Genres of folk tales table. What are the types of fairy tales

A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. Artistic narrative of a fantastic, adventure or everyday nature.

A fairy tale is a work in which the main feature is "an orientation towards revealing the truth of life with the help of conditionally poetic fiction that elevates or reduces reality."

A fairy tale is an abstract form of local lore, presented in a more concise and crystallized form: The original form of folklore tales is local lore, parapsychological stories and stories of miracles that arise as ordinary hallucinations due to the intrusion of archetypal contents from the collective unconscious.

The authors of almost all interpretations define a fairy tale as a kind of oral storytelling with fantastic fiction. The connection with myth and legends pointed out by M.-L. Von Franz takes the fairy tale beyond the limits of a simple fantasy story. A fairy tale is not only poetic fiction or fantasy play; through the content, language, plots and images, it reflects the cultural values ​​of its creator.

Since ancient times, fairy tales have been close and understandable to ordinary people. Fantasy intertwined with reality. Living in need, people dreamed of flying carpets, palaces, self-assembled tablecloths. And always in Russian fairy tales justice triumphed, and good triumphed over evil. It is no coincidence that A. S. Pushkin wrote: “What a charm these fairy tales are! Each is a poem!

Fairy tale composition:

1. Beginning. (“In a certain kingdom, in a certain state they lived, they were ...”).

2. The main part.

3. Ending. (“They began to live - to live and make good” or “They made a feast for the whole world ...”).

Any fairy tale is focused on a socio-pedagogical effect: it teaches, encourages activity and even heals. In other words, the potential of a fairy tale is much richer than its ideological and artistic significance.

The fairy tale differs from other prose genres in its more developed aesthetic side. The aesthetic beginning is manifested in the idealization of positive characters, and in the vivid image of the "fantastic world", and the romantic coloring of events.

The wisdom and value of a fairy tale is that it reflects, reveals and allows you to experience the meaning of the most important universal values ​​and life meaning generally. From the point of view of everyday meaning, the fairy tale is naive, from the point of view of life meaning, it is deep and inexhaustible.

The most important ideas, the main problems, the plot cores and, most importantly, the alignment of forces that carry out good and evil, in fact, are the same in fairy tales. different peoples. In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries, it is for all mankind.

On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not quite uniform. Thus, with a problem-thematic approach, fairy tales dedicated to animals, fairy tales about unusual and supernatural events, adventure fairy tales, social and everyday life, fairy tales-anecdotes, shifting fairy tales and others are distinguished.

To date, the following classification of Russians has been adopted folk tales:

1. Tales about animals;

2. Fairy tales;

3. Household fairy tales.

Animal Tales

In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, reconcile. Such tales are based on totemism (belief in a totem beast, the patron of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, the bear, which became the hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. Often he was thought of as a terrible, vindictive beast, not forgiving offenses (the fairy tale "The Bear"). The further the faith in that goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible his power over the animal, the "victory" over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales "The Man and the Bear", "The Bear, the Dog and the Cat". Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays a large role. The wolf in beliefs is wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale, on the other hand, loses its dependence on paganism, becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the proximity of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "The Beasts in the Pit").

Fairy tales

Fairy tales of the magical type include magical, adventure, heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales lies a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and the wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible "transformation", striking in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is surreal, but also its very character (from the fairy tale "The Snow Maiden." "Look, the Snow Maiden's lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then she shook off the snow and left the snowdrift live girl"Conversion" in fairy tales of the miraculous type, as a rule, takes place with the help of magical creatures or objects.

Household fairy tales

A characteristic sign of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction in them everyday life. The conflict of everyday fairy tales often lies in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of rusticity and naivety oppose those personality traits that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).

There are two types of fairy tales: author's and folk. The name itself speaks for itself. Author's fairy tales are works written by one specific person. As a rule, he is the creator and parent whose name is advertised in the book.

Folk tales are passed down from generation to generation, by word of mouth. There is no one specific writer, everyone adds his own. As a result, with each retelling, new actions appear, and then the fairy tale sounds already in a new way.
From century to century, from generation to generation, stories are passed on, where the ancestors teach and pass on their wisdom, their instructions and vast experience.

