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The area is 8.5 million km2. The population is 173 million people. Federal Republic - 26 states and one federal district. Capital -. Brasilia

EGP

. Brazil is located in the eastern and central part. South. America. The largest country on the mainland, occupies almost 50% of its area. It borders with all countries. South. America, except. Ecuador and. Chile. Border length. Brazil exceeds 23 thousand km (land - 16.5 thousand km m; coastline. Atlantic Ocean - 7.4 thousand km) in the northern part of the country crosses the equator, and in the south -. Southern Tropic. The largest length of the country from west to east and from north to south is about 4300 km. Approximately at the intersection of these long lines, the capital of the state of the state was built.

Since 1983, the country has become a member of the organization "Latin American Integration Association" -. MERCOSUR and the subregional trade and economic association "La Plata Group" - since 1969. From 1978, a participant in the trade and economic formation "Amazon Pact".

Population

Brazil ranks fifth in the world in terms of population, the state has a high natural population growth - 3 million people a year. The birth rate is 37 per 1000 people, and the death rate is 9 per 1000 inhabitants. 50% of the population are young people under 20 years old, over 50 years old - 10% of the population. The average life expectancy is 63 rockrocks.

Because the. Brazil is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese played a major role in shaping both the country and the nation. The official language is Portuguese. With the development of coffee production. Germans, Swiss, Italians also came here. A significant contribution to the economic development of the country was made by Japanese immigration in the 1930s (over 1 million people). Most of them were highly qualified specialists.

In general, Brazilians are a nation formed as a result of mixed marriages of Europeans, blacks and Indians. Europeans make up 25%, blacks - 10%, Indians - 0.2%. Two-thirds are a mixed population (mulattos, with sambo, mestizos).

Many areas. Brazil is poorly populated, the average population density is 20 people per 1 km2, and c. Amazonia - 0.1 person per 1 km2. On the coast. The Atlantic Ocean in the state is home to 80% of the population, and its density ranges from 60-100 people per 1 km2. In order to redistribute the population across the country, the government decided to build a new capital closer to the central regions. Brazil, away from the sea a few in the city's residents. Brasilia today exceeds 1 million cases.

The number of urban population is growing rapidly in the state, its share is 65%. Most of the urban population. Brazil lives in million-plus cities located mainly on the coast. Atlantic Ocean ((Sao Paulo - 18.4 million people, Rio de Janeiro - 11.7 million people, Recife - 3 million people, Salvador - 3.5 million people, Porto Alegre - 3.5 million people, etc.).

The number of economically active population is more than 63 million people, and women make up only 20% of this category of the population. With an increase in the share of people employed in the sectors of material production, 45% of the occupations of the fifth work in the service sector.

Natural conditions and resources

Brazil has large reserves of mineral resources, the structure of which is dominated by ore minerals. The reserves of energy resources in the country are insignificant and do not meet their own needs. So,. Brahe Ilia has relatively small coal deposits in the southeast of the country. Large forecast oil reserves c. Amazonian lowland, the territory of which has been explored very poorly, and within the shelf zone. Atlantic Ocean, stretching for more than 7 thousand km. The lack of own oil was the impetus for the widespread use of alcohol from cane sugar as a fuel for motor vehicles. Of great importance for the energy industry are the valuable deposits of uranium ores.

Brazil has large reserves of iron ores - 40 billion tons (second place after Russia), manganese ores (one of the first places in the world), significant deposits of various non-ferrous metal ores, in particular bauxite. Nike ale, tin, titanium and tungsten ores. For a long time. Brazil was famous for its large reserves of gold and precious stones. The country has insignificant reserves of raw materials for the chemical industry.

Relief. Brazil and the amount of precipitation here contribute to the formation of an extensive river network, which plays a major role in the formation of its water and hydropower resources of particular importance. The Amazon is the largest river in the world in terms of basin area (7 million km2). Brazil occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of hydro resources, which are estimated at almost 120 million kW, of which only 50 million kW are used.

The country ranks second in the world after. Russia in terms of forest resources is large on. Earth areas of moist equatorial forests (5 million km2) are located in. Amazon. Thanks to the huge reserves of forests,. Braz ziliya may in the future take one of the leading places in the world in terms of its harvesting and export "" /

According to natural conditions, the territory of the state can be divided into two parts: forest plains. Amazon and tropical landscapes. Brazilian plateau. The territory of the country lies in the equatorial, subequatorial nomu, tropical and subtropical climatic zones of the average annual

rainfall: 2000-3000 mm - in. Amazonia, 1400-2000 mm - in the center. The Brazilian Plateau is an arid territory located in the northeast. The Brazilian plateau (500 mm per year) is generally m agro-climatic. Brazil, in particular the growing season, which lasts almost the entire year, the amount and frequency of rainfall contribute to the cultivation of crops here that can be felt in a limited number of countries in the world: coffee, cocoa, sugarcane.

Land resources . Brazil account for over 750 million hectares, but agricultural land occupies less than 1/5 of the country's territory. Their structure is dominated by pastures

The area is 8.5 million km².

The population is 171.8 million people.

The capital is Brasilia.

The state structure is a federal republic consisting of 26 states and one Federal (capital) district. The head of state and government is the president. The legislative body is Congress.

Brazil is one of the largest countries in the world. In terms of area and population, it ranks fifth, but in terms of GNP per capita, it ranks seventieth in the world.

Most of the territory lies between the equator and the Tropic of the South. Brazil's natural resources are very rich. These include climate, water, hydropower, arable land, pastures, and metal ores. The country is poor in fuel.
The population of Brazil is racially very diverse. His ancestors were Indians, Portuguese and Negroes. The official language is Portuguese.

Over 80% of the population is concentrated in a 300-kilometer zone along the Atlantic coast south of the equator. The hinterland is among the least populated in the world. For Brazil, as for the rest of Latin America, there is a huge gap between wealth and poverty. The main problems are illiteracy, unsanitary conditions, diseases, hunger, etc.

Economy of Brazil

In the 70s of the XX century. Brazil has taken a notable step forward in industrial development. Today, steel and aluminum are smelted in the country, vehicles (cars, ships, aircraft), electrical engineering, tractors and weapons, petroleum products and pharmaceuticals, and paper are produced. As before, a significant role is played by the food, textile, leather and footwear sectors. Industrial exports include steel, cars, tractors, shoes, etc.; import - industrial equipment, chemicals, fertilizers.

Brazil has already become an important industrial power in the world. But in the structure of its industrial production, traditional areas predominate and there are almost no newer, science-intensive ones. Brazil exports industrial products to underdeveloped countries. The domestic market of Brazil is rather narrowly focused, and this is what hinders the further development of the industry. Brazil is the largest international financial debtor among developing countries.

The mining industry plays a significant role. Iron, manganese and chromium ores, tin, bauxite, gold, diamonds and semi-precious stones, magnesite, asbestos, kaolin, gypsum, etc. are mined. Brazil ranks first in the world for iron ore reserves and is one of its largest exporters. The main barn is the Brazilian Shield, especially the state of Minas Gerais. Recently, new rich sources of mineral raw materials have been identified in the Amazon.

The weak point of the Brazilian economy remains energy. Half of the required energy carriers are delivered. Hence the attention to the rich mountainous tributaries of the Amazon and the rivers that flow from the Brazilian Highlands. A number of hydroelectric power plants have already been built on the San Francisco River. HPP "Itaipu" on the Parana River on the border with Paraguay with a capacity of 12.6 million kW and competes with the largest HPPs in the USA and Canada. The lack of oil contributed to the growth of the production of alcohol from sugar cane and its use as a fuel for motor vehicles.

Agricultural activity still plays a leading role in the country's economy. Most of the employed work on large plantations and ranches owned by corporations and individual landlords. Small farms can barely feed their owners.

Brazil is one of the largest exporters of agricultural products. Export from Brazil has its own history and stages: in the XVI century. a valuable tree dominated it, in the 18th century - cotton, in the 19th century. - natural rubber, cocoa, in the XX century. - coffee. In modern conditions, a characteristic feature of Brazil is the constant diversity of the structure of exports. Coffee, cocoa, cane sugar, cotton and tobacco remain important, but they are already competing with new products - soybeans and oilcake, tomatoes, oranges, bananas, feed and meat. Coffee occupies a special place in the life of Brazil and its export. It provides 1/5 of the country's export earnings and provides 1/4 of the world coffee market.

Regions of Brazil

The most contrasting areas of Brazil are its Southeast and West and the Amazon.

The southeast (the states of Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais) is 11% of the territory and 43% of the inhabitants of the country. The Southeast accounts for 2/5 of agricultural production, 3/5 of mining and 3/4 of the manufacturing industry of the country. Those. the area is the core of the Brazilian economy. The largest cities are Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.

Rio de Janeiro served as the capital for two hundred years (until 1960). Today, its subway has 11 million inhabitants. It is a large financial, commercial, transport, industrial and tourist center. Nearby is Santa Rita - the Brazilian "electronics valley". Rio de Janeiro is world famous for its picturesque landscapes, beaches, sporting events and colorful carnivals. At the same time, it was the slums of Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese for “faveli”) that became the epitome of Latin American squalor.

Sao Paulo (17 million inhabitants) located 80 km from the coast. At one time it was the capital of the "coffee" boom. Its modern development was determined by the "Brazilian miracle" of the second half of the XX century. Sao Paulo is the largest banking, administrative, commercial and industrial center of the country. It is often referred to as "Brazilian New York" or "Brazilian Chicago". The industrial face is represented by all areas that exist in Brazil, but the main one is mechanical engineering, and in it the automotive industry. The central part of Sao Paulo is built up with skyscrapers and highways.

The West and the Amazon account for 2/3 of the territory of Brazil, and 13% of the population lives here. The west is the western part of the Brazilian Plateau, occupied by the savannah (campos), the Amazon is the Amazon River basin with an impenetrable equatorial forest (selva). After the Second World War, the Brazilian government made a lot of efforts aimed at the development of this part of the country. In 1960, 1000 km north of Rio de Janeiro, a new ultra-modern capital was built, which was named Brasilia. The Trans-Amazon Highway and other highways were laid, new airports and ports were opened on the Amazon and its tributaries. Many new farms and ranches have been established in the cleared areas of the selva.

