The manifestation of courage in literary works. Aphorisms and sayings of famous people

An example of a final essay on the topic "Courage and cowardice as an indicator of inner strength" with examples from the literature.

"Courage and cowardice as an indicator of a person's inner strength"

Introduction

Courage and cowardice are born deep inside a person in childhood. Awareness of one's own spiritual power is the result of the upbringing and conditions of existence of a growing person. It is these two concepts that are responsible for how strong a person becomes, how prepared he will be for the coming life.

Problem

The problem of courage and cowardice, which are indicators of the inner spiritual strength of a person and the strength of his character, is especially relevant in our time.

Thesis #1

Today, as well as several centuries ago, there are people who find the courage to resist the conditions environment. The cowardice of others does not allow them to change something in life, they are so numb with fear of reality that they are ready to easily give up what they have.

Argumentation

So in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" we see two types of people on the example of Tikhon Kabanov and his wife Katerina. Tikhon is weak, he is cowardly, unable to fight the despotism of his mother. He cannot change anything in his life, although she does not completely suit him. Katerina, on the other hand, finds in herself the strength and courage to confront the prevailing circumstances, albeit at the cost of own life. At least, the reader feels much more respect for Katerina than for her husband.

Conclusion

We must be strong so that in moments when it is necessary, we can take the blow of life or make vital decisions. Our inner courage will overcome any difficulties. You must not allow cowardice to take over your desires and aspirations.

Thesis №2

Attempts to step over oneself, struggling with one's own cowardice or cultivating courage within, can lead a person to complete collapse. Be that as it may, it is very important to live in harmony with yourself.

Argumentation

In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky main character Rodion Raskolnikov tried to give himself not the qualities that were inherent in him. He changed concepts, considered cowardice what was actually the strength of his character. In an attempt to change himself, he destroyed the lives of many people, including his own.

Conclusion

You need to accept yourself the way you are. If something strongly does not suit you, for example, lacks courage of character, then you need to fight spiritual cowardice gradually, preferably with the support of loved ones.

Thesis №3

Spiritual courage invariably breeds courage in actions. Emotional cowardice portends cowardice in action.

Argumentation

In the story of A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter"We meet with two heroes who are close in age and upbringing - Peter Grinev and Shvabrin. Only now Grinev is the embodiment of courage and spiritual strength, which allowed him to adequately overcome all life's trials. And Shvabrin is a coward and a scoundrel, ready to sacrifice everyone around for his own well-being.

Conclusion

A person who behaves with dignity, nobility and steadfastness undoubtedly has courage, a special inner core that helps to solve newly emerging problems. He who is cowardly is helpless before the justice of life.

General conclusion (conclusion)

From childhood, a child needs to be educated with courage, the ability to withstand life's difficulties. How older man becomes, the more difficult it is for him to adjust. Therefore, the inner ability to cope with difficulties must be cultivated almost from birth.

Epics about Ilya Muromets

Hero Ilya Muromets, son of Ivan Timofeevich and Efrosinya Yakovlevna, peasants of the village of Karacharova near Murom. Most popular character bylin, the second strongest (after Svyatogor) Russian hero and the first domestic superman.

Sometimes identified with the epic Ilya Muromets a real man, Reverend Elijah of the Caves, nicknamed Chobotok, buried in Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and canonized in 1643.

Years of creation. 12th–16th centuries

What is the point. Until the age of 33, Ilya lay, paralyzed, on the stove in parental home, until he was miraculously healed by wanderers ("passable stones"). Having gained strength, he arranged his father's household and went to Kyiv, along the way capturing Nightingale the Robber, who terrorized the neighborhood. In Kyiv, Ilya Muromets joined the squad of Prince Vladimir and found the hero Svyatogor, who gave him the sword-treasurer and the mystical "real power". In this episode, he demonstrated not only physical strength, but also high moral character without reacting to the advances of Svyatogor's wife. Later, Ilya Muromets defeated the “great force” near Chernigov, paved the direct road from Chernigov to Kyiv, inspected the roads from Alatyr-stone, tested the young hero Dobrynya Nikitich, rescued the hero Mikhail Potyk from captivity in the Saracen kingdom, defeated Idolishche, walked with his squad to Tsargrad, one defeated the army of Kalin Tsar.

Ilya Muromets was not alien to simple human joys: in one of the epic episodes, he walks around Kyiv with “tavern goals”, and his offspring Sokolnik was born out of wedlock, which later leads to a fight between father and son.

What does it look like. Superman. Epics describe Ilya Muromets as "remote portly good fellow”, he fights with a club “in ninety pounds” (1440 kilograms)!

What is he fighting for? Ilya Muromets and his squad very clearly formulate the purpose of their service:

“... stand alone for the faith for the fatherland,

... to stand alone for Kyiv-grad,

... to stand alone for the churches for the cathedral,

... he will save the prince and Vladimir.

But Ilya Muromets is not only a statesman - he is also one of the most democratic fighters against evil, as he is always ready to fight "for widows, for orphans, for poor people."

The way to fight. A duel with the enemy or a battle with superior enemy forces.

With what result. Despite the difficulties caused by the numerical superiority of the enemy or the dismissive attitude of Prince Vladimir and the boyars, he invariably wins.

What is it fighting against? Against the internal and external enemies of Russia and their allies, violators of law and order, illegal migrants, invaders and aggressors.

2. Archpriest Avvakum

"The Life of Archpriest Avvakum"

Hero. Archpriest Avvakum made his way from a village priest to the leader of the resistance to church reform, Patriarch Nikon, and became one of the leaders of the Old Believers, or schismatics. Habakkuk - the first religious leader of such a magnitude, not only suffered for his beliefs, but also described it himself.

Years of creation. Approximately 1672–1675.

What is the point. A native of the Volga village, Avvakum from his youth was distinguished by both piety and violent temper. Having moved to Moscow, he took an active part in church and educational activities, was close to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, but sharply opposed the church reforms carried out by Patriarch Nikon. With his characteristic temperament, Avvakum waged a fierce struggle against Nikon, advocating the old order of church ritual. Avvakum, not at all embarrassed in expressions, led a public and journalistic activity, for which he repeatedly went to prison, was cursed and defrocked, was exiled to Tobolsk, Transbaikalia, Mezen and Pustozersk. From the place of the last exile, he continued to write appeals, for which he was imprisoned in an "earthen pit". Had many followers. Church hierarchs tried to persuade Avvakum to renounce his "delusions", but he remained adamant and was eventually burned.

