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Features of the image of the narrator in the epic work

skaz- this is a narrative with an orientation towards oral speech (from the word "to tell"), based on folk traditions and legends, close to them in form, which contains sketches of folk life and customs. The genre of the tale suggests a narrator close to the people, a person with special character and vocabulary of speech.

How the genre of Russian literature skaz is defined by Literary encyclopedic dictionary how " a special type of narration, focused on modern living, sharply different from the author's, monologue speech of the narrator, who came out of some exotic environment for the reader (everyday, national, folk)» .

Noting the originality of the tale as a literary genre, P.P. Bazhov wrote: What a fairy tale tells was treated in advance as a thing that occupies, entertains, teaches the younger ones. But the tale was treated differently, in the tale there are elements real life, stories ... It is based on a true incident, and this proximity to the truth distinguishes a tale from what is a fairy tale in the popular understanding».

In the linguistic-stylistic aspect, the tale was developed in the works of V.V. Vinogradova, B.M. Eikhenbaum and other researchers.

A deep approach to the problem of a tale is characteristic of academician V.V. Vinogradov, who defines the skaz form of narration as follows: A tale is a kind of literary and artistic orientation to an oral monologue of a narrative type, it is an artistic imitation monologue speech, which embodies the narrative plot, as if built in the order of its direct speaking» .

Thus, the interpretation of the tale in the linguistic-stylistic aspect basically comes down to two points of view. One of them comes from what is before us " installation on the oral speech of the narrator", the other is based on the fact that " in most cases, a tale is, first of all, an attitude towards someone else's speech, and from here, as a consequence,-into oral speech» .

The verb "say" belongs to the category of one of the most ancient words in the Russian language. From time immemorial, it has performed “a twofold function: a direct, ordinary one (“say” in the sense of “inform”, “notify”) and a specific one belonging to the sphere oral art("telling")" .

Folk traditions largely determined the nature of the literary tale, the originality of its style, which is an organic fusion of traditional folk and book elements.

The creativity of such prominent writers nineteenth century like N.V. Gogol, M.Yu. Lermontov, V.G. Korolenko skaz is established as a full-fledged genre of fiction.

In the 20-30s of the twentieth century. such writers as B. Shergin, P.P. Bazhov, S. Pisakhov, E. Pistolenko. Thus, one of the important specific features literary tale is a fusion of the beginning of life with folklore sources - legends, fairy tales, that is, an organic combination of the real and the fantastic.

The most important feature of the tale genre, which characterizes it both from the side of content and from the side of form, is the image of the narrator, the narrator. In the tale, the narrator is called upon to evaluate events and facts from the point of view of the people. The narrator of a folk tale is an individual, a hero from the people, whose voice merges with the voice of the author. The narrator - the people - the author are inseparable in the tale. V.V. Vinogradov argued that " the narrator is the speech product of the author, and the image of the narrator in the tale is a form of the author's literary artistry. The image of the author is seen in him as the image of an actor in the stage image he creates.». .

The narration can be conducted as if from three points: 1) from a person from the people (N.V. Gogol, P.P. Bazhov); 2) the story can be the voice of the collective, i.e. "we" (M.Yu. Lermontov); 3) the story can be conducted on behalf of the writer (S. Yesenin). .

But no matter whose voice sounds in a tale - a representative of the working people, a collective, or the writer himself - he always assumes popular opinion described events, people's view of the phenomena public life. Therefore, the narrator in the tale is the bearer mass consciousness, collective worldview.

A work of fiction begins with its title.

Of all literary genres the skaz is perhaps one of the most “sensitive”, the most demanding of the title. As for fairy tale images, they are relatively rarely given in a long temporal development, they appear before us most often already formed, with all the common, “generic” and individual qualities; but that doesn't reduce them artistic merit. The brightest fairy tale images develop into typical characters.

The structure of the tale is complex and multifaceted. In the story, as in others literary genres, has its own plot, and climax, and denouement. It has a portrait and a landscape, a dialogue and a monologue, its own composition, which is unique to this genre. And all these elements are subordinated to the solution of the main artistic task: the reflection of the historical era.

Nikolai Semenovich Leskov (1831-1895).