The common feature of the two species is deepest meaning enclosed between lines. For a child, a fairy tale is a fun and interesting story, for an adult text that carries moral and ethical implications.

Types of fairy tales by content

• magical
• about animals
• household

Fairy tales

Magic is inherent in almost every fairy tale. It is it that conquers evil, helps the heroes to cope with difficulties. Thanks to such stories, many children with early age believe in miracles and magic. The author plunges into a fantasy world where, with the help of magic items or action any desire is embodied in reality. The purpose of such narratives is to convey to the reader that faith in miracles must always be. Miracles can strike at the most unexpected moment. It is them that the main character lacks in order to achieve the goal.

Most read fairy tales:

• Princess Frog
• Koschei the Deathless
• Morozko
• Emelya

Animal Tales

In this form, the role of a person is replaced by animals, and not only domestic ones, but also forest and wild ones. Fish, birds, insects, all living creatures are involved, each has a special role. Even natural phenomena gets, if not the main thing, then a secondary significance. Both animals have their own character and principle of behavior. We were told that the hare is a coward - he is afraid of everything and everyone. The fox is cunning and greedy. Bear - everyone is afraid, but by design, he is one of the intelligent animals. The wolf at first glance is toothy and predatory. In fairy tales, it is often found where he turns out to be a coward and a compassionate animal. In all actions, these heroes perform similar roles. It is stories about animals that inspire readers with how they should be presented.

Some of the most popular animal stories include:

• Teremok
• Kolobok
• turnip

In turn, the stories about our smaller brothers are divided into two subgroups: in some animals play minor role- By pike command. In others, their importance is equal to the human one - Dobrynya Nikitich and Serpent Gorynych.

Household fairy tales

Artworks of this nature, show that you should not expect miracles, you need to do everything yourself. Only a hardworking, fair and prudent person can achieve everything in life. They show the inherent life of each person. Emphasize negative traits, ridicule and serve a necessary lesson. In these works, the main thing is not a mighty force, but intelligence and morality. In these tales, stingy and greedy people will always be taught a lesson by the wise and noble.

They belong to:

• Ax porridge
• The tale of the priest and his worker Balda
• Magic pipe

Whatever fairy tales are, children of all ages love them very much. After all, they are the lesson in Everyday life. They learn from the mistakes of the characters and imitate the main characters. Fairy tales are especially important for young children. She subconsciously gives lessons in different situations. Shows that the protection own opinion important. Also in relation to different nationalities and races should not be an obstacle in communication. Proper treatment of adults and the elderly. No wonder they say that they learn from fairy tales.

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Fairy tales are an integral part of childhood. There is hardly a person who, being small, did not listen to many of the most different stories. Having matured, he retells them to his children, who understand them in their own way, drawing in the imagination the images of the acting characters and experiencing the emotions that the fairy tale conveys.

What are fairy tales? These are the questions we will try to answer next.

Definition

According to the scientific definition in literature, a fairy tale is "an epic literary genre, a story about some magical or adventurous events, which has a clear structure: beginning, middle and ending." From any fairy tale, the reader must learn some lesson, a moral. Depending on the type, the fairy tale also performs other functions. There are many genre classifications.

The main types of fairy tales

What are fairy tales? Each of us agrees that separate view It is worth highlighting fairy tales about animals. The second type is fairy tales. And finally, there are the so-called household tales. All species have their own characteristics, which become clear through their comparative analysis. Let's try to understand each of them in more detail.

What are animal stories?

The existence of such stories is quite justified, because animals are creatures that live with us in close proximity. It was this fact that influenced the fact that folk art uses images of animals, and the most diverse ones: both wild and domestic. At the same time, attention should be paid to the fact that animals found in fairy tales are not presented as typical animals, but as special animals endowed with human features. They live, communicate and behave like real people. Such artistic techniques make it possible to make the image understandable and interesting, while filling it with a certain meaning.