Economic zones of Brazil

Chapter 1. Natural resource potential of Brazil

Brazil has a huge amount of minerals. There are reserves of manganese ores, nickel, bauxite, iron and uranium ore. In Brazil, potassium, phosphates, tungsten, cassiterite, lead, graphite, and chromium are mined. There is also gold, zirconium and a rare radioactive mineral - thorium.

Brazil accounts for 90% of the world's production of diamonds, aquamarine, topaz, amethyst, tourmaline and emerald.

The mineral resources of Brazil are diversified: oil, natural gas, coal, iron (one of the richest reserves in the world) and manganese ores, chromites, titanium raw materials (ilmenite), copper, lead, bauxite (third place in the world in terms of reserves), zinc, nickel, tin, cobalt, tungsten, tantalum, zirconium, niobium (first place in the world in terms of columbite reserves), beryllium (first place in the world in terms of reserves), uranium, thorium, gold, silver, platinum, phosphates, apatites, magnesite, barite , asbestos, graphite, mica, salt, soda, diamonds, emeralds, amethysts, aquamarines, topazes, crystal quartz (first place in the world in terms of reserves), marble. In terms of reserves of iron, beryllium and niobium ores, rock crystal, bituminous shale, bauxite, ores of rare earth elements, Brazil occupies one of the leading places among the industrialized countries of the world.

There are three main oil and gas fields on the Brazilian shelf: Campos, Santos and Espirito Santo. Less promising basins are Sergipe Alagoas, Potiguar and Ceara. The Brazilian basin with the largest hydrocarbon reserves is considered to be the Campus ocean basin with an area of about 100,000 km2. The proven reserves of natural gas in it are estimated at 105 billion cubic meters. The main proven oil reserves of the country are concentrated here. Each of the seven deep water oil fields contains up to 100 million tons of oil and condensate. Probable reserves of oil and gas basins at the end of 1999 were estimated at 1.5 billion tons of oil. There are 4 giant oil and gas fields in the Campus basin (proven reserves in brackets, million tons): Albacore (about 270), Marlin (270), Barracuda (110) and Marlin Sul and the giant Roncador oil field (356).

The main oil reservoirs are associated with turbidite sands of shelf origin, occurring both in the lower and upper parts of the modern continental slope, or with peripheral turbidites of the open sea, transported through the straits to the lower part of the continental slope. There are close similarities between the NGBs on both sides of the Atlantic, especially the southern parts of the Campus and Kwanza-Cameroon basins.

All oil and gas deposits in eastern Brazil were formed on divergent passive continental margins, the tectonic development of which is complicated by rifting processes. Oil and gas traps are usually of the stratigraphic type and are most often confined to submerged horst blocks. Salt diapirism phenomena are developed in the zone of modern deep and superdeep shelf.

In 2003, Petrobras made the largest gas discovery in the country. The reserves of the new field are estimated at 70 billion cubic meters. m, which increases the total volume of gas reserves in Brazil by 30%. The field is located on the shelf of the province of Paulo, at a distance of 137 km from the coast at a sea depth of 485 m. The production potential of the pioneer well is 3 million cubic meters. m of gas per day. In 2002, the total volume of natural gas reserves in Brazil is estimated at 231 billion cubic meters. m.

The oil shales of Brazil are confined to the Permian Irati formation, represented by mudstone and limestone facies with basalt and diabase intrusions. The deposits are San Matheus do Sul, San Gabriel and Don Pedro. Brazil's hard coal reserves are small - 2 billion tons (25% is coking coal). The country's iron ore reserves account for about 26% of the reserves of developed Western countries. The main part of the ores is associated with the Precambrian itabirites of the Brazilian platform. The main industrial deposits (over 25 billion tons) are concentrated in the Minais-Gerais iron ore basin, within the so-called "iron ore quadrangle".

The proven reserves of chromium ore mining, calculated according to the maximum production level in the period 1995-1997, taking into account losses during mining and enrichment in Brazil, is 33 years.

In 2000, Brazil ranked 5th in terms of explored uranium reserves (262 thousand tons, a 7.8% share in the world). The main deposits of uranium ores are concentrated in the Serra di Jacobina mountains, together with gold-bearing conglomerates (Jacobina deposit).

In terms of explored tin reserves at the end of the 20th century, Brazil ranks first in America and second in the world (after China). In terms of total tin reserves, Brazil ranks first in the world. In terms of tin resources, Brazil ranks first among the countries of the world - 12.6% of world resources (6 million tons). About 40% of the total proven reserves are found in alluvial deposits located in 15 tin ore regions of the country. Alluvial placers predominate.

The Pitinga ore cluster is located in the tin-bearing area of Mapuera (State of Amazonas). Ore veins and stockworks are localized in albitized granites. Ores are complex, they include cassiterite, columbite, tantalite, pyrite, cryolite, fluorite. Reserves of primary tin ores - 1.19 million tons; sir. the metal content in ores here is 0.141%.

Ores also contain 6 million tons of cryolite, 4 million tons of zircon (average content 1.5%), industrial concentrations of columbite-tantalite (average content of Ni pentoxide 0.223%, Ta pentoxide - 0.028%), fluorite, and yttrium, mainly in xenotime . The main reserves are concentrated in weathering crusts and placers that have arisen due to them and occupy an area of about 250 km2.

The main ones are the alluvial placers of Little Madeira, Jabuti and Keyshada. Ore sands occur at a depth of about 6 m. Ore reserves in placers amount to 195 million tons, tin - 343 thousand tons with an average cassiterite content of 2.0 kg / cubic meter. m, niobium pentoxide - 435 thousand tons with an average content of Nb2O5 4.3%, tantalum pentoxide - 55 thousand tons with an average content of Ta2O5 0.3%, zirconium dioxide - 1.7 million tons. reserves of niobium pentoxide until 2000 amounted to 30 million tons of ore with an average content of 4.1% (1.2 million tons of Nb2O5).

The basis of the country's manganese ore base is the Urukum deposits (Mato Grosso do Sul state, Corumba region) with proven reserves of 15.8 million tons, Azul and Buritirama (Para state, area of the Carajas ridge) - 10 million tons, Serra do- Navi (federal territory of Amapa) - 5.8 million tons, Miguel Konge in the area of the "iron ore quadrangle" and other deposits in the state of Minas Gerais, as well as a number of smaller objects in the Precambrian metamorphic strata. The largest deposits of manganese ores are associated with basement rocks. Lenses of manganese-containing spesartite rocks (gondite, carbonate rhodonite) are 10–30 m thick and 200–1000 m long.

In terms of bauxite reserves, Brazil ranks first in Lat. America (2000) and 2nd place in the world (after Guinea). Prom. bauxite deposits associated with lateritic weathering crust. Main resources are concentrated in the Amazon River basin in the state of Para (deposits of Trombetas, Paragominas and others).

Laterite deposits of gibbite bauxite - aluminum raw materials, are located in the states of Para (municipalities of Oriximina, Paragominas, Faro, Domingo de Capim and Almairim) and Minas Gerais (mainly the municipalities of Poços de Caldas, Preto and Cataguazes). The Porto Trombetas (total reserves 1700 million tons, confirmed - 800 million tons) and Paragominas (total reserves 2400 million tons, confirmed - 1600 million tons) fields are gigantic. Deposits are usually located close to the earth's surface and are mined in an open way. In terms of production rates close to modern, Brazil is provided with proven reserves for 340 years.

Tungsten ores, represented by shelitovim skarnakh - deposits of Brezha, Kishaba, Malyada within the Borborem region. Deposits of nickel ores in the base of the silicate type are represented by garnierite ores. Ore bodies occur at shallow depths, about 75% of the reserves are located in the state of Goias (Nickeland deposits and others). There are several copper ore deposits in Brazil, the largest of which is Caraiba (Baya state). In Brazil, there are more than 100 small polymetallic hydrothermal deposits, explored rich tin placers.

Rare elements (beryllium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, and others) in Brazil are found mainly in complex pegmatite ores confined to the basement.

Gold reserves were discovered in the second half of the 20th century in the Amazon basin. The predicted resources of Brazil's IHL are insignificant and amount to up to 300 tons (about 0.6% of the world).

About 35% of the world's predicted beryllium resources (up to 700 thousand tons) are concentrated in Brazil, which determines its leading (together with Russia) place in the world.

Brazil occupies the 1st place among the countries of the world in terms of predicted niobium resources. The main deposits of niobium pentoxide in the country are Arash, tapirs. The deposits are located mainly in the well-known mining regions of the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás. The ores are localized in lateritic weathering crusts of carbonatites and do not require intensive crushing. The thickness of the ore-bearing cores reaches 200 m, the covers - from 0.5 m to 40 m. The average content of Nb2O5 in ores is 2.5%. Development is carried out in an open way.

Brazil has the world's largest deposits of precious and ornamental stones: rock crystal, jewelry beryl, topaz, tourmaline, amethyst, agate; also known prom. deposits of emerald, diamond, noble opal, etc. Jewelry beryl, topaz and tourmaline are found in granite pegmatites, common in the states of Minas Gerais (diamantino diamond-bearing region), Bahia.

The main deposits of high-grade sheet mica - muscovite are associated with outcrops of the Archean basement and form the Brazilian mica region. In Brazil also childbirth. barite (Ilha Grande, Miguel Calmon), potash salt (Contiguleba), rock salt (Maceio), fluorite (Salgadinho, Catunda), magnesite (Iguatu), graphite (Itapaserica, San Fidelis), asbestos (Ipanema), bentonite (Lapsis, Bravo).

The Amazonian lowland lies in the region of the equatorial and subequatorial climate. The temperature is 24 - 28C all year round, precipitation is 2500 - 3500 mm per year. The Amazon River is the largest in the world in terms of basin size (7.2 million sq. km) and water content. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers - Marañon and Ucayali. The length of the Amazon from the source of Marañon is 6400 km, and from the source of Ucayali - more than 7000 km. The Amazon flows into the Atlantic Ocean, forming the world's largest delta (over 100 thousand square kilometers) and funnel-shaped mouths - sleeves covering the huge island of Marajo.