Arkin I.I. Literature lessons in grades 5-6: Prakt. methodology: Book. for the teacher. - M., 2000, p. 130

Two-voice as a peculiarity of the style of Leskov's tale: the author and the narrator. Dignity and mind of a commoner in the folk-ironic style of the tale. His contrasting composition: the confrontation between Imperial and People's Russia. historical truth and folk tradition in the artistic structure of the tale. Ironic and highly poetic as inseparably contrasting in the style of "Lefty". (1883). Belinovskaya Z.S., Maevskaya T.P. An epic with a human soul. (Materials for lessons based on the tale of N.S. Leskov "Lefty". // Russian language and literature in secondary educational institutions Ukraine. No. 2, 1992, p. 2 - 5

The main theme of Leskov's work is the image of life in post-reform Russia. The writer strives with all his might to preserve the national identity of the Russian people, opposes hostile forces.

Theme and idea of ​​the tale by N.S. Leskov "Lefty".

The theme of originality, talent, selflessness of the Russian people is embodied in "Lefty". This is a tale about a Tula gunsmith, fate talented person from the people. The ingenious master did not have his own name, but only a nickname - Lefty.

Foreword by M.S. Goryachkina to the book. Leskov N.S. Left-hander: (The Tale of the Tula oblique left-hander and the rest of the flea). - M., 1985, p. 7

Turyanskaya B.I., Kholodova L.A., Vinogradova E.A. Komissarova E.V. Literature in the 6th grade: Lesson by lesson. - M., 1999, pp. 103-111

We can distinguish 4 main ideological motifs of the tale "Lefty":

1. The amazing abilities of the Russian people.

2. true patriotism Lefty people.

3. Ignorance that limited his possibilities.

4. The irresponsible and criminal attitude towards him on the part of the authorities (from the courtier to the policeman), reaching not only beatings, robbery, but, in essence, even the murder of a brilliant master.

The idea of ​​"Lefty", according to Leskov, arose from the saying: "The Englishman made a flea out of steel, and the Russian shoed it." Polukhina V.P. Guidelines to the educational reader "Literature". Grade 6. - M., 1996)

Foreword by M.S. Goryachkina to the book. Leskov N.S. Left-hander: (The Tale of the Tula oblique left-hander and the rest of the flea). - M., 1985, p. 7

“The appearance of the narrator in the tale “Lefty”, his speech merges with the appearance and speech of the main character of the tale. The originality of the perception of life, which is alien to the narrator and the hero, the comic and satirical rethinking of many of its concepts and language creates a special style of the tale about Lefty. Comparing later the style of his legend “Buffoon Pamphaloi” and the style of “Lefty”, Leskov wrote: “This language, like the language of the “Steel Flea”, is not easy, but very difficult, and one love for work can induce a person to take on such mosaic work. . But this very “peculiar language” was blamed on me and still forced me to spoil it a little and discolor it.

Leskov uses the techniques of fairy tale narration in it: beginnings, building a dialogue, endings: “The sovereign says: “What do you need from me, courageous old man?” And Platov replies: “I, your Majesty, do not need anything for myself ...”

The author characterizes the style of the tale "Lefty" as "fabulous", that is, fabulous, fable, and considers the character of the hero "epic". But Lefty appears to readers as a living person, and not a conventional fairy tale hero. And this impression is created largely thanks to the popular colloquial language, given in all its everyday authenticity, thanks to the ability of the narrator to reveal the psychology of the character through dialogue. Both the events and the speech of the characters of the tale are devoid of fantasy. Everything is perceived as quite real and believable. And this perception not only does not interfere with the bizarre language of the tale, but even helps - it enlivens and makes the drawn types of people so unforgettable.

Russian proverbs and sayings are richly used in the language of the tale: “The sky is clouding, the belly is swelling, - the boredom is great, but the road is long”, “He even has an Ovechkin fur coat, but the soul of a human being”, etc.

Foreword M.S. Goryachkina to the book. Leskov N.S. Left-hander: (The Tale of the Tula oblique left-hander and the rest of the flea). - M., 1985, p. 7

Leskov's favorite genre of "skaz", narration in the first person, required a special gift of reincarnation. (Subsequently, this technique was successfully used by other writers, we can say that this genre was transformed into a special kind of story with a first-person narrator). A brilliant master of the "tale" - the story was Zoshchenko; Vladimir Vysotsky also confidently spoke on behalf of his heroes.

P.P. Bazhov(1879-1950) was a native of the Ural workers' settlement. He received a spiritual education, participated in civil war, engaged in newspaper journalism. Pavel Bazhov came to fiction late, at the age of 57, but he managed to create a whole collection of Tales of the Old Urals. In total, from 1936 to 1950, he wrote over forty tales. The first issue of his collection The Malachite Box was published in 1939. (37 tales).