In turn, animal tales can also be divided into tales involving wild or domestic animals, objects or objects of inanimate nature. Often literary critics, speaking about what genres of fairy tales are, classify them into magical, cumulative and satirical. Also included in this classification is the genre of the fable. You can divide fairy tales about animals into works for children and for adults. Often in a fairy tale there is a person who can play a dominant or secondary role.

Usually children get acquainted with fairy tales about animals at the age of three to six years. They are most understandable to young readers, as they meet with constant characters: a cunning fox, a cowardly hare, a gray wolf, a smart cat, and so on. As a rule, the main feature of each animal is its characteristic feature.

What are the constructions of fairy tales about animals? The answer is very different. Cumulative fairy tales, for example, are selected according to the principle of plot connection, where the same characters meet, just in different circumstances. Often stories have names in a diminutive form (Fox-Sister, Bunny-Runner, Frog-Quakushka, and so on).

The second kind is a fairy tale

What are literary tales about magic? The main characteristic feature of this species is the magical, fantastic world in which the main characters live and act. The laws of this world are different from the usual, everything is not as it really is, which attracts young readers and makes this type of fairy tale undoubtedly the most beloved among children. The magical environment and plot allows the author to use all his imagination and use as many relevant artistic techniques, in order to create a work specifically for a children's audience. It is no secret that children's imagination is limitless, and it is very, very difficult to satisfy it.

In most cases, this type of fairy tale has a typical plot, certain characters and happy ending. What are fairy tales about magic? These can be stories about heroes and fantastic creatures, tales of unusual objects and various trials that are overcome thanks to magic. As a rule, in the finale, the characters get married and live happily ever after.

Note that the characters fairy tales embody many. Among the main themes of this literary genre- the struggle of good and evil, the struggle for love, truth and other ideals. It must be present which will be defeated in the final. The structure of the fairy tale is the usual - the beginning, the main part and the ending.

Household fairy tales

These stories are about events. ordinary life, illuminating various social problems and human characters. In them, the author ridicules negative ones. Such tales are social and satirical, with elements of a fairy tale, and many others. Here, the negative qualities of the rich and vain people are ridiculed, while the representatives of the people embody positive traits. Everyday fairy tales show that the main thing is not money and strength, but kindness, honesty and intelligence. Literary critics claim - and this is a fact - that they were written at a time when people were going through social crises and were striving to change the structure of society. Among the popular artistic techniques, satire, humor, and laughter stand out here.

What types of fairy tales are there?

In addition to the above classification, fairy tales are also divided into author's and folk. Already from the names it is clear that author's are fairy tales that were written by a specific well-known storyteller, and folk are those that do not have one author. Folk tales are passed from mouth to mouth from generation to generation, and the original author is no one. Let's consider each of the types separately.

Folk tales

Folk tales are rightfully considered a powerful source historical facts, information about life and social order certain people. Each of the peoples in their history invented great amount instructive stories for adults and children, passing on their experience and wisdom to the next generations.

Folk tales reflect human relations and a change in moral principles, show that the basic values ​​remain unchanged, teach to draw a clear line between good and evil, joy and sorrow, love and hate, truth and falsehood.

A feature of folk tales is that in a simple and easy readable text hiding the deepest social meaning. In addition, they save wealth vernacular. What are folk tales? They can be both magical and household. Many folk tales tell about animals.

The question often arises of when the first Russian folk tale was invented. This will surely remain a mystery, and one can only speculate. It is believed that the first "heroes" of fairy tales were natural phenomena - the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, and so on. Later, they began to obey man, and images of people and animals entered the tales. There is an assumption that all Russian folk narratives have a real basis. In other words, some event was retold in the form of a fairy tale, changed over the centuries and has come down to us in the form to which we are accustomed. What are Russian folk tales, figured out. It's time to talk about fairy tales whose authors are well known to readers.

Author's tales

Usually author's work is a subjective processing of a folk story, however, new stories are quite common. Character traits author's fairy tale - psychologism, sublime speech, bright characters, the use of fairy tale clichés.