In the lower reaches, the width of the Amazon reaches 80 km, and the depth is 1335 m. Selva - humid equatorial forests of the Amazonian lowland. This is over 4 thousand species of trees, which is 1/4 of all species existing in the world. Animals, each in its own way, have adapted to their existence in the midst of a dense forest intertwined with vines. Monkeys - howler monkey, capuchin, marmosets, slender-bodied saimiri spider monkeys with a muzzle coloring resembling a skull - spend their whole lives on trees, holding on to branches with a strong tail. Even tree porcupine and anteater, raccoon and marsupial opossum have tenacious tails. Cats - jaguars and ocelots - feel confident in the forest thicket. Not a hindrance forest thickets and for bats. Bakers and tapirs prefer swampy river floodplains. The capybara, the largest rodent in the world, is kept near the water. Amphibians and reptiles are diverse, including poisonous snakes (bushmasters, coral asps, rattlesnakes), boas - boas, huge anacondas. In the rivers, caimans and flocks of bloodthirsty piranha fish lie in wait for a careless victim. Predatory harpies soar above the forest, vultures urubu carrion eaters; multi-colored parrots fly in the crowns of trees; and toucans sit on the branches - the owners of a huge beak. The smallest birds on earth - hummingbirds - flash in the air with bright colorful sparks and hang over the flowers.

To the east of the Amazon, the green forest sea is gradually replaced by stony woodlands - caatinga. Poor soils barely cover the rocks, there is almost no grass. Everywhere thorny semi-bushes and all kinds of cacti. And above them are dry-loving shrubs and trees, columnar cacti and tree-like spurges. Bottle trees grow at some distance from each other, like skittles. These thickets are almost devoid of foliage and offer no shelter at all from the burning rays of the sun or from rainstorms. During the winter-spring dry period, which here lasts 8-9 months, precipitation is less than 10 mm per month. At the same time, the average air temperature is 26 - 28 C. At this time, many plants shed their leaves. Life stops until the autumn rains, when more than 300 mm of precipitation falls per month with an annual amount of 700 - 1000 mm. As a result of rains, the water level in the rivers rises rapidly. Floods are regularly repeated, destroying houses and washing away the fertile layer of soil from the fields.

Brazil is diverse in natural conditions. It stands out: the Amazonian lowland and the Brazilian plateau, which differed in relief, moisture conditions, vegetation, etc. In general, the natural conditions are favorable for the population and the economy.

Brazil is extremely rich in natural resources. Among them, the main place belongs to forest resources - moist equatorial forests, which occupy 2/3 of the country's territory and are actively used at present. Recently, these forests have been subjected to ruthless destruction, which leads to a change in the entire natural complex as a whole. The Amazonian forests are called the "lungs of the planet", and their extermination is a problem not only for Brazil, but for the whole world. The mineral resource base of Brazil is diverse. About 50 types of minerals are mined here. These are, first of all, iron, manganese ores, bauxites and non-ferrous ores metals.The main reserves are concentrated in the eastern part of the country on the Brazilian plateau.In addition, Brazil has oil and potash salts.

Water resources are represented by a huge number of rivers, the main of which is the Amazon (the greatest river in the world). Almost a third of this large country is occupied by the Amazon River basin, which includes the Amazon itself and more than two hundred of its tributaries. This gigantic system contains a fifth of all the river waters of the world. The landscape in the Amazon is flat. The rivers and their tributaries flow slowly, during the rainy seasons they often overflow their banks and flood vast areas of tropical forests. The rivers of the Brazilian Plateau have significant hydropower potential. The largest lakes in the country are Mirim and Patos. Main rivers: Amazon, Madeira, Rio Negro, Parana, Sao Francisco.

Agro-climatic and soil resources are great, contributing to the development of agriculture. Brazil has fertile soil that grows coffee, cocoa, bananas, grains, citrus fruits, sugar cane, soybeans, cotton, and tobacco. Brazil occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of cultivated land. Due to the fact that the main part of the country is located in the intertropical zone with a predominance of low altitudes, Brazil is characterized by average temperatures exceeding 20 degrees. Brazil has six types of climate: equatorial, tropical, tropical highlands, tropical Atlantic, semi-arid and subtropical.

In the north - eastern outskirts of Brazil, tropical forests give way to desert areas and steppes covered with shrubs, but the humid Atlantic coasts abound with lush vegetation. Between the coastal cities of Porto Alegre in the south of the country and El Salvador in the east stretches a narrow strip of land only 110 kilometers wide, and immediately after it the central and southern plateaus begin. The northern regions of the country are in the equatorial zone, and Rio de Janeiro lies just north of the Tropic of Capricorn - so the climate in most of Brazil is very warm. In the Amazon basin, the temperature is around 27 degrees all year round. The seasons of Brazil are distributed as follows: spring - from September 22 to December 21, summer - from December 22 to March 21, autumn - from March 22 to June 21, winter - from June 22 to September 21. 58.46% of Brazil's relief is formed by plateaus. The main ones in the north are Guiana, in the south - Brazilian, which occupies most of the territory and is divided into the Atlantic, Central, Southern and the plateau of Rio - Grande do Sul. The remaining 41% of the territory is occupied by plains, the most important among them are the Amazon, La Plata, San Francisco and Tocantins. All natural conditions and resources create very favorable conditions for economic development.

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Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

The purpose of this course work is to study intra-regional differences in Brazil, its natural resource potential, population, features of development and structure of the economy, as well as economic zoning and foreign economic relations.

The author of this course work was tasked with the following tasks: the study of the natural resource potential of Brazil, its population and labor resources, the territorial and structural features of its economy, the characteristics of industry, the description of the territorial specialization of agriculture, the economic zoning of the country and the characteristics of its foreign economic relations.

The object of study of this course work is Brazil.

The subject of this course work is the population of Brazil, its natural resources, economy and economy.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are the following methods: literary, cartographic, analytical, comparative geographical, comparative historical, historical.

In accordance with the goal, the scientific relevance of the course work is to create a generalizing work on the intra-regional features of the socio-economic development of Brazil.

This thesis consists of five chapters:

The first chapter describes the natural resource potential of Brazil. The second chapter describes the population and labor resources of Brazil. The third chapter examines the territorial and sectoral features of the development of the Brazilian economy, namely: the structure of industry and agriculture. The fourth chapter deals with the economic zoning of Brazil. The fifth chapter describes the foreign economic relations of Brazil.

When writing this course work, cartographic and textual sources were used that correspond to the work plan and reliability criteria.

Also, tables, cartographic and graphic materials were compiled that correspond to the plan and objectives of this course work.

For foreign economic relations of the Republic of Belarus, the relevance of this course work is to study the prospects for economic cooperation with Brazil.

brazil economic zone

Chapter 1. Natural resource potential of Brazil

Brazil accounts for 90% of the world's production of diamonds, aquamarine, topaz, amethyst, tourmaline and emerald.

Rare elements (beryllium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, and others) in Brazil are found mainly in complex pegmatite ores confined to the basement.

About 35% of the world's predicted beryllium resources (up to 700 thousand tons) are concentrated in Brazil, which determines its leading (together with Russia) place in the world.

Brazil is extremely rich in natural resources. Among them, the main place belongs to forest resources - moist equatorial forests, which occupy 2/3 of the country's territory and are actively used at present. Recently, these forests have been subjected to ruthless destruction, which leads to a change in the entire natural complex as a whole. Amazonian forests are called the "lungs of the planet" , and their extermination is a problem not only in Brazil, but throughout the world. The mineral resource base of Brazil is diverse. About 50 types of mineral raw materials are mined here. These are, first of all, iron, manganese ores, bauxites and non-ferrous metal ores. The main reserves are concentrated in the eastern part of the country on the Brazilian plateau. In addition, Brazil has oil and potash salts.

Chapter 2. The population and labor force of Brazil

Brazil ranks first among Latin American countries and fifth in the world in terms of population (207 million people in mid-2013). The population in the country is distributed unevenly: it is concentrated in the north and southeast, in the south. Approximately 1/2 of the total population is concentrated in a narrow zone of the Atlantic coast. The average density is 18 abs/km2. The least populated (density less than 1 individual/km2) is the western Amazonia, an area of moist equatorial forests. More than 30% of the population lives in a strip of the Atlantic coast up to 100 km wide, and almost half of the inhabitants thus inhabit the strip, which is 7% of the entire territory. The population distribution in Brazil is very heterogeneous, with a significant concentration in coastal areas, especially in the South East and in the coastal strip of the North East. Another important population core is the Southern region. The least populated areas are in the Central-Western and Northern regions. The average population density in Brazil is 20 people per km2, in the southeast - more than 40, in the north - up to 1 person per km2. sq.

In recent years, the rate of population growth has slowed somewhat from its peak around 1960. The reasons for the decrease in the rate of population growth are associated with urbanization and industrialization, which led to a decrease in the birth rate (for example, through the use of contraceptives). While the death rate has fallen sharply since 1940, the birth rate has fallen more. Now the annual population growth is approaching 1.13%.

Demographic features of Brazil. The reproduction of the country's population is characterized by high birth rates (16.83% o) and natural increase (1.06%). In Brazil, early marriages and large families (2.7 children per woman) are traditional. The main reason for the significant increase in the population was the decrease in mortality (6.15% o), first of all children (35.87% o). The female population predominates over the male. Brazil has a high proportion of young people (62% under the age of 29), older people - 6%. Life expectancy is 67.7 years for men, 75.8 years for women

Brazil is a highly urbanized country with over 85% of the population living in cities. However, regional contrasts are great: in the southeast, more than 75% of the inhabitants are concentrated in cities, while in the northeast - only 42%, and in the south - 50%.

The largest cities in Brazil (with suburbs) are Sao Paulo (15.4 million inhabitants), Rio de Janeiro (9.8 million), Belo Horizonte (2.1 million), Salvador (2.1 million), Fortaleza (1.5 million). The largest urban agglomeration in Latin America is the Brazilian megalopolis, formed by the confluence of the agglomerations of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.

The annual growth of the urban population is 1.1%. The population in the country is distributed unevenly: it is concentrated in the north and southeast, in the south. Approximately 1/2 of the total population is concentrated in a narrow zone of the Atlantic coast. The average density is 18 abs/km2. The least populated (density less than 1 individual / km2) is the western Amazon, an area of \u200b\u200bmoist equatorial forests.

