The largest and most interesting Romanesque cathedral in Slovakia. Inside it are marble tombstones, and the walls are painted with scenes from the coronation of Charles Robert of Anjou.

Basilica of San Isidro, Leon, Spain. 10th century

Among the most notable features of the building are the arches that cross the transept and the carved tympanum.

Lund Cathedral, Sweden. 1145

The Romanesque style is expressed here in the layout, crypt and arched galleries.

Grossmunster, Zurich, Switzerland. 1100-1120 years

Romanesque Protestant church. It has a large carved portal with medieval columns.

Durham Cathedral, England. 1093

The building is notable for its unusual nave roof vaults, transverse arches and massive columns.

Dunnottar Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. 15th-16th century

The ruined medieval fortress consists of three main wings set around a quadrangle and an unusual, intricate oak ceiling.

Cathedral of Salamanca, Spain. 1513-1733

Despite the fact that in the 17th century the cathedral was rebuilt and became Gothic, it retained most Romanesque style.

Wanchock Abbey, Wonchock, Poland. 1179

The abbey is recognized as one of the most precious monuments of Romanesque architecture in Poland.

Cathedral in Porto, Portugal. 1737

This is one of the oldest cathedrals in the city. It is flanked by two square towers supported by buttresses and surmounted by a dome.

Santa Maria Maggiore, Veneto, Italy. 11th century

The interior of this cathedral is decorated with amazing mosaics from the 9th century.

Cathedral of San Nicola di Trullas, Italy. 1113

The cathedral was built as a village school and then became a monastery with cross vaults and frescoes.

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Brief description of the main architectural styles