Another feature of this genre is that it can be read on different levels. Thus, the same story is perceived differently by representatives of different age groups. Charles Perrault's children's tales seem to a child an innocent story, while an adult man will find they have serious problems and morals. Often, books that are originally aimed at a young reader are interpreted by adults in their own way, just as fantasy stories for adults are to the taste of children.

Who are the storytellers? Surely everyone has heard of "The Tales of My Mother Goose" by Charles Perrault, the tales of the Italian Gozzi, the works of the German writer of the Brothers Grimm and the Danish storyteller Hans Christian Andersen. We must not forget about the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin! Their stories are adored by children and adults around the world. Entire generations grow up on these fairy tales. At the same time, all author's works are interesting from the point of view of literary criticism, they all fall under a certain classification, have their own artistic features and copyright techniques. According to the most famous and beloved fairy tales, films and cartoons are made.

Conclusion

So, we figured out what fairy tales are. Whatever the fairy tale is - author's, folk, social, magical or telling about animals - it will definitely teach the reader something. The most interesting thing is that it does not matter at all who reads the story. Both adults and children will definitely learn something useful from it. The fairy tale will make everyone think, convey the wisdom of the people (or the author) and leave an indelible good impression in the minds of readers. The effect is by no means exaggerated. There are even so-called therapeutic fairy tales that can re-educate and wean from a variety of bad habits!

"Fairy tale" - from the word "tell". The concept of "fairy tale" acquired its modern meaning in the 17th century. Before that, the word "fable" was used.

As a rule, fairy tales are designed for children. it epic works magical character. The end of the story is usually happy. The fairy tale helps the child in the process of learning the rules and purpose of life, the need to protect their family values respectful attitude towards others.
At the same time, a fairy tale carries a lot of information that is passed down from generation to generation, which helps to shape a person's character and which is based on respect for one's ancestors.
By origin, fairy tales are folklore and author's.

folklore tales

Folklore tales created by the people different countries. This is a prose (sometimes poetic) oral story about fictional events at one time or another. A fairy tale does not claim to be authentic (unlike, for example, a myth, epic or legend). The folk tale historically precedes the literary tale, it is anonymous (it does not have a specific author).
The folklore tale has its own specific poetics and cliche(stamps). For example, the beginning of “Once upon a time ...”, “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state ...”, etc.
Since a folk tale is a work of oral folk art, then the plot of a folklore tale can be repeated in many texts. It allows improvisation of the performer of the tale. Therefore, the texts of one fairy tale may have variations.

literary tales

Literary tales are closely related to the folk tale, but they have a specific author. Their content is new and does not have verbal variants.

Author's tales

Author's fairy tales are close to literary ones in terms of originality of the plot. But they can be an adaptation of a well-known folklore plot, which the author uses at his own discretion: he changes the course of action, adds characters, etc. Usually the term author's fairy tale" is used for those fairy tales that have an author, i.e. and for literature.

The main genres of fairy tales

Animal Tales

Kolobok. Forged Figures Park (Donetsk)
Author: Sigismund von Dobschutz – own work, from Wikipedia
In these tales, animals, birds, fish, as well as plants, natural phenomena or objects (“Tereshechka”, “Gingerbread Man”, “Ryaba Hen”, “Teremok”, etc.) act as the main characters. Often fairy tales about animals are magical at the same time - in Russian fairy tales popular characters turn out to be magical animals that can talk and help the main character (“Baba Yaga”, “Geese Swans”, “Po pike command" and etc.).

Fairy tales

V. M. Vasnetsov "The Frog Princess" (1918)
The plot of a fairy tale is based on a story about overcoming some obstacles with the help of miraculous means or magical helpers. Usually a fairy tale has the following composition: exposure(the beginning of the main events in the work), eyeballs actions, plot development, climax and interchange. climax – highest point development of the action in the work. The culmination of a fairy tale consists in the hero's victory over an opponent or circumstances (“Ivan Tsarevich and Grey Wolf”, “Morozko”, etc.).

