Project “Characters in Russian folk tales. Animal Tales
Saint Petersburg State University
Program "Linguistics and intercultural communication»
Test on this topic:
Heroes of Russian folk tales about animals and their role in the formation national character
St. Petersburg
Introduction
For many centuries, in the process of the formation of the current images of animals in Russian folk tales created a literature that explored and described folklore features heroes of fairy tales from various regions, countries, etc.
In such works, V.Ya. Proppa like " Historical roots Fairy Tale”, “Russian Fairy Tale” and “Morphology of a Fairy Tale”, E.V. Pomerantseva "The Fate of a Russian Fairy Tale", V.P. Anikin "Russian folk tale" gives an idea of the structure of the tale, its types, in large numbers different types of fairy tale characters. Books by O.M. Ivanova-Kazas "Mythological zoology (dictionary)" and E. A. Kostyukhina "Types and forms of the animal epic" help to consider in detail the most famous heroes fairy tales about animals and create them collective image based on a comparative analysis of these heroes and their actions.
The heroes of fairy tales very often become animals, personifying people with different characters. Enough attention is paid to the consideration of such characters, but there is not enough literature explaining the role of their existence in fairy tales about animals, which is due to the relevance of the topic. term paper.
Purpose: To describe the heroes of Russian folk tales about animals.
Study of Russian Folk everyday fairy tale and her animal characters.
Creation of a comparative analysis of the data of heroes and their actions.
To prove the educational role of a fairy tale through the necessity of the existence of animal characters.
Subject of study.
Object of study.
Heroes-animals of Russian folk tales.
Theoretical Method
Analysis method
Poll/questionnaire method
Comparative method
Research material.
Russian folk tales about animals.
Choice referenced literature due to the fact that in Russian folk tales about animals, the characters of animal heroes and their traits are especially pronounced. And such books as A.N. Afanasyeva "Russian Folk Tales: a complete edition in one volume", "Tales about animals", "Tales about hares", "Tales about a fox" give a complete picture of the heroes of fairy tales about animals, describe their character traits, appearance and deeds.
Tales about animals, their features and varieties
In fairy tales about animals, certain characters can be traced in different time frames. Therefore, one of the most important issues is the problem of differentiation of fairy tales about animals and fairy tales of other genres in which animals take part.
The key to solving this problem is the definition of fairy tales about animals proposed by V.Ya. Propp: Tales about animals will be understood as such fairy tales in which the animal is the main object or subject of the narrative. On this basis, fairy tales about animals can be distinguished from others, where animals play only an auxiliary role and are not the heroes of the story.
Tales about animals, of course, include fairy tales where only animals act ( Fox and crane , Fox, hare and rooster , midwife fox , fox and thrush , fool wolf etc.). Of the tales about the relationship between man and animals, this genre should include those in which animals are the main characters, and people are the objects of their action and the narration in which is conducted from the point of view of animals, and not a person ( Wolf at the hole , dog and wolf , Man, bear and fox, etc.).
Tales about animals bear little resemblance to stories from the life of animals. Animals in fairy tales only to some extent act in accordance with their nature, and to a much greater extent act as carriers of this or that character and producers of these or those actions, which should be attributed primarily to man. Therefore, the world of animals in fairy tales is complemented by human imagination, it is a form of expression of thoughts and feelings of a person, his views on life.
Animals that speak, reason and behave like people are just a poetic convention: “The adventures of animals are projected onto human life - and human sense they are interesting." Hence the main themes of Russian fairy tales about animals - human characters, virtues and vices of people, types of human relationships in everyday life, in society, sometimes these images even look satirical.
Most researchers note the problem of classification of fairy tales about animals due to their diversity. V.Ya. Propp, noting the following varieties: fairy tales about animals that exist in a cumulative form ( Teremok , Kolobok , cockerel and bean seedetc.); fairy tales about animals, close in structure to fairy tales ( The wolf and the seven Young goats , cat, rooster and fox and etc.); fairy tales about animals, close in their structure to the fable ( wolf and fox ); tales of animals approaching literary works and in the form of a political pamphlet ( The Tale of Ersh Ershovich).
Developing a classification of Russian fairy tales about animals based on texts collected by A.N. Afanasiev, V.Ya. Propp distinguishes the following groups: Tales about wild animals ( Animals in the pit , Fox and wolf , midwife fox , Fox and crane , Fox Confessor and etc.); Tales of wild and domestic animals dog and wolf , The wolf and the seven Young goats , cat, fox and rooster and etc.); Tales of man and wild animals Fox and her tail , man and bear , Old bread and salt is forgotten , Bear - fake foot , Fox with a rolling pin and etc.); Pet Tales ( goat shelled , Horse and dog and etc.); Tales of Birds and Fishes Crane and heron , Cockerel and bean seed , Hen Ryaba and etc.); Tales about other animals, plants, mushrooms and elements ( fox and cancer , Teremok , Kolobok , Sun, frost and wind , War of mushrooms, etc.).
The characters of the Russian folk tale about animals are usually represented by images of wild and domestic animals. The images of wild animals clearly predominate over the images of domestic animals: these are the fox, wolf, bear, hare, birds - crane, heron, thrush, woodpecker, sparrow, raven, etc. Domestic animals are much less common, and they do not appear as independent or leading characters, but only in conjunction with the forest: a dog, a cat, a goat, a ram, a horse, a pig, a bull, from domestic birds - a goose, a duck and a rooster. There are no fairy tales only about domestic animals in Russian folklore. Each of the characters is an image of a very specific animal or bird, behind which there is one or another human character, therefore the characterization of the characters is based on observing the habits, demeanor of the beast, and its appearance. The difference in characters is especially clearly and definitely expressed in the images of wild animals: for example, the fox is drawn primarily as a flattering, cunning liar, charming robber; wolf - how greedy and slow-witted gray fool , always getting into a mess; bear - like a stupid ruler, forest oppression who uses his strength not according to reason; a hare, a frog, a mouse, forest birds - like weak, harmless creatures, always serving on parcels. The ambiguity of assessments is also preserved in the description of domestic animals: for example, a dog is depicted as an intelligent animal devoted to man; a paradoxical combination of courage with laziness is noted in the cat; the rooster is noisy, self-confident and curious.
To understand the meaning of Russian folk tales about animals, it is necessary to work on their plot organization and composition. The plot of animalistic tales is characterized by clarity, clarity and simplicity: “Fairy tales about animals are built on elementary actions that underlie the narrative, representing a more or less expected or unexpected end, in a certain way prepared. These simplest actions are phenomena of a psychological order ... ". Animal fairy tales are distinguished by their small volume, persistence of the plot scheme and conciseness. artistic means expressions.
The composition of Russian fairy tales about animals is also distinguished by simplicity and transparency. Often they are one-episode (“The Fox and the Crane”, “The Crane and the Heron”, etc.). In this case, they are characterized by hyperbolization of the main properties and traits of the character, which determines the unusual, fantastic nature of their actions. However, fairy tales with plots based on the sequential linking of single-theme plot links-motifs are much more common. The events in them are connected by similar actions of through characters: for example, in the fairy tale "The Fox and the Wolf" there are three plot motifs - "The fox steals fish from the sleigh", "The wolf at the hole", "The beaten unbeaten one is lucky". The multi-episode nature, as a rule, does not complicate the compositions, since we are usually talking about the same type of actions of characters performed in different plot situations.
In this work, we will study two negative heroes of Russian folk tales about animals - the fox and the wolf. This choice is due not only to their popularity, but also to the fact that on the example of these heroes one can clearly see what vices are ridiculed and condemned in fairy tales, thereby influencing the formation of the national character of readers. Both characters are found both in different fairy tales separately, and in one together. And despite the fact that both the wolf and the fox are negative characters, and it seems that they have a lot in common: they live in the same forests, attack the same animals, are also afraid of the same opponents, in fairy tales they endowed with different human qualities, which is quite interesting. Also interesting is the fact that one negative male character and, it turns out, he is endowed with masculine negative traits character, and the other hero is female, endowed with female features accordingly, from which the methods of achieving their goals are different, despite the fact that these goals are the same. Thus, based on the analyzes of various Russian folk tales about animals, one can consider these heroes from the same positions: their appearance, features, actions, determine which of them is smarter, smarter or more cunning, and who is stupid and naive. Comparative analysis wolf and fox will also help to identify the main human vices ridiculed in society and find out how the presence of these heroes in Russian folk tales affects the formation of a national character, which is the purpose of this work.