Architectural style can be defined as a set of main features and characteristics of architecture of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of its functional, constructive and artistic aspects (the purpose of buildings, building materials and structures, methods of architectural composition).
It is customary to single out architectural styles of global significance:
Prehistoric architecture
Antique architecture. 8th century BC e. - V c. n. e.
· Roman style. X - XII centuries.
· Gothic. XII - XV centuries.
· Revival. Early XV - beginning. 17th century
Baroque. Kon. XVI century - con. 18th century
Rococo. Early XVIII - con. 18th century
· Classicism, incl. Palladian, Empire, neo-Greek. Ser. 18th - 19th centuries
Eclecticism. 1830s - 1890s
· Modern. 1890s - 1910s
· Modernism. Early 1900s - 1980s
· Constructivism. 1920s - early 1930s
Postmodernism. From Ser. 20th century
· High tech. From con. 1970s
Deconstructivism. From con. 1980s
In fact, there are practically no pure styles in architecture; they all exist simultaneously, complementing and enriching each other. Styles are not replaced mechanically by one another, they do not become obsolete, do not appear out of nowhere and do not disappear without a trace. In any architectural style there is something from the previous and future style. When referring a building to a certain architectural style, we must understand that this is a conditional characteristic, since each work of architecture is unique and inimitable in its own way. In order to attribute a building to a specific style, we need to choose the main, in our opinion, sign. It is clear that such a classification will always be approximate and imprecise.
Antique (Greek) style is the architecture of ancient Rome and Greece. This style appeared on the lands of the Aegean Sea so long ago that it was considered the progenitor and even in some way for such trends as Classicism, Neoclassicism, Renaissance. Because the Romans were students of the Greeks, they immediately adopted the antique style, supplementing it with their own elements (dome, arched-order cell).
Roman style. X-XII centuries (in some countries XIII century) (with elements of Roman-antique culture). Medieval Western European art of the time of the complete domination of feudal-religious ideology. The main role in the Romanesque style was assigned to a harsh, fortified architecture: monastic complexes, churches, castles were located on elevated places, dominating the area. The churches were decorated with murals and reliefs, in conditional, expressive forms, expressing the frightening power of the deities. The Romanesque era is characterized by nobility and austere beauty.
The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries. In contrast to the Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by pointed arches, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (wimpergi, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-colored stained-glass lancet windows. . All style elements emphasize the vertical. In Gothic architecture, 3 stages of development are distinguished: early, mature (high gothic) and late (flaming gothic). The church of the monastery of Saint-Denis, designed by Abbot Suger, is considered the first Gothic architectural structure. During its construction, many supports and internal walls were removed, and the church acquired a more graceful appearance compared to the Romanesque "fortresses of God."
Renaissance (Renaissance). (fr. Renaissance), a period in the cultural and ideological development of Western countries. and Central Europe (in Italy XIV-XVI centuries, in other countries the end of the XV-XVI centuries), transitional from medieval culture to the culture of modern times. In architecture, secular structures began to play a leading role - public buildings, palaces, city houses. Using the order division of the wall, arched galleries, colonnades, vaults, domes, architects (Brunelleschi, Alberti, Bramante, Palladio in Italy, Lescaut, Delorme in France) gave their buildings majesty, clarity, harmony and proportionality to man. Particular importance in this direction is given to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of the components, as evidenced by the surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportion of medieval buildings is replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels, asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, niches, and aedicules.
Baroque (Italian barocco - “vicious”, “dissolute”, “prone to excesses”, port. perola barroca - “pearl of irregular shape” (literally “pearl with vice”); - characteristic of European cultures XVII-XVIII centuries, centered on Italy. Baroque art is characterized by grandiosity, pomp and dynamics, pathetic elation, intensity of feelings, passion for spectacular spectacles, the combination of the illusory and the real, strong contrasts of scales and rhythms, materials and textures, light and shadow. Baroque palaces and churches, thanks to the luxurious, bizarre plasticity of facades, the restless play of light and shade, complex curvilinear plans and outlines, acquired picturesqueness and dynamism and, as it were, poured into the surrounding space. The ceremonial interiors of Baroque buildings were decorated with multicolored sculpture, molding, and carving; mirrors and murals illusoryly expanded the space, and ceiling paintings created the illusion of yawning vaults. Baroque architecture (L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, V. V. Rastrelli in Russia) is characterized by spatial scope, unity, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. Various national variants of the baroque (for example, "Moscow", "Naryshkin" baroque in Russia).
Ukrainian or Cossack baroque - common in the Left-bank and Dnieper Ukraine in XVII-XVIII centuries a variation of the Baroque style, which is characterized by a combination of decorative and plastic solutions of the Western European Baroque and Renaissance with a creative processing of the heritage of Orthodox church architecture and ancient Russian architecture.
Rococo (French Rococo, from rocaille - a decorative motif in the form of a shell), a style trend in European art of the 1st half of the 18th century. Rococo, associated with the crisis of absolutism, is characterized by a departure from life to the world of fantasy, theatrical play, mythical and pastoral plots, and erotic situations. Graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm dominates in Rococo art. The characteristic features of Rococo are sophistication, great decorative loading of interiors and compositions, graceful ornamental rhythm, great attention to mythology, erotic situations, and personal comfort.
Classicism (French classicisme, from Latin classicus - exemplary) is an architectural style and aesthetic trend in European art of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. The main feature of the architecture of classicism was the appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as the standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. The architecture of classicism as a whole is characterized by the regularity of planning and the clarity of volumetric form. The order, in proportions and forms close to antiquity, became the basis of the architectural language of classicism. Classicism is characterized by symmetrical axial compositions, restraint of decorative decoration, and a regular system of city planning.
Empire (from French empire - "empire") - the style of late (high) classicism in architecture and applied arts. Originated in France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I; developed during the first three decades of the 19th century; replaced by eclectic currents. The Empire style is a kind of reflection of the Roman classics, combined with Egyptian motifs. Empire architecture is characterized by monumentality, geometric correctness of volumes and integrity (triumphal arches, columns, palaces). The Empire through numerous attributes and symbols asserted the idea of ​​imperial greatness. The creator of the St. Petersburg Empire style is considered to be the "Russian Italian" K. Rossi. Another prominent architect of the same style was V. Stasov.

Eclecticism (eclecticism) (from the Greek eklektikos - choosing), a mechanical combination of heterogeneous, often opposite principles, views, theories, artistic elements, etc.; in architecture and fine arts, a combination of heterogeneous stylistic elements or an arbitrary choice of stylistic design for buildings or artistic products that have a qualitatively different meaning and purpose.
Art Nouveau architecture is an architectural style that became widespread in Europe in the 1890s-1910s as part of the Art Nouveau art movement. Art Nouveau architecture is distinguished by the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, "natural" lines, the use of new technologies (metal, glass). Like a number of other styles, Art Nouveau architecture is also distinguished by the desire to create both aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings. Much attention was paid not only to the appearance of the buildings, but also to the interior, which was carefully designed. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies - were artistically processed. Art Nouveau architecture has a number of characteristic features, for example, the rejection of mandatory symmetrical forms. New forms appear in it, such as, for example, "shop windows", that is, wide ones designed to play the role of showcases. During this period, the type of residential apartment building finally takes shape. Multi-storey construction is being developed.
Constructivism, a trend in contemporary art of the 1920s, which put forward the task of constructing the material environment surrounding a person. Constructivism sought to use the new technique to create simple, logical, functionally justified forms, expedient structures (architectural projects of the brothers A.A., V.A. and L.A. Vesnin, M.Ya. Ginzburg, I.I. Leonidov).
Hi-tech (English hi-tech, from high technology - high technology) is a style in architecture and design that originated in the depths of postmodern architecture in the 1970s and was widely used in the 1980s. It is characterized by pragmatism, the idea of ​​an architect as an elite professional, the provision of service architecture, complex simplicity, sculptural form, hyperbole, manufacturability, structure and design as an ornament, anti-historicity, monumentality.
Deconstructivism is a trend in modern architecture that took shape as an independent trend in America and Europe in the late 1980s and then spread in one form or another around the world.