Social fairy tales

N. Matorin "Boy-with-finger" (postcard)
Fairy tales of this genre have the same composition as fairy tales, but are more connected with reality. Only the earthly world exists in them, the features of life are realistically transmitted, and main character – a common person, fighting for justice and achieving his goal with the help of ingenuity, dexterity and cunning.

Anecdotal tales

Such tales are a detailed narrative of an anecdote.

A young peasant went to work, and his wife went to see him off; walked a mile and cried.

Don't cry, wife, I'll be right back.

Do I cry about it? My legs are cold!

Fables

Fables (fabulous stories) are fairy tales built on nonsense. They are small in volume and often have the form of rhythmic prose. Fables are special genre folklore, which is found in all peoples.
“I used to live and wear an ax on my bare foot, gird myself with an ax handle, chop wood with a sash ... Zhona was a beauty ... she looks out the window, so the dogs bark for three days ...” (fragment from “Northern Tales” by N.E. Onchukov).

Oskar Herrfurth "Baron Munchausen and his Chopped Horse"
AT fiction Examples of fables include the adventures of Baron Munchausen as presented by Erich Raspe, the adventures of the heroes of Rabelais' novel "Gargantua and Pantagruel", Korney Chukovsky's poem "Confusion".

Collectors of fairy tales

The first collector of folk tales in Europe was a French poet and literary critic Charles Perrault (1628-1703).

F. Lallemald "Portrait of Charles Perrault" (1665)
In 1697, he published the collection Tales of Mother Goose. The collection included 8 prose tales, today world famous:

"Cinderella"
"Puss in Boots"
"Red Riding Hood"
"Thumb boy"
"Fairy Gifts"
"Rike-Crest"
"Sleeping Beauty"
"Blue Beard".

In 1704-1717. abridged edition published in Paris Arabian tales"A Thousand and One Nights" prepared by Antoine Galland for the King Louis XIV. But these were single collections. But the beginning of a systematic collection fairy folklore put the representatives of the German mythological school in folklore - first of all, members of the circle of Heidelberg romantics Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm and Jacob.

Elizabeth Yerichau-Baumann "The Brothers Grimm"
In 1812-1814. they published a collection of "Home and family German fairy tales”, which included the hitherto popular fairy tales “Snow White”, “ The Bremen Town Musicians”, “Wolf and seven kids” and many others. After the appearance of the collection, writers and scientists from other European countries showed interest in their native folklore.
The Brothers Grimm had predecessors in Germany itself: back in 1782-1786. The German writer Johann Karl August Museus compiled the 5-volume collection "Folk Tales of the Germans", which was published only in 1811.
In Russia, Russian folk tales were the first to be collected by the Russian ethnographer Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasiev.

The most important ideas, the main problems, the plot cores and, most importantly, the alignment of forces that carry out good and evil, in fact, are the same in the tales of different peoples. In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries, it is for all mankind.

Folkloristics has devoted a lot of research to the fairy tale, but its definition as one of the genres of oral folk art still remains an open problem. The heterogeneity of fairy tales, the vast thematic range, the variety of motifs and characters contained in them, the innumerable number of ways to resolve conflicts really make the task of genre definition of a fairy tale very difficult.

And yet, the divergence in views on the fairy tale is associated with what is regarded in it as the main thing: an orientation towards fiction or the desire to reflect reality through fiction.

The essence and vitality of a fairy tale, the secret of its magical existence is in the constant combination of two elements of meaning: fantasy and truth.

On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not quite uniform. Thus, with a problem-thematic approach, fairy tales dedicated to animals, fairy tales about unusual and supernatural events, adventure fairy tales, social and everyday life, fairy tales-anecdotes, shifting fairy tales and others are distinguished.

The groups of fairy tales do not have sharply defined boundaries, but despite the fragility of the distinction, such a classification makes it possible to start a substantive conversation with the child about fairy tales within the framework of a conditional "system" - which, of course, facilitates the work of parents and educators.
To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been adopted:

1. Tales about animals;
2. Fairy tales;
3. Household fairy tales.

Let's take a closer look at each type.

