"Dead Souls" main characters. H

description of the landowners dead souls

1. Images of landlords in Dead Souls

   Poem by N. V. Gogol Dead Souls greatest work world literature. In the death of the souls of the characters of the landlords, officials, Chichikov, the writer sees the tragic death of mankind, the dull movement of history in a vicious circle.
   The plot of Dead Souls (the sequence of Chichikov's meetings with the landlords) reflects Gogol's ideas about the possible degrees of human degradation. My heroes follow one after another, one more vulgar than the other, the writer noted. Indeed, if Manilov still retains some attractiveness in himself, then Plyushkin, who closes the gallery of feudal landowners, has already been openly called a hole in humanity.
   Creating images of Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich, Plyushkin, the writer resorts to general practices realistic typification (image of a village, a manor house, a portrait of the owner, an office, a conversation about city officials and dead souls). If necessary, a biography of the character is also given.
   The image of Manilov captures the type of idle, dreamer, romantic loafer. The landowner's economy is in complete decline. The manor's house stood at a juncture, that is, on a hill, open to all the winds, whatever it takes to blow ... The housekeeper steals, stupidly and uselessly prepares in the kitchen, the pantry is empty, the servants are unclean and drunkards. Meanwhile, an arbor has been erected with a flat green dome, wooden blue columns and the inscription: Temple of Solitary Reflection. Manilov's dreams are absurd and absurd. Sometimes ... he talked about how good it would be if suddenly to lead an underground passage from the house or build a stone bridge across the pond ... Gogol shows that Manilov is gone and empty, he has no real spiritual interests. In his study there was always some kind of book, bookmarked on the fourteenth page, which he had been constantly reading for two years. The vulgarity of family life (relationship with his wife, the upbringing of Alcides and Themistoclus), the sugary sweetness of speech (May day, name day of the heart) confirm insight portrait characteristics character. In the first minute of a conversation with him, you cannot but say: What a pleasant and kind person! In the next minute of the conversation you will not say anything, but in the third you will say: The devil knows what it is! and move away; if you do not move away, you will feel bored to death. Gogol, with amazing artistic power, shows the deadness of Manilov, the worthlessness of his life. Behind external attractiveness lies spiritual emptiness.
   The image of the hoarder Korobochka is already devoid of those attractive features that distinguish Manilov. And again we have before us the type of one of those mothers, small landowners who ... gradually pick up money in colorful bags placed in the drawers of chests of drawers. Korobochka's interests are entirely focused on the household. The strong-headed and cudgel-headed Nastasya Petrovna is afraid to sell Chichikov dead souls. The silent scene that occurs in this chapter is curious. We find similar scenes in almost all chapters showing the conclusion of a deal between Chichikov and another landowner. It's special artistic technique, a kind of temporary stoppage of the action, which makes it possible to show with special convexity the spiritual emptiness of Pavel Ivanovich and his interlocutors. At the end of the third chapter, Gogol talks about the typical image of Korobochka, about the insignificant difference between her and another aristocratic lady.