What does it look like. One can only guess: Avvakum did not describe himself. Maybe this is how the priest looks like in Surikov’s painting “Boyar Morozova” - Feodosia Prokopyevna Morozova was a faithful follower of Avvakum.

What is he fighting for? For purity Orthodox faith for the preservation of tradition.

The way to fight. Word and deed. Avvakum wrote accusatory pamphlets, but he could personally beat the buffoons who entered the village and break them musical instruments. Considered self-immolation as a form of possible resistance.

With what result. Habakkuk's passionate sermon against church reform made resistance to her massive, but he himself, along with three of his associates, was executed in 1682 in Pustozersk.

What is it fighting against? Against the defilement of Orthodoxy by "heretical novelties", against everything alien, "external wisdom", that is scientific knowledge, against entertainment. He suspects the imminent coming of the Antichrist and the reign of the devil.

3. Taras Bulba

"Taras Bulba"

Hero.“Taras was one of the indigenous, old colonels: he was all created for abusive anxiety and was distinguished by the rude directness of his temper. Then the influence of Poland was already beginning to appear on the Russian nobility. Many already adopted Polish customs, started luxury, magnificent servants, falcons, hunters, dinners, courtyards. Taras didn't like it. He loved simple life Cossacks and quarreled with those of his comrades who were inclined towards the Warsaw side, calling them serfs of the Polish pans. Eternally restless, he considered himself the legitimate defender of Orthodoxy. Arbitrarily entered the villages, where they only complained about the harassment of tenants and the increase in new duties on smoke. He himself carried out reprisals against his Cossacks and made it a rule for himself that in three cases one should always take up a saber, namely: when the commissars did not respect the foremen in anything and stood in front of them in hats, when they mocked Orthodoxy and did not honor the ancestral law, and, finally, when the enemies were the Busurmans and the Turks, against whom he considered it at least permissible to take up arms for the glory of Christianity.

Year of creation. The story was first published in 1835 in the collection Mirgorod. The edition of 1842, in which, in fact, we all read Taras Bulba, differs significantly from the original version.

What is the point. Throughout his life, the dashing Cossack Taras Bulba has been fighting for the liberation of Ukraine from oppressors. He, the glorious ataman, cannot bear the thought that his own children, flesh of his flesh, may not follow his example. Therefore, Taras kills Andriy's son, who betrayed the sacred cause, without hesitation. When another son, Ostap, is captured, our hero deliberately penetrates into the heart of the enemy camp - but not in order to try to save his son. His only goal is to make sure that Ostap, under torture, did not show cowardice and did not renounce high ideals. Taras himself dies like Joan of Arc, having previously presented Russian culture with an immortal phrase: “There are no ties holier than camaraderie!”

What does it look like. Extremely heavy and fat (20 pounds, in terms of - 320 kg), gloomy eyes, black-white eyebrows, mustache and forelock.

What is he fighting for? For release Zaporozhian Sich, for independence.

The way to fight. Military actions.

With what result. With deplorable. All died.

What is it fighting against? Against oppressor Poles, foreign yoke, police despotism, old-world landowners and court satraps.

4. Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov

"A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov"

Hero. Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov, merchant class. Trades in silks - with varying degrees of success. Moskvich. Orthodox. Has two younger brothers. He is married to the beautiful Alena Dmitrievna, because of whom the whole story came out.

Year of creation. 1838

What is the point. Lermontov was not fond of the theme of Russian heroism. He wrote romantic poems about nobles, officers, Chechens and Jews. But he was one of the first to find out that the 19th century is rich only in the heroes of his time, but heroes for all time should be sought in the deep past. There, in the Moscow of Ivan the Terrible, a hero was found (or rather, invented) with the now speaking surname Kalashnikov. The young oprichnik Kiribeevich falls in love with his wife and attacks her at night, persuading her to surrender. The next day, the offended husband challenges the oprichnik to a fistfight and kills him with one blow. For the murder of his beloved oprichnik and for the fact that Kalashnikov refuses to name the reason for his act, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich orders the execution of a young merchant, but does not leave his widow and children with mercy and care. Such is royal justice.

What does it look like.

"His falcon eyes are burning,

He looks at the oprichnik intently.

Opposite him, he becomes

Pulls on combat gloves

Mighty shoulders straightens.

What is he fighting for? For the honor of his woman and family. Kiribeevich's attack on Alena Dmitrievna was seen by the neighbors, and now she cannot appear before the eyes of honest people. Although, going out to fight with the guardsman, Kalashnikov solemnly declares that he is fighting "for the holy truth-mother." But heroes sometimes distort.

The way to fight. Fist fight with fatal. In fact, a murder in broad daylight in front of thousands of witnesses.

With what result.

“And they executed Stepan Kalashnikov

Death is fierce, shameful;

And the untalented head

She rolled on the chopping block in blood.

But on the other hand, Kiribeevich was also buried.

What is it fighting against? Evil in the poem is personified by an oprichnik with a foreign patronymic Kiribeevich, and even a relative of Malyuta Skuratov, that is, an enemy squared. Kalashnikov calls him "basurman's son", alluding to his enemy's lack of Moscow registration. And the first (and also the last) blow this person of eastern nationality inflicts not on the face of a merchant, but on an Orthodox cross with relics from Kyiv, which hangs on a valiant chest. He says to Alena Dmitrievna: “I am not a thief, a forest murderer, / I am a servant of the king, the terrible king ...” - that is, he hides behind the highest mercy. So the heroic act of Kalashnikov is nothing but a deliberate murder on the basis of ethnic hatred. Lermontov, who himself participated in the Caucasian campaigns and wrote a lot about the wars with the Chechens, the theme of "Moscow for Muscovites" in its anti-Basurman section was close.

5. Danko "Old Woman Izergil"

Hero Danko. Biography unknown.

“In the old days, only people lived in the world, impenetrable forests surrounded the camps of these people on three sides, and on the fourth there was a steppe. They were cheerful, strong and courageous people ... Danko is one of those people ... "

Year of creation. The short story "Old Woman Izergil" was first published in Samarskaya Gazeta in 1895.