Animal Tales

Folk poetry embraced the whole world, its object was not only man, but also all life on the planet. Depicting animals, the fairy tale gives them human features, but at the same time fixes and characterizes habits, "way of life", etc. Hence the lively, tense text of fairy tales.
Man has long felt a kinship with nature, he really was a part of it, fighting with it, looking for protection from it, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious.

In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, reconcile. Such tales are based on totemism (belief in a totem beast, the patron of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, the bear, which became the hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. Often he was thought of as a terrible, vindictive beast, not forgiving offenses (the fairy tale "The Bear"). The further the faith in that goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible his power over the animal, the "victory" over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales "The Man and the Bear", "The Bear, the Dog and the Cat". Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays a large role. The wolf in beliefs is wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale, on the other hand, loses its dependence on paganism, becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the proximity of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "The Beasts in the Pit").

Animal tales stand out in special group the nature actors. They are divided into types of animals. Tales about plants, inanimate nature (frost, sun, wind), about objects (bubble, straw, bast shoes) adjoin here.

In fairy tales about animals, man:
1) plays a secondary role (the old man from the fairy tale "The Fox steals fish from the cart");
2) occupies a position equivalent to an animal (a man from the fairy tale "Old bread and salt is forgotten").

Possible classification of the fairy tale about animals.

First of all, the animal tale is classified according to the main character (thematic classification). This classification is given in the index fairy tales world folklore, compiled by Arne-Thomson and in the "Comparative Index of Plots. East Slavic Fairy Tale":

1. Wild animals.
- Fox.
- Other wild animals.
2. Wild and domestic animals
3. Man and wild animals.
4. Pets.
5. Birds and fish.
6. Other animals, objects, plants and natural phenomena.

The next possible classification of the animal tale is the structural-semantic classification, which classifies the tale according to genre. There are several genres in the fairy tale about animals. V. Ya. Propp singled out such genres as:

1. Cumulative fairy tale about animals.

3. Fable (apologist)
4. Satirical tale

E. A. Kostyukhin singled out genres about animals as:

1. Comic (household) fairy tale about animals
2. Magic fairy tale about animals
3. Cumulative Animal Tale
4. Novelistic fairy tale about animals
5. Apologist (fable)
6. Joke.
7. Satirical tale about animals
8. Legends, stories, everyday stories about animals
9. Fables

Propp, in the basis of his classification of the fairy tale about animals by genre, tried to put a formal sign. Kostyukhin, on the other hand, partly based his classification on a formal feature, but basically the researcher divides the genres of fairy tales about animals according to content. This allows a deeper understanding of the diverse material of the fairy tale about animals, which demonstrates the diversity of structural constructions, the diversity of styles, and the richness of content.

A third possible classification of animal tales is that of the target audience. Allocate fairy tales about animals to:

1. Children's fairy tales.
- Fairy tales for children.
- Tales told by children.
2. Adult fairy tales.

This or that genre of fairy tale about animals has its own target audience. The modern Russian fairy tale about animals mainly belongs to the children's audience. Thus, fairy tales told for children have a simplified structure. But there is a genre of fairy tale about animals that will never be addressed to children - this is the so-called. A "naughty" ("cherished" or "pornographic") tale.

About twenty plots of animal tales are cumulative tales. The principle of such a composition is the repeated repetition of a plot unit. Thompson, S., Bolte, J. and Polivka, I., Propp identified fairy tales with cumulative composition as a special group of fairy tales. Cumulative (chain-like) composition is distinguished:

1. With endless repetition:
- Boring Tales like "About the white bull".
- A unit of text is included in another text ("The priest had a dog").
2. With End Repeat:
- "Turnip" - plot units grow into a chain until the chain breaks.
- "Cockerel choked" - the chain is untwisted until the chain breaks.
- "For a little duck" - the previous unit of text is denied in the next episode.

Another genre form fairy tales about animals is the structure of a fairy tale ("Wolf and seven kids", "Cat, rooster and fox").

