How the work of Eugene Onegin was created. II

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"Eugene Onegin" The history of the creation of the novel.

The presentation was prepared by the teacher of literature of the Moscow Autonomous Educational Institution PSOSH No. 2 Kolesnik E.I.

"Eugene Onegin"(doref. "Eugene Onegin") - novel in verse Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, written in 1823-1831, one of the most significant works Russian literature.

History of creation

Pushkin worked on this novel for over seven years. The novel was, according to the poet, "the fruit of the mind of cold observations and the heart of sorrowful remarks." Pushkin called work on it a feat - from all his creative heritage only " Boris Godunov He described it with the same word. In the work, against a wide background of pictures of Russian life, dramatic destiny the best people noble intelligentsia.

Pushkin began work on Onegin in May 1823 in Chisinau, at the time of its reference. The author refused romanticism as a host creative method and started writing realistic novel in verse, although the influence of romanticism is still noticeable in the first chapters. Initially, it was assumed that the novel in verse would consist of 9 chapters, but later Pushkin reworked its structure, leaving only 8 chapters. He excluded the chapter "Onegin's Journey" from the main text of the work, leaving it as an appendix. One chapter had to be completely removed from the novel: it describes how Onegin sees military settlements near Odessa piers, and then there are remarks and judgments, in some places in an excessively harsh tone. It was too dangerous to leave this chapter - Pushkin could have been arrested for revolutionary views, so he destroyed it [

It covers events from 1819 on 1825: from foreign campaigns of the Russian army after the defeat Napoleon before Decembrist uprisings. These were the years of the development of Russian society, the reign of Alexander I. The plot of the novel is simple and well known, in the center of it is a love story. In general, the novel "Eugene Onegin" reflected the events of the first quarter 19th century, that is, the time of creation and the time of action of the novel approximately coincide.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin created a novel in verse similar to Lord Byron's poem Don Juan. Having defined the novel as a "collection of motley chapters", Pushkin singles out one of the features of this work: the novel is, as it were, "open" in time (each chapter could be the last, but it can also have a continuation), thereby drawing readers' attention to the independence and integrity of each chapters. The novel became truly an encyclopedia of Russian life in the 1820s, since the breadth of the topics covered in it, the detail of everyday life, the multi-plot composition, the depth of the description of the characters' characters still reliably demonstrate to readers the features of the life of that era.

This is what gave grounds to V. G. Belinsky in his article "Eugene Onegin" to conclude:

"Onegin can be called an encyclopedia of Russian life and an eminently folk work."

strophic

The novel is written in a special Onegin stanza". Each stanza has 14 lines. iambic tetrameter .

First four lines rhyme cross, lines from the fifth to the eighth - in pairs, lines from the ninth to the twelfth are connected by a ring rhyme. The remaining 2 lines of the stanza rhyme with each other.

From the novel, as well as from the encyclopedia, you can learn everything about the era: about how they dressed, and what was in fashion, what people valued most, what they talked about, what interests they lived. "Eugene Onegin" reflected the whole of Russian life. Briefly, but quite clearly, the author showed a fortress village, a manor Moscow, secular St. Petersburg. Pushkin truthfully depicted the environment in which the main characters of his novel live - Tatyana Larina and Eugene Onegin. The author reproduced the atmosphere of the city noble salons, in which Onegin spent his youth

Onegin and Tatyana. Episodes:

Acquaintance with Tatiana, Tatiana's conversation with the nanny, Tatiana's letter to Onegin, Explanation in the garden, Tatiana's dream. Name day, Visit to Onegin's house, Departure to Moscow, Meeting at a ball in St. Petersburg after 3 years, Onegin's letter to Tatiana (explanation), Evening at Tatiana's.
Acquaintance with Tatyana,
Tatyana's conversation with the nanny,
Tatyana's letter to Onegin
Explanation in the garden
Dream of Tatyana. name day,
Visit to Onegin's house
Departure for Moscow
Meeting at a ball in St. Petersburg in 3 years,
Onegin's letter to Tatyana (explanation),
Evening at Tatiana's.

Onegin and Lensky. Episodes: Acquaintance in the village, Conversation after the evening at the Larins, Lensky's visit to Onegin, Tatyana's name day, Duel (Lensky dies).
Dating in the village
Conversation after the evening at the Larins,
Lensky's visit to Onegin,
Tatyana's birthday
Duel (Lensky dies).

The novel begins with the lamentations of the young nobleman Eugene Onegin about his uncle's illness, which forced Eugene to leave St. Petersburg and go to the patient's bed to say goodbye to him. Having marked the plot in this way, the author devotes the first chapter to the story of the origin, family, life of his hero before receiving news of the illness of a relative. The narration is conducted on behalf of the nameless author, who introduced himself good friend Onegin.