The writer denied the very possibility of processing folklore: “I don’t know what right I have to process, I have doubts in this regard. After all, that's what they say, but in fact against folk art do not create. Any attempt at change will come out worse than what's out there." Bazhov's tales only outward signs reminiscent of bylichki and fairy tales that existed in mining settlements. The writer created the plots and many heroes himself, mixing folklore and literary devices storytelling.

Tales complement each other, some characters move from tale to tale, fantastic events occur within a common time and space. In general, the epos of the Urals is taking shape. At the center of each tale is the life of working people, in which something fantastic suddenly happens. Strength working man, his talent and wisdom are opposed to the power of oppression, embodied in different masters of life, and the secret power of nature. The drama of this complex confrontation is the basis of the problems of tales.

The main thematic cycles of P.P. Bazhov:

1. Tales of natural resources Ural.

2. Tales about the masters of the Urals.

3. Tales about the plight of the working people.

4. Tales about breeders and their associates.

5. Tales about family relationships.

It should be noted that all the above-mentioned themes of P.P. Bazhov's poems have very thin, blurred boundaries and can interpenetrate each other, that is, several themes can easily coexist in one tale.

His manner of telling a story about the past (as if in reality - on that mountain, behind that forest ...) creates the impression of a lively oral speech addressed directly to the reader-listener. That is why dialect words, common people's sayings are perceived as an organic feature book text(at the same time, Bazhov opposed deliberate folklorism in the literary language)

Pavel Bazhov divided his tales according to tonality, according to the structure of speech into three groups: tales of "children's tone" (for example, "Fire-Spring"), "adult tone" (" Stone Flower") and " historical stories"("Markov stone").

The story is told from the point of view of a clearly interested narrator. The reader is conveyed both his sympathy for the poor-goryuny, and disapproval for the inability to do good, to caress. Tactfully, but steadily, the narrator affirms the ideal of life, not a fairy-tale one, but the most real one: “We lived and got on, didn’t make much good; but they didn’t cry for life, and everyone had a job.

The little reader is fascinated by the depicted setting - real and at the same time mysteriously fabulous. Three times he finds himself together with the heroes in different dwellings: the first is the most ordinary, where grief seems to have settled, the second is Kokovani's hut, where it is so comfortable to work and listen to fairy tales, and the third is a forest booth where a unique miracle happens. From the ordinary world, where good and evil are intertwined, to the world where a fairy tale is intertwined with reality - such is the logic of compositional construction.

Pavel Petrovich Bazhov - the largest master literary tale. Many prose writers and poets considered him their teacher.

literature story children's fairy tale

Almost the entire Russian-speaking audience knows what a tale is, and it owes its popularity, first of all, to Pavel Petrovich Bazhov. However, not everyone knows that other classical writers have similar works. How independent genre skaz stands out only in Russian literature.

Definition of a tale as a literary genre

Specialists-philologists rely on certain signs when they answer the question: "What is a tale?". it special genre, in which a plausible plot or real events often intertwined with elements of magic, the grotesque. So, in the "Rapid Fire" the everyday life of prospectors is animated fairy tale character- a girl running out of the fire. In "Lefty" the heroes of the story are Russian emperors, ataman M. I. Platov, gunsmiths from Tula. And the highlight of the work is a savvy flea, which for that time seemed fantastic.

However, the central core of the definition of a tale in literature is not the features of the plot, but the form of its presentation. The narration is conducted on behalf of a certain narrator who uses colloquial, vernacular- lively, direct, containing jargon, distorted words, dialectisms. This tale resembles a folklore work.

Another key feature this genre consists in the fact that the worldview of the narrator, the type of his thinking, the style of describing events do not coincide with the author's. In "The Tale of the Lefty" well owned literary language N. S. Leskov seems to be immersed in someone else's consciousness. And then there is a narrator - a native of the people, who calls Apollo Belvedere "Abolon polvedere", a double carriage - "two-seater", chandeliers - "busters".

Tales in literature and their classification

The founders of the tale are N. V. Gogol and N. S. Leskov. The signs of this genre were very clearly manifested in "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka", "Lefty", and in the 20th century - in the stories of I. E. Babel ("Cavalry", "How it was done in Odessa"), M. M. Zoshchenko (“Lemonade”, “Happiness”), as well as in the works of P. P. Bazhov.

Stories are divided into two types:

1. Characteristic. The story is told by an unnamed narrator who uses the folk language (“Malachite Box”, “Fire Jumper”, “Sentimental Tales” by Zoshchenko, “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” by Gogol).
2. Ornamental is characterized by a combination of literary and colloquial styles, poetic and everyday, sometimes the presence of deviations from storyline(Cavalry by Babel, Gogol's "Overcoat", "The Tale of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich").