March 2nd, 2017 03:00 pm

Of course, today there are many books where everything is painted in detail. historical periods, the whole history of domestic architecture, all styles and directions.
But the specifics of the Internet is such that many want to understand common problems in one short note.
It is this review that I offer to the readers of the journal Architectural Style -

Briefly about the periods and styles of Russian architecture

1. Old Russian architecture
X - XVII century.
The history of ancient Russian architecture has seven centuries. Even a simple enumeration of all periods of development of Old Russian architecture is a huge research work. This path was so complex and diverse.
The architecture of Kyiv and Chernigov, the architecture of Novgorod the Great and Pskov, Smolensk and Polotsk. An independent and very bright Vladimir-Suzdal architecture has developed in the North-Eastern part of Russia, in the Zalessky land. By the end of the XII century. in Russia there are several architectural trends, although general principles throughout Russia were the same. In the XIII century. The Vladimir-Suzdal school was divided into two independent ones, one built in Suzdal, Nizhny Novgorod and Yuriev-Polsky, the other - in Vladimir, Rostov and Yaroslavl. And, finally, the era of the centralized Russian state, in the XV - XVI centuries uniting separate Russian lands around Moscow. The process of unification of Russian lands around Moscow, the formation of a single Russian state, influenced the formation of an all-Russian architectural tradition. The architecture of the 17th century was characterized by the complexity and picturesque compositions, diversity and richness of architectural details.
Among the works of Old Russian architecture there are no copies from foreign buildings, there is no mechanical imitation of the architecture of neighboring countries.

2. "Naryshkin" baroque
End of the 17th century
The first stage in the development of Russian baroque dates back to the era of the Russian kingdom, from the 1680s to the 1700s, called the Moscow, or "Naryshkin" baroque. this style(?) is its close connection with the already existing Russian traditions. Striving for patterns, picturesqueness and elegance, a kind of link between ancient Russian architecture and the new Baroque style.

Church of the Intercession in Fili, in Moscow, 1694

3. Style Baroque
1st half of the 18th century
The founding of St. Petersburg gave a powerful impetus to the development of Russian architecture, begins new stage in the development of Russian baroque - Peter's baroque. It was an architectural style based on Western models. The largest building of this time is the Peter and Paul Cathedral. And despite the abundance of foreign architects, Russia is beginning to form its own architectural school. The architecture of Peter's time is characterized by simplicity volumetric constructions, clarity of divisions and restraint of decoration, planar interpretation of facades. Later in Russia, a new direction is being developed - the Elizabethan Baroque. Its appearance is most often associated with the name of the outstanding architect Rastrelli. The difference between this style and the Petrine one lies in its close connection with the traditions of the Moscow Baroque. Rastrelli designed the majestic palace complexes in St. Petersburg and its environs - Winter Palace, Catherine Palace, Peterhof. The architect is characterized by the gigantic scale of buildings, the splendor of decorative decoration, the decoration of facades with the use of gold. The major, festive nature of Rastrelli's architecture left its mark on everything Russian art mid-eighteenth century. The original page of the Elizabethan Baroque is represented by the work of Moscow architects of the middle of the 18th century, headed by D.V. Ukhtomsky and I.F. Michurin. The main idea of ​​the Baroque is beauty, solemnity, grandiloquence, exaggerated pathos and theatricality.

The Grand Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, 1752-1757, architect. V.V. Rastrelli

4. Style Classicism
2nd half of XVIII - early. 19th century

Classicism is an appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. Order became the basis of the architectural language of classicism. Classicism is characterized by symmetrical-axial compositions and restraint of decorative decoration. Russian classicism is a style in art that arose in Russia under Catherine II, who in a certain way strove for the Europeanization of Russia. The emergence of a new style was preceded by more than half a century of development domestic art New time, characterized by the predominance of baroque. Since the 60s of the 18th century, Russian architects have been designing and building buildings in the noble simplicity of classicism.

Pashkov House in Moscow, 1784-1788 arch. V.I. Bazhenov (?).