Fox in fairy tales about animals
One of the most famous fox tales is the Tale of the Fox and the Wolf.
It begins with the fact that the fox wants to eat fish, but does not know where to get it. And, to achieve her goal, she decides to lie down on the road. On the road, a man notices her and puts her in a cart with fish. While the man is riding and enjoying a good find, the fox gnaws a hole in the sleigh and lowers the fish down to the ground. The fox fishes out almost all the fish, and she runs away into the forest. When the peasant saw that there was neither a fox nor a fish, he was very upset. And the fox, meanwhile, runs to collect fish and feast on it. On the road she meets a wolf who asks her where the fish came from, how she fished it and where. In order to get rid of the wolf and not share prey with him, she tells him that the tail should be lowered into the hole and special words should be pronounced so that the fish can be better caught. So the stupid wolf ran into the hole. While he was sitting and waiting for the fish, the tail froze in the hole so that there was no way to pull it out. I saw a wolf woman with a yoke. At first she drove him, and when she realized that he was frozen, she began to beat him so that the tail of the wolf came off. And the fox at this time comes running to the hut where the woman lived, and begins to knead the dough. While she was kneading, she got dirty all over in the dough, went and lay down on the road. The wolf met her again, said that nothing came of it, and noticing that the fox was all white, he got scared, began to ask what had happened to her. The fox told him that her head was broken with a yoke. The wolf took pity on her, put her on his back and took her home. And the fox rode on his back and said smiling: “The beaten unbeaten one is lucky!”.
In Russian folk tales about animals, the fox often acts as an opponent of the wolf. This "gossip-dove" often arouses our sympathy for its dexterity, courage and resourcefulness in fooling the wolf. And in the tale presented above, the fiction and resourcefulness of the fox has no boundaries. For the sake of its own benefit, the fox deceives the wolf, the peasant, and, most likely, would be ready to deceive and substitute anyone for the sake of its own goal - food and warm housing. And, therefore, despite all the sympathy for her, it would still be a mistake to speak of her as a positive character. Cunning and ingenuity coexist with the fox with unbridled arrogance, hypocrisy and betrayal.
Among the tales about animals there are also those in which not only human, but also public vices, although they are few. For example, the fairy tale "The Fox and Kotofey Ivanovich." Reverence and bribery are depicted in it with inimitable brilliance. The cat, expelled from the house, thanks to the dodgy fox who allegedly marries him, becomes Kotofey Ivanych - the "boss" over all forest animals, because the fox, by deceit, gives him to everyone as terrible beast. Even the strongest inhabitants of the forest - the bear and the wolf are forced to serve him, and the cat freely robs and presses everyone.
In Russian folk tales about animals, the fox also appears before us in the form of a sweet-voiced red-haired beauty who can speak to anyone. So, in the fairy tale "The Fox Confessor", before eating a rooster, she convinces him to confess his sins; at the same time, the hypocrisy of the clergy is wittily ridiculed. The fox addresses the rooster: “Oh, my dear child, the rooster!” She tells him a biblical parable about the publican and the Pharisee, and then eats him.
Another fairy tale, the plot of which is known to everyone - Kolobok. The tale is a chain of homogeneous episodes depicting Kolobok's meetings with various talking animals intending to eat him, but Kolobok leaves everyone except the fox. With each animal, the bun enters into a discussion, in which each time he explains his departure: "I left my grandmother, I left my grandfather, and I will leave you, bear (wolf, hare)." The fox, as usual, with the help of deceit, pretending to be partially deaf, catches Kolobok on vanity and, taking advantage of his kindness, which is expressed in the readiness to repeat the song closer to the ear and mouth of the fox, eats him.
The stupidity of the fox is described in the tale of the Fox and the thrush. The thrush built a nest and brought out the chicks. The fox found out about this and began to frighten the thrush by destroying its nest. First, the fox asked the thrush to feed her. The thrush fed the fox with pies and honey. The fox then demanded water from the thrush. The thrush made the fox drink beer. Again the fox came to the thrush and demanded to make her laugh. The thrush made the fox laugh. Again the fox came to the thrush and demanded to scare her. So the blackbird brought the fox to the pack of dogs. The fox got scared, rushed to run away from the dogs, climbed into the hole, and started talking to herself. She quarreled with the tail, stuck it out of the hole. So the dogs grabbed her by the tail and ate her. So stupidity and greed are always punished in Russian folk tales about animals.
Having considered several fairy tales with the participation of a fox, we can conclude that in most cases the fox is villain, personifying cunning, deceit, deceit, deceit and selfishness. But you can also notice that if she, together with other animals, opposes the wolf, she receives a positive assessment, and if she harms others, she gets a negative one. It is quite common to see tales of the cunning fox and the stupid wolf in which the fox deceives the wolf for his own benefit. But the fox is just as predatory as the wolf. She drives the bunny out of his hut, eats thrush chicks, deceives other animals, for example, a bear, or even people, she also always wants to eat a rooster, a black grouse, a bun, a hare. And she pays dearly for her actions. After all, cunning, bordering on betrayal, cannot be justified. Even the appearance of a fox is deceiving: it is usually described as very attractive, red, with eyes that speak of its cunning.
Wolf in fairy tales about animals
fairy tale animal moral teaching
wolf is enough popular character Russian folk tales, but in the minds of Russian people, his image is endowed for the most part negative characteristics. Most often, in Russian folk tales, a wolf is a silly and rustic beast, which everyone constantly deceives and sets up (Sister Chanterelle and Wolf, Wolf and Goat, Fool Wolf, Wintering of animals). But it should be noted that even when a wolf in fairy tales is represented as a fool, he is never vile and low, unlike a fox.
It has already been said earlier that fairy tales about animals were created not only for the edification of the little ones. Many of them, with the help of funny fiction, jokes, make fun of vices. And, for example, the embodiment of stupidity in fairy tales is often a wolf. His stupidity is the stupidity of a cruel and greedy beast. Storytellers seem to deliberately put the wolf in conditions that justify his actions, which should cause the listener to feel pity for him, but this does not happen, because there is no place in life for stupidity, cruelty and greed - this is the main thesis of fairy tales.
One of the most famous fairy tales about the wolf is the tale of the Wolf and the seven kids. The mother goat, leaving the house, warns her kids to beware of the wolf that roams nearby. Meanwhile, the wolf, taking advantage of a good moment, knocks on the goats and declares that he is their mother. And the kids say in response that their mother's voice is soft, while his voice is rough. To soften his voice, the wolf eats a piece of honey, but the goats still do not let it in, because their mother's paws are white, not black, like those of a wolf. Then he goes to the mill and soils his paws in flour. The kids let the wolf in, who immediately eats them all, except for the smallest one, who hid in the stove. Returning home, the mother goat sees the devastation that the wolf arranged and the smallest goat that escaped, who tells her about what happened. She goes after the wolf and finds him sleeping with a full stomach, in which something is stirring. The mother goat rips open the belly of the wolf, and six kids come out alive. Instead of kids, their mother fills the belly of the wolf with stones. The next morning, the goat met the wolf and invited him to compete in jumping over the fire, the goat jumped over, the wolf also jumped, but the stones pulled him down. So the wolf burned down. Another version of the ending - the wolf, waking up with stones in his stomach, wanted to drink, went to the stream, slipped, fell into the water and drowned from the weight.
In this tale, the wolf is cruel and merciless; for the sake of his prey, he is able to deceive the little goats who were left alone at home. By deception (he speaks in the voice of a mother-goat), he tells the kids that he is their mother and asks to let him go home. And when they let him in, the wolf eats all the goats except for one, which he did not notice. It is thanks to the little goat in this tale that evil, greed and ruthlessness are punished.
In the Tale of the Wolf and the Fox, the wolf appears to readers in a slightly different way - a stupid and naive beast that is easy to deceive. The fox in his house manipulates and controls the wolf, deftly talking to him. At the very beginning of the tale, it is said that the fox lived in an ice hut, and the wolf lived in a brushwood one, and when spring came, the fox's hut melted, and she began to ask the wolf to live in the house. The wolf took pity on her and foolishly let her in. Every day the fox managed to deceive the wolf: she said that guests were coming to her and went out to them to eat his sour cream, butter, slowly changed her sleeping place so that it was closer to the stove. So, the fox moved to sleep on the stove, and the wolf moved under the stove. The tale ended with the fact that, continuing to deceive the wolf, the fox remained to live in his house forever, becoming the mistress there, and making the wolf a servant.