Labor resources. The population of working age is 67% of the country's inhabitants (103.6 million people). In the dynamics of the sectoral structure of the economically active population, there is a tendency towards an increase in the share of the population employed in industry (14%). However, the proportion of the population employed in the service sector is growing at an even faster pace - more than 66% of the total number of employees. Traditionally, a lot of the labor force is employed in agriculture - 20%. The unemployed make up 7% of the economically active population.

Migrations. Brazil has a significant black population, descended from African slaves. They were brought into the country from the 16th to the 19th century. Over 3 million Africans were brought to Brazil during the existence of slavery. The slave trade was only abolished in 1850. Slaves were mainly imported from Angola, Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, the Ivory Coast and Sao Tome and Principe. The African population of Brazil has largely mixed with the Portuguese, resulting in a mixed modern population.

Beginning in the 19th century, the Brazilian government encouraged European immigration to replace the human resource of former slaves. The first non-Portuguese immigrants settled in Brazil in 1824, were Germans. From 1869 the first Polish immigrants arrive. However, significant European immigration to Brazil did not begin until after 1875, with a significant increase in immigration from Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Between 1870 and 1953, Brazil attracted approximately 5.5 million immigrants - approximately 1.55 million Italians, 1.47 million Portuguese, 650,000 Spaniards, 210,000 Germans, 190,000 Japanese, 120,000 Poles and 650 thousand immigrants of other nationalities.

These numbers can be vastly underestimated because women and children were often not counted, many immigrants settled illegally, changing their last names to hide their origins, and the Brazilian accounting system was very imperfect. Brazil has become the home of the largest Italian diaspora outside of Italy, with 25 million Brazilians of Italian origin. Brazil is also home to the largest Lebanese community in the world, at around 8 million.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, Brazil has received a significant number of Asian immigrants: Koreans, Chinese, Taiwanese and Japanese. The Japanese are the most Asian minority in Brazil, and Brazilians of Japanese origin make up the entire Japanese population outside of Japan (1.5 million).

More than 90 million people in Brazil have their roots in massive waves of European immigration. The largest ethnic groups are Iberians, Italians and Germans. Smaller groups include Slavs (mainly Czechs, Poles, Ukrainians and Russians). Among the smallest ethnic groups are Lithuanians, Armenians, Finns, French, Greeks, Hungarians, Romanians, British, Irish and Jews. In addition to Europeans, the Brazilian population includes 79 million Africans and mulattos, 13 million Arabs, 1.6 million Asians and 700,000 American Indians.

Internal migration in Brazil is directed, firstly, from rural areas to large cities and agglomerations (although this process is gradually losing intensity), and secondly, from well-developed areas to the Amazon, the north and west of the country.

The population of Brazil comes from representatives of three large races - Mongoloids (Indians), Negroids (Africans) and Caucasians. Brazil is the only country in Latin America where Portuguese is the official language. The Indian tribes speak their own local languages.

National and religious composition of Brazil. Ethnic groups of mulattoes (55%), mestizos (38%) and the Negroid population (6%) have formed in the country. The indigenous Indian population was exterminated during the period of colonization, some were assimilated. Single Indian tribes live in isolation in hard-to-reach areas of the Amazon. National minorities are represented by Italians, Spaniards, Japanese, Ukrainians (50 thousand people), etc.

The majority of Brazilians are Catholics (80%). Catholics of African descent adhere to the cult of "Candi-ble" (based on religious syncretism, that is, a combination of beliefs in the ancient pagan gods of black Africa ("Orisha") with the veneration of Christian angels and saints) - By the number of Protestants (almost 3 million), Brazil settles first place in South America.

Ethnic composition of the population. The Brazilian nation was formed as a result of the mixing of native Indians, African blacks brought here as slaves, with European immigrants. The native Indian population was largely exterminated. The Indian tribes that survived live mostly in the deep regions of the Amazon basin and lead a primitive economy.

Analyzing the ethnic composition of the Brazilian population, it is necessary to distinguish between the "self-determination" data of the population, recorded by censuses, and the real ethnic composition of the population, which is very complex and can only be realistically determined using the latest technologies, in particular through the study of gene markers.

The population of Brazil is dominated by the descendants of Portuguese immigrants, from the first colonists (starting from the 16th century) to the recent immigrants (the nineteenth and 20th centuries). The first Portuguese settlements in Brazil appeared after 1532, when the city of San Vincente was founded and an active process of colonization began.

Before independence in 1822, the Portuguese were the only European people who actively settled in Brazil, so Brazilian culture is largely based on that of Portugal. Other countries in Europe had a minor presence during the colonial period. The Dutch and French tried to colonize Brazil during the 17th century, but their control over parts of Brazil only lasted a few decades. The Indian population of Brazil (3-5 million at the time of its discovery by Europeans) was largely exterminated or assimilated into the Portuguese population. From the beginning of colonization, marriages between Portuguese and Indians were common.

At the last census, 53.7% of the Brazilian population, or about 96 million people, called themselves "white". They live throughout the country, although they are more concentrated in the south and southeast of Brazil. Both the descendants of Europeans and the descendants of other peoples with white skin consider themselves white. There is also an ethnic group of Brazilians - white Brazilians or their descendants living in the territories bordering Brazil Paraguay.

By 1800, only 1 million Europeans, almost exclusively Portuguese, immigrated to Brazil. An immigration boom came later in the 19th and 20th centuries, when about 6 million Europeans came to Brazil.

Today, residents who define themselves as white make up the country's most ethnically racial group, formed over five centuries by predominantly European immigrants. Although in the middle of the 19th century the white population was of Portuguese origin, later immigration consisted of representatives of different countries. Thus, Brazilian whites are the descendants of many different peoples, primarily Romano (Portuguese, Italians, Spaniards), Germans (Germans) and Slavs (Poles, Ukrainian). In addition to Europeans, whites also include the descendants of Arab immigrants (Lebanese and Syrians). Although the majority of the population identifies themselves as white, genetic studies have shown that "white" is actually also a mixture of races, more than 86% of the population have blacks and Indians among their ancestors.

"Black" or Negroes call themselves 6.2% of the Brazilian population, or about 11 million people. Although they are also distributed throughout the country, their highest concentration is in the Northeast region. Negroes consider themselves all the descendants of African peoples transported to Brazil as slaves.

Slavery in Brazil existed for about 350 years, when about 3 million slaves were imported into Brazil according to official figures (smuggling covers about two million of this number). Recent studies show that 86% have more than 10% African-specific genetic markers. The small number of blacks in the census (6.2%) is the result of traditionally biased attitudes towards blacks and Indians in society, so many blacks try to identify themselves as "brown" or use the informal categories "mulattos" (mulatos) or "morenos" (morenos) which indicate mixed ancestry. However, in recent years the culture of the Brazilian blacks has become more and more popular and the self-consciousness of the blacks is growing.

The term "brown" (pardos) or "PARD" did not always have its modern meaning. It was first introduced during the 1872 census for the sole purpose of distinguishing free blacks (both purebred and mixed, of any color) from slaves (again of any origin and color). With the abolition of slavery, the term lost its original meaning, but continued to be used as a "residual" category for residents who did not include themselves in any of the categories proposed in the census. Browns make up 38.5% of the Brazilian population, or about 70 million people, and are distributed throughout the country. Brown is considered as all mixed residents (independently consider themselves as such) and all residents who do not belong to any of the other categories.

Although the IBGE lists all browns as descendants of Africans, many researchers disagree, arguing that up to 8% of the population is predominantly a mixture of whites with Indians, (known by the informal terms "Kaboklu" and "Mameluks"), and a small part are whites. with Asians (yellow). Uncertainty is also growing because a certain percentage of blacks classify themselves as brown and brown as white.

"Yellow" (amarelos) make up 0.5% of the Brazilian population, or about 1 million people. They are predominantly concentrated in the two states of Sao Paulo and Paraná. The descendants of most immigrants from Asia consider themselves yellow. Most Brazilian Yellows are descendants of Japanese who immigrated to Brazil between 1908 and 1960, mainly due to economic problems. Brazil now contains a larger Japanese population outside of Japan. Other groups include minor numbers of Chinese and Koreans.

Although millions of Brazilians are descendants of Indians, only 0.4% of the population (700 thousand people) consider themselves Indians. This is due to intense mixing of representatives of different peoples, the loss of national identity of the Indians over the centuries, and through traditionally biased attitudes towards Indians and blacks, because of which many Indians try to identify themselves as "white" or "brown" (i.e. mixed ). Recent genetic studies have confirmed that millions of Brazilians are descendants of indigenous peoples, most of whom are unaware of their Indian origin. In recent years, for the first time in five centuries, there has been an increase in the Indian population of Brazil, however, many of them live in poverty-stricken countries and are gradually losing their culture.

The regional features of the ethnic structure of the Brazilian population are as follows. The Southern region of Brazil is dominated by the European element - from the Portuguese colonists of the 17th and 18th centuries, to the great waves of immigration of Germans, Italians and Slavs throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. The Southeast region is also dominated by the European element - predominantly Portuguese, Italian, Spanish and German immigrants from the 19th and 20th centuries. Although African and Indian elements are also noticeable here, in the state of São Paulo - and Asian. The Northeast region is dominated by African and European elements (predominantly Portuguese), although there is also some Indian input. In the North and Central-Western regions, the Indian element dominates, although with a significant European and African contribution.

According to the Brazilian constitution of 1988, racism is a serious crime, this law is taken very seriously in Brazil.

language. Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil. German is spoken by almost the entire population and is in fact the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio, television and for all business and administrative purposes. In addition, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas, making the language part of the Brazilian national identity. Brazilian Portuguese has evolved independently from European Portuguese, and has gone through fewer phonetic changes than the language spoken in Portugal. Therefore, it is often said that the speech of Camões, a 16th-century Portuguese poet, phonetically resembles modern Brazilian Portuguese, but not the language spoken in Portugal today, and should be read according to Brazilian rules. Brazilian Portuguese has also been influenced to some extent by Amerindian and African languages. In Brazil itself, the language is quite homogeneous, with speakers of different regional dialects easily understanding each other, but there are several notable phonological, lexical, and spelling differences between them.

Many Amerindian languages still exist in indigenous communities, primarily in Northern Brazil. Although many of them have significant contact with the Portuguese language, today there is an incentive to learn their native languages. Some foreign languages are used by descendants of immigrants, who are usually bilingual, in small rural towns in Southern Brazil. Chief among these are the Brazilian German dialects, such as Riograndeser Gunstrukisch, Pomeranian and Italian, based on the Italian Venetian dialect. In the city of São Paulo, Japanese is also spoken in migrant areas such as Liberdad.