5. « National romantic» stage
1780 - 1800
In the second half of the 18th century, along with the leading classical direction, was a short-lived stage, which was later most often referred to as " gothic style". This is the time of active creativity of V.I. Bazhenov and M.F. Kazakov, and their most famous building is the Tsaritsyno ensemble. Despite Catherine's instructions, our architects took as their starting point not Gothic, but Old Russian forms. Tsaritsyn is characterized by an intricate colorful play of white-stone details against the background of red-brick walls, reminiscent of the details and motifs of Russian architecture of the 17th century. In general, the works of this stage in the classical architectural school are called the time of the National Romantic quest.

Palace in Tsaritsyno, in Moscow, 1775 - 1785, architect. V.I.Bazhenov and M.F.Kazakov

6. Style Empire
1800 - 1840
"Imperial style" Empire is the final stage of classicism, with massive and monumental forms, rich decoration, with elements of military symbols.

The main headquarters in St. Petersburg, 1819-1829, arch. K.I.Rossi

7. Eclectic
1830 - 1890
A direction in architecture that focuses on the use of any form of the past in any combination in one building. Eclecticism rebelled against academic dogmas that demanded to follow the "eternal" laws of ancient architecture. Eclecticism itself cannot be a style, as it is a mixture of stages and styles of past years.
A few words about eclecticism

Assumption Church in St. Petersburg, 1896-1898, architect. G.Kosyakov

8. Style Modern
Late 19th century - 1917
The stylistic direction is associated with the use of new technical and constructive means, free planning to create emphasized individualized buildings. The term "Modern" defines architecture that has sharply rebelled against imitation. The slogan of modernity is modernity and novelty. Systems art forms, anything related to the order or "styles" of eclecticism - does not exist at all in modernity.
The principle of designing a building “outside-in”, characteristic of past styles, from the shape of the plan and volume to the internal arrangement of premises, is opposed in modernism by the opposite principle: “from inside-out”. The shape of the plan and facade is not set initially, it follows from the features of the internal planning structure.
About modern - http://odintsovgrigori.ucoz.ru/index/mod ern/0-255

Ryabushinsky's mansion in Moscow, 1900, architect F.O. Shekhtel

9. Retrospectivism
1905 - 1917
A very complex direction, a kind of parallel to late modernity. A direction based on the development of the architectural heritage of past eras, from ancient Russian architecture to classicism. The distinction between late modernity and retrospectivism is extremely difficult to draw. Examples of the three main currents in retrospectivism are -

9.1 - Neoclassicism
The building of the Kievsky railway station in Moscow resembles the famous buildings of Russian classicism and Empire. The symmetry of this solemn composition is enlivened by a square clock tower placed on the right corner. With sufficient rigor of architectural forms, the decorative decoration of the building is very diverse, with juicy "antique" motifs.

Kyiv railway station. 1914-1924, arch. I.I.Rerberg, V.K.Oltarzhevsky, with the participation of V.G.Shukhov.

9.2 - Neo-Russian style
Architecture researchers have expressed the opinion that the neo-Russian style is closer to modernity than to eclecticism, and this differs from the "pseudo-Russian style" in its traditional sense.
The building of the Loan Treasury combines business representativeness with the plasticity of the chambers of the 17th century. The shape of the front porch against the background of the diamond rustication of the wall enhances the decorative effect of the building. The decor is dominated by the motifs of the "Naryshkin baroque". However, the complete symmetry of the facade violates the "principles of modernity" and gives the building some eclecticism....

Loan treasury in Nastasinsky per. in Moscow. 1913-1916, arch. V.A. Pokrovsky and B.M. Nilus

9.3 - Neo-Gothic
The Catholic Cathedral on Malaya Gruzinskaya Street in Moscow is a three-nave cruciform pseudo-basilica. The main volume of the temple was built in 1901-1911, finishing work inside continued until 1917. According to various testimonies, some European gothic cathedrals. This Catholic cathedral houses the largest organ in Russia and you can listen to organ music concerts.

Catholic Cathedral on M. Gruzinskaya street. 1901-1911, arch. F.O.Bogdanovich-Dvorzhetsky.

Styles......
It is impossible to fit on one sheet the entire centuries-old history of domestic architecture.
My task is more specific - to give a general, very schematic concept of how the styles of architecture changed from the second half of the 17th century to 1917.

And an important clarification about "Styles":
- In the history of architecture, the very concept "Architectural style" appeared relatively recently, and refers only to periods from the 18th century, from the Baroque style. Sometimes the Naryshkin baroque of the second half of the 17th century is also referred to as a style.
- The concept of “Style” is generally inapplicable to Old Russian architecture, and an expression like “a church in the Novgorod style” refers to colloquial genre, and no more!
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Literature:
- History of Russian architecture. - M.: Academy of Architecture of the USSR, Institute of History and Theory of Architecture, 1956.
- E.I. Kirichenko. Russian architecture of the 1830s-1910s. - M.: Art, 1982.