Eugene was born "on the banks of the Neva", that is, in St. Petersburg, in a not the most successful noble family:

"Serving excellently, nobly, His father lived with debts, Gave three balls annually And finally squandered."

Onegin received the appropriate upbringing - first, having a governess Madame (not to be confused with a nanny), then - a French tutor who did not bother his pupil with an abundance of classes. Pushkin emphasizes that Yevgeny's education and upbringing were typical for a person of his environment (a nobleman, who was taught by foreign teachers from childhood).

Eugene Onegin. One of his possible prototypes is Chaadaev, named by Pushkin himself in the first chapter. Onegin's story is reminiscent of Chaadaev's life. An important influence on the image of Onegin had Lord Byron and his "Byron Heroes", Don Juan and Childe Harold, who are also mentioned more than once by Pushkin himself. “In the image of Onegin, one can find dozens of rapprochements with various contemporaries of the poet - from empty secular acquaintances to such significant persons for Pushkin as Chaadaev or Alexander Raevsky. The same should be said about Tatyana. (Yu. M. Lotman. Comments on "Eugene Onegin") At the beginning of the novel, he is 18 years old [ source? ], at the end - 26 years.

Tatyana Larina

Olga Larina, her sister - generalized image a typical heroine of popular novels; beautiful in appearance, but devoid of deep content. A year younger than Tatyana.

Vladimir Lensky- “energetic rapprochement between Lensky and Küchelbecker, produced by Yu. N. Tynyanov (Pushkin and his contemporaries. P. 233-294), convinces best of all that attempts to give the romantic poet in EO some single and unambiguous prototype do not lead to convincing results. (Yu. M. Lotman. Comments on "Eugene Onegin").

Nanny Tatiana- probable prototype - Arina Rodionovna, Pushkin's nanny

The whole life of Russian society was reflected in "Eugene Onegin" early XIX century. However, two centuries later, this work is interesting not only in historical and literary plan, but also in terms of the relevance of the questions that Pushkin posed to the reading public. Everyone, opening the novel, found something of their own in it, empathized with the characters, noted the lightness and mastery of style. And quotes from this work have long become aphorisms, they are pronounced even by those who have not read the book itself.

A.S. Pushkin created this work for about 8 years (1823-1831). The history of the creation of "Eugene Onegin" began in Chisinau in 1823. It reflected the experience of "Ruslan and Lyudmila", but the subject of the image was not historical and folklore characters, but modern heroes and the author himself. The poet also begins to work in line with realism, gradually abandoning romanticism. During the period of Mikhailovsky exile, he continued to work on the book, and completed it already during the forced imprisonment in the village of Boldino (Pushkin was detained by cholera). Thus, the creative history of the work has absorbed the most "fertile" years of the creator, when his skill evolved at a breakneck pace. So his novel reflected everything that he had learned during this time, everything that he knew and felt. Perhaps this circumstance owes its depth to the work.

The author himself calls his novel “a collection of motley chapters”, each of the 8 chapters has relative independence, because the writing of “Eugene Onegin” lasted a long time, and each episode opened a certain stage in Pushkin’s life. In parts, the book came out, the release of each became an event in the world of literature. The complete edition was published only in 1837.

Genre and composition

A.S. Pushkin defined his work as a novel in verse, emphasizing that it is lyrical-epic: a storyline expressed love story heroes (epic beginning), side by side with digressions and author's reflections ( lyrical beginning). That is why the genre of "Eugene Onegin" is called "novel".

"Eugene Onegin" consists of 8 chapters. In the first chapters, readers are introduced to central character Eugene, move with him to the village and meet a future friend - Vladimir Lensky. Further, the drama of the narration increases due to the appearance of the Larin family, especially Tatiana. The sixth chapter is the culmination of the relationship between Lensky and Onegin and the flight of the protagonist. And at the end of the work there is a denouement storyline Evgeny and Tatyana.

Lyrical digressions are connected with the narration, but this is also a dialogue with the reader, they emphasize the “free” form, proximity to a heart-to-heart conversation. The same factor can explain the incompleteness, openness of the finale of each chapter and the novel as a whole.

About what?

A young, but already disillusioned with life, nobleman inherits an estate in the village, goes there, hoping to dispel his blues. begins with the fact that he was forced to sit with a sick uncle, who left his family nest to his nephew. However, the village life soon bores the hero, his existence would become unbearable if it were not for his acquaintance with the poet Vladimir Lensky. Friends are "ice and fire", but the differences did not interfere with friendly relations. will help figure this out.