What is the point. Danko is the fruit of the irrepressible imagination of the very old woman Izergil, whose name is Gorky's short story. A sultry Bessarabian old woman with a rich past tells beautiful legend: at the time of ona, there was a redistribution of property - there were disassemblies between the two tribes. Not wanting to stay in the occupied territory, one of the tribes went into the forest, but there the people suffered a massive depression, because "nothing - neither work nor women exhaust the bodies and souls of people as exhausting dreary thoughts." At a critical moment, Danko did not allow his people to bow to the conquerors, but instead offered to follow him - in an unknown direction.

What does it look like.“Danko… a handsome young man. The beautiful are always bold.

What is he fighting for? Go know. For getting out of the forest and thereby ensuring freedom for your people. Where are the guarantees that freedom is exactly where the forest ends, it is not clear.

The way to fight. An unpleasant physiological operation, indicating a masochistic personality. Self-dismemberment.

With what result. With dual. He got out of the forest, but died immediately. Sophisticated mockery of one's own body does not go in vain. The hero did not receive gratitude for his feat: his heart, torn from his chest with his own hand, was trampled under someone's heartless heel.

What is it fighting against? Against collaborationism, conciliation and cringing before the conquerors.

6. Colonel Isaev (Stirlitz)

Corpus of texts, from "Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" to "Bomb for the Chairman", the most important of the novels - "Seventeen Moments of Spring"

Hero. Vsevolod Vladimirovich Vladimirov, aka Maxim Maksimovich Isaev, aka Max Otto von Stirlitz, aka Estilitz, Bolsen, Brunn. An employee of the press service of the Kolchak government, an underground Chekist, intelligence officer, professor of history, exposing the conspiracy of the followers of Nazism.

Years of creation. Novels about Colonel Isaev were created over 24 years - from 1965 to 1989.

What is the point. In 1921, Chekist Vladimirov liberates the Far East from the remnants of the White Army. In 1927, they decided to send him to Europe - it was then that the legend of the German aristocrat Max Otto von Stirlitz was born. In 1944, he saved Krakow from destruction by helping the group of Major Whirlwind. At the very end of the war, he was entrusted with the most important mission - the disruption of separate negotiations between Germany and the West. In Berlin, the hero does his hard work, saving the radio operator Kat along the way, the end of the war is already close, and the Third Reich is collapsing to the song of Marika Rekk "Seventeen Moments of April". In 1945, Stirlitz was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

What does it look like. From the party characteristics of a member of the NSDAP since 1933 von Stirlitz, SS Standartenführer (VI department of the RSHA): “A true Aryan. Character - Nordic, seasoned. Maintains good relations with co-workers. Fulfills his duty without fail. Merciless to the enemies of the Reich. Excellent athlete: Berlin tennis champion. Single; he was not noticed in connections discrediting him. Marked with awards from the Fuhrer and thanks from the Reichsfuehrer SS ... "

What is he fighting for? For the victory of communism. It is unpleasant for oneself to admit this, but in some situations - for the motherland, for Stalin.

The way to fight. Intelligence and espionage, in some places the deductive method, ingenuity, skill-disguise.

With what result. On the one hand, he saves everyone who needs it and successfully carries out subversive activities; reveals covert intelligence networks and defeats the main enemy - Gestapo chief Muller. However Soviet country, for the honor and victory of which he is fighting, thanks his hero in his own way: in 1947, he, who had just arrived in the Union on a Soviet ship, was arrested, and by order of Stalin, his wife and son were shot. Stirlitz is released from prison only after the death of Beria.

What is it fighting against? Against whites, Spanish fascists, German Nazis and all enemies of the USSR.

7. Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov "Look into the eyes of monsters"

Hero Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov, symbolist poet, superman, conquistador, member of the Order of the Fifth Rome, executor Soviet history and fearless dragon slayer.

Year of creation. 1997

What is the point. Nikolai Gumilyov was not shot in 1921 in the dungeons of the Cheka. He was saved from execution by Yakov Wilhelmovich (or James William Bruce), a representative secret order Fifth Rome, created in the XIII century. Having acquired the gift of immortality and power, Gumilyov walks through the history of the 20th century, generously leaving his traces in it. Puts Marilyn Monroe to bed, along the way building chickens to Agatha Christie, gives valuable advice Ian Fleming, due to the absurdity of his character, starts a duel with Mayakovsky and, leaving his cold corpse in Lubyansky passage, runs, leaving the police and literary critics to compose a version of suicide. He takes part in the congress of writers and sits down on xerion - a magical dope based on dragon blood, which gives immortality to members of the order. Everything would be fine - the problems begin later, when the evil dragon forces begin to threaten not only the world in general, but the Gumilyov family: wife Annushka and son Stepa.

What is he fighting for? First for goodness and beauty, then he is no longer up to lofty ideas- he just saves his wife and son.

The way to fight. Gumilyov participates in an unthinkable number of battles and battles, owns hand-to-hand combat techniques and all types of firearms. True, in order to achieve special sleight of hand, fearlessness, omnipotence, invulnerability and even immortality, he has to throw xerion.

With what result. Nobody knows. The novel "Look into the eyes of monsters" ends without giving an answer to this burning question. All continuations of the novel (both the Hyperborean Plague and the March of the Ecclesiastes), firstly, where in lesser degree recognized as admirers of Lazarchuk-Uspensky, and secondly, and most importantly, they also do not offer the reader clues.

What is it fighting against? Having learned about the real causes of the disasters that hit the world in the 20th century, he fights first of all with these misfortunes. In other words, with a civilization of evil lizards.

8. Vasily Terkin

"Vasily Terkin"

Hero. Vasily Terkin, reserve private, infantryman. A native of Smolensk. Single, no children. He has an award for the totality of feats.

Years of creation. 1941–1945

What is the point. Contrary to popular belief, the need for such a hero appeared even before the Great Patriotic War. Tvardovsky invented Terkin during the Finnish campaign, where he, along with the Pulkins, Mushkins, Protirkins and other characters in newspaper feuilletons, fought with the White Finns for the Motherland. So in 1941, Terkin entered an already experienced fighter. By 1943, Tvardovsky was tired of his unsinkable hero and wanted to send him into retirement due to injury, but letters from readers returned Terkin to the front, where he spent another two years, was shell-shocked and surrounded three times, conquered high and low heights, led fights in the swamps, liberated villages, took Berlin and even spoke with Death. His rustic but sparkling wit invariably saved him from enemies and censors, but he definitely did not attract girls. Tvardovsky even turned to readers with an appeal to fall in love with his hero - just like that, from the heart. Still do not have Soviet heroes the dexterity of James Bond.