The stupidity of the wolf is also described in the fairy tale How the fox sewed a fur coat for the wolf. The stupid wolf asked the cunning fox to sew a fur coat for him. The fox received sheep from the wolf: she ate meat and sold wool. And when the wolf ran out of patience, and he asked for his fur coat, the fox ruined him by deceit.
So, from the tales discussed above, we can conclude that the wolf is often stupid, but this is not its main feature: it is cruel, ferocious, angry, greedy - these are its main qualities. He eats the poor old man's horse, breaks into the winter quarters of the animals and disturbs their peaceful life, wants to eat the goats, deceiving them with a song. But such qualities are never encouraged in fairy tales, so the wolf always gets what he deserves.
The role of fairy tales about animals in the formation of a national character
Russian folk tales about animals show what the people condemned in society, their enemies, and even in themselves. Cruelty, boasting, flattery, venality and much more were ridiculed. And, often, therefore, in fairy tales, precisely due to the presence of animals, in simple content, such ideas are hidden that make up the essence of the moral code of the people. Those plots that unfold in fairy tales about animals are a kind of staging of real life situations. It is not without reason that such tales have a moral and instructive role, because their heroes personify certain human qualities, and that is why a cunning person is called a fox, a cowardly hare, a stupid wolf. Tales about animals are parables that show the reader what is held in high esteem and what is not.
The character of each person is made up of emotional, strong-willed and moral traits, the foundations of which are laid back in early childhood. Parents read fairy tales to their children, with the help of which they learn about the world. Therefore, it is fairy tales that have an educational role, because a fairy tale is a centuries-old folk wisdom. Through it, the child learns the world and his place in this world, receives the first ideas about good and evil, friendship and betrayal, courage and cowardice. These representations appear precisely through the images of the heroes of fairy tales, including animals, because sometimes animals at the end of a fairy tale become more moral, passing through certain moral tests, and sometimes it is animals who are those “moral teachers” in a fairy tale, with the help of which morality is determined. . In Russian folk tales, there are many similar characters, the consideration of which led to very interesting results. The identification of similar features in animals and humans (speech - cry, behavior - habits) served as the basis for combining their qualities in animal images with human qualities: animals speak and behave like people. This combination led to the typification of the characters of animals, which became the embodiment of certain qualities: the fox - cunning, the wolf - stupidity and greed, the bear - gullibility, and the hare - cowardice. So fairy tales acquired an allegorical meaning: animals began to mean people of certain characters. The images of animals became a means of moral teaching, and then of social satire, which led to the development of a national character, because in fairy tales about animals, not only negative qualities(stupidity, laziness, talkativeness), but the oppression of the weak, greed, deceit for profit are also condemned.
Bibliography
1.Afanasiev A.N. "Folk Russian fairy tales: a complete edition in one volume", M., 2010.
2.Anikin V.P. Russian folktale. M., 1984.
.Vedernikova N.M. Russian folktale. M., 1975.
.Ivanova-Kazas O.M. Mythological zoology (dictionary), St. Petersburg, Faculty of Philology, 2004.
.Kostyukhin E. A. Types and forms of the animal epic. Moscow, 1987
.Nikiforov A.I. Folk children's tale dramatic genre. L., 1928.
.Propp V.Ya. The historical roots of fairy tales.<#"justify">8.Propp V.Ya. Morphology of a fairy tale. M., 98.
.Propp V.Ya. Russian fairy tale. L., 1984.
.Pomerantseva E.V. The fate of the Russian fairy tale, M., 1965.
.Tales about animals, Tula, 2000.
.Tales about hares, Tyumen, 1959.
.Tales about the fox, retold by O. Kapitsa and A. Tolstoy for children preschool age, L., 1970.
.Fundamental e-library. Russian literature and folklore. http://feb-web.ru/feb/feb/atindex/atindx01.htm#Afanasiev
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Saint Petersburg State University
Faculty of Philology
Program "Linguistics and Intercultural Communication"
Control work on the topic:
Heroes of Russian folk tales about animals and their role in the formation of a national character
St. Petersburg
Introduction
For many centuries, in the process of the formation of the current images of animals in Russian folk tales, literature was created that explored and described the folklore features of the heroes of fairy tales from various regions, countries, etc.
In such works, V.Ya. Propp as "Historical roots of a fairy tale", "Russian fairy tale" and "Morphology of a fairy tale", E.V. Pomerantseva "The Fate of a Russian Fairy Tale", V.P. Anikin "Russian folk tale" gives an idea of the structure of a fairy tale, its types, a large number of different types of heroes of a fairy tale. Books by O.M. Ivanova-Kazas "Mythological Zoology (Dictionary)" and E. A. Kostyukhina "Types and Forms of the Animal Epos" help to consider in detail the most famous heroes of fairy tales about animals and create their collective image based on a comparative analysis of these heroes and their actions.
The heroes of fairy tales very often become animals, personifying people with different characters. Enough attention is paid to the consideration of such characters, but there is not enough literature explaining the role of their existence in fairy tales about animals, which is due to the relevance of the topic of the course work.
Purpose: To describe the heroes of Russian folk tales about animals.
Research of the Russian folk fairy tale and its animal characters.
Creation of a comparative analysis of the data of heroes and their actions.
To prove the educational role of a fairy tale through the necessity of the existence of animal characters.
Subject of study.
Object of study.
Heroes-animals of Russian folk tales.
Analysis method
Poll/questionnaire method
Comparative method
Research material.
Russian folk tales about animals.
The choice of this literature is due to the fact that in Russian folk tales about animals, the characters of animal heroes and their features are especially pronounced. And such books as A.N. Afanasyeva "Russian Folk Tales: a complete edition in one volume", "Tales about animals", "Tales about hares", "Tales about a fox" give a complete picture of the heroes of fairy tales about animals, describe their character traits, appearance and actions.
Tales about animals, their features and varieties
In fairy tales about animals, certain characters can be traced in different time frames. Therefore, one of the most important issues is the problem of differentiation of fairy tales about animals and fairy tales of other genres in which animals take part.
The key to solving this problem is the definition of fairy tales about animals proposed by V.Ya. Propp: Tales about animals will be understood as such fairy tales in which the animal is the main object or subject of the narrative. On this basis, fairy tales about animals can be distinguished from others, where animals play only an auxiliary role and are not heroes of the story. .
Tales about animals, of course, include fairy tales where only animals act ( Fox and crane , Fox, hare and rooster , midwife fox , fox and thrush , fool wolf etc.). Of the tales about the relationship between man and animals, this genre should include those in which animals are the main characters, and people are the objects of their action and the narration in which is conducted from the point of view of animals, and not a person ( Wolf at the hole , dog and wolf , Man, bear and fox etc.). Tales about animals bear little resemblance to stories from the life of animals. Animals in fairy tales only to some extent act in accordance with their nature, and to a much greater extent act as carriers of this or that character and producers of these or those actions, which should be attributed primarily to man. Therefore, the world of animals in fairy tales is complemented by human imagination, it is a form of expression of thoughts and feelings of a person, his views on life. Animals that speak, reason and behave like people are just a poetic convention: "The adventures of animals are projected onto human life - and they are interesting in human sense." Hence the main themes of Russian fairy tales about animals - human characters, virtues and vices of people, types of human relationships in everyday life, in society, sometimes these images even look satirical. Most researchers note the problem of classification of fairy tales about animals due to their diversity. V.Ya. Propp, noting the following varieties: fairy tales about animals that exist in a cumulative form ( Teremok , Kolobok , Cockerel and bean seed etc.); fairy tales about animals, close in structure to fairy tales ( The wolf and the seven Young goats , cat, rooster and fox and etc.); fairy tales about animals, close in their structure to the fable ( wolf and fox ); animal tales approaching literary works and taking the form of a political pamphlet ( The Tale of Ersh Ershovich ).