Lensky introduces a friend to the Larin family: an old mother, sisters Olga and Tatyana. The poet has long been in love with Olga, a windy coquette. The character of Tatyana, who herself falls in love with Eugene, is much more serious and whole. Her imagination has been drawing a hero for a long time, it remains only for someone to appear. The girl is suffering, tormented, writing a romantic letter. Onegin is flattered, but understands that he cannot respond to such a passionate feeling, therefore he gives a harsh rebuke to the heroine. This circumstance plunges her into depression, she anticipates trouble. And the trouble really came. Onegin decides to take revenge on Lensky because of an accidental quarrel, but chooses a terrible means: he flirts with Olga. The poet is offended, challenges his yesterday's friend to a duel. But the culprit kills the "slave of honor" and leaves forever. The essence of the novel "Eugene Onegin" is not even to show all this. The main thing worth paying attention to is the description of Russian life and the psychologism of the characters, which develops under the influence of the depicted atmosphere.

However, the relationship between Tatiana and Eugene is not over. They meet at a secular evening, where the hero sees not a naive girl, but a mature woman in full splendor. And he falls in love. Also tormented and writes a message. And meets the same rebuff. Yes, the beauty has not forgotten anything, but it’s too late, she is “given to another”:. A failed lover is left with nothing.

Main characters and their characteristics

The images of the heroes of "Eugene Onegin" are not a random selection actors. This is a miniature Russian society of that time, where all the famous types of noble people are scrupulously listed: the poor landowner Larin, his secular but degraded wife in the countryside, the exalted and insolvent poet Lensky, his windy and frivolous passion, etc. All of them represent Imperial Russia during its heyday. No less interesting and original. Below is a description of the main characters:

Eugene Onegin - main character novel. It carries dissatisfaction with life, fatigue from it. Pushkin tells in detail about the environment in which the young man grew up, about how the environment shaped his character. Onegin's upbringing is typical for the nobles of those years: a superficial education aimed at being successful in a decent society. He was prepared not for a real business, but exclusively for secular entertainment. Therefore, from a young age I was tired of the empty brilliance of balls. He has a "soul direct nobility" (feels friendly affection for Lensky, does not seduce Tatyana, taking advantage of her love). The hero is capable of a deep feeling, but is afraid of losing his freedom. But, despite the nobility, he is an egoist, and narcissism underlies all his feelings. The essay contains the most detailed description character.
Very different from Tatyana Larina, this image appears ideal: a whole, wise, devoted nature, ready for anything for the sake of love. She grew up in a healthy environment, in nature, and not in the world, so real feelings are strong in her: kindness, faith, dignity. The girl loves to read, and in the books she drew an image of a special, romantic, shrouded in mystery. It was this image that was embodied in Eugene. And Tatyana, with all her passion, truthfulness and purity, gave herself up to this feeling. She did not seduce, did not flirt, but took the liberty of confessing. This brave and honest act did not find a response in Onegin's heart. He fell in love with her seven years later, when she shone in the light. Fame and wealth did not bring happiness to the woman, she married the unloved, but Eugene's courtship is impossible, family oaths are sacred to her. More about this in the essay.
Tatyana's sister Olga is not of great interest, there is not a single sharp corner in her, everything is round, it is not for nothing that Onegin compares her with the moon. The girl accepts Lensky's courtship. And any other person, because, why not accept, she is flirtatious and empty. Between the Larin sisters, there is immediately an enormous difference. Youngest daughter went to her mother, a windy socialite who was forcibly imprisoned in the village.
However, the poet Vladimir Lensky fell in love with the coquettish Olga. Probably because it is easy to fill the void with your own content in dreams. The hero was still burning with hidden fire, he felt subtly and analyzed little. It has high moral concepts, therefore it is alien to the light and not poisoned by it. If Onegin talked and danced with Olga only out of boredom, then Lensky saw this as a betrayal, former friend became an insidious tempter of a sinless girl. In the maximalist perception of Vladimir, this is immediately a break in relations and a duel. In it, the poet lost. The author raises the question, what could await the character with a favorable outcome? The conclusion is disappointing: Lensky would have married Olga, become an ordinary landowner and become vulgar in a routine vegetative existence. You may also need .