What does it look like. Endowed with beauty He was not excellent, Not tall, not that small, But a hero - a hero.

What is he fighting for? For the cause of peace for the sake of life on earth, that is, his task, like that of any soldier-liberator, is global. Terkin himself is sure that he is fighting “for Russia, for the people / And for everything in the world”, but sometimes, just in case, he also mentions the Soviet government - no matter what happens.

The way to fight. In war, as you know, any means are good, so everything is used: a tank, a machine gun, a knife, a wooden spoon, fists, teeth, vodka, the power of persuasion, a joke, a song, an accordion ...

With what result. Several times he was on the verge of death. He was supposed to receive a medal, but due to a typo in the list, the award did not find the hero.

But imitators found him: by the end of the war, almost every company already had its own “Terkin”, and some even had two.

What is it fighting against? First against the Finns, then against the Nazis, and sometimes against Death. In fact, Terkin was called upon to fight depressive moods at the front, which he did with success.

9. Anastasia Kamenskaya

A series of detective stories about Anastasia Kamenskaya

Heroine. Nastya Kamenskaya, major of MUR, the best analyst of Petrovka, a brilliant operative, in the manner of Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot investigating serious crimes.

Years of creation. 1992–2006

What is the point. The work of an operative involves hard everyday life (the first evidence of this is the television series "Streets of Broken Lights"). But it is difficult for Nastya Kamenskaya to rush around the city and catch bandits in dark alleys: she is lazy, in poor health, and loves peace more than anything in the world. Because of this, she periodically has difficulties in relations with management. Only her first boss and teacher, nicknamed Kolobok, believed in her analytical abilities without limit; the rest have to prove that she is the best at investigating bloody crimes, sitting in the office, drinking coffee and analyzing, analyzing.

What does it look like. Tall, lean blonde, her features expressionless. She never wears make-up and prefers casual, comfortable clothes.

What is he fighting for? Definitely not for a modest police salary: knowing five foreign languages and having some connections, Nastya can leave Petrovka at any moment, but does not do it. It turns out that he is fighting for the triumph of law and order.

The way to fight. First of all, analytics. But sometimes Nastya has to change her habits and go on the warpath on her own. In this case, they go acting skills, the art of reincarnation and feminine charm.

With what result. Most often - with brilliant: criminals are exposed, caught, punished. But in rare cases, some of them manage to hide, and then Nastya does not sleep at night, smokes one cigarette after another, goes crazy and tries to come to terms with the injustice of life. However, so far there are clearly more happy endings.

What is it fighting against? Against crime.

10. Erast Fandorin

A series of novels about Erast Fandorin

Hero. Erast Petrovich Fandorin, a nobleman, the son of a small landowner who lost his family fortune at cards. He began his career in the detective police with the rank of collegiate registrar, managed to visit Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878, serve in the diplomatic corps in Japan and incur the disfavor of Nicholas II. He rose to the rank of State Councilor and retired. Private detective and consultant to various influential people since 1892. Phenomenally successful in everything, especially in gambling. Single. Has a number of children and other descendants.

Years of creation. 1998–2006

What is the point. The turn of the XX-XXI centuries again turned out to be an era that is looking for heroes in the past. Akunin found his protector of the weak and oppressed in the gallant XIX century, but in the professional field that is becoming especially popular right now - in the special services. Of all Akunin's stylistic undertakings, Fandorin is the most charming and therefore the most enduring. His biography begins in 1856, the action of the last novel dates back to 1905, and the end of the story has not yet been written, so you can always expect new achievements from Erast Petrovich. Although Akunin, like Tvardovsky before, since 2000 has been trying to end his hero and write about him last novel. The Coronation is subtitled The Last of the Novels; “The Lover of Death” and “The Lover of Death” written after her were published as a bonus, but then it became clear that Fandorin’s readers would not let go so easily. The people need, need an elegant detective, linguist and wildly popular with women. Not all the same "Cops", in fact!

What does it look like.“He was a very pretty young man, with black hair (which he was secretly proud of) and blue (alas, it would be better also black) eyes, quite tall, with white skin and a damned, indestructible blush on her cheeks. After the experience of misfortune, his appearance acquires an intriguing detail for ladies - gray temples.

What is he fighting for? For an enlightened monarchy, order and law. Fandorin dreams of new Russia- ennobled in the Japanese manner, with firmly and reasonably established laws and their scrupulous execution. About Russia, which did not go through the Russo-Japanese and First world war, revolution and civil war. That is, about Russia, which could be if we had enough luck and common sense to build it.

The way to fight. A combination of the deductive method, meditation techniques and Japanese martial arts with almost mystical luck. By the way, it is necessary female love, which Fandorin uses in every sense.

With what result. As we know, the Russia that Fandorin dreams about did not happen. So globally, he suffers a crushing defeat. Yes, and in small things too: those whom he tries to save most often die, and the criminals never go to jail (they die, or pay off the court, or simply disappear). However, Fandorin himself invariably remains alive, as does the hope for the final triumph of justice.

What is it fighting against? Against the unenlightened monarchy, revolutionary bombers, nihilists and socio-political chaos, which in Russia can come at any moment. Along the way, he has to fight bureaucracy, corruption in the highest echelons of power, fools, roads and ordinary criminals.

Illustrations: Maria Sosnina

Topic: "Courage and cowardice"

Introduction: The theme of courage and cowardice is truly inexhaustible. These qualities become especially noticeable and important in the most hard times for this or that state and society. It could be, say, a drought. According to ancient Egyptian myths, it is at such a difficult moment that the god Set is treacherously killed.

Only his resurrection saves people. This, with some reservations, can be considered the first literary treatment of the aforementioned topic. However, there was also a Sumerian legend about Gilgamesh. But let us recall in more detail the immortal "Iliad" of Homer. There are many interpretations of the work of the blind storyteller. In one of them, the Trojans are reckless brave men, but the Greeks are such only with big reservations. After all, if you think about it, what is their notion with a wooden horse?