2. LandownerAppearanceManorCharacteristicAttitude to Chichikov's request
   Manilov The man is not yet old, his eyes are sweet as sugar. But this sugar was too much. In the first minute of a conversation with him you will say what a nice person, after a minute you will not say anything, and in the third minute you will think: The devil knows what it is! The master's house stands on a hill, open to all winds. The economy is in complete decline. The housekeeper steals, something is always missing in the house. The kitchen is preparing stupidly. Drunkard's servants. Against the backdrop of all this decline, the gazebo with the name Temple of Solitary Reflection looks strange. The Manilovs love to kiss, give each other cute trinkets (a toothpick in a case), but at the same time they absolutely do not care about the improvement of the house. About people like Manilov, Gogol says: A man is so-so, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan. The man is empty and vulgar. For two years now, a book with a bookmark on page 14 has been in the office, which he constantly reads. Dreams are fruitless. Speech is cloying and sugary (name day of the heart) Surprised. He understands that this request is illegal, but he cannot refuse such a pleasant person. Agrees to give the peasants free. He does not even know how many souls he has died.
   Korobochka An elderly woman, in a cap, with a flannel around her neck. small house, the wallpaper in the house is old, the mirrors are old. Nothing is wasted on the farm, this is evidenced by the net on the fruit trees and the cap on the scarecrow. She taught everyone to order. The yard is full of birds, the garden is well maintained. Peasant huts, although built scattered, show the contentment of the inhabitants, they are properly maintained. Korobochka knows everything about her peasants, keeps no notes, and remembers the names of the dead by heart. Economical and practical, knows the price of a penny. Cudgel-headed, stupid, stingy. This is the image of a landowner-accumulator. He wonders why Chichikov is doing this. Afraid to sell cheap. Knows exactly how many peasants died (18 souls). He looks at dead souls in the same way as he looks at bacon or hemp: suddenly they will come in handy in the household.
   NostrvFresh, like blood with milk, full of health. Medium height, well built. At thirty-five, he looks the same as at eighteen. A stable with two horses. The kennel is in excellent condition, where Nozdrv feels like the father of a family. There are no usual things in the office: books, papers. And hanging a saber, two guns, a hurdy-gurdy, pipes, daggers. The lands are unkempt. The economy went on by itself, since the main concern of the hero was hunting and fairs were not up to the economy. The repair in the house has not been completed, the stalls are empty, the hurdy-gurdy is out of order, the chaise is lost. The position of the serfs, from whom he draws everything he can, is deplorable. Gogol calls Nozdrva historical man, because not a single meeting at which Nozdriv appeared was without a story. Reputed to be a good friend, but always ready to harm his friend. Broken fellow, reckless reveler, card player, likes to lie, spends money thoughtlessly. Rudeness, impudent lies, recklessness are reflected in his fragmentary speech. When talking, he constantly jumps from one subject to another, uses abusive expressions: you are a pig for this, such rubbish. From him, a reckless reveler, it seemed the easiest way to get dead souls, and meanwhile he was the only one who left Chichikov with nothing.
   Sobakevich Looks like a bear. Tailcoat bear color. The complexion is fecal, hot. Big village, awkward house. The stable, barn, kitchen are built of massive logs. The portraits that hang in the rooms depict heroes with thick thighs and unheard-of mustaches. A walnut bureau on four legs looks ridiculous. The economy of Sobakevich developed according to the principle of awkwardly tailored, but tightly sewn, solid, strong. And he does not ruin his peasants: his muzhiks live in huts that are wonderfully cut down

The compositional basis of Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" is Chichikov's journey through the cities and provinces of Russia. According to the author's intention, the reader is invited to "travel the whole of Russia with the hero and bring out a wide variety of characters." In the first volume of Dead Souls, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol introduces the reader to a number of characters that represent " dark kingdom”, familiar from the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky. The types created by the writer are relevant to this day, and many proper names eventually became common nouns, although in recent times in colloquial speech are used less and less. Below is a description of the heroes of the poem. In "Dead Souls" the main characters are the landlords and the main adventurer, whose adventures are the basis of the plot.

Chichikov, the protagonist of Dead Souls, travels around Russia, buying documents for dead peasants who, according to the audit book, are still considered alive. In the first chapters of the work, the author tries in every possible way to emphasize that Chichikov was a completely ordinary, unremarkable person. Knowing how to find an approach to every person, Chichikov, without any problems, was able to achieve location, respect and recognition in any society that he had to face. Pavel Ivanovich is ready for anything to achieve his goal: he lies, impersonates another person, flatters, uses other people. But at the same time, he seems to readers to be a completely charming person! Gogol masterfully showed a multifaceted human personality, which combines depravity and the desire for virtue.

Another hero of the work "Dead Souls" by Gogol is Manilov. Chichikov comes to him first. Manilov gives the impression of a carefree person who does not care about worldly problems. Manilov found his wife to match - the same dreamy young lady. Servants took care of the house, and teachers come to their two children, Themistoclus and Alkid. It was difficult to determine the character of Manilov: Gogol himself says that at the first minute you might think “what an amazing person!”, A little later - be disappointed in the hero, and after another minute make sure that nothing can be said about Manilov at all. It has no desires, no life itself. The landowner spends his time in abstract thoughts, completely ignoring everyday problems. Manilov easily gave the dead souls to Chichikov without asking about the legal details.

If we continue the list of heroes of the story, then the next will be Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna, an old lonely widow who lives in a small village. Chichikov came to her by chance: the coachman Selifan lost his way and turned onto the wrong road. The hero was forced to stop for the night. External attributes were an indicator internal state landowners: everything in her house was done sensibly, firmly, but nevertheless there were a lot of flies everywhere. Korobochka was a real entrepreneur, because in every person she was used to seeing only a potential buyer. Nastasya Petrovna was remembered by the reader for the fact that she did not agree to the deal in any way. Chichikov persuaded the landowner and promised to give her several blue papers for petitions, but until he agreed to order flour, honey and lard from Korobochka next time, Pavel Ivanovich did not receive several dozen dead souls.