Developing a classification of Russian fairy tales about animals based on texts collected by A.N. Afanasiev, V.Ya. Propp distinguishes the following groups: Tales about wild animals ( Animals in the pit , Fox and wolf , midwife fox , Fox and crane , Fox Confessor and etc.); Tales of wild and domestic animals dog and wolf , The wolf and the seven Young goats , cat, fox and rooster and etc.); Tales of man and wild animals Fox and her tail , man and bear , Old bread and salt is forgotten , Bear - fake foot , Fox with a rolling pin and etc.); Pet Tales ( goat shelled , Horse and dog and etc.); Tales of Birds and Fishes Crane and heron , Cockerel and bean seed , Hen Ryaba and etc.); Tales about other animals, plants, mushrooms and elements ( fox and cancer , Teremok , Kolobok , Sun, frost and wind , mushroom war and etc.). The characters of the Russian folk tale about animals are usually represented by images of wild and domestic animals. The images of wild animals clearly predominate over the images of domestic animals: these are the fox, wolf, bear, hare, birds - crane, heron, thrush, woodpecker, sparrow, raven, etc. Domestic animals are much less common, and they do not appear as independent or leading characters, but only in conjunction with the forest: a dog, a cat, a goat, a ram, a horse, a pig, a bull, from domestic birds - a goose, a duck and a rooster. There are no fairy tales only about domestic animals in Russian folklore. Each of the characters is an image of a very specific animal or bird, behind which there is one or another human character, therefore the characterization of the characters is based on observing the habits, demeanor of the beast, and its appearance. The difference in characters is especially clearly and definitely expressed in the images of wild animals: for example, the fox is drawn primarily as a flattering, cunning liar, charming robber; wolf - how greedy and slow-witted gray fool , always getting into a mess; bear - like a stupid ruler, forest oppression who uses his strength not according to reason; a hare, a frog, a mouse, forest birds - like weak, harmless creatures, always serving on parcels. The ambiguity of assessments is also preserved in the description of domestic animals: for example, a dog is depicted as an intelligent animal devoted to man; a paradoxical combination of courage with laziness is noted in the cat; the rooster is noisy, self-confident and curious. To understand the meaning of Russian folk tales about animals, it is necessary to work on their plot organization and composition. The plot of animalistic tales is characterized by clarity, clarity and simplicity: “Fairy tales about animals are built on elementary actions that underlie the narrative, representing a more or less expected or unexpected end, prepared in a certain way. These simplest actions are phenomena of a psychological order ... ". Animalistic tales are notable for their small volume, persistence of the plot scheme and laconism of artistic means of expression. The composition of Russian fairy tales about animals is also distinguished by simplicity and transparency. Often they are one-episode (“The Fox and the Crane”, “The Crane and the Heron”, etc.). In this case, they are characterized by hyperbolization of the main properties and traits of the character, which determines the unusual, fantastic nature of their actions. However, fairy tales with plots based on the sequential linking of single-theme plot links-motifs are much more common. The events in them are connected by similar actions of through characters: for example, in the fairy tale "The Fox and the Wolf" there are three plot motifs - "The fox steals fish from the sleigh", "The wolf at the hole", "The beaten unbeaten one is lucky". The multi-episode nature, as a rule, does not complicate the compositions, since we are usually talking about the same type of actions of characters performed in different plot situations. In this work, we will study two negative heroes of Russian folk tales about animals - the fox and the wolf. This choice is due not only to their popularity, but also to the fact that on the example of these heroes one can clearly see what vices are ridiculed and condemned in fairy tales, thereby influencing the formation of the national character of readers. Both characters are found both in different fairy tales separately, and in one together. And despite the fact that both the wolf and the fox are negative characters, and it seems that they have a lot in common: they live in the same forests, attack the same animals, are also afraid of the same opponents, in fairy tales they endowed with different human qualities, which is quite interesting. It is also interesting that one negative male character and, it turns out, he is endowed with male negative character traits, and the other female hero, endowed with female traits, respectively, from which the methods of achieving their goals are different, despite the fact that these goals are the same. Thus, based on the analyzes of various Russian folk tales about animals, one can consider these heroes from the same positions: their appearance, features, actions, determine which of them is smarter, smarter or more cunning, and who is stupid and naive. A comparative analysis of the wolf and the fox will also help to identify the main human vices ridiculed in society and find out how the presence of these heroes in Russian folk tales affects the formation of a national character, which is the purpose of this work. Fox in fairy tales about animals
One of the most famous fox tales is the Tale of the Fox and the Wolf. In Russian folk tales about animals, the fox often acts as an opponent of the wolf. This "gossip-dove" often arouses our sympathy for its dexterity, courage and resourcefulness in fooling the wolf. And in the tale presented above, the fiction and resourcefulness of the fox has no boundaries. For the sake of its own benefit, the fox deceives the wolf, the peasant, and, most likely, would be ready to deceive and substitute anyone for the sake of its own goal - food and warm housing. And, therefore, despite all the sympathy for her, it would still be a mistake to talk about her as a positive character. Cunning and ingenuity coexist with the fox with unbridled arrogance, hypocrisy and betrayal. Among the tales about animals there are also those in which not only human, but also social vices are condemned, although there are not many of them. For example, the fairy tale "The Fox and Kotofey Ivanovich." Reverence and bribery are depicted in it with inimitable brilliance. The cat, expelled from the house, thanks to the dodgy fox who allegedly marries him, becomes Kotofey Ivanych - the "chief" over all forest animals, because the fox, by deceit, gives him to everyone as a terrible beast. Even the strongest inhabitants of the forest - the bear and the wolf are forced to serve him, and the cat freely robs and presses everyone. In Russian folk tales about animals, the fox also appears before us in the form of a sweet-voiced red-haired beauty who can speak to anyone. So, in the fairy tale "The Fox Confessor", before eating a rooster, she convinces him to confess his sins; at the same time, the hypocrisy of the clergy is wittily ridiculed. The fox addresses the rooster: “Oh, my dear child, the rooster!” She tells him a biblical parable about the publican and the Pharisee, and then eats him. Another fairy tale, the plot of which is known to everyone - Kolobok. The tale is a chain of homogeneous episodes depicting Kolobok's meetings with various talking animals intending to eat him, but Kolobok leaves everyone except the fox. With each animal, the bun enters into a discussion, in which each time he explains his departure: "I left my grandmother, I left my grandfather, and I will leave you, bear (wolf, hare)." The fox, as usual, with the help of deceit, pretending to be partially deaf, catches Kolobok on vanity and, taking advantage of his kindness, which is expressed in the readiness to repeat the song closer to the ear and mouth of the fox, eats him. The stupidity of the fox is described in the tale of the Fox and the thrush. The thrush built a nest and brought out the chicks. The fox found out about this and began to frighten the thrush by destroying its nest. First, the fox asked the thrush to feed her. The thrush fed the fox with pies and honey. The fox then demanded water from the thrush. The thrush made the fox drink beer. Again the fox came to the thrush and demanded to make her laugh. The thrush made the fox laugh. Again the fox came to the thrush and demanded to scare her. So the blackbird brought the fox to the pack of dogs. The fox got scared, rushed to run away from the dogs, climbed into the hole, and started talking to herself. She quarreled with the tail, stuck it out of the hole. So the dogs grabbed her by the tail and ate her. So stupidity and greed are always punished in Russian folk tales about animals. Having considered several fairy tales with the participation of a fox, we can conclude that in most cases the fox is a negative hero, personifying cunning, deceit, deceit, cunning and selfishness. But you can also notice that if she, together with other animals, opposes the wolf, she receives a positive assessment, and if she harms others, she gets a negative one. It is quite common to see tales of the cunning fox and the stupid wolf in which the fox deceives the wolf for his own benefit. But the fox is just as predatory as the wolf. She drives the bunny out of his hut, eats thrush chicks, deceives other animals, for example, a bear, or even people, she also always wants to eat a rooster, a black grouse, a bun, a hare. And she pays dearly for her actions. After all, cunning, bordering on betrayal, cannot be justified. Even the appearance of a fox is deceiving: it is usually described as very attractive, red, with eyes that speak of its cunning. Wolf in fairy tales about animals fairy tale animal moral teaching The wolf is a fairly popular character in Russian folk tales, but in the minds of Russian people, his image is endowed with mostly negative characteristics. Most often, in Russian folk tales, a wolf is a silly and rustic beast, which