You can call this a military cunning, or you can just mean meanness, the need for which is caused by the fear of the soldiers of the besieged city. But these are things of bygone days. Let us recall the 19th century, taking for example the work of N.V. Gogol. It will, of course, be about Taras Bulba. In contrasting the two sons of the old Cossack, we mean not only Andrei's preference for love, but Ostap's for loyalty to his comrades.

The brother who became a traitor did not just give vent to feelings. He wanted comfort and honor in a more civilized society for those times. Life in the Cossack camp cannot be compared, of course, with that which he knew in a Polish castle. Love became in this case an excuse for cowardice. Maybe a controversial point of view, but having the right to exist. After all, Nikolai Vasilievich was not a romantic to confine himself to describing a love story. He reflected in the mirror of his work a reality that is woven from very different aspects of life.

Argument: Cowardice and betrayal can be considered different parties one medal. One leads to another. Quite a recent, tragic and heroic history provides any number of examples. It means the Great Patriotic War. Those who voluntarily surrendered to the Germans had no choice. They were simply forced to join the police units, and even the army of General Vlasov, who fought on the side of the Nazis. However, there was a choice.

Here we can recall an episode from Konstantin Simonov's novel The Living and the Dead. This work, completely undeservedly forgotten now, was in many ways a turning point for its time. The trilogy covers three years of the war, but the main thing there is the description of the tragic year 1941. Probably only Simonov, given his authority, could dare to write the truth about this time.

The retreat, the confusion of the first months, the stupid orders of the generals. And at the same time - people like Serpilin. Undeservedly convicted in 1937, he did not hold a grudge, but became one of the best military leaders, thanks to whom the Germans' dreams of a lightning victory did not come true. In a short episode, Serpilin is opposed to another hero, Baranov. This is exactly the one who once wrote a denunciation of him. He is not a coward in the traditional sense of the word. But opportunism and readiness for any meanness for his own safety and career brought him to cowardice.

But Serpilin didn’t even take revenge, he just demoted former friend. And he, unable to stand it, shot himself. Not even because of injured pride, but because of a coward. In the novel, thus, one more person took his own life. This is Kozyrev, who headed the USSR Air Force shortly before the war. The recent lieutenant made so many mistakes in high office that, realizing this, he found no other way out than a bullet in the temple. The choice, it would seem, is the same, but the reasons that led to this are completely different.

Most obviously, courage and cowardice are contrasted by Vasil Bykov. Although his Sotnikov in the story of the same name does not look like a hero. On the contrary, on the first pages, his antipode, Rybak, seems to be a candidate for heroes. He is strong, adapted to difficult life, resourceful. Yes, and he does not leave his comrade, although he can give them away with his cough at any moment. But Bykov's prose is different in that he pushes his characters to the limit. Their essence is exposed when there remains the possibility of the last choice: death, or meanness, betrayal.

Sotnikov - battery commander, son of a hero civil war. But in the story he is an ordinary fighter of a partisan detachment. A weak, sick intellectual, he stopped being afraid of death only among the partisans. Because he was already "afraid". And before that, at the front, he had to "hide in himself a quiet satisfaction that the bullet had passed him." He was ashamed of such an understandable feeling. He was also afraid of "quietly and imperceptibly die in battle." Another fear is caused by the unwillingness to become a burden for their own. That is why he is embarrassed when Rybak drags him, unhealthy and wounded, to the forest. But he never experienced a simple, animal fear of death.

The reason for Rybak's betrayal was precisely this fear. The desire to save life at all costs. He understood everything. When he ran to the bushes, leaving Sotnikov, who was covering him, he suddenly felt uneasy. But he thought not about duty, but about what he would say in the detachment when he got to the camp. However, even this did not stop him from leaving his friend. By chance, he survived, and they met again. But captivity could not be avoided. Sotnikov also recognizes it as the worst thing that could happen. But he, wounded, even funny, not at all like a soldier, is unbending. He even dares to laugh in the eyes of the policemen beating him.

He had come to terms with his imminent death. All thoughts are focused on the fact that it is necessary to die in such a way that it would be indicative of the villagers, who were usually forced to watch executions. The true essence of Rybak is revealed gradually. He is a fitter. Perhaps, fighting at the front, in the regular part, if he had not got into a critical situation, he would even have been in good standing. But now, already making his way to his own with the wounded Sotnikov, he begins to think about whether he will be able to "get out" or not.

Fate put him before an even more difficult choice. After being interrogated and tortured, his comrade tries to save the life of another. He says that Rybak is not guilty, he shot. Yes, and in the house where they were hiding, they climbed without the knowledge of the owners. This will not save the peasants. The fisherman would probably not have been saved either. But when the time comes to choose, he gives up immediately, without hesitation. His consent to the offer to become a policeman is no longer surprising to the reader. This is natural, given the behavior of this person earlier.

He leads Sotnikov to the gallows, still as if not believing that he will have to do this. But knocks out the stand from under his feet. When the body of a recent friend hung in a noose, he is confused, but soon he is relieved to hear the order to stand in line. “Step march,” and Rybak thoughtlessly stepped in time with the others. “One might have thought that he was in a detachment, among his own.” This person does not care whose commands to execute, as long as it does not make him think.

Vasil Bykov knew what he was writing about. He went through the war from the first to last days. Was wounded three times. Among the names buried in one of mass graves his name also appears. Fortunately, this turned out to be a mistake. In any case, he understood the experiences and feelings of the characters in his books. Surely more than once I saw manifestations of both courage and cowardice. The characters of his novels and short stories are always nondescript, not like epic heroes. To overcome his weakness and understandable fear, to remain a man to the end, this is a feat for Bykov, and not at all the pathos of the situation. In this, Sentsov, the main character of The Living and the Dead, is similar to them. He is a random person at the front, a war correspondent who voluntarily remained in Serpilin's encircled regiment.

Conclusion: Courage ... Can you call Sotnikov like that? He doesn't seem to throw a grenade under a tank. But it is precisely the people who, despite all their weaknesses, are capable of finally fulfilling their duty, deserve the right to be positive with Vasil Bykov. His death, with thoughts that it must necessarily mean something, looks like propaganda. But she is depicted with restraint and realistic, without any glorification. In fact, thousands of such feats were performed, for that war they were commonplace. Otherwise, there would not have been May 1945.