Next on the list was Nozdryov- a reveler, a liar and a merry fellow, a playboy. The meaning of his life was entertainment, even two children could not keep the landowner at home for more than a few days. Nozdryov often got into various stories, but thanks to his innate talent to find a way out of any situation, he always got out of the water dry. Nozdryov communicated easily with people, even with those with whom he managed to quarrel, after a while he talked like with old friends. However, many tried not to have anything in common with Nozdryov: the landowner invented various fables about others hundreds of times, telling them at balls and dinner parties. It seemed that Nozdryov was not at all worried about the fact that he often lost his property in cards - he certainly wanted to win back. The image of Nozdryov is very important for the characterization of other heroes of the poem, in particular Chichikov. After all, Nozdryov was the only person with whom Chichikov did not make a deal and, in general, did not want to meet with him anymore. Pavel Ivanovich barely managed to escape from Nozdryov, but Chichikov could not even imagine under what circumstances he would see this man again.

Sobakevich was the fourth seller of dead souls. His appearance and in behavior he resembled a bear, even the interior of his house and household utensils were huge, out of place and cumbersome. From the very beginning, the author focuses on Sobakevich's thriftiness and prudence. It was he who first offered Chichikov to buy documents for the peasants. Chichikov was surprised by this course of events, but did not argue. The landowner was also remembered for the fact that he filled the price of the peasants, despite the fact that the latter were long dead. He talked about their professional skills or personal qualities, trying to sell documents at a higher price than Chichikov offered.

Surprisingly, it is this hero who has much more chances for a spiritual rebirth, because Sobakevich sees how small people have become, how insignificant they are in their aspirations.

This list of characteristics of the heroes of "Dead Souls" contains the most important characters for understanding the plot, but do not forget about coachman Selifane, and about Pavel Ivanovich's servant, and about good-natured landowner Plyushkin. Being a master of words, Gogol created very vivid portraits of the heroes and their types, which is why all the descriptions of the heroes of Dead Souls are so easy to remember and immediately recognizable.

Artwork test

Lesson 3 N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls" The system of images of the poem. Images of landlords (Manilov, Korobochka)

Goals: give students an idea about the system of images of the poem "Dead Souls"; to acquaint students with the images of landowners using the example of Manilov and Korobochka; to form the skills and abilities to build an answer to the question about a work of art based on theoretical and literary knowledge; improve the skills of analytical work with a prose text; promote the aesthetic and moral education of students; foster a culture of readership.

Equipment : textbook, text of the poem "Dead Souls", handout, table, illustrative material on the topic of the lesson.

Lesson type : lesson - analysisartwork

Predicted results : students knowabout the system of images of the poem by N.V. Gogol

"Dead Souls", are able to characterize the characters of the poem, analyze the text, retell individual episodes in description form, participate in the conversation, develop their own point of view on piece of art in accordance with author's position and historical era.

During the classes

I . Organizational stage

II. Updating of basic knowledge

Conversation (analysis of the first chapter)

Tell us what you learned from what you read about the main character of the work.

What was the purpose of his arrival in the provincial city?

Find in the text and read portrait description Chichikov. Why do you think the writer singles him out with his faceless appearance? Justify your answer. What words does the author express his attitude towards the character?

III. Motivation learning activities

The poem was conceived by Gogol as a wide epic canvas, in which the author wanted to truthfully reflect, as in a pure mirror, living modernity.
The poem reflected Russia first thirds of XIX century - Russia of the time when the tsarist government, having dealt with the Decembrists, with dreams the best people countries about the introduction of republican government, intensively created a bureaucratic bureaucracy when the assertive Chichikovs went uphill - businessmen-purchasers capable of making money from anything.
The poem is built in the form of a journey and allows the reader to look into all the details that interest him. The focus is "Mr. middle class

Image system. figurative system The poem is built in accordance with three main plot and compositional links: landlord, bureaucratic Russia and the image of Chichikov. The originality of the system of images lies in the fact that the contrast to the characters shown in the real plan of the poem makes up an ideal plan, where the author's voice is present and the image is created.

The first chapter of the poem can be defined as a kind of introduction. The action has not yet begun, and the author is only in general terms outlines the characters. The reader begins to guess that Chichikov came to the provincial town with some intentions, which become clear later.

IV . Work on the topic of the lesson

1. opening speech teachers.