English is part of the official school curriculum, but very few Brazilians are fluent in it. Spanish is also taught in schools (as the language of the countries surrounding Brazil) and is understood to a certain extent by Polish speakers themselves due to the great similarities between the two languages.

Religions. According to the census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the religious and confessional composition of the population is as follows:

6% of the population are Catholics (about 126 million).

4% - Protestants (about 25 million).

4% of the population consider themselves atheists or agnostics.

3% are spiritualists.

8% are adherents of other religions. Including Mormons (900 thousand), Jehovah's Witnesses (600 thousand), Buddhists (215 thousand), seismo-no-iya (151 thousand), Jews (230 thousand) and Muslims (27 thousand).

3% are adherents of traditional African religions such as Candomblé, Macubi and Umbanda.

Some practice a mixture of different religions, such as Catholicism, Candomblé and Indian religions.

Brazil has the largest number of Roman Catholics in the world. However, the number of Protestants is now growing. Counting them together with Catholics, Brazil has the second largest number of Christians in the world after the United States. By 1970 the majority of Brazilian Protestants belonged to "traditional churches", mostly Lutherans, Presbyterians and Baptists, but during the last decades the number of Pentecostals and representatives of other concessions has increased significantly.

Islam in Brazil was traditionally practiced by some African slaves. Today, the Muslim population in Brazil consists mainly of Arab immigrants, although a number of non-Arabs also convert to Islam.

There are approximately 120 thousand members of the Jewish community (0.065% of the total population), their communities are located mainly in the large cities of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, smaller communities in Brasilia, Curitiba, Porto Alegre.

Chapter 3. Territorial and sectoral features of the development of the Brazilian economy

Brazil is one of the key countries in the developing world. It is one of the ten largest countries in the world in terms of industrial production. Brazil is an industrial-agrarian country. The GDP share of the entire industry is about 30%, and agriculture and fisheries - 21%. Brazilian GDP 502 billion US dollars (1.6% of world GDP), GDP per capita - 2908 dollars (2001). Unemployment 10.5%, inflation 12.5% (2002). Sectoral structure of the economy: services 56.8% of GDP, industry 33.9%, agriculture 9.3% (2001). In the structure of employment, the share of agriculture is relatively higher - 23.1%, while services and industry are lower - 53.2 and 23.7%, respectively.

In Brazil, the leading industries are: mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, ferrous metallurgy. The extractive industry accounted for 2.9% of GDP in 2001, including 2.4% for oil and gas extraction and 0.5% for the extraction of mineral raw materials. In terms of proven oil reserves and production (respectively, 1.2 billion and 66.3 million tons in 2001), Brazil ranks third in Latin America after Venezuela and Mexico. The most productive field is the offshore Campus Basin north of Rio de Janeiro. Although the production of crude oil is growing (5% in 2001), Brazil has not yet reached self-sufficiency in it: consumption of crude oil amounted to 85.1 million tons in the same year. Imports of oil and petroleum products reached 4.3 billion dollars in 2001, while as an export - 1.7 billion dollars. 28% of imported oil comes from Nigeria, 26% - from Saudi Arabia. In terms of the size of oil refining capacities located on its territory (87.9 million tons), Brazil is noticeably superior to all other countries in Latin America. Exploration and development of most oil and gas fields in Brazil, as well as the processing of the bulk of crude oil, is carried out by the state company Petrobras (12th place among the largest oil companies in the world). Proven reserves of natural gas in 2001 amounted to 0.22 trillion m3, production of 38.5 million m3.58% of gas is produced in offshore fields, the largest of which are the Campos and Santos basins. The share of natural gas in the country's energy balance was 3% in 2001, but it is planned to increase it to 12% in 2010. Brazil is one of the main countries producing iron ore, steel and one of the leading countries in the production of synthetic rubber. Brazil was able to build its own industry thanks to the richest natural resources. First of all, they include deposits of high-quality iron ore that have no equal in the world. Its huge reserves, diluted in the early 20th century. in the state of Minas Gerais, brought to life a surprisingly accurate poetic image: it is not for nothing that they say that this state has a "chest of iron and a heart of gold . The main industrial enterprises are concentrated in the southeast of the country in the "triangle Sao Paulo - Rio de Janeiro - Belo Horizonte. São Paulo is becoming increasingly concentrated in knowledge-intensive industries, as well as banks. Brazil has a well-developed mining industry. Brazil ranks 4th in the world in terms of proven reserves and 3rd in bauxite production. 81% of their production is provided by MRN, which is owned by public and private Brazilian capital, as well as foreign capital represented by the largest TNCs.

Gold production in 2012 was 52.4 tons - 12th in the world and 2nd in Latin America. Proven gold reserves were estimated at 2 thousand tons. The manufacturing industry is the most developed and diversified in Latin America, in some positions it has reached the world level. In the total volume of its production, the largest share belongs to the production of machinery, equipment and vehicles - 23.4%, the oil refining and petrochemical industry - 14.6%, the food industry - 14.6%; chemical, pharmaceutical industry and production of plastic products - 12.4%, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy - 10.2%.

Among the 100 most significant in terms of production and sales of manufacturing products in 2001 are diesel fuel - 33.3 million m3, motor gasoline - 21.0 million m3, passenger cars with an engine capacity of up to 1000 cm3 - 826 thousand units, sugar sand - 17.1 million tons, cell phones - 16.1 million units, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers - 11.1 million tons, refined soybean oil - 2.7 million tons, household refrigerators - 4.8 million units. , tractors for tillage - 34.1 thousand units, as well as aircraft and other aircraft weighing over 2 tons and less than 15 tons, in the production and export of which Brazil occupies one of the leading places in the world. Brazil has a diversified and efficient agriculture and is among the world leaders in the production and trade of a number of agricultural products. In 2001, 59.2% of the conditionally net agricultural production accounted for crop production and 40.8% - for animal husbandry. Soybeans (25.1%) and sugarcane (16.7%) had the largest share in crop production, beef, chicken meat and milk (respectively 51.0, 20.0 and 17.4%) in livestock products.

Land suitable for agricultural production is concentrated in the hands of a small number of the largest farms: 2.22% of farms with an area of over 500 hectares account for 56.6% of the total land. The development of crop production was facilitated by the achievements of genetic research in agriculture. In terms of the production of oranges (18.7 million tons in 2002) and sugar cane (360.6 million tons) and the export of concentrated orange juice (812.5 million dollars), Brazil ranks first in the world, in the production and export of soybeans ( respectively 41.9 million tons and 2725.5 million dollars) - 2nd place in the world after the USA. In addition, Brazil is the 2nd largest producer of beef (7136 million tons) and chicken meat (7040 million tons) in the world, as well as an exporter of poultry meat (1395 million dollars). Fishery products account for only 0.4% of GDP, but about 800 thousand people are employed in it. The government is pursuing a long-term fisheries development policy that involves the leasing of foreign fishing vessels and fish farming in marine and inland waters. The total production of fish and other marine and freshwater products in 2000 amounted to 802 thousand tons. Mechanical engineering has reached a fairly high level of development. The share of engineering products in the industrial structure is low - it does not exceed 20%. Automotive industry is an important branch of mechanical engineering. Brazil produces more than 1 million cars annually. In 2013, 1.3 million people were employed in all modes of transport. The main type of transport is road: 56% of freight and 96% of passenger traffic. The total length of roads is 1.7 million km, 9.3% of them are paved. Railway transport accounts for approximately 21% of transported goods. The total length of railways is 30.4 thousand km, of which 2.1 thousand km are electrified. The freight turnover of railways amounted to 154,870 million t/km. Privatization in con. 1990s state railway network stimulated the development of the industry. Air freight turnover amounted to 1,534 million t/km, and passenger turnover - 45,812 million t/km. The total number of airports is 3365, including 665 with a hard-surfaced runway. Of these, 7 - with a runway length of over 3047 m. Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo have the largest international airports. About 18% of all cargo is transported by water. The length of waterways is 50 thousand km. Of the 24 major Brazilian ports, only a few are privately owned. The most important port is Santos (Sao Paulo) - 42.7 million tons of cargo, about 20% of the country's total port cargo turnover (1999). Other leaders include Tubarao, Rio Grande, Paranagua (Rio de Janeiro), Salvador, Santos, Vila do Conde, Itahai and Recife. The length of oil pipelines is 2980 km (crude oil) and 4762 km (petroleum products) (1998). The length of gas pipelines is 4260 km.

Communication enterprises employ 215 thousand people. (2001). In 2002, there were 31.6 million individual landlines and 49.4 million cell phones in the country. Trade enterprises employ 5.4 million people, including 745 thousand people. in the wholesale, 3.95 million people. - in retail trade and 0.7 million people. - in other types of trade (2000). Of the total volume of trade revenue received, 38.8% came from wholesale and 38.3% from retail trade. From 1992 to 2001 the number of foreign tourists increased from 1.7 to 4.8 million people.

In 2001, the country accounted for 33.2% of the total number of tourists visiting Latin America. The receipt of foreign exchange from the tourism business in 2001 amounted to 3.7 billion US dollars. The Central Bank pursues a restrictive monetary policy. In order to curb inflation, he in 2002 and in the beginning. 2003 repeatedly raised the discount rate, bringing it up to 26.5% in May (24.1% in January 2003). The volume of credit transactions in the financial system of Brazil (in current prices) from December 2001 to April 2003 increased by 16.7%. More than 96% of all transactions are in the private sector of the economy. The volume of required reserves of financial institutions in the central bank account increased from 63.2 billion reais in December 2002 to 129 billion reais in April 2003. The volume of market capitalization on the Brazilian stock exchanges reached at the end. March 2002 $193 billion. The average daily turnover of securities in 2001 on the São Paulo Stock Exchange (shares) was $227.3 million, on the Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange (bonds) - $474.8 million. State budget revenues in 2001 were 22.9% and expenditures 23.9% of GDP, with a deficit of about 1% of GDP. Tax collections in 2000 amounted to 32.4% of GDP. Of these, 22.1% came from federal taxes, 8.8% from state taxes, and 1.5% from municipal taxes. Domestic public debt US$185.2 billion (42.0% of GDP), external public debt US$64.2 billion (14.6% of GDP) (2002).