everyone constantly deceives and sets up (Sister Chanterelle and Wolf, Wolf and Goat, Fool Wolf, Wintering of animals). But it should be noted that even when a wolf in fairy tales is represented as a fool, he is never vile and low, unlike a fox. It has already been said earlier that fairy tales about animals were created not only for the edification of the little ones. Many of them, with the help of funny fiction, jokes, make fun of vices. And, for example, the embodiment of stupidity in fairy tales is often a wolf. His stupidity is the stupidity of a cruel and greedy beast. Storytellers seem to deliberately put the wolf in conditions that justify his actions, which should cause the listener to feel pity for him, but this does not happen, because there is no place in life for stupidity, cruelty and greed - this is the main thesis of fairy tales. One of the most famous fairy tales about the wolf is the tale of the Wolf and the seven kids. The mother goat, leaving the house, warns her kids to beware of the wolf that roams nearby. Meanwhile, the wolf, taking advantage of a good moment, knocks on the goats and declares that he is their mother. And the kids say in response that their mother's voice is soft, while his voice is rough. To soften his voice, the wolf eats a piece of honey, but the goats still do not let it in, because their mother's paws are white, not black, like those of a wolf. Then he goes to the mill and soils his paws in flour. The kids let the wolf in, who immediately eats them all, except for the smallest one, who hid in the stove. Returning home, the mother goat sees the devastation that the wolf arranged and the smallest goat that escaped, who tells her about what happened. She goes after the wolf and finds him sleeping with a full stomach, in which something is stirring. The mother goat rips open the belly of the wolf, and six kids come out alive. Instead of kids, their mother fills the belly of the wolf with stones. The next morning, the goat met the wolf and invited him to compete in jumping over the fire, the goat jumped over, the wolf also jumped, but the stones pulled him down. So the wolf burned down. Another version of the ending - the wolf, waking up with stones in his stomach, wanted to drink, went to the stream, slipped, fell into the water and drowned from the weight. In this tale, the wolf is cruel and merciless; for the sake of his prey, he is able to deceive the little goats who were left alone at home. By deception (he speaks in the voice of a mother-goat), he tells the kids that he is their mother and asks to let him go home. And when they let him in, the wolf eats all the goats except for one, which he did not notice. It is thanks to the little goat in this tale that evil, greed and ruthlessness are punished. In the Tale of the Wolf and the Fox, the wolf appears to readers in a slightly different way - a stupid and naive beast that is easy to deceive. The fox in his house manipulates and controls the wolf, deftly talking to him. At the very beginning of the tale, it is said that the fox lived in an ice hut, and the wolf lived in a brushwood one, and when spring came, the fox's hut melted, and she began to ask the wolf to live in the house. The wolf took pity on her and foolishly let her in. Every day the fox managed to deceive the wolf: she said that guests were coming to her and went out to them to eat his sour cream, butter, slowly changed her sleeping place so that it was closer to the stove. So, the fox moved to sleep on the stove, and the wolf moved under the stove. The tale ended with the fact that, continuing to deceive the wolf, the fox remained to live in his house forever, becoming the mistress there, and making the wolf a servant. The stupidity of the wolf is also described in the fairy tale How the fox sewed a fur coat for the wolf. The stupid wolf asked the cunning fox to sew a fur coat for him. The fox received sheep from the wolf: she ate meat and sold wool. And when the wolf ran out of patience, and he asked for his fur coat, the fox ruined him by deceit. So, from the tales discussed above, we can conclude that the wolf is often stupid, but this is not its main feature: it is cruel, ferocious, angry, greedy - these are its main qualities. He eats the poor old man's horse, breaks into the winter quarters of the animals and disturbs their peaceful life, wants to eat the goats, deceiving them with a song. But such qualities are never encouraged in fairy tales, so the wolf always gets what he deserves. The role of fairy tales about animals in the formation of a national character
Russian folk tales about animals show what the people condemned in society, their enemies, and even in themselves. Cruelty, boasting, flattery, venality and much more were ridiculed. And, often, therefore, in fairy tales, precisely due to the presence of animals, in simple content, such ideas are hidden that make up the essence of the moral code of the people. Those plots that unfold in fairy tales about animals are a kind of staging of real life situations. It is not for nothing that such tales have a moral and instructive role, because their heroes personify certain human qualities, and that is why they call a cunning person a fox, a cowardly hare, a stupid wolf. Tales about animals are parables that show the reader what is held in high esteem and what is not. The character of each person is made up of emotional, strong-willed and moral traits, the foundations of which are laid in early childhood. Parents read fairy tales to their children, with the help of which they learn about the world. Therefore, it is fairy tales that have an educational role, because a fairy tale is a centuries-old folk wisdom. Through it, the child learns the world around him and his place in this world, receives the first ideas about good and evil, friendship and betrayal, courage and cowardice. These representations appear precisely through the images of the heroes of fairy tales, including animals, because sometimes animals at the end of a fairy tale become more moral, passing through certain moral tests, and sometimes it is animals who are those “moral teachers” in a fairy tale, with the help of which morality is determined. . In Russian folk tales, there are many similar characters, the consideration of which led to very interesting results. The identification of similar features in animals and humans (speech - cry, behavior - habits) served as the basis for combining their qualities in animal images with human qualities: animals speak and behave like people. This combination led to the typification of the characters of animals, which became the embodiment of certain qualities: the fox - cunning, the wolf - stupidity and greed, the bear - gullibility, and the hare - cowardice. So fairy tales acquired an allegorical meaning: animals began to mean people of certain characters. Images of animals became a means of moral teaching, and then social satire, which led to the development of a national character, because in fairy tales about animals, not only negative qualities (stupidity, laziness, talkativeness) are ridiculed, but oppression of the weak, greed, deceit for profit are also condemned. . Bibliography
1.Afanasiev A.N. "Folk Russian fairy tales: a complete edition in one volume", M., 2010. .Vedernikova N.M. Russian folktale. M., 1975. .Ivanova-Kazas O.M. Mythological zoology (dictionary), St. Petersburg, Faculty of Philology, 2004. .Kostyukhin E. A. Types and forms of the animal epic. Moscow, 1987 .Nikiforov A.I. Folk children's fairy tale of dramatic genre. L., 1928. .Propp V.Ya. The historical roots of fairy tales.<#"justify">8.Propp V.Ya. Morphology of a fairy tale. M., 98. .Propp V.Ya. Russian fairy tale. L., 1984. .Pomerantseva E.V. The fate of the Russian fairy tale, M., 1965. .Tales about animals, Tula, 2000. .Tales about hares, Tyumen, 1959. .Tales about the fox, retold by O. Kapitsa and A. Tolstoy for preschool children, L., 1970. .Fundamental electronic library. Russian literature and folklore. http://feb-web.ru/feb/feb/atindex/atindx01.htm#Afanasiev
Quiz "Animals - heroes of fairy tales"
Fairy tale quiz for students elementary school
Serdobintseva Valentina Fedorovna, head of the library, MBOU secondary school No. 11, Novy Urengoy, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous OkrugMaterial Description: It's hard to imagine life without fairy tales. They are loved and read not only by children, but also by adults. In fairy tales, animals speak with a human voice and perform actions that are inherent in people. In fairy tales, all human vices are ridiculed, and evil is always punished. I offer you a quiz for elementary school students on Russian folk tales about animals. The quiz can be used in the lessons literary reading, as well as in extracurricular activities. This material will be useful to the organizers extracurricular activities, teachers, librarians.
Target: To expand children's knowledge of fairy tales, to cultivate intolerance for the vices of people.
Tasks: To teach to understand the entertaining plots of fairy tales, to be able to draw conclusions. develop speech
and figurative thinking. Build a strong interest in reading.
Demo material:
Exhibition of books "In the land of fairy tales". Drawings of children on the theme of fairy tales. Recording of the song "Little Country": music by I. Nikolaev, lyrics by I. Reznik.
Event progress:
The song is being recorded.
Librarian:
Guys! Today we will talk about fairy tales. I think you all love fairy tales, you know them. See what wonderful fairy tale characters are in your drawings! How different fairy tales did you read. What do fairy tales teach? (Children's answers) That's right, fairy tales teach to be kind and fair, to hate villains, to despise cunning people. In fairy tales since ancient times there is an irreconcilable struggle between good and evil. A fairy tale is not just a fiction - folk or author's. it entertaining story, telling about the incredible, but cautionary tale that happens to the characters.
In fairy tales about animals, animals not only speak with a human voice, but also act like people, think like people. Today we will remember fairy tales in which the heroes are animals.