Creating images of landowners, Gogol not only shows us different types owners of serf souls: dreamy idlers (Manilov), absolutely indifferent to the serfs entrusted to him; stingy (Sobakevich), who will not miss anything in life; "club-headed" boxes, bogged down in small-scale subsistence farming, where every piece of land, every piece, every box and casket is taken into account; senseless bullies (Nozdryov), who is more outrageous at fairs and on neighboring estates than at home; and finally, plushkins, phenomenal from all sides. The author creates a whole system of images, very realistic and at the same time distinctly satirical. He shows us "heroes" from all sides, using three types of description: portrait, landscape of the estate, interior of the landowner's house.

2. Teamwork on compiling a reference diagram - an abstract "The system of images of the poem" (recording on the board and in a notebook)

The system of images of the poem

3. Analytical conversation "Reflect, discuss"

a) Analysis of the first chapter

Which of the landowners does Chichikov visit first?

When does the first meeting between Chichikov and Manilov take place?

What is the leading detail in the description of the hero?

Tell me who Manilov is. What impression did he make on you?

What was the landlord doing? How does he feel about his property?

Find in the text and read the description of the interior of Manilov's house. - Expressively read how Manilov reacted to Chichikov's proposal to sell "dead souls." How does this scene characterize Manilov?

Justify your answer

Explain the term "manilovism"

Comment on the assessment of this chapter given by V.A. Zhukovsky: "Funny and painful."

b) Analysis of the third chapter

With what help artistic means the author reveals the image of the Box? Examples from the text.

Find in the text and read the characteristics of the Box. What feature of the Box is leading? Examples from the text.

- Read expressively how Korobochka reacted to Chichikov's offer to sell "dead souls". How does this scene characterize the Box?

Think about whether this image can be called typical? Why?

What artistic technique enhances the author's generalization? Examples from the text.

4. Collective work on the compilation of the table “Heroes of the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

“Heroes of the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

5. Comparative work

Analysis of the images of Manilov and Korobochka (in pairs)

V . Reflection. Summing up the lesson

Generalizing word of the teacher

The heroes of Gogol were not fictitious, book characters for Boklevsky. He lived for many years in the Ryazan province and easily recognized in the officials and landowners of the city of N the customs of the Russian province, well known to him.

Boklevsky completely refuses to reproduce everyday details and furnishings. His main task is to convey the intellectual poverty, the moral squalor of Gogol's types. Therefore, the artist is limited only to portraits of heroes, focuses on the image of their faces.

Manilov is represented by the artist as having a rest in the afternoon. Having loosened his tie, unbuttoned his waistcoat, with the same pipe with a long shank, he basks in an easy chair. Manilov is a delicate, educated gentleman. Therefore, down jackets dispose him to daydreaming. He rolled his eyes, threw back his head - he was carried away by fantasy under the clouds. However, he does not rise from the pillows, he remains in complete idleness, and it is clear to the viewer that Manilov's fantasies are as ephemeral as the smoke coming out of his pipe.

The box is "one of those mothers, small landowners who cry for crop failures, losses and hold their heads somewhat to one side, and meanwhile they are gaining a little money in motley bags placed in drawers of chests of drawers." The watercolor portrait of Korobochka represents a good-natured old woman of small stature, in a cap and bonnet, in funny knitted shoes. The round, soft figure of Nastasya Petrovna, with some kind of rag tied around her neck, surprisingly resembles a tightly stuffed sack or bag - an important attribute of a homely landowner. Boklevsky often gives Gogol's characters an appearance similar to one or another animal. This creates additional associations for the viewer, which contribute to a better understanding of the essence of the image. So, it is no coincidence that Sobakevich looks like a bear, and Chichikov looks like a cunning fox. Boklevsky's box makes you think about one of the small rodents, caring, homely animals that drag everything they see into their mink. In fact, she has round, surprised eyes, a triangle of raised upper lip, exposing her incisors, and, finally, short arms, innocently folded over a protruding abdomen, just like mouse paws.

VI . Homework

1. Prepare citation material for the images of Nozdrev, Sobakevich, Plyushkin.

2. Individual task. Prepare for the role play

3. Leading task. Prepare an oral response problematic issue: "For what purpose does Chichikov visit the landowners for five chapters?"