Brazil is characterized by a large unevenness in the distribution of incomes of the population. The wealthiest 10% account for 47.9% of all income, while the poorest 10% of the population receive only 0.8%. More than 25% have incomes less than $2 per day, 13% - less than $1 per day. In 2001, there were 8 million Internet users in the country, and there were 62.9 personal computers and 385 wired and mobile phones per 1,000 inhabitants. The Human Development Index was 0.757 in 2000 - 73rd in the world. The foreign economic sphere of Brazil is deeply integrated into the international division of labor, and the state of its foreign economic parameters, due to the size of the country, has a significant impact on the conjuncture of world markets. A significant devaluation of the real in 2002 contributed to the growth of exports, as a result, the trade balance exceeded $13 billion for the first time since 1993. Exports amounted to 60.36 billion dollars, imports - 47.22 billion dollars. The largest trading partners of Belarus are the EU and the USA, and of the Latin American countries, Argentina and Mexico. Trade turnover with the Russian Federation increased from $465 million in 1995-97 to $884 million in 1999-2001.

The commodity structure of exports is dominated by finished products - 54.7%, while the most significant items are aircraft - 3.9% and passenger cars - 3.3%. Commodities account for 28.1% of exports, including 5.0% for iron ore. The most important import items: raw materials and semi-finished products - 49.7%, machinery and equipment - 24.5%, fuels and lubricants - 13.3%, consumer goods - 12.5%. Brazil in the 1990s implemented effective measures to attract foreign capital. He was admitted to the local stock market, to previously closed sectors of the economy - oil, telecommunications, mining, energy, domestic transport, insurance. The conditions for access to the banking sector have been significantly improved. The volume of accumulated foreign investment in 1990-2013 increased from 37.1 to 202.4 billion dollars.

The largest investor is the United States - 37.4 billion dollars, or 24.2% of the total investment. This is followed by Spain - $23.4 billion (15.1%), the Netherlands - $12.0 billion (7.8%), France - $10.5 billion (6.8%). In the sectoral distribution of investments, the services sector and the manufacturing industry are leading - respectively 56 and 40.6% of the value of the inflow of capital investments in 2002. Only 3.4% of investments were invested in agriculture.

The most attractive sectors of industry and services for investors are the food industry (10% of investment inflow), trade (8.0%) and the financial sector (6.4%). In 2001, foreign banks accounted for 27% of the assets of the banking system and 44% of the assets of private banks. Thanks to targeted economic policy measures, Brazil's external debt decreased in 1998 - 2013 from 241.6 to 201.7 billion US dollars. The ratio of interest payments on debt to exports of goods and services decreased from 28.1% to 22.2%. Bilateral and multilateral debt to foreign government agencies accounted for 25.4% of the total debt. In recent years, science-intensive industries have been actively developing in Brazil. In the production of mini- and microcomputers, it took 4th place after the USA, Japan and Germany. The military industry is well developed. Brazil produces approximately 55 thousand pieces. tanks. The electric power industry is based on hydroelectric power stations, and Brazil has built the world's largest thermal power plants, such as Itaipu. An analysis of export dynamics shows that 80.4% (US; 1,504 million) of the decline in income from sales of Brazilian goods abroad in 1998. accounted for by exports of raw materials, where the total annual result was US% 12,970 million, 10.4% less than achieved in 1997. This was the result, first of all, of the loss of income from the decline in world prices for basic commodities, even despite on the growth of shipped volumes of these goods. Similarly, there was a decrease in revenue from sales of leaf tobacco and chicken meat by 13.8% and 15.6%, which was also the result of a decrease in prices (8.6% and 15.6%) and export volumes (by 6% in both cases). ). The main foreign exchange earnings from the export of raw materials come from iron ore and beef. For these products, the expansion of sales in the European market was a decisive factor in the increase in revenues by 14.2% and 40.8%, respectively. As for semi-finished products, the decline in prices, despite the increase in export volumes, led to a decrease in revenues in this sector by 4.3%, especially from sales of unwrought aluminum (-20%) and semi-finished iron products (-10.4%). A pleasant surprise was a 35.3% increase in sales of crude soybean oil, which was the result of a 15% increase in prices in foreign markets due to a decrease in the supply of other vegetable oils, such as palm and rapeseed, as well as an increase in export volumes by 18% thanks to the growth of domestic production.

Speaking of finished goods, despite a significant decrease in sales in the second half of the year, by 10.2% compared to the same period in 1997, this sector showed a positive result of 0.6% compared to 1997. In 1998 revenues from the sale of such goods as aircraft (+70.2%), orange juice (+25.8%), cars (+10.7%), trucks (+13.6%) and refined sugar (+ 16.5%. The largest reductions were noted in the export of footwear (-13%), instant coffee (-29.5%), paper and cardboard (-21.1%), iron and steel pipes (-14.4%). The development of agriculture is on the path of intensification. In its structure, the main place is given to crop production.

The best lands belong to landlords and capitalists, including foreign ones. In the fields and plantations, crops are grown, which are exported abroad. 30% of the population is employed in agriculture, rice, coffee, sugar cane, corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, cocoa, etc. are grown. Cattle, poultry, pigs, horses and sheep are bred in the country. Fishing is developed: lobsters, shrimps, fish are being caught. Brazil is also a major producer of timber, nuts, resins, rubber, oils and medicines. Cattle and sheep are bred in dry savannas and steppe regions in the south of the country. In the forests of the Amazon, the juice of wild rubber plants, wax, nuts are collected, aromatic and medicinal plants are harvested. Rice production is 10 million tons. tons per year, sugar cane production 250 million tons per year. Brazil is the world's leading producer of coffee, cassava, papayas, oranges and sugarcane and is second only to the United States and France in terms of agricultural exports (coffee, fruits, timber, sugar, beef). In 1997, Brazil exported coffee to the amount of 3 billion US dollars, while coffee beans - 2.74 billion, instant coffee - 348.6 million dollars. The main buyers of Brazilian coffee beans are Germany, USA, Italy, Japan and other European countries. Four large regions are distinguished on the territory of Latin America (see table). Latin American countries are developing countries and occupy a subordinate position in the international geographical division of labor, acting as a supplier of many types of raw materials for developed countries. The largest share of the manufacturing industry is in 3 countries: Brazil, Mexico and Argentina. Modern enterprises of the following industries are concentrated here:

In Brazil - microelectronics, aerospace industry, automobile, shipbuilding, aircraft building;

In Mexico - electrical engineering and electronics, instrumentation;

In Argentina - the automotive industry. Venezuela and Mexico lead in oil production, Chile - in copper, Brazil - in iron ore. All countries in the region, with the exception of Bolivia and Paraguay, have wide access to the oceans and seas or are islands. So, Brazil is one of the largest sub-regions of Latin America, one of the key countries of the developing world, its leaders, and occupies one of the leading places in terms of cultivated land. In recent years, environmental issues have taken on a special dimension in Brazil. This phenomenon is not yet as noticeable as the "ecological wave , caused by the Conference of 92 in Rio, but already now it is deeper and more voluminous. The reform of environmental control methods in Brazil will be accelerated, especially in the field of water resources control, which is currently undergoing significant changes. The concept of control through water basins provides for the creation of an organizational structure and political organization (around the committees for basin affairs), which is very reminiscent of the model for managing a future sustainable society.

President Fernando-Enrique Cardoso mobilized the government to pass in Congress the so-called Law of the Waters, i.e. a new national water policy that is already in place and has all the necessary tools to implement a system of control across water basins. The Water Act is an overdue legal document, democratically drafted by the legislature, that advances the organization, planning, and control of water resources at the state and even municipal levels. At present, there is some degree of consensus among government officials, foresters and timber merchants about the changes that should contribute to the sustainable development of the Brazilian forests. These requirements lie rather in related areas and do not directly affect environmental and forestry issues.

However, the forms of use of forest resources for the most part still bear the stamp of an empirical, costly and predatory approach, criminal and illegal actions. Forest natural resources are still considered mostly as a "storage , and their exploitation is still compared to "turning natural capital into money . And although the forest industry is introducing new species into the market in order to diversify the choice, which is necessary for a more rational use of forest resources and to reduce production costs, waste and losses are still very high, both in the process of wood processing and in the process of forest management. In order to change this situation for the better, the Brazilian Institute for the Environment will intensify its activities in the field of control and monitoring.

This activity has become more productive with the application of new monitoring technologies through remote monitoring of cases of cutting and burning of forests, as well as the practice of inspection and enforcement of forest management plans. In recent years, ecological tourism has been considered as a type of tourism that has a high economic and social potential and is able to widely present the ecological and cultural heritage of the country in the domestic and foreign markets. It also stands as an important development alternative if it has a sustainable basis. Recognition of the fact that eco-tourism in Brazil developed in an unsystematic and unorganized manner led to the formation of a working group, which included specialists from M.O.S. , the Ministry of the Company and the Brazilian Institute of Amazonia. They developed a document called "The main directions of the national policy in the field of eco-tourism which draws particular attention to the need for ecological tourism to meet the requirements of environmental protection, to strengthen international cooperation, to effectively participate in this activity of all its components, to develop and stimulate human resources, to support and stimulate the creation and improvement of infrastructure and the use of ecological tourism as a means of ecological education.

Chapter 4 Economic Regionalization of Brazil

In Brazil, there are usually five major economic regions. This area includes such states as: Acre, Amazonas, Amapa, Para, Rondonia, Roraima, Tocantins. The north, which includes the vast Amazon Basin, occupies 45% of the country's area, where 10% of the country's total population lived in the early 2000s. The gross domestic product for 2010 is 106.522.233. Gross domestic product per capita for 2010 is 7.247 reais. The Human Development Index for 2010 is 0.8. Despite the presence of several industrial centers, agriculture predominates, especially the cultivation of sugar cane, cotton and cocoa, as well as animal husbandry.

The North East (18% of the area and 29% of the country's population) is a densely populated agricultural region specializing in the cultivation of sugar cane. Included in the geo-economic region North-East. The population is 52,191,000 (2007). Covers an area of 1,558,196 km ² . Population density - 32 people. /km ² . The gross domestic product for 2005 is 280.504.256 reais. Gross domestic product per capita for 2005 is R$ 5,498. The Human Development Index for 2005 is 0.725.