The hero of fairy tales is a fox
1. What fairy tales do you know where stupidity, greed of a fox is ridiculed?
("The Fox and the Jug", "The Fox and the Crane", "The Fox and the Black Grouse")
2. In what fairy tale did the kind fox take her granddaughter home to her grandparents?
("Snow Maiden and the Fox")
3. What was the savior treated to?
(cottage cheese, milk, eggs and chicken for the road)
4. Which other animal offered Snegurushka to take her home?
(bear, wolf)
5. Who taught the wolf to catch fish with his tail in the hole?
(fox, "Fox-sister and wolf")
Fairy tale "The Fox and the Thrush"
1. Why was the thrush afraid of the fox?
(the fox threatened to eat the thrush and his babies)
2. What did the thrush feed the fox?
(pies and honey)
3. What was the man carrying on the way?
(beer in barrel)
4. How did the thrush get the fox drunk?
(the thrush annoyed the peasant, and he knocked a nail out of the barrel, and the beer poured onto the road)
5. What new desires did the fox have?
(she wanted the thrush to make her laugh and then frighten her)
6. How was the fox punished for his greed and stupidity?
(it was torn apart by dogs)
Fairy tale "The cat and the fox"
1. Why did the man take the cat to the forest?
(he was a big prankster)
2. What name did the cat introduce himself to the fox?
(Kotofey Ivanovich)
3. What did the wolf and the bear bring as a gift to Kotofey Ivanovich?
(wolf - ram, bear - bull)
4. Whom did they send on an errand to the fox and the cat?
(hare)
5. Where did the wolf and the bear hide from the cat?
(the wolf is in the bushes, the bear is on the tree)
The hero of fairy tales is a bear
1. In what fairy tale did the man and the bear share the harvest?
("The Man and the Bear")
2. What did the man sow?
(turnip, rye)
3. In what fairy tale did the girl live in the bear's hut?
("Masha and the Bear")
4. Why did the ox, ram and rooster from the fairy tale "The Bear and the Rooster" run away into the forest?
(because the son asked his father to kill them)
5. Where did the bear keep honey in the fairy tale "The Bear and the Fox"?
(in the attic)
6. Who ate all the bear's honey?
(Fox)
Fairy tale "Bear and dog"
1. Why did the owner chase the dog away?
(he became old and stopped guarding the house)
2. Who fed the dog in the forest?
(bear)
3. Who helped the dog get home?
(bear)
4. How did the dog thank the bear?
(he brought him treats from the host's table)
5. Why did the bear have to run away from the guests?
(he began to sing loudly and scared everyone)
The hero of fairy tales is a hare
1. In what fairy tale did the hare save the crow?
("Hare - brag")
2. What did the hare boast about?
(with their whiskers, paws and teeth)
3. Why did the hares in the fairy tale "Hares and Frogs" decide to drown themselves in the lake?
(because they are tired of living in fear)
Fairy tale "The Fox and the Hare"
1. In what fairy tale did the fox drive the hare out of his hut?
("The Fox and the Hare")
2. What kind of hut did the hare have, and which one did the fox have?
(for a hare - bast, for a fox - ice)
3. Which of the animals helped the hare drive out the fox?
(dog, bear, bull, rooster)
4. Who drove the fox out of someone else's hut?
(rooster)
The hero of fairy tales is a wolf
1. In what fairy tale did the wolf change his voice and swallow the goats?
("The Wolf and the Goat")
2. How did the wolf thank the crane for his salvation in the fairy tale "The Crane and the Wolf"?
(the wolf ate the crane)
3. Who did the wolf want to eat in the fairy tale "The Wolf and the Sheep"?
(foal, rams, donkey)
4. In which fairy tale did the goat outwit all the wolves and run away home?
("Sly goat")
Fairy tale "Sheep, fox and wolf"
1. Why did the sheep run away from the owner?
(he accused her of all the pranks of the ram)
2. Who did the sheep meet on its way?
(fox, wolf)
3. How did the fox and the sheep get rid of the hungry wolf?
(the fox sent him into a trap)
Fairy tale "Ivan Tsarevich and grey Wolf»
1. What was the name of the king from the fairy tale?
(Berendey)
2. How many sons did the king have?
(3 sons)
3. Who stole the golden apples in the king's garden?
(Firebird)
4. What task did the king give his sons?
(find the Firebird)
5. Why did the wolf begin to serve Ivan Tsarevich?
(because he ate his horse)
6. Where did Ivan Tsarevich find the Firebird?
(in the castle of King Afron)
7. What did King Afron demand in return for the Firebird?
(bring him a golden-maned horse)
8. What service should have been rendered to King Kusman?
(to bring the daughter of the Tsar of Dalmat, Elena the Beautiful)
9. What did the Gray wolf turn into?
(golden-maned horse, Elena the Beautiful)
10. Who killed Ivan Tsarevich?
(siblings)
11. Who revived Ivan Tsarevich and how?
(The gray wolf sprinkled him with dead and living water)
Issues for discussion:
1. Who in fairy tales from forest dwellers:
A) the most cunning and why
(fox, deceived everyone)
B) the most evil
(wolf, ate everyone or threatened to eat)
B) the most cowardly
(hare, afraid of everyone)
D) the strongest
(bear, he is big, strong and was afraid of him)
2. Are there good wolf and fox in fairy tales, and brave hare? Give examples.
(Yes. "Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf", "Hare-bounce", "Snow Maiden and the Fox" and others)
3. All of you know the fairy tale "Turnip". Who helped pull out the turnip?
(mouse)
4. Do you think the mouse was the strongest? What is this tale about?
(The mouse is not the strongest, but if everyone gets to work together, everything will work out. And even the smallest
strength is not superfluous)
5. In fairy tales, heroes often get into trouble. Let's remember why this happens. And why
learn these stories:
A) wolf and goat
(The kids opened the doors to the wolf, and he swallowed them. You can’t open the doors of the house to strangers)
B) "The Fox and the Jug"
(The fox decided to drown the jug and drowned herself. Before doing something, you need to think carefully)
B) "Goat-dereza"
(The goat deceived the old man, offended the bunny and paid for it. You can’t deceive and offend the weak)
D) "Kolobok"
(Kolobok ran away from grandparents and the fox ate him. You can’t go far from
at home, it's dangerous)
D) "The Fox and the Crane"
(The fox regretted the treats for the crane, and he answered her the same. You can’t be greedy and do bad things)
Fairy tales teach us goodness and justice, instill a sense of optimism and joy. Read fairy tales, learn from the mistakes of others and try not to make your own. Pay attention to the exhibition of literature "In the land of fairy tales." How many interesting entertaining tales presented on it. Come to the library, we are waiting for you. Next time we'll talk about fairy tales.
List of used materials
1. Folk Russian fairy tales: From the collection of A.N. Afanasyev / Introduction. article by V. Anikin; ill. N.Kaminsky. - M.: Pravda, 1982.- 576s.: ill.
2. Russian folk tales / Comp., Enter. Art. and note. V.P. Anikina; Drawings by E. Korotkova, N. Kochergin, I. Kuznetsov, K. Kuznetsov, V. Milashevsky, B. Shakhov; Registration of B. Shkolnik.- I .: Det. lit., 1986.- 543 p.: ill.
3. My favorite songs (Electronic resource). - 2001, SIMAZ
Young children are usually attracted to the world of animals, so they really like fairy tales in which animals and birds act. Animal Tales- this is the most common type of fairy tales, which becomes known to the child early.
Tales about animals, having the most archaic roots, have now almost completely lost their original mythological and magical meaning. The youngest children are usually told “childish tales” specially designed for them (“Turnip”, “Gingerbread Man”, “Teremok”, “Wolf and Goats”) specially designed for them. They are small in volume, simple in composition. A large role here is given to dialogue, the repetition of one and the same episode. Often this is an episode of the meeting of the protagonist with other characters. In the fairy tale “The Fox and the Hare”, the bunny complains to every animal it meets: “How can I not cry? I had a bast hut, and the fox had an icy one; she asked me to come, and she kicked me out.
In some fairy tales, the episodes are repeated with an increase, in a chain-like manner, and are successfully resolved in the end. (This is how cumulative tales are constructed.) The tale “The Goat” from the collection of A.N. Afanasyev is especially expressive in this regard:
Water went to pour fire.
The fire went to burn the stone.
The stone went to put out the axe.
The ax went to chop the oak,
Dubye went to beat people.
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The bear went to fight the wolves,
The wolves went to drive the goat:
Here is a goat with nuts
Here is a goat with red-hot!
Repeating episodes, dialogues are often rhymed and rhythmic, accompanied by songs (for example, Kolobok's songs). Goat, and then the Wolf in the fairy tale "The Wolf and the Goats" different voices sing:
Goats, kids!
Open up, open up.
The performance of such fairy tales is akin to a theatrical performance with the active participation of the audience. The fairy tale is approaching the game, which corresponds to the peculiarities of the perception of a work of art by children aged two to five - “assistance and complicity”, as the psychologist A. V. Zaporozhets defined it.
How younger child, the more literally he perceives the events and heroes of the fairy tale. Fairy-tale characters are close to children just like real living creatures: a dog, a cat, a cockerel, kids. In a fairy tale animals take on human traits- think, speak and act like people: they build their own dwellings, chop wood, carry water. In essence, such images bring the child knowledge about the world of people, not animals.