Images of landowners and their comparison with Chichikov ("Based on the poem "Dead Souls")

"Dead Souls" is one of the brightest projects in Russian and world literature, the pinnacle of thin. Gogol's skill. One of the main themes in Gogol's TV yavl. the theme of the Russian landlord class, of the Russian nobility as the ruling class, of its fate and role in public life. It is characteristic that Ggol's main way of depicting landowners is yavl. satire. The images of the landowners reflect the process of gradual dugradation of the landowner class, revealing all its faults and shortcomings. Gogol's satire is colored with irony and
"He hits right on the forehead." Gogol's laughter seems good-natured, but he spares no one, each phrase has a deep, hidden meaning, subtext. The poem is built as the story of the adventures of Chichikov, an official who buys up "dead souls".
The composition of the poem allowed the author to tell about different landowners and their villages. Gogol creates five characters, five portraits that are so different from each other, and at the same time, typical features of a Russian landowner appear in each of them. Our acquaintance begins with Manilov and ends with Plyushkin. This sequence has its own logic: from one landowner to another, the process of impoverishment deepens. human personality, unfolds more and more scary picture the decomposition of serf society

Opens the portrait gallery of the landowners Manilov (I chapter). Already in the surname itself, his character is manifested. The description begins with a picture of the village of Manilovka, which "could lure few with its location." With irony, the author describes the master's courtyard, with a claim to "an English garden with an overgrown pond", sparse bushes and with a pale inscription "Temple of solitary reflection." Speaking of Manilov, the author exclaims: "God alone could tell what Manilov's character was." He is kind by nature, polite, courteous, but all this has taken ugly forms with him. Manilov is beautiful-hearted and sentimental to the point of cloying. Relations between people seem to him idyllic and festive. Manilov did not know life at all, reality was replaced by his empty fantasy. He liked to think and dream, sometimes even about things useful to the peasants. But his searchlight was far from the demands of life. He did not know about the real needs of the peasants and never thought. (Or M. lives in an illusory world, and the very process of fantasizing gives him great pleasure, he is a sentimental dreamer, practical action)
Manilov fancies himself a bearer of spiritual culture. Once in the army, he was considered the most educated person. Ironically, the author speaks about the situation at home
Manilov, in which "something was always missing", about his sugary relationship with his wife. At the moment of talking about dead souls, Manilov was compared with a too smart minister. In comparison with other landowners, Manilov really seems to be an enlightened person, but this is only one appearance.

The third chapter of the poem is devoted to the image of the Box, which Gogol refers to the number of those "small landowners who complain about crop failures, losses and hold their heads somewhat to one side, and meanwhile they are gaining a little money in motley bags placed on chest of drawers!" (or M. and Korobochka are in some way antipodes: Manilov’s vulgarity is hidden behind high phases, behind arguments about the good of the Motherland, while Korobochka’s spiritual scarcity appears in its natural form. The box does not pretend to be a high culture: in all its appearance, a very unpretentious simplicity. This is emphasized by Gogol in the appearance of the heroine: he points to her shabby and unattractive appearance. This simplicity reveals itself in relations with people. The main goal of her life is to consolidate her wealth, incessant accumulation. It is no coincidence that Chichikov sees traces of skillful management on her estate. This household reveals its inner insignificance.
She, apart from the desire to acquire and benefit, has no feelings. Confirmation is the situation with the "dead strangles." Korobochka trades peasants with the same efficiency with which he sells other objects of his household. For her, there is no difference between an animate and an inanimate being. In a sentence
Chichikov is afraid of only one thing: the prospect of missing something, not taking what can be obtained for "dead souls." The box is not going to give them to Chichikov on the cheap. Gogol awarded her with the epithet "cudgelhead".) These money are obtained from the sale of a wide variety of nat products. household
The box understood the benefits of trading and after much persuasion agrees to sell such an unusual product as dead souls.

In the transition to the image of Nozdryov, Gogol emphasizes the contrast between him and the box. In contrast to the motionless landowner, Nozdrev is distinguished by his daring and "broad scope of nature." He is mobile, ready to do anything, without thinking about what, but all his activity is devoid of ideas and goals. Therefore, all his impulses end as easily as they begin, without any positive results: "Everything ends either with trifles, or with all kinds of stories" . His activity is aimed at burning life. He was a drunkard and a scorcher. Nozdryov finds himself wherever the pleasures of life can be expected. Unlike Korobochka, Nozdryov is not prone to petty hoarding. His ideal is people who always know how to have fun living life, not burdened with any worries. The chapter on Nozdryov contains few details that reflect the life of his serfs, but the description of the landowner itself provides comprehensive information about this, since for Nozdryov serfs and property are equivalent concepts. Both are a life-burning source. Wherever Nozdryov appears, there is confusion, scandal. In Nozdryov's understanding, his life is filled with meaning. In this respect, he resembles Manilov, but differs in that he likes to invent, embellish. In a conversation with Chichikov, he boasts of absolutely everything: a stallion, a pond, a dog, and in his lies we simply will not exhaust him. Lies for lies. In relation to people, Nozdrev is free from any norms and principles. He easily converges with people, but does not remain true to his word, not to anyone else. In Nozdryov's desire to bring discord into someone else's life, one feels a desire to harm everyone. As a result, the whole versatility of the hero is devoid of any positive beginning. Gogol
He called Nozdryov a "historical man." ("Nozdryov was in some respects a historical man") Not a single meeting where he was was without stories.