Reasoning about courage and cowardice can lead very far. This is understandable, because many works have been written on their theme throughout the history of the development of literature. One can even recall the downtrodden and humiliated Akaky Akakievich from Gogol's "Overcoat". And this man found the courage to rebel when he was deprived of the most valuable thing he had. But such courage comes at a price. It is much more correct to recall in conclusion once again about Ostap from Taras Bulba.

His cry to his father before his death is carried, it seems, in many Russian and Soviet books. But could the son of a Cossack die like Sotnikov? Without spectators, not for show, doomed to complete oblivion, knowing only that it is impossible otherwise? This is the greatness of the feat of people like the partisan from the story of Vasil Bykov. Serpilin also died in Simonov's trilogy. Accidentally, from a shell fragment, imperceptibly. He did his job. As well as any person whose courage helps others to realize their destiny.

As soon as the child begins to understand and evaluate his place in the team, he masters the concepts of courage and cowardice. And already at an early age, we understand that being brave is good, and being cowardly is bad, that courage is the ability to take decisive action in difficult situation, and cowardice - avoiding these actions, flight. Is a brave person always right in his actions, how to distinguish genuine courage from ostentatious bravado?

AT domestic literature there are enough examples bold deeds heroes, and vice versa, acts of ridiculous bravado, from which no one benefits. In the novel “A Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov, in the story about Princess Mary, one of the heroes is the young cadet Grushnitsky. In the description of Pechorin, Grushnitsky appears as a person who clearly demonstrates some kind of courage that is not ours: “I saw him in action: he waves his saber, shouts and rushes forward, closing his eyes. This is something not Russian courage! On the one hand, Grushnitsky has the George Cross, and on the other hand, according to Pechorin, he is a coward. Is it so? It is enough to recall the scene of the quarrel between Grushnitsky and Pechorin, when the former cadet slandered the princess in order to take revenge, and Pechorin demanded an apology. He preferred to lie rather than admit in front of everyone that he actually slandered the girl. Because he was afraid of condemnation and of whom? A vile water society, ready to slander anyone, just to look like a hero in the eyes of others. Dragoon captain, who was the leader of this society. Even in the face of death, Grushnitsky “wraps himself in pompous phrases”, proclaiming nonsense: “There is no place for us on earth together ...” Lush and catchy, but why? To look! True courage would consist in admitting one's cowardice, fear of appearing pitiful in front of a pompous society proclaiming false values. But Grushnitsky is not capable of this.

In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Nikolai Rostov considers himself a brave man. And it is. Yes, in the first battle near Shengraben, he was frightened by the approaching French and instead of opening fire, he threw down his pistol and rushed to run away like a hare. Tolstoy writes about it, without embellishment. Because it was the first fight. Courage is formed over time, subsequently Rostov will become a real officer, not only in battle, but also in life. When he lost a fabulous sum to Dolokhov, he confessed to himself the crime he had committed, vowed never to sit at the card table and make up for the entire loss to the family. And when fate brought him to Princess Bolkonskaya, he was able to quickly restore order among the rebellious serfs, putting them in their place.

Courage is a quality that develops over time, a person draws conclusions from unsightly acts committed under the influence of circumstances and never repeats them again. This is where real courage lies.

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THEMATIC DIRECTION OF THE FINAL ESSAY ON LITERATURE "Courage and cowardice" 2017-2018 academic year Melkumyan Zhanna Grigoryevna, teacher of the Russian language and literature of the highest category, Gymnasium No. 17, Moscow Region Elektrostal

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Literature often forces the reader to think about such opposing moral character, as courage and cowardice, which, meanwhile, are closely related: about the fact that both a coward and a daredevil can live in the same person about the advantages of courage and the depravity of cowardice about readiness for decisive actions and the desire to hide from danger about the manifestation of courage and cowardice in solving key life issues that these opposite manifestations are most pronounced human personality revealed in war Courage and cowardice

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It is impossible to achieve much without courage and risk, and failure is inevitable. Dionysius of Halicarnassus the Brave is not the one who is not afraid, but the brave one who knows how to suppress his cowardice. There can be no other courage. Do you think that going to your death under bullets, under shells means not experiencing anything, not being afraid of anything? No, this precisely means being afraid, and experiencing, and suppressing fear Anton Makarenko

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Etymological Dictionary Courage Cowardice Bold-Obshcheslav.Suf. the derivative of the “dare” is to dare, to dare, to find strength in oneself, courage for something. Dare - Obshcheslav. Pref. derived from the disappeared mark of the same meaning, related to other c. German muot "courage, anger", Latin mos "will, temper", Greek mēnis "anger", etc. Cowardice - Comes from the noun. coward, sorry. *trǫsъ, connection. alternating with *tręsǫ (see shake, shake); i.e. “the one who is shaking”, trembling. In addition, they are compared with Polish. truchliwy “shy” Ilatysh.traušâtiês “to be afraid”

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Interpretation of concepts Courage Cowardice The ability of a person to overcome the feeling of fear and confusion, decisiveness in actions, this is self-confidence, this is the ability to take responsibility and take justified risks for the sake of a specific goal. Mental weakness, the result of which is timidity, timidity, cowardice, suspiciousness, indecision, hesitation; it is the behavior of a person who is unable to perform actions due to the inability to overcome fear of natural or social forces; it is the unwillingness to incur adverse consequences, someone's wrath out of fear of losing the benefits or social position.

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Synonym Dictionary Courage Cowardice Courage Courage Fearlessness Determination Inflexibility Inflexibility Courage Heroism Courage Fearfulness Fearfulness Cowardice Cowardice Hesitation Indecision Suspiciousness Panic Fear

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Benefits of courage Provides self-confidence Helps to move forward and achieve their goals Respect for the opinions of others and the willingness to defend their ideals The ability to take responsibility The ability to put oneself in danger for a good cause. Courage is the key to success “Courage is the resistance to fear and the control of fear, not the absence of fear.” Mark Twain

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Consequences of cowardice A battle can be lost because of one coward, a war can be lost because of one battle, a country can be lost because of one war. A cowardly person is afraid to try and take risks. Hiding behind other people's backs. He is afraid to tell the truth and be responsible for his thoughts and actions. Resourcefulness, deceit, opportunism, unscrupulousness, selfishness are frequent companions of cowardice Cowardice is a serious shortcoming that develops into a great vice useful action» R. Descartes

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Rhetorical questions Why does a person need courage? Do you need courage in love? Can it be argued that courage is the engine of progress? In what situations in life is courage best manifested? Does it take courage to admit your mistakes? Can you cultivate courage? Why is it important to be bold in life? How is willpower related to courage? Does it take courage to say no? What does cowardice lead to? What actions does cowardice push a person to? Who can be called a coward? What is the difference between true courage and false courage? Is it possible to argue that courage and cowardice are two sides of the same coin? How does cowardice affect the formation of personality?