The leading place in fairy tales about animals is occupied by comic tales - about the antics of animals ("A fox steals fish from a sleigh (from a wagon)," A wolf at an ice-hole "," A fox smears his head with dough (sour cream), "A beaten unbeaten one is lucky", "A midwife fox ", etc. e) that affect others fairy tale genres animal epic, especially the apologist (fable). The plot core of a comic fairy tale about animals is a chance meeting and a trick (deception, according to Propp). Sometimes they combine several meetings and tricks. The hero of a comic tale is a trickster (one who performs tricks). The main trickster of the Russian fairy tale is the fox (in the world epic - the hare). Its victims are usually a wolf and a bear. It has been observed that if the fox acts against the weak, it loses, if against the strong, it wins. It comes from archaic folklore. AT modern fairy tale about animals, the victory and defeat of the trickster often receives a moral assessment. The trickster in the tale is opposed to the simpleton. It can be a predator (wolf, bear), and a person, and a simpleton animal, like a hare.

A significant part of animal tales is occupied by an apologist (fable), in which there is not a comic principle, but a moralizing, moralizing one. At the same time, the apologist does not have to have a moral in the form of an ending. Morality follows from the plot situations. Situations must be unambiguous in order to easily form moral conclusions. Typical examples of an apologist are fairy tales where contrasting characters collide (Who is more cowardly than a hare?; Old bread and salt is forgotten; A splinter in the paw of a bear (lion). An apologist can also be considered such plots that have been known in a literary fable since ancient times (Fox and sour grapes, the crow and the fox, and many others). moral standards have already decided and are looking for suitable shape. In fairy tales of this type, only a few plots with the tricksters' tricks were transformed, part of the plots of the apologist (not without the influence of literature) he worked out himself. The third way for the development of an apologist is the growth of paremia (proverbs and sayings. But unlike paremia, in an apologist the allegory is not only rational, but also sensitive.

Next to the apologist is the so-called short story about animals, singled out by E. A. Kostyukhin. A short story in an animal tale is a story about unusual cases with a fairly developed intrigue, with sharp turns in the fate of the characters. The trend towards moralization determines the fate of the genre. It has a more definite morality than in the apologist, the comic beginning is muted, or completely removed. The mischief of the comic fairy tale about animals is replaced in the short story with a different content - entertaining. Classic example novelistic fairy tale about animals is "Grateful animals". Most of the plots of a folklore short story about animals are formed in literature, and then pass into folklore. The easy transition of these plots is due to the fact that they themselves literary plots based on folklore.

Speaking about satire in fairy tales about animals, it must be said that literature once gave impetus to the development of a satirical fairy tale. The condition for the appearance of a satirical tale arises in the late Middle Ages. The satirical effect folk tale is achieved by the fact that social terminology is put into the mouths of animals (Fox confessor; Cat and wild animals). The plot "Ruff Ershovich", which is a fairy tale of book origin, stands apart. Having appeared late in a folk tale, satire did not gain a foothold in it, since social terminology can easily be removed from a satirical tale.

So in the 19th century, a satirical tale is unpopular. The satire within the animal tale is only an accent in an extremely small group of animal stories. And on satirical tale influenced by the laws of the animal fairy tale with the antics of the trickster. The satirical sound was preserved in fairy tales, where the trickster was in the center, and where there was a complete absurdity of what was happening, then the fairy tale became a fiction.

Fairy tales

Fairy tales of the magical type include magical, adventure, heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales lies a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and the wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible "transformation", striking in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is unreal, but also its very character (from the fairy tale "The Snow Maiden". "Look, the Snow Maiden's lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then a living girl shook off the snow and came out of the snowdrift." "Conversion" in fairy tales of a wonderful type, usually occur with the help of magical creatures or objects.

Basically, fairy tales are older than others, they bear traces of a person's primary acquaintance with the world around him.

The fairy tale is based on complex composition, which has an exposition, plot, plot development, climax and denouement.