Unlike Nozdryov, Sobakevich cannot be counted as people hovering in the clouds. This hero stands firmly on the ground, does not entertain illusions, soberly evaluates people and life, knows how to act and achieve what he wants.
With the character of his life, Gogol notes solidity and fundamentality in everything. These are natural features of Sobakevich's life. On him and on the furnishings of his house lies the stamp of clumsiness, ugliness. Physical strength and clumsiness appears in the guise of the hero himself. "He looked like medium size bear, "Gogol writes about him. The animal nature predominates in Sobakevich. He is devoid of any spiritual inquiries, far from daydreaming, philosophizing and noble impulses of the soul. The meaning of his life is to saturate the stomach. He himself has a negative attitude towards everything that associated with culture and education: "Enlightenment is a harmful invention." A local being and a hoarder coexist in him. Unlike Korobochka, he understands the environment well and understands the time in which he lives, knows people. Unlike other landowners, he immediately understood the essence
Chichikov. Sobakevich is a cunning rogue, an impudent businessman who is difficult to deceive. He evaluates everything around him only from the point of view of his own benefit. In his conversation with Chichikov, the psychology of a kulak is revealed, who knows how to make the peasants work for themselves and extract the maximum benefit from it. He is straightforward, quite rude and does not believe in anyone. Unlike Manilov, in his perception, all people are robbers, scoundrels, fools. (Everything in Sobakevich's house surprisingly resembled himself. Every thing seemed to say: "And I, too, Sobakevich"
The last landowner visited by Chichikov, Plyushkin, is similar in aspirations to K. and S., but the desire for hoarding takes on the character of an all-embracing passion in him. The only purpose of his life is the accumulation of things. As a result, he does not distinguish the important, the necessary from the little things, the useful from the unimportant. Everything that comes to his hand is of interest. Plyushkin becomes a slave to things. The thirst for hoarding pushes him onto the path of all sorts of restrictions. But he himself does not experience any discomfort from this. Unlike other landowners, the story of his life is given in full. She reveals the origins of his passion. The more the thirst for hoarding becomes, the more insignificant his life becomes. At a certain stage of degradation, Plyushkin ceases to feel the need to communicate with people. He began to perceive his children as plunderers of his property, not experiencing any joy when meeting with them. In the end, he ended up all alone. Gogol dwells in detail on the description of the situation of the peasants of this richest landowner. ***************************************** **************************
******Chichikov

In "M.d." Gogol typifies the images of Russian landowners, officials and peasants. The only person who stands out overall picture Russian life- This is Chichikov. Revealing his image, the author tells about his origin and the formation of his character. Chichikov is a character whose life story is given in every detail. From Chapter Eleven we learn that
Pavlusha belonged to a poor noble family. His father left him a legacy of half a copper and a covenant to study diligently, to please teachers and bosses, and, most importantly, to save and save a penny. Chichikov quickly realized that all high concepts only hinder the achievement of his cherished goal. He makes his way in life by his own efforts, without relying on anyone's patronage. He builds his well-being at the expense of other people: deceit, bribery, embezzlement, fraud at customs - the tools of the protagonist. No setbacks can break his greed. And every time, committing unseemly acts, he easily finds excuses for himself.

With each chapter, we see more and more new opportunities for Chichikov: with Manilov he is sugary-gracious, with Korobochka he is petty-persistent and rude, with Nozdrev he is assertive and cowardly, with Sobakevich he bargains cunningly and relentlessly, Plyushkin conquers with his "generosity".