Topics

The main theme of the novel "Eugene Onegin" is extensive - it is Russian life. The book shows life and upbringing in the world, in the capital, village life, customs and occupations, typical and at the same time unique portraits of characters are drawn. Almost two centuries later, the characters contain traits that are inherent in modern people, these images are deeply national.
The theme of friendship is also reflected in "Eugene Onegin". The main character and Vladimir Lensky were in close friendship. But can it be considered real? They met on occasion, out of boredom. Eugene sincerely became attached to Vladimir, who warmed the cold heart of the hero with his spiritual fire. However, just as quickly, he is ready to offend a friend, flirting with his beloved, who is happy about this. Eugene thinks only of himself, he absolutely does not care about the feelings of other people, so he could not save his comrade.
Love is also an important theme of the work. Almost all writers talk about it. Pushkin was no exception. In the image of Tatiana is expressed true love. It can develop in spite of everything and stay for life. Onegin no one loved and will not love like main character. Missing this, you remain unhappy for life. Unlike the sacrificial, all-forgiving feelings of a girl, Onegin's emotions are pride. He was frightened by a timid girl who fell in love for the first time, for whose sake it would be necessary to abandon the disgusting, but familiar light. But Eugene was subdued by a cold secular beauty, with whom to visit is already an honor, not like loving her.
Topic extra person. The trend of realism appears in the work of Pushkin. It was the environment that brought Onegin up so disappointed. It was it that preferred to see superficiality in the nobles, the focus of all their efforts on creating secular brilliance. And nothing else is needed. On the contrary, education folk traditions, society ordinary people made the soul healthy, and the nature whole, like Tatiana's.
The theme of devotion. Faithful to her first and most strong love Tatyana, and frivolous, changeable and ordinary Olga. Larina's sisters are completely opposite. Olga reflects a typical secular girl, for whom the main thing is herself, her attitude towards her, and therefore it is possible to change if there is a better option. As soon as Onegin said a couple of pleasant words, she forgot about Lensky, whose affection is much stronger. Tatyana's heart is true to Eugene all his life. Even when he trampled on her feelings, she waited a long time and could not find another (again, unlike Olga, who quickly consoled herself after Lensky's death). The heroine had to get married, but in her heart she continued to be faithful to Onegin, although love was no longer possible.

Problems

The problems in the novel "Eugene Onegin" are very indicative. It reveals not only psychological and social, but also political shortcomings and even whole tragedies of the system. For example, the outdated, but no less terrible, drama of Tatyana's mother is shocking. The woman was forced to marry, and she broke down under the onslaught of circumstances, becoming an evil and despotic mistress of a hated estate. But what actual problems raised

The main problem that is raised in all realism in general, and Pushkin in "Eugene Onegin" in particular, is the destructive influence secular society on the soul of man. A hypocritical and greedy environment poisons the personality. It makes external demands of decency: a young man should know a little French, read a little fashionable literature, be decently and expensively dressed, that is, make an impression, seem, and not be. And all the feelings here are also false, they only seem. That is why secular society takes away the best from people, it cools the brightest flame with its cold deceit.
The blues of Evgenia is another problematic issue. Why does the main character get depressed? Not only because society has corrupted him. main reason- he does not find the answer to the question: why all this? Why does he live? To go to theaters, to balls and receptions? The absence of a vector, direction of movement, awareness of the meaninglessness of existence - these are the feelings that embrace Onegin. Here before us rises from eternal problem the meaning of life, which is so hard to find.
The problem of selfishness is reflected in the image of the protagonist. Realizing that no one would love him in a cold and indifferent world, Eugene began to love himself more than anyone in the world. Therefore, he does not care about Lensky (he only blows boredom), Tatyana (she can take away her freedom), he thinks only of himself, but he is punished for this: he remains completely alone and is rejected by Tatyana.

Idea

The main idea of the novel "Eugene Onegin" is to criticize the existing order of life, which dooms more or less outstanding natures to loneliness and death. After all, there is so much potential in Eugene, but there is no business, only secular intrigues. How much spiritual fire is in Vladimir, and besides death, only vulgarization in a feudal, suffocating environment can await him. How spiritual beauty and mind in Tatyana, and she can only be the hostess secular evenings dress up and carry on empty talk.

People who do not think, do not reflect, do not suffer - these are the ones who are existing reality. This is a consumer society that lives at the expense of others, which shines while those "others" vegetate in poverty and filth. The thoughts that Pushkin thought about deserve attention to this day, remain important and urgent.

Another meaning of "Eugene Onegin", which Pushkin laid down in his work, is to show how important it is to preserve individuality and virtue when temptations and fashions rage around, which subjugate more than one generation of people. While Eugene was chasing new trends, playing the cold and disappointed hero of Byron, Tatyana listened to the voice of her heart and remained true to herself. Therefore, she finds happiness in love, albeit unrequited, and he finds only boredom in everything and everyone.

Features of the novel

The novel "Eugene Onegin" is a fundamentally new phenomenon in the literature of the early 19th century. He has a special composition - this is a "novel in verse", a lyrical-epic work of great volume. AT digressions looms the image of the author, his thoughts, feelings and ideas that he wants to convey to readers.