It is necessary to mention other writers in order to better understand what a tale is. These are V. I. Dal, V. M. Shukshin, A. Bely, L. M. Leonov.

Tales of Bazhov, glorifying the Ural region

The most famous example that gives an idea of ​​what a tale is is the works of Pavel Petrovich Bazhov. From the very first lines it is clear that the narration is in the first person. The narrator speaks of "our factory", "our region". Addressing the reader-listener, he inserts such turns and expressions as “see”, “hear”, “on my memory”.

The pearls of the folk Ural dialect are strung on a thread of dialogues and monologues: interrogate, protcha, really, zharyn, dedo. The proportion of diminutives is high: tiddly, doll, artelka, even. Some incredible events are woven into the plot of almost every tale: the lizard turns into the Mistress copper mountain, deer Silverhoof tapping foot gems, a magical grandmother Sinyushka appears from a forest well - “always old, always young”, forever assigned “to the local riches”.

P. P. Bazhov in his books not only described the life of prospectors, craftsmen, but also glorified the golden hands of the Ural stone cutters, showed the beauty of the soul ordinary people, the charm of the native land.

It is the folklore brilliance and unpretentiousness of the narrator that make it possible to understand what a tale is. This gives the work a special charm. The reader has the opportunity to feel a sense of belonging to folk traditions, to know their roots, to reveal the sources of the strength of the spirit of the Russian people.

There is literary works, when reading which it seems that you are listening to a leisurely oral speech. As if by the fire at night someone is interesting to other listeners, a leisurely narration. skaz also belongs to such methods. What is a tale? We turn to dictionaries for help in interpreting the term.

Definition

In dictionaries it is written that it is folklore or author's work, or rather, the form of its presentation. It is specific in its intonation and styles. But the main thing is that the tale, as it were, reproduces oral speech in general, and folk character in particular. And yet, a tale is a special kind of narration in a single work of art. It is built, as it were, from the point of view of the narrator, whose position and stylistic norms differ from the style of presentation of the author himself. This creates the desired artistic effect.

Tale - a genre of literature

In Russian literature, according to the conclusions of literary scholars, the tale originates from the works of Nikolai Gogol. But in a bright manner and especially skillfully, he was presented in the work of Nikolai Leskov. His tales about the righteous and heroes from the people "The Tale of Tula Lefty and about the steel flea", " Toupee artist”,“ The Enchanted Wanderer ”- works where the data are fully disclosed

In Russian literature

What is a tale in fiction? The essence of this manner of presentation is that the story, as it were, is being conducted not on behalf of a detached and objective author, but on behalf of a subjective narrator (as a rule, a participant in the relevant events). At the same time, the text of the work itself, as it were, imitates the speech of a live oral story. And the narrator in the work, as a rule, does not belong to the same social and that the author and reader. So for Leskov it can be: a merchant, a monk, a soldier, a retired mayor. And each of the narrators speaks exactly in the speech that is characteristic of him to a greater extent. This is what achieves the artistic effect in the work. This is how the tale impresses the listener (and reader). This manner gives the work liveliness and originality in the presentation of plots, deepens the social context. artwork, gives the text individual creative characteristics, gives the events described a more subtle and individual assessment. Take, for example, entire paragraphs of text from Leskov's Tale of Lefty, where individual characteristics described, seen by Lefty in England, sound very original and bright. Another Russian writer - a master of this genre - Bazhov. Everyone probably remembers his "Malachite Box" in form and content, which is also literary tales. Pavel Bazhov, folklorist, first made literary adaptations folk tales of the Urals: "The Blue Snake", "Silver Hoof", "Mining Master", "The Mistress of the Copper Mountain" and many other works of Russian folklore, giving them a bright form and a certain verified conciseness. All of them are included in the book "Malachite Box", reprinted to date in millions of copies.

Russian tales

This term in the relevant sciences of literature can be called various prose not fairy tale genres UNT: legends, epics, bylinas, legends (mainly in folklore). What is a tale, and how does it differ, for example, from a fairy tale? The tale is mainly about magic, extraordinary adventures and miracles (the exception is everyday fairy tales). And the characters are often fictional: Baba Yaga, Serpent Gorynych. In fairy tales, good usually triumphs over evil.

What is a tale? It relies primarily on traditions and legends. The narration is conducted on behalf of the narrator, and, as a rule, are based on real events that took place a long time ago. And home distinguishing feature- the presence of a person from whom the narration is based on a folklore basis.