South-East, included in the geo-economic region Center-South. The gross domestic product for 2005 is 1.213.790.703.000 reais. Gross domestic product per capita for 2005 is 15,468.00 reais. The Human Development Index for 2000 is 0.791. This area includes such states as: Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Espirito Santo. The population is 77,857,000 as of 2007. Covers an area of 924.511.292 km ² . Population density - 84.21 people. /km ² (11% of the area and 43% of the population) - the most developed area, producing more than 80% of Brazil's industrial products; in addition, the region's agriculture supplies most of the coffee, soybeans, sugar, and livestock products.

South, an administrative-statistical region in Brazil. Includes the states of Parana, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and covers 576,300.8 km ², being the smallest part of the country. The population is 26,729,000 as of 2007. Population density - 46.37 people. /km ² . A major tourist, economic and cultural pole of Brazil. It borders Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay, as well as the Central West and South East regions. From the east it is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. In the 19th century, many non-Portuguese immigrants from Europe came to the region, which greatly influenced the demographics and culture. Major ethnic groups of Southern Brazil: Brazilians of Portuguese, German, Italian and Slavic origin. The largest and most economically developed city in the region is the capital of the state of Parana Curitiba, the historical and cultural center is the capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre. Separatist sentiments are strong in southern Brazil, up to attempts to establish a Republic of Gaucho Pampas in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and a Federal Republic of Pampas in the entire region. (see) (7% of the area and 15% of the population) - an important agricultural area producing rice, wheat, soybeans, wine and meat. There are also rapidly developing industrial centers here.

In the Central-West region (19% of the area and 7% of the population), the leading industry is agriculture, with animal husbandry predominating; in some areas soybeans, rice and other crops are cultivated. It is included in the geo-economic regions of the Center-South and Amazonas and has such states as: Federal District, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul. The population is 13,269,000 as of 2006. Covers an area of 1.606.371 km ² . Population density - 8.26 people. /km ² . The gross domestic product for 2005 is 190.160.672 reais. Gross domestic product per capita for 2005 is 14.604 reais. The Human Development Index for 2005 is 0.848.

Chapter 5. Foreign Economic Relations of Brazil

The Brazilian economy is heavily dependent on foreign trade. Export makes up 10-12% of the country's national income. However, export earnings are usually not enough to ensure the equilibrium of the balance of payments. In 2009, the country's external debt reached more than $230 billion. In the structure of Brazil's foreign trade, there is a clear trend towards an increase in the share of its exports of finished goods and new non-traditional raw materials and foodstuffs.

In imports, the share of machinery, machine tools and other industrial equipment, as well as industrial raw materials and semi-finished products, has increased significantly, which, undoubtedly, is influenced by the industrialization of Brazil.

In the geography of Brazil's foreign trade relations, there are also noticeable changes. Although the United States still ranks first in foreign trade with Brazil, its share has declined markedly. The EU countries and Japan became a serious competitor of the USA in trade with Brazil.

Brazil's ruling circles link their plans for political and economic expansion in Latin America and other continents, particularly in Africa, to foreign trade and foreign economic relations.

Brazil trades with 46 African countries, while having a positive trade balance with 40 countries. The African policy of Brazil is formed taking into account the economic, political and military-strategic goals of the regime, while the development of relations with the countries of West Africa and the Portuguese-speaking states is of paramount importance.

FOREIGN TRADE OF BRAZIL

Along with Russia, India and China, the Republic of Brazil is included in the group of the most promising developing countries in terms of economic potential. Since 2000, the Brazilian economy has achieved strong results. In the period 2000 - 2005. Brazil's average annual GDP growth rate in real terms was 2.5%. From 2005 to 2007 the growth of the economy of this South American country has accelerated even more. In 2007, Brazil's GDP amounted to 1.269 trillion. dollars, in 2008, GDP growth declined significantly due to falling commodity prices. However, Brazil was the first of the developing countries to begin to emerge from the crisis. Thanks to the confidence of consumers and investors, Brazil's GDP began to grow in the second quarter of 2009. However, it should be noted that the increase in GDP per capita is much less: in 2007 - 3.9%, and in 2006-2005. only 2.3% and 1.5% respectively. At the same time, there was an increase in industrial production.

From January to September 2010, Brazil's foreign trade amounted to US$277.1 billion, showing an increase of 36.9% compared with the same period in 2009, when foreign trade amounted to US$202.4 billion.

In 2009, Brazil ranked 24th in the world in terms of exports ($153 billion) and 26th in terms of imports ($134 billion).

For 9 months of 2010, Brazil exported goods for 144.9 billion US dollars, and imported - for 132.2 billion US dollars. Compared to 2009, Brazilian exports grew by 29.6% and imports by 45.8%

Brazil's trade surplus (the difference between exports and imports) at the end of September 2010 reached 12.8 billion US dollars, and decreased by 39.7% compared to the same period in 2009, which is explained by a significant increase in imports and a decrease in exports .

In 2009, Brazil's exports exceeded imports by $21.2 billion.

Rice. 5.1 Commercial balance of Brazil

In general, Brazil's foreign trade shows a recovery from the economic crisis, but the main problem remains the very high exchange rate of the Brazilian real against the US dollar (1.69-1.72 rel per US dollar), resulting in demand for Brazilian exports due to overpricing is reduced, and a lot of dollars accumulate in the country, for which, so that they do not depreciate, imported goods are bought up.

Among the goods exported by Brazil in 2010, 53.2% are industrial products and 39.7% are agricultural products (semi-finished products and goods).

As for Brazil's imports, 46.3% falls on the purchase of raw materials, 22.5% - on the means of production. Imports of consumer goods account for 16.9% of Brazil's total imports, while fuels and fuels and lubricants account for 14.3%. Compared to 2009, the most significant increase in Brazilian imports was in the category of fuels and fuels and lubricants - an increase of 61.1%, followed by consumer goods (51.1%), raw materials (43.3%) and capital goods (38 ,9%).

Figure 5.2 The share of foreign trade in Brazilian GDP

In terms of sales markets, Asia was the largest buyer of Brazilian goods (Brazilian exports to these countries increased by 31.3%), followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (Brazilian exports increased by 40.5%), followed by European Union (22.7% increase in exports). Here it should be taken into account that the comparison is with the crisis year of 2009, and in relation to the level of 2007-2008, Brazilian exports and, in general, the volume of foreign trade so far shows a significant regression.

In some industries, Brazilian importers and exporters are required to obtain certain permits, but most imports to Brazil are not subject to licensing, while exports are generally exempt from taxes. Brazilian foreign exchange regulations still play a significant role in the implementation of import-export transactions - currency is exchanged under special contracts related to imports, and exports are associated with federal taxes and the customs system. Penalties may be imposed if the Brazilian importer or exporter fails to fulfill such contracts at the appointed time

Trading companies in Brazil play a very important role in the import and export of goods, as they have practical experience and knowledge in these areas. Trading companies can act as customs brokers, preparing import transactions, processing export and customs clearances, and importing products on behalf of Brazilian companies.

Figure 5.3 Major Brazilian exports in %, 2010

Figure 5.4 Imports in Brazil (2000-2010, US$ million)

The main partner countries in imports are the USA, China, Argentina, Germany, South Korea, Japan, France, Germany.

Figure 5.5 Major Brazilian imports, %, 2010

BRAZIL TO BRIC

BRIC is an informal union of Brazil, Russia, India and China. These countries occupy a quarter of the earth's surface, they are home to more than 40 percent of the world's population, they provide 10 percent of world GDP. Analysts believe that no later than 2050, the BRIC states in this indicator can overtake the "big seven", which unites the most industrialized countries of the world.

The reason for the emergence of BRIC was the crisis, which greatly slowed down all economic processes in the world and in these four countries, and in Brazil and Russia there was a recession in the economy. Before the crisis, their GDP grew from 5 to 13 percent per year.

Association, even informal, according to the creators of the BRIC, should help them coordinate macroeconomic policy, increase their influence on global economic processes and develop common approaches to solving global problems.

China and Brazil in the framework of the BRIC summit concluded a package of agreements aimed at developing bilateral partnerships between Beijing and Brazil.

The agreements signed include various trade agreements, as well as joint energy projects, including the construction of a Chinese steel plant in Brazil.

The Brazilian economy is characterized by large and well developed agriculture, mining, manufacturing and service industries. The Brazilian economy outperforms all other South American economies and is expanding its presence in world markets.

The stability in the Brazilian economy stems from the commodity sector, which posted a current account surplus, as well as Brazil's prudent macroeconomic policies, which bolstered foreign exchange reserves at historically high levels, reduced public debt, and allowed real interest rates in Brazilian banks to fall significantly.

Since the beginning of the global financial crisis in September 2008, the Brazilian stock market - Bovespa - has lost 41% until December 30, 2008. Brazil's GDP growth slowed significantly in 2008 as global demand and commodity prices fell significantly. However, Brazil was the first of the developing countries to begin to emerge from the crisis.

If we consider the impact of the crisis on Brazil, we can see that the country was one of the last to enter a recession, stayed there for a quarter, and was among the first to say goodbye to the crisis. The following circumstances helped the country survive the global crisis:

brazilian economy has little to do with the world economy (very little imports) - good international liquidity allowed for a foreign exchange reserve, it softened the blow of the crisis - strong state control over banks limited the credit boom - brazilian trade interests are evenly distributed in all parts of the planet - standard but competent anti-crisis measures

Brazil remains one of the world's largest exporters of agricultural products, although exports of manufactured goods have increased even more, and exports of aircraft, steel, and electronics have almost caught up with agricultural products.

Conclusion

In the course of writing this term paper, the following tasks were completed: the natural resource potential of Brazil, its population and labor resources, the territorial and structural features of its economy, the industry was characterized, the territorial specialization of agriculture was described, the economic zoning of the country was carried out, and its foreign economic relations were characterized .

The first chapter describes the natural resource potential of Brazil. The second chapter describes the population and labor resources of Brazil. The third chapter explores the territorial and sectoral features of the development of the Brazilian economy, namely: the structure of industry and agriculture. In the fourth chapter, the economic zoning of Brazil is carried out. The fifth chapter describes the foreign economic relations of Brazil.