Pushkin strikes with the lightness and melodiousness of his language. His literary style devoid of heaviness, didactic, the author knows how to talk about complex and important things simply and clearly. Of course, much needs to be read between the lines, since severe censorship was ruthless to geniuses, but the poet is also not sewn with a bastard, so he managed to tell about the socio-political problems of his state in the elegance of the verse, which were successfully hushed up in the press. It is important to understand that before Alexander Sergeevich, Russian poetry was different, he made a kind of “revolution of the game”.

The feature is also contained in the system of images. Eugene Onegin is the first in the gallery of "superfluous people", who contain a huge potential that cannot be realized. Tatyana Larina "raised" female images from the place “the main character needs to love someone” to an independent and integral portrait of a Russian woman. Tatyana is one of the first heroines who looks stronger and more significant than the main character, and does not hide in his shadow. This is how the direction of the novel "Eugene Onegin" is manifested - realism, which more than once will open the topic of an extra person and affect a difficult woman's destiny. By the way, we also described this feature in the essay "".

Realism in the novel "Eugene Onegin"

"Eugene Onegin" marks Pushkin's transition to realism. In this novel, the author for the first time raises the theme of man and society. Personality is not perceived separately, it is part of the society that educates, leaves a certain imprint or completely forms people.

The main characters are typical yet unique. Eugene is an authentic secular nobleman: disappointed, superficially educated, but at the same time he is not like those around him - noble, intelligent, observant. Tatyana is an ordinary provincial young lady: she was brought up on French novels, is filled with the sweet dreams of these works, but at the same time she is a “Russian soul”, a wise, virtuous, loving, harmonious nature.

It is in the fact that readers for two centuries see themselves, their acquaintances in the characters, it is in the inescapable relevance of the novel that its realistic orientation is expressed.

Criticism

The novel "Eugene Onegin" evoked a great response from readers and critics. According to E.A. Baratynsky: "Everyone talks about them in his own way: some praise, others scold and everyone reads." Contemporaries scolded Pushkin for the "labyrinth of digressions", for the insufficiently written character of the protagonist, for the negligence of the language. The reviewer Thaddeus Bulgarin, who supported the government and conservative literature, especially distinguished himself.

However, the novel was best understood by V.G. Belinsky, who called it "an encyclopedia of Russian life", a historical work, despite the lack of historical characters. Indeed, a modern amateur belles-lettres can study "Eugene Onegin" from this point of view, in order to learn more about the noble society of the early 19th century.

And a century later, the comprehension of the novel in verse continued. Yu.M.Lotman saw complexity, paradoxicality in the work. This is not just a collection of quotes familiar from childhood, it is " organic world". All this proves the relevance of the work and its significance for Russian national culture.

What does it teach?

Pushkin showed the life of young people, how their fate can be. Of course, fate depends not only on the environment, but also on the characters themselves, but the influence of society is undeniable. The poet showed the main enemy that strikes the young nobles: idleness, the aimlessness of existence. The conclusion of Alexander Sergeevich is simple: the creator calls not to limit himself to secular conventions, stupid rules, but to live full life guided by moral and spiritual components.

These ideas remain relevant to this day, modern people often face a choice: live in harmony with themselves or break themselves for the sake of some benefits or public recognition. Choosing the second path, chasing illusory dreams, you can lose yourself and find with horror that life is over, and nothing has been done. This is what you need to fear the most.

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Jan 24 2011

The novel "Eugene Onegin" was written by Pushkin for 8 years. It describes the events of the first quarter XIX century, that is, the time of creation and the time of the novel approximately coincide. Reading it, we understand what is unique, because earlier in the world there was not a single novel in verse. The lyrical-epic genre of the work involves the interweaving of two plots - the epic, the main characters of which are Onegin and Tatyana, and the lyrical, where the main character is a character called the Author, that is lyrical hero novel. "Eugene Onegin" is a realistic novel. The method of realism presupposes the absence of a predetermined, initial clear plan for the development of the action: the images of the characters develop not simply at the will of the author, the development is due to those psychological and historical features that are embedded in the images. Concluding chapter VIII, he himself emphasizes this feature of the novel:

And the distance of free romance
I'm through the magic crystal
Still unclear.

Having defined the novel as a “collection of motley chapters”, Pushkin emphasizes another essential feature of a realistic work: the novel is, as it were, “opened” in time, each chapter could be the last, but it can also have a continuation. Thus, the reader's attention is focused on the independent value of each chapter.

What makes this novel unique is the fact that the breadth of coverage of reality, the multiplot, the description distinctive features era, its coloring acquired such significance and authenticity that the novel became an encyclopedia of Russian life in the 20s of the last century. Reading the novel, like in an encyclopedia, we can learn everything about that era: about how they dressed and what was in fashion (Onegin’s “wide bolivar” and Tatyana’s crimson beret), the menu of prestigious restaurants, what was going on in the theater (Didelot’s ballets).