Animals, birds in them are both similar and not similar to real ones. There is a rooster in boots, carries a scythe on his shoulder and shouts at the top of his voice that the goat should go out of hare hut, otherwise be hacked to death (“Goat-dereza”). The wolf catches fish - he lowered his tail into the hole and says: “Catch, fish, both small and large! (“The Fox and the Wolf”). The fox informs the black grouse about a new "decree" - the black grouses are not afraid to walk in the meadows, but the black grouse does not believe ("The Fox and the black grouse").
It is easy to see implausibility in all these tales: where has it been seen that a rooster walked with a scythe, a wolf caught fish, and a fox persuaded a black grouse to descend to the ground? The child takes fiction for fiction, like an adult, but she attracts with unusualness, dissimilarity to what he knows about real birds and animals. Most of all, the children are interested in the story itself: will the dereza goat be expelled from the hare's hut, how will the obvious absurdity of catching fish with its tail end, will the cunning intent of the fox succeed. Most elementary and in the same time the most important performances- about wit and stupidity, about cunning and honesty, about good and evil, about heroism and cowardice, about kindness and greed- fall into consciousness and set standards of behavior for the child.
In fairy tales about animals, representatives of the animal world embody certain qualities: fox - cunning, flattery, wolf - treacherous strength and stupidity, hare - cowardice. Moreover, in this type of fairy tales there is usually no clear division of characters into positive and negative. Each of them is endowed any one feature, an inherent feature of his character, which is played out in the plot. So, traditionally the main feature of the fox is cunning, so it's usually about how she fools other animals. Wolf greedy and stupid; in a relationship with a fox, he will certainly get into a mess. The bear has a not so unambiguous image, bear sometimes evil and sometimes good, but at the same time always remains a klutz. If a person appears in such a fairy tale, then he invariably turns out to be smarter than the fox, and the wolf, and the bear. Reason helps him to win over any opponent.
Animals in a fairy tale observe the principle of hierarchy: everyone recognizes the strongest and the main one. Is it a lion or a bear. They are always at the top of the social ladder. This brings animal tales closer to fables, which is especially evident from the presence in both of them of similar moral conclusions - social and universal. Children easy to digest: then, that the wolf is strong does not at all make him fair(for example, in a fairy tale story about seven kids). Sympathy listeners always on the side of the righteous, not strong.
Tales claim the child in the right relationship with the world. The grandfather, and the grandmother, and the granddaughter, and the Bug, and the cat are pulling the turnip - pulling, pulling, and not pulling the turnips for them. And only when the mouse came to the rescue, they pulled out a turnip. Of course, capacious artistic sense this ironic tale will become fully understandable little man only when he grows up. Then the fairy tale will turn to him with many facets. The child can only think that no, even the smallest force is superfluous in work: how many forces are in the mouse, and without it they could not pull out the turnip.
“Rocked Hen” in the folk version, well presented, for example, in the processing of the writer A. N. Tolstoy, bears in yourself as well important thought for education. A chicken laid an egg, a mouse ran, wagged its tail, the egg fell and broke. The grandfather began to cry, the grandmother began to sob, the gates creaked, the hens flew up, the doors squinted, the tyn crumbled, the top of the hut staggered. And all the commotion - from broken egg. Much ado about nothing! The tale laughs at the trifling cause of so many absurd consequences.
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It has been observed that children easily memorize fairy tales about animals. This is explained by folk pedagogical experience correctly captured the features of children's perception. Fairy tales “Turnip”, “Rocked Hen”, “Gingerbread Man”, “Teremok” and some others keep the child’s attention special composition: episode clings to episode, often they are repeated with the addition of some new detail. These repetitions promote memory and understanding.
Animal tales can be called children's and because they have a lot of action, movement, energy- that is inherent in the child. The plot unfolds rapidly: quickly, headlong, a chicken runs to the mistress for butter, - the rooster swallowed the grain and choked, she sends her to the cow for milk. The hen goes to the cow, she asks the owner to give her fresh grass, etc. In the end, the hen brought butter, the rooster was saved, but how much he owes salvation! (“The Cockerel and the Beanstalk.”) The irony of a fairy tale is understandable to a child, he also likes the fact that the hen managed to overcome so many difficult obstacles so that the cockerel remained alive. happy endings I correspond to fairy tales tons of cheerfulness child , his confidence in the successful outcome of the struggle between good and evil.
In fairy tales about animals a lot of humor. It's theirs wonderful property develops in children a sense of reality and simply amuses, entertains, pleases, sets in motion spiritual forces. However, fairy tales are known sadness. How the transitions from sadness to fun are sharply contrasted here! The feelings that are spoken of in fairy tales are as vivid as children's emotions. It is easy to console a child, but it is also easy to upset. A hare is crying at the threshold of his hut. The goat kicked him out. The rooster chased away the goat - there is no end to the joy of the hare. Fun and listener fairy tales.
A sharp distinction between positive and negative in the nature of fairy tales. The child has there is never any doubt in, how to deal with one or the other fairy tale character . The rooster is a hero, the fox is a cunning liar, the wolf is greedy, the bear is stupid, the goat is deceitful. This is not primitive, but necessary simplicity, which must be learned by the child before he is ready to accept difficult things.
All over the world, people tell stories to entertain each other. Sometimes fairy tales help to understand what is bad in life and what is good. Fairy tales appeared long before the invention of books, and even writing.
Scholars have interpreted the story in different ways. A number of folklore researchers called everything that “affected” a fairy tale. The well-known fairy tale expert E. V. Pomerantseva accepted this point of view: “A folk tale is an epic oral piece of art, predominantly prosaic, magical or everyday in nature with an installation for fiction.
Tales about animals differ significantly from other types of fairy tales. The appearance of fairy tales about animals was preceded by stories directly related to beliefs about animals. The Russian fairy tale epic about animals is not very rich: according to N. P. Andreev (an ethnographer, art critic), there are 67 types of fairy tales about animals. They make up less than 10% of the entire Russian fairy tale repertoire, but at the same time this material is distinguished by great originality. In fairy tales about animals, animals improbably argue, talk, quarrel, love, make friends, and quarrel: the cunning “fox is beautiful in conversation”, the stupid and greedy “wolf-wolf is a grabber from under a bush”, “a mouse-gnawing”, “cowardly bunny - bow-legged, lope up the hill. All this is unbelievable, fantastic.
The appearance of various characters in Russian fairy tales about animals was originally due to the circle of representatives of the animal world that is characteristic of our territory. Therefore, it is natural that in fairy tales about animals we meet with the inhabitants of forests, fields, steppe expanses (bear, wolf, fox, wild boar, hare, hedgehog, etc.). In fairy tales about animals, animals themselves are the main heroes - characters, and the relationship between them determines the nature of the fairy-tale conflict.
My goal research work- compare the images of wild animals from Russian folk tales with the habits of real animals.
Hypothesis - my hypothetical judgment that the images of wild animals, their characters correspond to the habits of their prototypes.
1. Characters in the animal epic.
Observing the composition of animals acting as acting characters in the animal epic, I note the predominance of wild, forest animals. These are a fox, a wolf, a bear, a hare, and birds: a crane, a heron, a thrush, a woodpecker, a crow. Domestic animals appear in conjunction with forest animals, and not as independent or leading characters. Examples: cat, rooster and fox; sheep, fox and wolf; dog and woodpecker and others. The leading characters, as a rule, are forest animals, while domestic animals play a supporting role.
Tales about animals are built on elementary actions. The tales are built on an ending unexpected for the partner, but expected by the listeners. Hence the comic nature of animal tales and the need for a cunning and treacherous character, such as the fox, and stupid and foolish, such as the wolf is usually with us. So, fairy tales about animals will mean such fairy tales in which the animal is the main object. Actors are only one animal.