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Proverbs and catchphrases The brave will find where the timid loses The brave will pass through the fire, it will only become stronger Death flees from the brave, and the enemy trembles before the brave The brave respect is a coward-contempt The bold is not the one who is not afraid of death, the bolder is the one who defeats the enemy strives The brave dies once, the coward dies a thousand times The courage of the city takes. Where there is courage, there is victory. The dog only barks at the brave, but bites the coward.

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Proverbs and catch phrases Do not count on the hesitant, do not rely on water. The enemy will run if you don't run. To beat a dead tiger is to pass off cowardice as bravery. One coward - death to the whole army. Those who experience fear see double vision. The coward's sword has neither handle nor blade. Great courage is silent about itself. To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. A coward is afraid of his own shadow.

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Sayings About Courage and Cowardice Courage Cowardice “Courage is not the absence of fear; to be brave means not to be afraid of one's own fear "(Dictionary of paradoxical definitions)" A coward is more dangerous than any other person, he should be feared most of all "L. Berne" When you are afraid - act boldly, and you will avoid the worst troubles "G. Sachs "Cowardice is very harmful because it keeps the will from useful actions" R. Descartes “Do not confuse courage with arrogance and rudeness: there is nothing more dissimilar both in its source and in its result” J.J. Rousseau "Fear is a bad mentor" Pliny the Younger "Excessive courage is the same vice as excessive timidity" B. Johnson “Frightened - half defeated” A.V. Suvorov “Courage replaces fortress walls” Sallust Daredevil Fear can make timid, but he gives courage to indecisive. O. Balzac “Courage is not in vain considered the highest virtue - after all, courage is the key to other positive qualities”W. Churchill Cowardice can never be moral.M. Gandhi "Courage is resistance to fear, not its absence" M. Twain The coward sends threats only when he is sure of safety.I. Goethe To be brave means to consider everything terrible and close everything that inspires courage. Aristotle In our world, danger always threatens those who are afraid of it. D.B. Shaw

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Can a brave person be afraid? It is human nature to experience fear. The brave is not the one who is not afraid of anything; the brave is afraid, but courageously overcomes his fear, does not give in to it, challenges indecision, faces dangers. Courage is the strength of the spirit, which helps a person overcome fear when doing a dangerous, but important business for people.

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Is it possible to argue that courage and cowardice are two sides of the same coin? All people are woven from contradictions: someone who is considered a coward can, under certain circumstances, act boldly, and, conversely, a brave person can feel fear. Thus, courage and cowardice live side by side. These qualities are inherent in every person. Courage and cowardice as contrasting states of mind

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Sample Topics compositions: 1) The brave will perish, but will not retreat 2) How to distinguish cowardice from prudence, and courage from recklessness. 3) Cowardice takes away the mind. Friedrich Engels 4) Courage is the beginning of victory. Plutarch 5) When can cowardice be justified? 6) Does luck really favor the brave? 7) When do you need to be bold? 8) Cowardice - in knowing what to do and not to do it. Confucius 9) Do you agree that courage is cowardice overcome? 10) There is no place for happiness in the souls of the cowardly. M. Cervantes 11) Cowardice is the worst vice. M. Bulgakov

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Selecting an Essay Topic Decide which of the topics seems most specific and understandable to you. Consider which ones are suitable works of art you know best, because without knowing the text, you will not be able to reveal the topic at all. Think about which of the topics you are familiar with. critical literature, with interesting interpretations of the text, modern literary approaches.

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The structure of the final essay: Introduction - in this part, you should work with the antonymic concepts COURAGE / COURAGELESS to talk about courage / cowardice, the behavior of a brave / cowardly person Rhetorical questions, proverbs, sayings, aphorisms are also appropriate in the introduction The main part includes argumentation. It should include at least 2 arguments from the literature. For example: A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", a comparison of Grinev and Shvabrin. M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", the betrayal of Pontius Pilate and retribution for him. You can also include quotes and proverbs. Conclusion - this part should be summed up. The volume of the final essay - from 350 words

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Entry options Courage and cowardice ... What is it? These are two completely opposite manifestations of human character, which manifest themselves in a situation moral choice. What to do in difficult circumstances: put yourself in danger, maintain self-control, showing will, determination, courage, or be cowardly, showing your unscrupulousness, cowardice? On the pages of many literary works are presented different heroes and characters who display both courage and cowardice. Courage... Cowardice.... These concepts are based on a comparison of opposite manifestations of the human "I": readiness for decisive actions and the desire to hide from danger, to evade the solution of complex, sometimes extreme life situations. On the pages of many literary works, both heroes capable of bold actions and characters demonstrating weakness of spirit and lack of will are presented.

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References for the direction "Courage and cowardice" V. Bykov. "Sotnikov", "Crane cry", "Not listed" 2. L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace" 3. A. S. Pushkin. "The Captain's Daughter" 4. B. Vasiliev. “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” 5. F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment" 6. A.I. Goncharov "Oblomov" 7. M. Sholokhov. "Destiny of Man". " Quiet Don» 8. M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" 9.N. Kondratiev "Sashka" 10.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil" 11.V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" 12.I.S. Turgenev "Enemy and friend" 13.A. Green "Winner" 14.D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful" 15.M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri", "A Hero of Our Time" 16. V.K. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow" 17. V.F. Tendryakov "Spring Changelings" 18. O. Wilde "The Picture of Dorian Gray"

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Consider thematic direction"Courage and cowardice" from several positions: Courage and cowardice in war and in extreme conditions; Courage and cowardice in life; Courage and cowardice in love; Courage and cowardice in the minds, souls, characters; Courage and cowardice in the ability to admit the truth or admit one's mistakes.