The plot of a fairy tale is based on a story about overcoming a loss or shortage, with the help of miraculous means, or magical helpers. In the exposition of the tale, there are consistently 2 generations - the older (the king with the queen, etc.) and the younger - Ivan with his brothers or sisters. Also in the exposition there is an absence of the older generation. An enhanced form of absence is the death of parents. The plot of the story is that main character either the heroine discovers a loss or shortage, or there are motives for the prohibition, violation of the prohibition and subsequent trouble. Here is the beginning of opposition, i.e. sending a hero from home.

The development of the plot is a search for the lost or missing.

The climax of the fairy tale is that the protagonist or heroine fights an opposing force and always defeats it (the battle equivalent is solving difficult problems that are always solved).

Resolution is overcoming a loss or lack. Usually the hero (heroine) at the end "reigns" - that is, acquires a higher social status than he had at the beginning.

V.Ya. Propp reveals the monotony of a fairy tale at the plot level in a purely syntagmatic way. It reveals the invariance of a set of functions (the actions of actors), the linear sequence of these functions, as well as a set of roles, in a certain way distributed among specific characters and correlated with functions. Functions are distributed among seven characters:

Antagonist (pest)
donor
assistant
princess or her father
sender
hero
false hero.

Meletinsky, highlighting five groups of fairy tales, is trying to resolve the issue historical development genre in general, and plots in particular. The tale contains some motifs characteristic of totemic myths. The mythological origin of the universally widespread fairy tale about marriage with a wonderful "totem" creature, which temporarily shed its animal shell and assumed a human form, is quite obvious ("Husband is looking for a disappeared or kidnapped wife (wife is looking for a husband)", "The Frog Princess", " The Scarlet Flower"etc.). A fairy tale about visiting other worlds to free the captives who are there ("Three underworld kingdoms" and etc.). Popular fairy tales about a group of children who fall into power evil spirit, monsters, a cannibal and those who are saved thanks to the resourcefulness of one of them ("The Witch's Thumb Boy", etc.), or about the murder of a mighty snake - a chthonic demon ("Serpent Conqueror", etc.). The fairy tale is actively developed family theme("Cinderella" and others). For a fairy tale, a wedding becomes a symbol of compensation for the socially disadvantaged ("Sivko-Burko"). Socially disadvantaged hero younger brother, stepdaughter, fool) at the beginning of the tale, endowed with all negative characteristics from the side of his environment, is endowed with beauty and intelligence at the end ("Humpbacked Horse"). The distinguished group of fairy tales about wedding trials draws attention to the story of personal destinies. The novelistic theme in a fairy tale is no less interesting than the heroic one. Propp classifies the genre of fairy tale by the presence in the main test of "Battle - Victory" or by the presence of "Hard task - Solving a difficult task". The household fairy tale became a logical development of a fairy tale.

Household fairy tales

A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction of everyday life in them. The conflict of everyday fairy tales often lies in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of rusticity and naivety oppose those personality traits that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).

As a rule, in everyday fairy tales there is more irony and self-irony, since Good triumphs, but the accidental or singularity of its victory is accentuated.

The diversity of everyday fairy tales is characteristic: social-everyday, satirical-everyday, novelistic and others. Unlike fairy tales, everyday fairy tale contains a more significant element of social and moral criticism, it is more definite in its social preferences. Praise and condemnation in everyday fairy tales sound stronger.

AT recent times information about a new type of fairy tales began to appear in the methodological literature - about fairy tales mixed type. Of course, fairy tales of this type have existed for a long time, but they were not given of great importance, because they forgot how much they can help in achieving educational, educational and developmental goals. In general, fairy tales of a mixed type are fairy tales of a transitional type.
They combine the features inherent in both fairy tales with a wonderful world, everyday fairy tales. Elements of the miraculous also appear in the form of magical objects around which the main action is grouped.

A fairy tale in various forms and scales strives to embody the ideal of human existence.
Fairy tale belief in the self-worth of the noble human qualities, the uncompromising preference for the Good is also based on the call for wisdom, activity, for true humanity.

Fairy tales broaden horizons, arouse interest in the life and work of peoples, instill a sense of trust in all the inhabitants of our Earth, engaged in honest work.