But let us pay special attention to those moments of the poem where Chichikov does not need to disguise himself and change himself for the sake of adaptation, where he remains alone with himself. When examining the city of N, our hero “teared off the poster nailed to the post, so that when he came home he could read it well,” and after reading it, he “folded it neatly and put it in his chest, where he used to put everything that came across.” This collection of unnecessary things, the careful storage of rubbish vividly resembles Plushkin's habits. FROM
Manilov brings Chichikov closer together with uncertainty, due to which all assumptions about him turn out to be equally possible. Nozdryov notices that Chichikov looks like Sobakevich: “... no straightforwardness, no sincerity! Perfect Sobakevich. In the character of Chichikov there is a Manilov love for the phrase, and the pettiness of Korobochka, and narcissism
Nozdryova, and rude stinginess, cold cynicism of Sobakevich, and greed
Plushkin. It is easy for Chichikov to be a mirror of any of these interlocutors, because he has all the qualities that form the basis of their characters. Nevertheless, Chichikov is different from his counterparts on the estates, he is a man of the new time, a businessman and an acquirer, and has all the necessary qualities: "... and pleasantness in turns and actions, and glibness in business games," but he is also a "dead soul", because he lacks the joy of life.

Chichikov knows how to adapt to any world, even his appearance is such that he will suit any situation: “not handsome, but not bad-looking”, “not too fat, not too thin”, “middle-aged man” - everything in him is indefinite , nothing stands out.

The idea of ​​success, enterprise, practicality obscure all human impulses in him. "Selflessness", patience and strength of character of the protagonist allow him to constantly be reborn and show tremendous energy to achieve his goal.
Chichikov is forced to flee the city, but this time he has achieved his goal, has come one more step closer to his faceless "happiness", and everything else is no longer important for him now.

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The poem "Dead Souls" was conceived by Gogol as a grandiose panorama of Russian society with all its peculiarities and paradoxes. The central problem of the work is the spiritual death and rebirth of representatives of the main Russian estates of that time. The author denounces and ridicules the vices of the landowners, venality and pernicious passions of bureaucracy.

The title itself has a double meaning. "Dead Souls" are not only dead peasants, but also other actually living characters of the work. Calling them dead, Gogol emphasizes their devastated, miserable, "dead" little souls.

History of creation

"Dead Souls" is a poem to which Gogol devoted a significant part of his life. The author repeatedly changed the concept, rewrote and reworked the work. Gogol originally conceived Dead Souls as a humorous novel. However, in the end, I decided to create a work that exposes the problems of Russian society and will serve it spiritual revival. And so the POEM "Dead Souls" appeared.

Gogol wanted to create three volumes of the work. In the first, the author planned to describe the vices and decay of the feudal society of that time. In the second, give your heroes hope for redemption and rebirth. And in the third I intended to describe the future path of Russia and its society.

However, Gogol managed to finish only the first volume, which appeared in print in 1842. Until his death, Nikolai Vasilievich worked on the second volume. However, just before his death, the author burned the manuscript of the second volume.

The third volume of Dead Souls was never written. Gogol could not find an answer to the question of what would happen next with Russia. Or maybe I just didn't have time to write about it.

Description of the artwork

One day, in the city of NN appeared very interesting character, which stands out against the background of other old-timers of the city - Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. After his arrival, he began to actively get acquainted with important people cities, attended feasts and dinners. A week later, the visitor was already on "you" with all representatives of the city's nobility. Everyone was delighted with the new person who suddenly appeared in the city.

Pavel Ivanovich goes out of town to pay visits to noble landowners: Manilov, Korobochka, Sobakevich, Nozdrev and Plyushkin. With each landowner, he is kind, trying to find an approach to everyone. Natural resourcefulness and resourcefulness help Chichikov to get the location of each landowner. In addition to empty talk, Chichikov talks with the gentlemen about the peasants who died after the revision (“dead souls”) and expresses a desire to buy them. The landowners cannot understand why Chichikov needs such a deal. However, they agree to it.

As a result of his visits, Chichikov acquired more than 400 "dead souls" and was in a hurry to finish his business and leave the city. Useful acquaintances made by Chichikov upon arrival in the city helped him settle all the issues with the documents.

After some time, the landowner Korobochka let slip in the city that Chichikov was buying up "dead souls." The whole city found out about the affairs of Chichikov and was perplexed. Why would such a respected gentleman buy dead peasants? Endless rumors and conjectures have a detrimental effect even on the prosecutor, and he dies of fear.

The poem ends with Chichikov hurriedly leaving the city. Leaving the city, Chichikov sadly recalls his plans shopping dead souls and pledge them to the treasury as living.

main characters

Qualitatively new hero in Russian literature of that time. Chichikov can be called a representative of the newest class that is just emerging in serf Russia - entrepreneurs, "purchasers". The activity and activity of the hero favorably distinguishes him from the background of other characters in the poem.