Throughout the action of the novel and in lyrical digressions, the poet shows all layers of Russian society of that time: elite Petersburg, noble Moscow, local nobility, peasantry. This allows us to speak of "Eugene Onegin" as a true folk work. Petersburg of that time collected the best minds Russia. Fonvizin “shone” there, people of art - Knyazhin, Istomina. The author knew and loved St. Petersburg well, he is accurate in his descriptions, not forgetting either the “salt of worldly anger”, “neither the necessary impudent ones”. Through the eyes of a resident of the capital, Moscow is also shown to us - the “fair of brides”. Describing the Moscow nobility, Pushkin is often sarcastic: in the living rooms he notices "incoherent, vulgar nonsense." But at the same time, he loves Moscow, the heart of Russia: “Moscow… how much this sound has merged for the Russian heart” (it should be doubly pleasant for a Muscovite to read such lines).

Russia, contemporary to the poet, is rural. That's probably why the character gallery local nobility most representative in the novel. Let's look at the characters presented to us by Pushkin. The handsome Lensky, “with a soul directly Goettingen”, is a romantic of the German warehouse, “an admirer of Kant”. But Lensky's poems are imitative. They are parodied through and through, but they do not parody individual authors, but the clichés of romanticism themselves. mother Tatyana is quite tragic: “Without asking for advice, the girl was taken to the crown.” She “rushed and cried at first,” but replaced it with a habit: “She salted mushrooms for the winter, kept expenses, shaved her foreheads.” The appearance of Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" a huge impact on the further development Russian literature. It is also important that the protagonist of the novel, as it were, opens up a whole gallery of “superfluous people” in Russian literature: Pechorin, Oblomov will continue it.

With the title of the novel, Pushkin emphasizes central position Onegin among other heroes of the work. Onegin is a secular young, metropolitan aristocrat who received a typical upbringing for that time under the guidance of a French tutor in the spirit of literature, cut off from national and popular soil. He leads the life of "golden youth": balls, walks along Nevsky Prospekt, visits to theaters. Although Onegin studied "something and somehow", he still has high level culture, differing in this respect from most noble society. Pushkin hero- a product of this society, but at the same time it is alien to it. The nobility of the soul, "a sharp chilled mind" set him apart from the environment of aristocratic youth, gradually lead to disappointment in the life and interests of secular society, to dissatisfaction with the political and social situation: No, his feelings cooled down early, He was bored with the noise of light ...

The emptiness of life torments Onegin, he is overcome by spleen, boredom, and he leaves secular society, trying to engage in socially useful activities. The lordly upbringing, the lack of the habit of work (“hard work was sickening to him”) played a role, and Onegin does not complete any of his undertakings. He lives "without purpose, without labor." In the village, Onegin behaves humanely towards the peasants, but he does not think about their fate, he is more tormented by his own moods, a feeling of the emptiness of life.

Having broken with secular society and being cut off from the life of the people, he loses contact with people. He rejects the love of Tatyana Larina, a gifted, morally pure girl, unable to unravel the depths of her requests, the originality of nature. Onegin kills his friend Lensky, succumbing to class prejudice, frightened by the "whisper, laughter of fools." In a depressed state of mind, Onegin leaves the village and begins wandering around Russia. These wanderings give him the opportunity to take a fuller look at life, to reassess his attitude to the surrounding reality, to understand how fruitlessly he wasted his life. Onegin returns to the capital and meets the same picture of the life of secular society. Love for Tatyana flares up in him - now married woman. But Tatyana has unraveled the selfishness and selfishness underlying the feelings for her, and rejects Onegin's love. With Onegin’s love for Tatyana, Pushkin emphasizes that his hero is capable of moral rebirth, that he is not a cool person, the forces of life are still boiling in him, which, according to the poet’s plan, should have awakened in Onegin the desire for social activity.

The image of Eugene Onegin opens up a whole gallery of “superfluous people”. Following Pushkin, images of Pechorin, Oblomov, Rudin, Laevsky were created. All these images are an artistic reflection of Russian reality.

“Eugene Onegin” is a realistic novel in verse, as it presents the reader with truly living images of Russian people of the early 19th century. The novel gives a broad artistic generalization of the main trends in Russian social development. One can say about the novel in the words of the poet himself - this is in which “the age and modern man". “The encyclopedia of Russian life” called Pushkin's novel by V. G. Belinsky.

In this novel, as in an encyclopedia, you can learn everything about the era, about the culture of that time: about how they dressed and what was in fashion (”wide bolivar”, tailcoat, Onegin’s vest, Tatyana’s crimson beret), menus of prestigious restaurants (” bloody steak”, cheese, bubbly ai, champagne, Strasbourg pie), what was going on in the theater (Didro’s ballets), who performed (the dancer Istomina). You can even draw up the exact daily routine of a young man. No wonder P. A. Pletnev, a friend of Pushkin, wrote about the first chapter of “Eugene Onegin”: “Your Onegin will be a pocket mirror of Russian youth.”