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Courage and cowardice in war and in extreme conditions "War and Peace" epic novel by Leo Tolstoy In extreme situations, a person is tested for strength, and he manifests himself either as a brave, strong-willed person, or shows his cowardice.

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True and False Courage True Courage False Courage Unselfishness Selfishness Ability to perform a heroic deed in the name of the common good Demonstrative heroism for the sake of oneself, one’s good, one’s career Courage, discipline Self-confidence, putting oneself in the foreground Tushin, Timokhin with soldiers Dolokhov and staff

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True heroism manifest in war first of all simple people- soldiers, captain Tushin, captain Timokhin and others.

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The small, modest captain Tushin says before the battle that he is afraid of death, but in battle "Tushin did not experience the slightest feeling of fear, and the thought that he could be killed or hurt painfully did not cross his mind." Tushin set fire to Shengraben, stopped the movement of the French in the center of the battle with his battery, but did not at all think that he was the hero of "War and Peace" epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy

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"War and Peace" epic novel by Leo Tolstoy One of the heroes of the Shengraben battle is Timokhin. Before the fight we see ordinary person, quiet, uncomplicated. There is nothing heroic about his appearance. In battle, he and his company showed courage and endurance. Timokhin is a brave, experienced warrior, his company came to the rescue of the others. And as a result of the battle, they also captured prisoners and trophies.

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Staff officer Zherkov was sent to Tushin's battery to convey Bagration's order to retreat. But Zherkov was afraid to go there, because it was the most dangerous place there. "War and Peace" epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy

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Dolokhov is brave and resolute in battle, but for him war is a way to regain his rank after he was demoted to the rank and file. He is driven by selfish, career goals when he reports his success in battle to the commander and asks to remember his feat. "War and Peace" epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy

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“War and Peace”, an epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy, Nikolai Rostov, before the battle, is full of desire to show his courage, but at the sight of people falling from bullets, he became afraid that he might be killed. “It can't be that they want to kill me,” he thinks, running away from the French. Fear of Nikolai Rostov is not fear of the enemy. He is possessed by a "feeling of fear for his happy young life."

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Nikolai Rostov was able to subsequently overcome his cowardice and become a brave officer. The key to his future courage was a short thought: "Yes, I'm a coward." If a man has the courage to call himself a coward; is ashamed of his fear, sooner or later he will overcome it.

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It is not the one who does not feel fear that is brave, but the one who overcomes his fear, curbs it and becomes stronger. MINI OUTPUT

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"Sotnikov" story by V. Bykov The story "Sotnikov" is a discussion of eternal philosophical questions: the price of life and death, cowardice and courage, fidelity to duty and betrayal. A cowardly friend is more dangerous than an enemy. L.N. Tolstoy

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"Sotnikov" story by V. Bykov The main characters of the story - Sotnikov and Rybak - behaved differently in the same circumstances. The fear of death makes Rybak become a policeman, although he hopes to return to partisan detachment. The fisherman shows cowardice and cowardice, betrays a friend with whom he shared the hardships of military partisan service. Sotnikov chooses a heroic death, because he is a man with a heightened sense of responsibility, duty, the ability not to think about himself, about his own fate, when the fate of the Motherland is being decided.

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"Sashka" The story of V. L. Kondratiev Even on the battlefields ordinary people they can find strength in themselves and remain real people: Sasha does not boast of his courage, he does not even think about cowardice, he simply lives in difficult conditions and remains a man.

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"The Captain's Daughter" A.S. Pushkin Cunning is the power of the cowardly. The brave will perish, but will not retreat A brave person can be called a person who remains true to his views to the end, does not retreat even in the face of danger. An example is the story "The Captain's Daughter" and its main character Pyotr Grinev. Courage and cowardice in the minds, souls, characters

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"The Captain's Daughter" A.S. Pushkin In this work, two characters are opposed: Grinev and Shvabrin. Grinev showed his courage and courage during the capture of the fortress, he stood to the last and was ready to die. Shvabrin, on the other hand, acted low and mean - he went over to the side of the enemy, and this he showed his cowardice.

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"Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov Mtsyri is an example of the strength of human character. He is a courageous young man. It is better to die in the struggle than to vegetate all your life, realizing the hopelessness of your situation and the impossibility of changing anything. The hero decides on a brave act - an escape from the monastery in the hope of returning to his homeland.

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“Old Woman Izergil” story by M. Gorky To take responsibility for the fate of other people, perhaps weaker ones, is a great courage. Such is Danko - the hero of the legend from Gorky's story.

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« white poodle» story by A.I. Kuprin Often anxiety, caring for loved ones helps to become courageous. Seryozha, the hero of A.I.'s story, shows remarkable courage. Kuprin

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"Scarecrow" story by V. Zheleznikov It is difficult to always be brave. Sometimes even strong and honest people can be frightened, as, for example, the hero of the story V.V. Zheleznikova Dima Somov. His character traits, such as "courage", "correctness" distinguish him from other guys. But fear turned him from a "hero" into an ordinary "coward", devalued all his positive traits. This hero shows us another truth: we are all woven from contradictions. Sometimes we are brave, sometimes we are afraid. But there is a huge gap between fear and cowardice. Cowardice is dangerous, because it pushes a person to bad deeds. And fear is something that is inherent in everyone.

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Unlike all the characters, Lena turns out to be strong personality: nothing can push her to betrayal. She finds the strength to survive all the insults and betrayals, not to become embittered.

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Courage and cowardice in life "The wise minnow" Tale of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin Cowardice, fear, philistine indifference to everything in the world, except for one's own person, sooner or later deprives human life of any meaning; worldly "wisdom" mortifies in people the mind, honor, conscience.

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"The Wise Gudgeon" Tale of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Gudgeon" - instructive story about the dangers of fear. Minnow lived and trembled all his life. He considered himself very smart because he made a cave where he could be safe, but reverse side such an existence has become a complete absence real life. He did not create a family, did not make friends, did not breathe full chest, did not eat to the full, did not live, only sat in his hole. He sometimes thought about whether there was any benefit from his existence for someone, he understood that there was not, but fear did not allow him to leave his comfort and safety zone. So the gudgeon died without knowing any joy in life. In this instructive allegory, many people can see themselves. This story teaches us not to be afraid of life. Yes, it is full of dangers and disappointments, but if you are afraid of everything, then when will you live?

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