The image of Chichikov is distinguished by its incredible versatility, diversity. Even by the appearance of the hero, it is difficult to immediately understand what a person is and what he is like. “In the britzka sat a gentleman who was not handsome, but not bad-looking either, neither too fat nor too thin, one cannot say that he was old, but not so much that he was too young.”

It is difficult to understand and embrace the nature of the protagonist. He is changeable, many-sided, able to adapt to any interlocutor, to give the face the desired expression. Thanks to these qualities, Chichikov easily finds mutual language with landowners, officials and wins the right position in society. The ability to charm and win over the right people Chichikov uses to achieve his goal, namely the receipt and accumulation of money. Even his father taught Pavel Ivanovich to deal with those who are richer and take care of money, since only money can pave the way in life.

Chichikov did not earn money honestly: he deceived people, took bribes. Over time, Chichikov's machinations are gaining more and more scope. Pavel Ivanovich strives to increase his fortune by any means, not paying attention to any moral standards and principles.

Gogol defines Chichikov as a man with a vile nature and also considers his soul to be dead.

In his poem Gogol describes typical images landlords of that time: "business executives" (Sobakevich, Korobochka), as well as not serious and wasteful gentlemen (Manilov, Nozdrev).

Nikolai Vasilievich masterfully created the image of the landowner Manilov in the work. By this image alone, Gogol meant a whole class of landowners with similar features. The main qualities of these people are sentimentality, constant fantasies and lack of vigorous activity. The landlords of such a warehouse let the economy take its course, do nothing useful. They are stupid and empty inside. This is exactly what Manilov was like - in his soul not a bad, but mediocre and stupid poseur.

Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka

The landowner, however, differs significantly in character from Manilov. Korobochka is a good and tidy mistress, everything in her estate is going well. However, the landowner's life revolves exclusively around her household. The box does not develop spiritually, it is not interested in anything. She does not understand absolutely anything that does not concern her economy. The box is also one of the images by which Gogol meant a whole class of similar limited landowners who see nothing further than their household.

The author unequivocally classifies the landowner Nozdrev as not a serious and wasteful gentlemen. Unlike the sentimental Manilov, Nozdryov is full of energy. However, the landowner uses this energy not for the benefit of the economy, but for the sake of his momentary pleasures. Nozdryov plays, wastes money. It is distinguished by its frivolity and idle attitude to life.

Mikhail Semenovich Sobakevich

The image of Sobakevich, created by Gogol, echoes the image of a bear. There is something from a large wild beast in the appearance of the landowner: sluggishness, sedateness, strength. Sobakevich is not concerned about the aesthetic beauty of the things around him, but their reliability and durability. Behind the rough appearance and harsh character lies a cunning, intelligent and resourceful person. According to the author of the poem, it will not be difficult for such landowners as Sobakevich to adapt to the changes and reforms coming in Russia.

The most unusual representative of the class of landowners in Gogol's poem. The old man is distinguished by his extreme stinginess. Moreover, Plyushkin is greedy not only in relation to his peasants, but also in relation to himself. However, such savings make Plushkin a truly poor man. After all, it is his stinginess that does not allow him to find a family.

officialdom

Gogol in the work has a description of several city officials. However, the author in his work does not significantly differentiate them from each other. All officials in "Dead Souls" are a gang of thieves, crooks and embezzlers. These people really care only about their enrichment. Gogol literally describes in a few lines the image of a typical official of that time, rewarding him with the most unflattering qualities.

Analysis of the work

The plot of "Dead Souls" is based on an adventure conceived by Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. At first glance, Chichikov's plan seems incredible. However, if you look at it, the Russian reality of those times, with its rules and laws, provided opportunities for all sorts of machinations related to serfs.

The fact is that after 1718 in Russian Empire A polling census of peasants was introduced. For each male serf, the master had to pay a tax. However, the census was carried out quite rarely - once every 12-15 years. And if one of the peasants escaped or died, the landowner was forced to pay tax for him anyway. The dead or runaway peasants became a burden for the master. This created fertile ground for various kinds of fraud. Chichikov himself hoped to carry out such a scam.

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol knew perfectly well how the Russian society with its feudal system. And the whole tragedy of his poem lies in the fact that Chichikov's scam absolutely did not contradict the current Russian legislation. Gogol denounces the distorted relations of man with man, as well as man with the state, speaks of the absurd laws in force at that time. Because of such distortions, events that are contrary to common sense become possible.

"Dead Souls" - classic, which, like no other, is written in the style of Gogol. Quite often, Nikolai Vasilievich based his work on some kind of anecdote or a comical situation. And the more ridiculous and unusual the situation, the more tragic the real state of affairs seems.