Throughout the course of the novel and in lyrical digressions, the poet shows all layers of Russian society of that time: the high society of St. Petersburg, noble Moscow, the local nobility, the peasantry - that is, the whole people. This allows us to speak of "Eugene Onegin" as a truly folk work.

Petersburg of that time was the habitat of the best people in Russia - the Decembrists, writers. There “shone Fonvizin, a friend of freedom”, people of art - Knyaznin, Istomina. The author knew and loved St. Petersburg well, he is accurate in his descriptions, not forgetting either “the salt of secular anger”, “necessary fools”, “starched impudent ones”, and the like.

Through the eyes of a metropolitan resident, Moscow is shown to us - the “fair of brides”. Moscow is provincial, somewhat patriarchal. Describing the Moscow nobility, Pushkin is often sarcastic: in the living rooms he notices "incoherent vulgar nonsense." But at the same time, the poet loves Moscow, the heart of Russia: "Moscow ... How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart." He is proud of Moscow in the 12th year: “Napoleon, intoxicated with his last happiness, waited in vain for Moscow kneeling with the keys of the old Kremlin.”

Contemporary Russia is rural, and he emphasizes this with a play on words in the epigraph to the second chapter. This is probably why the gallery of characters of the local nobility in the novel is the most representative. Let's try to consider the main types of landowners shown by Pushkin. How a comparison immediately suggests itself with another great study of Russian life in the 19th century - Gogol's poem Dead Souls.

The handsome Lensky, “with a heart straight out of Goettingham,” a German romantic, “an admirer of Kant,” had not died in a duel, could, in the author’s opinion, have the future of a great poet or, in twenty years, turn into a kind of Manilov and end his life the way old Larin or Uncle Onegin.

The tenth chapter of Onegin is completely devoted to the Decembrists. Pushkin unites himself with the Decembrists Lunin and Yakushkin, foreseeing "in this crowd of nobles the liberators of the peasants." The appearance of Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" had a huge impact on the further development of Russian literature. The penetrating lyricism inherent in the novel has become an integral feature " noble nest”, “and the world”, “The Cherry Orchard”. It is also important that the protagonist of the novel, as it were, opens up a whole gallery of “superfluous people” in Russian literature: Pechorin, Rudin, Oblomov.

Need a cheat sheet? Then save it - "The creative history of the creation of the novel" Eugene Onegin ". Literary writings!

More than seven years (1823-1830) and published it in separate chapters: the first chapter of the novel appeared as a separate book in 1825, the second - in 1826, the third - in 1827, at the beginning of 1828 the fourth and fifth chapters appeared, and in March 1828 - the sixth, the seventh came out in March 1830 and the last - the eighth - was published in 1832. The original plan of the novel changed during this time. The outline of the general plan of the novel included nine chapters.

However, in the first complete edition of Eugene Onegin (1833), Pushkin included eight chapters and "Excerpts from Onegin's Journey". In the preface, the poet noted that "he released a whole chapter from his novel, in which Onegin's journey through Russia was described." Thus, in comparison with the original plan of the novel, the place of the eighth chapter was taken by the ninth "Big Light", and the eighth chapter "The Journey" turned into "Excerpts from Onegin's Journey". The stanzas of "Journey" were written in different time: the description of Odessa refers to 1825, the first five stanzas of the published text were written in the autumn of 1829, and the last - on September 18, 1830 in Boldino, where Pushkin completed work on the novel.

In addition, at the same time in Boldino, Pushkin also wrote the tenth chapter of "Eugene Onegin" - a kind of historical chronicle of the pre-Decembrist era. However, Pushkin burned the manuscript of the tenth chapter, and only separate excerpts from the drafts have come down to us (the poet encrypted the draft text, and literary critics managed to decipher the incomplete 16 stanzas). The tenth chapter is not included in the canonical text of the novel.

Having completed work on "Eugene Onegin" on September 26, 1830, the poet noted the main dates of the work:

"Onegin"

Part one

III Part Two

VI Part Three

Foreword

Khandra (written in Kishinev, Odessa, 1823)

Poet (Odessa, 1824)

Young lady (Odessa, Mikhailov., 1824)

Village (Mikhailovskoe, 1825)

Name days (Mikhail., 1825, 1826)

Duel (Mikhail., 1826)

Moscow (Mikhail., P/B 1827)

Wandering (Moscow, Boldin., 1829)

Great Light (Boldino, 1830). 7 years 4 months 17 days.