List of sources used

1.Socio-economic geography of the foreign world. / Ed. Volsky V.V. - M. 2005

2.Pogorletsky A.I. Economics of foreign countries: Textbook. 2nd edition. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of Mikhailov V.A., 2001.492 p.

.Economic, social and political geography. Regions and countries. / ed. Lavrova S.B. - M. 2002

.Dabagyan E. Brazil on the world stage // World Economy and International Relations, No. 3 2012

.Alisov N.V. Economic and social geography of the world: (General review): Textbook: [For universities in geogr. specialties] / N.V. Alisov, B.S. Horev. - M.: Gardariki, 2001. - 703 p.

.Economic, social and political geography of the world. Regions and countries: textbook / Ed.S.B. Lavrova, N.V. Kaledin. - M.: Gardariki, 2002. - 927 p.

.Magazine "Latin America"

8.http://www.ibge.gov. br/english/ - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)

.- website of the Institute of Latin America RAS

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Mining industry. Foreign capital plays an important role in this industry, especially the United States, as well as Canada, Japan, France, and other countries. The most important of the metallic minerals are iron and manganese ores. In 1995, approx. 150 million tons of iron ore, of which 4/5 was exported. 90% of the ore is high-grade hepatitis. In 1995, approx. 2 million tons of manganese ore, of which more than 80% for export.

Brazil has recently emerged as one of the world's major producers of bauxite. Approx. 10 million tons of bauxites. The extraction of copper, lead, zinc, nickel is carried out mainly for the domestic market. In addition, Brazil supplies the world market with strategic raw materials: tungsten, niobium, beryllium, tantalum, zirconium, crystalline quartz and mica. The production of radioactive minerals containing uranium and thorium is growing.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, gold deposits were discovered in different parts of the Amazon, which caused a real gold rush. More than 300 thousand prospectors arrived there, and then the giants of the world gold industry from Canada, the USA and South Africa. During 1990-1995, gold production increased from 40 to 80 tons per year. Precious and semi-precious stones are mined in Brazil - diamonds, topazes, sapphires, aquamarines. Brazil's oil needs are met by about half with its own resources. Production is carried out by the state oil company Petrobras (36 million tons in 1995) on the shelf of Rio de Janeiro and at the mouth of the San Francisco River. In the Amazon, the vast Solimões sedimentary basin was discovered, promising in terms of possible oil and gas reserves. Coal. Due to the high ash content, these coals are of low quality. The annual production of hard coal does not exceed 5 million tons.

Brazil has (2001) relatively small proven reserves of oil (1.1 billion tons) and natural gas (230 billion cubic meters). About 150 deposits have been discovered. The largest are Don Juan, Agua Grande, Arakas, Karmopolis, Sirizinho, Namorado, etc. In the Amazon, a large sedimentary Solimões basin has been discovered, promising in terms of possible oil and gas reserves. There are three main oil and gas bearing fields on the Brazilian shelf: Campos, Santos and Espirito Santo. Less promising basins are Sergipe Alagoas, Potiguar and Ceara. The Brazilian basin with the largest hydrocarbon reserves is considered to be the Campus ocean basin with an area of about 100,000 km 2 . The proven reserves of natural gas in it are estimated at 105 billion cubic meters. The main proven oil reserves of the country are concentrated here. Each of the seven deep water oil fields contains up to 100 million tons of oil and condensate. Probable reserves of oil and gas basins at the end of 1999 were estimated at 1.5 billion tons of oil.

There are 4 giant oil and gas fields in the Campus basin (proven reserves in brackets, million tons): Albacore (about 270), Marlin (270), Barracuda (110) and Marlin-Sul and the giant Roncador oil field (356). The strata are associated with turbidite sands of shelf origin, occurring both in the lower and upper parts of the modern continental slope, or with peripheral turbidites of the open sea, transported through the straits to the lower part of the continental slope. There is a close similarity between the OGBs on both sides of the Atlantic, especially the southern parts of the Campus and Kwanza-Cameroon basins.

In 2003, Petrobras made the largest gas discovery in the country. The reserves of the new field are estimated at 70 billion cubic meters, which increases the total volume of gas reserves in Brazil by 30%. The field is located on the shelf of the province of Paulo, at a distance of 137 km from the coast at a sea depth of 485 m. The production potential of the pioneer well is 3 million cubic meters of gas per day. In 2002, Brazil's total natural gas reserves are estimated at 231 billion cubic meters. The oil shales of Brazil are confined to the Permian Irati formation, represented by mudstone and limestone facies with basalt and diabase intrusions. The deposits are San Matheus do Sul, San Gabriel and Don Pedro.

Brazil's coal reserves are small - 2 billion tons (25% is coking coal). The country's iron ore reserves account for about 26% of the reserves of developed Western countries. The main part of the ores is associated with the Precambrian itabirites of the Brazilian platform. The main industrial deposits (over 25 billion tons) are concentrated in the Minais-Gerais iron ore basin, within the so-called "iron ore quadrangle". mining and enrichment in Brazil is 33 years old. In 2000, Brazil ranked 5th in terms of explored uranium reserves (262 thousand tons, a share of 7.8% in the world). The main deposits of uranium ores are concentrated in the Serra di Jacobina mountains, together with gold-bearing conglomerates (Jacobina deposit). In terms of explored tin reserves at the end of the 20th century, Brazil ranks first in America and second in the world (after China).

In terms of total tin reserves, Brazil ranks first in the world. In terms of tin resources, Brazil ranks first among the countries of the world - 12.6% of world resources (6 million tons). About 40% of the total proven reserves are found in alluvial deposits located in 15 tin ore regions of the country. Alluvial placers predominate. The Pitinga ore cluster is located in the tin-bearing area of Mapuera (Amazonas state). Ore veins and stockworks are localized in albitized granites. Ores are complex, they include cassiterite, columbite, tantalite, pyrite, cryolite, fluorite. Reserves of primary tin ores - 1.19 million tons; sir. the metal content in ores here is 0.141%. Ores also contain 6 million tons of cryolite, 4 million tons of zircon (average content 1.5%), industrial concentrations of columbite-tantalite (average content of Ni pentoxide 0.223%, Ta pentoxide - 0.028%), fluorite, and yttrium, mainly in xenotime . The main reserves are concentrated in weathering crusts and placers that have arisen due to them and occupy an area of about 250 km2.

The main ones are the alluvial placers of Little Madeira, Jabuti and Keyshada. Ore sands occur at a depth of about 6 m. Ore reserves in placers are 195 million tons, tin - 343 thousand tons with an average content of cassiterite 2.0 kg / m3, niobium pentoxide - 435 thousand tons with an average content of Nb2O5 4, 3%, tantalum pentoxide - 55 thousand tons with an average Ta2O5 content of 0.3%, zirconium dioxide - 1.7 million tons. ores with an average content of 4.1% (1.2 million tons of Nb2O5). The basis of the country's manganese ore base is the Urukum deposits (Mato Grosso do Sul state, Corumba region) with proven reserves of 15.8 million tons, Azul and Buritirama ( State of Para, region of the Carajas Ridge) - 10 million tons, Serra do Navi (Federal Territory of Amapa) - 5.8 million tons, Miguel Conge in the region of the "iron ore quadrangle" and other deposits in the state of Minas Gerais, as well as a number of smaller objects in the Precambrian metamorphic sequences.

The largest deposits of manganese ores are associated with basement rocks. Lenses of manganese-containing spesartite rocks (gondite, carbonate rhodonite) have a thickness of 10-30 m and a length of 200-1000 m. In terms of bauxite reserves, Brazil ranks first in Lat. America (2000) and 2nd place in the world (after Guinea). Prom. bauxite deposits associated with lateritic weathering crust. Main resources are concentrated in the Amazon River basin in the state of Para (deposits of Trombetas, Paragominas and others).

Deposits are usually located close to the earth's surface and are mined in an open way. In terms of production rates close to modern, Brazil is provided with proven reserves for 340 years. Tungsten ores, represented by shelitovim skarnakh - deposits of Brezha, Kishaba, Malyada within the Borborem region. Deposits of nickel ores in the base of the silicate type are represented by garnierite ores. Ore bodies occur at shallow depths, about 75% of the reserves are located in the state of Goias (Nickeland deposits and others). There are several copper ore deposits in Brazil, the largest of which is Caraiba (Baya state). In Brazil, there are more than 100 small polymetallic hydrothermal deposits, explored rich tin placers.

Rare elements (beryllium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, and others) in Brazil are found mainly in complex pegmatite ores confined to the basement of gold, discovered in the second half of the 20th century in the Amazon basin. The predicted resources of the IHL of Brazil are insignificant and amount to 300 tons (about 0.6% of the world). About 35% of the world predicted beryllium resources (up to 700 thousand tons) are concentrated in Brazil, which determines its leading (together with Russia) place in the world.

Phosphate ore resources are of great importance in Brazil, which include three main industrial types: apatite (Jacupiranga deposit), repeated apatite (genus Arasha, tapirs, Catalan) and phosphorite sedimentary deposits in the Bambui series. Particularly promising are the phosphorites of the deposit - Patus di Minas (reserves 300 million tons). Brazil has the world's largest deposits of precious and ornamental stones: rock crystal, jewelry beryl, topaz, tourmaline, amethyst, agate; also known prom. deposits of emerald, diamond, noble opal, etc. Jewelry beryl, topaz and tourmaline are found in granite pegmatites, common in the states of Minas Gerais (diamond-bearing region of Diamantino), Bahia.

Specially protected natural areas

On the territory of Brazil there are more than 20 national parks, reserves and reserves. Among them:

* Amazonia, Pantanal Nature Reserve* Parane National Park, Jureia National Park* Serra Duquipo National Park, Torres Reefs
* the islands of Santa Barbara, Suesti, Redona, Guarita, * Fernando de Noronha and Trindade Marine Reserves, * Iguazu Falls * Parana National Park
*Lencois Maranhenses National Park

UNESCO World Heritage Sites (natural properties):* Iguazu National Park (1986)* Serra da Capivara National Park (Piahui state) (1991)* Forest reserves of Southeast Brazil (1999)* Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves » (1999)* Reserves of the Central Amazon (2000, 2003)* Reserve "Pantanal" (2000)* Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Rocos (2001)* Reserves "Cerrado"

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