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History of creation

Pushkin began work on Onegin in 1823, during his southern exile. The author abandoned romanticism as the leading creative method and began to write a realistic novel in verse, although the influence of romanticism is still noticeable in the first chapters. Initially, it was assumed that the novel in verse would consist of 9 chapters, but later Pushkin reworked its structure, leaving only 8 chapters. He excluded from the work the chapter "Onegin's Journey", which he included as an appendix. After that, the tenth chapter of the novel was written, which is an encrypted chronicle from the life of future Decembrists.

The novel was published in verse in separate chapters, and the release of each chapter became a big event in contemporary literature. In 1831 the novel in verse was finished and in 1833 it was published. It covers events from 1819 to 1825: from the foreign campaigns of the Russian army after the defeat of Napoleon to the Decembrist uprising. These were the years of the development of Russian society, during the reign of Tsar Alexander I. The plot of the novel is simple and well known. At the center of the novel is a love affair. BUT main problem is the eternal problem of feeling and duty. The novel "Eugene Onegin" reflected the events of the first quarter of the 19th century, that is, the time of creation and the time of the novel approximately coincide. Reading the book, we (readers) understand that the novel is unique, because earlier in the world literature there was not a single novel in verse. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin created a novel in verse like Byron's poem Don Juan. Having defined the novel as a “collection of motley chapters”, Pushkin emphasizes one of the features of this work: the novel is, as it were, “opened” in time, each chapter could be the last, but it can also have a continuation. And thus the reader draws attention to the independence of each chapter of the novel. The novel has become an encyclopedia of Russian life in the 20s of the century before last, since the breadth of the novel shows readers the whole reality of Russian life, as well as the multi-plot and description different eras. This is what gave grounds to V. G. Belinsky in his article "Eugene Onegin" to conclude:

"Onegin can be called an encyclopedia of Russian life and an eminently folk work."

In the novel, as in the encyclopedia, you can learn everything about the era: about how they dressed, and what was in fashion, what people valued most, what they talked about, what interests they lived. "Eugene Onegin" reflected the whole of Russian life. Briefly, but quite clearly, the author showed the serf village, lordly Moscow, secular Petersburg. Pushkin truthfully depicted the environment in which the main characters of his novel live - Tatyana Larina and Eugene Onegin. The author reproduced the atmosphere of the city noble salons, in which Onegin spent his youth.

Plot

The novel begins with a squeamish speech by the young nobleman Eugene Onegin, dedicated to the illness of his uncle, which forced him to leave Petersburg and go to the patient's bed in the hope of becoming the heir to the dying. The narrative itself is conducted on behalf of the nameless author, who introduced himself as a good friend of Onegin. Having marked the plot in this way, the author devotes the first chapter to the story of the origin, family, life of his hero before receiving news of the illness of a relative.

Lotman

"Eugene Onegin" is a difficult work. The very lightness of the verse, the familiarity of the content, familiar to the reader from childhood and emphatically simple, paradoxically create additional difficulties in understanding Pushkin's novel in verse. The illusory idea of the "comprehensibility" of the work hides from consciousness modern reader great amount incomprehensible words, expressions, phraseological units, allusions, quotations. Thinking about a verse that you know from childhood seems to be unjustified pedantry. However, it is worth overcoming this naive optimism of an inexperienced reader in order to make it obvious how far we are even from a simple textual understanding of the novel. Specific Structure Pushkin's novel in verse, in which any positive statement the author can immediately imperceptibly be turned into ironic, and the verbal fabric, as it were, slips, passing from one speaker to another, making the method of forcible extraction of quotations especially dangerous. In order to avoid this threat, the novel should be viewed not as a mechanical sum of the author's statements on various issues, a kind of anthology of quotations, but as an organic art world, parts of which live and receive meaning only in relation to the whole. A simple list of problems that Pushkin "poses" in his work will not introduce us into the world of Onegin. artistic idea implies a special type of transformation of life in art. It is known that for Pushkin there was a "devilish difference" between poetic and prosaic modeling of the same reality, even while maintaining the same themes and issues.

Comments on the novel

One of the first comments on the novel was a small book by A. Volsky, published in 1877. Comments by Vladimir Nabokov, Nikolai Brodsky, Yuri Lotman, S. M. Bondi became classics.

Psychologists about the work

Influence on other works

The type of "superfluous person", introduced by Pushkin in the image of Onegin, influenced all subsequent Russian literature. From the closest illustrative examples - surname "Pechorin" in Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time", as well as the name of Onegin is formed from the name of the Russian river. Many psychological characteristics are also close.
In the modern Russian novel "The Onegin Code" written under a pseudonym Brain Down, we are talking about the search for the missing chapter of Pushkin's manuscript.
Yesenin's poem "Anna Snegina".