The fox became the favorite hero of Russian fairy tales: Lisa Patrikeevna, the Fox is a beauty, the fox is an oil lip, the gossip fox, Lisafya. Here she lies on the road with glazed eyes. She was dead, the man decided, he kicked her, she wouldn’t stir. The man was delighted, took the fox, put it in a cart with fish: “The old woman will have a collar on her fur coat” - and touched the horse, he himself went ahead. The fox threw out all the fish and left. When the fox began to dine, the wolf came running. Why would a fox feed a wolf! Let him catch it. The fox instantly overshadows: “You, kumanek, go to the river, lower your tail into the hole - the fish itself clings to the tail, sit and say: “Catch, fish”
The proposal is absurd, wild, and the stranger it is, the more readily one believes in it. But the wolf obeyed. The fox feels complete superiority over the gullible and stupid godfather. The image of the fox is completed by other fairy tales. Infinitely deceitful, she uses gullibility, plays on the weak strings of friends and foes. There are many tricks and pranks in the memory of the fox. She drives a hare out of a bast hut, carries away a rooster, luring him out with a song, by deceit she changes a rolling pin for a goose, a goose for a turkey, etc., up to a bull. The fox is a pretender, a thief, a deceiver, evil, flattering, dexterous, cunning, prudent. In fairy tales, she is everywhere true to these traits of her character. Her cunning is conveyed in the proverb: "When you look for a fox in front, it is behind." She is resourceful and lies recklessly until the time when it is no longer possible to lie, but even in this case she often indulges in the most incredible fiction. The fox thinks only of its own benefit.
If the deal does not promise her acquisitions, she will not give up anything of her own. The fox is vindictive and vindictive.
In fairy tales about animals, one of the main characters is the wolf. This is the exact opposite of the image of the fox. In fairy tales, the wolf is stupid, it is easy to deceive him. There seems to be no such trouble, no matter what this unlucky, eternally beaten beast got into. So, the fox advises the wolf to fish by dipping his tail into the hole. The goat offers the wolf to open its mouth and stand downhill so that it can jump into the mouth. The goat knocks over the wolf and runs away (the fairy tale "The Fool Wolf"). The image of a wolf in fairy tales is always hungry and lonely. He always finds himself in a ridiculous, ridiculous position.
In numerous fairy tales, a bear is also bred: “A man, a bear and a fox”, “A bear, a dog and a cat” and others. The image of the bear, remaining as before the main figure of the forest kingdom, appears before us as a slow, gullible loser, often stupid and clumsy, clubfoot. He constantly boasts of his exorbitant strength, although he can not always use it properly. He crushes everything that gets under his feet. The fragile teremok, a house in which a variety of forest animals lived peacefully, could not stand its weight either. In fairy tales, the bear is not smart, but stupid, he embodies a great, but not smart power.
Fairy tales in which small animals act (hare, frog, mouse, hedgehog) are mostly humorous. The hare in fairy tales is quick on the foot, unintelligent, cowardly and timid. The hedgehog is slow, but reasonable, does not give in to the most ingenious tricks of his opponents.
Thought fairy tales about animals turns into proverbs. Fox with his fabulous features cheats, cunning rogues appeared in the proverbs: “The fox does not mess up the tail”, “The fox was hired to protect the poultry yard from the kite, from the hawk”. The stupid and greedy wolf also moved from fairy tales to proverbs: “Don’t put your finger in the wolf’s mouth”, “Be a wolf for your sheep’s simplicity”. And here are the proverbs about the bear: “The bear is strong, but it lies in the swamp”, “There is a lot of thought in the bear, but it won’t go out.” And here the bear is endowed with enormous, but unreasonable power.
In fairy tales, there is a constant struggle and rivalry between animals. The struggle, as a rule, ends with a cruel reprisal against the enemy or an evil mockery of him. The condemned animal often finds itself in a ridiculous, absurd position.
Prototypes of fairy tale characters.
And now we will consider the habits and lifestyle of real animals. I was guided by the book Animal Life by the German zoologist Alfred Brehm. Through vivid descriptions of the "way of life" and the "character" of animals, Brehm's work has become for many generations the best popular guide to zoology. So he denies the primary cunning of the fox and affirms the exceptional cunning of the wolf. Wolves do not hunt alone, but together. They usually roam in small flocks of 10-15 individuals. The pack has a strict hierarchy. The leader of the pack is almost always male (wolf-"alpha"). In the pack, it can be recognized by its raised tail. Among the females, there is also a she-wolf - "alpha", which usually goes ahead of the leader. In moments of danger or hunting, the leader becomes the head of the pack. Further on the hierarchical ladder are the adult members of the pack and solitary wolves. The lowest of all are the grown wolf cubs, which the pack accepts only for the second year. Adult wolves test the strength of the superior wolves all the time. As a result, young wolves, growing up, rise higher in the hierarchical ladder, and aging wolves fall lower and lower. So developed social structure significantly increases the efficiency of hunting. Wolves never lie in wait for prey, they drive it. Pursuing prey, wolves are divided into small groups. Prey is divided among members of the pack according to rank. Old wolves, unable to participate in a joint hunt, follow the pack at a distance and are content with the remnants of its prey. The wolf buries the remnants of food in the snow, and in the summer it hides in reserve in a secluded place, where it returns later to finish eating the uneaten food. Wolves have a very keen sense of smell, picking up the smell at a distance of 1.5 km. The wolf is a predatory, cunning, clever, resourceful, evil creature.
When I studied the material about the habits of the fox, I found some similarities with the fabulous fox. For example, a real fox, like a fabulous one, loves to visit the chicken coop. She avoids dense taiga forests, preferring forests in the area of agricultural land. And he is looking for a ready-made mink for himself. It can occupy the hole of a badger, arctic fox, marmot. The tail of the fox is also mentioned in fairy tales. Indeed, a fluffy tail can be considered its feature. The fox acts as a rudder, making sharp turns during pursuit. And she also hides with him, curling up in a ball during rest and sticking her nose into its base. It turns out that in this place there is a fragrant gland that emits the smell of violets. It is believed that this odorous organ favorably affects the charm of the fox, but its exact purpose remains unclear.
6 The mother fox guards the cubs and does not let anyone near. If, for example, a dog or a person appears near the hole, then the fox resorts to “cunning” - it tries to take them away from its home, enticing
But the heroes of fairy tales are the crane and the heron. About a non-fabulous, real gray or common crane, A. Brem's book “The Life of Animals” says: “The crane is very sensitive to affection and resentment - it can remember resentment for months and even years.” The fairy-tale crane is endowed with the features of a real bird: he is bored, he is mindful of insults. About the heron in the same book it is said that she is vicious and greedy. This explains why the heron in the folk tale thinks first of all about what the crane will feed her. She is angry, like a real, not a fairy-tale heron: she unkindly accepted the matchmaking, scolds the wooing groom: “Go away, lanky!”
In fairy tales, sayings say - "cowardly, like a hare." Meanwhile, hares are not so much cowardly as cautious. They need this caution, because it is their salvation. Natural instinct and the ability to quickly run away with large jumps, combined with the techniques of obfuscating their tracks, compensate for their defenselessness. However, the hare is able to fight back: if it is overtaken by a feathered predator, it lies on its back and fights back. strong blows legs. The mother hare feeds not only her cubs, but in general all the discovered rabbits. When a person appears, the hare takes him away from the hare, pretending to be wounded, sick, trying to attract attention to herself, knocking her feet on the ground.
The bear in fairy tales appears to us as slow, clumsy. Meanwhile, the clumsy-looking bear runs exceptionally fast - at a speed of over 55 km / h, swims excellently and climbs trees well in his youth (he does this reluctantly in old age). And it turns out that the bear is active throughout the day, but more often in the mornings and evenings. They have a well-developed sense of smell, and their eyesight and hearing are rather weak. In fairy tales, the bear embodies great strength and its prototype with one blow of its paw is able to break the back of a bull or a buffalo.
In studying animal epic, we must beware of the very common misconception that animal tales are really animal stories. Before researching this topic, I also adhered to this judgment. As a rule, they have very little to do with real life and habits of animals. True, to some extent, animals act according to their nature: the horse kicks, the rooster sings, the fox lives in a hole (however, not always), the bear is slow and sleepy, the hare is cowardly, etc. All this gives the fairy tales the character of realism.
The depiction of animals in fairy tales is sometimes so convincing that since childhood we have become accustomed to subconsciously determine the characters of animals from fairy tales. This includes the notion that the fox is an exceptionally cunning animal. However, every zoologist knows that this opinion is based on nothing. Each animal is cunning in its own way.
The animals enter into a commonwealth and lead a company that is impossible in nature.
But still, I want to note that in fairy tales there are many such details in the depiction of animals and birds that people have spied on from the life of real animals.
After reading the literature about fairy tales, about the life and behavior of animals and comparing the images and their prototypes, I came up with two versions. On the one hand, the images of animals are similar to their prototypes (an evil wolf, a clumsy bear, a fox that drags chickens, etc.). On the other hand, having studied the observations of zoologists, I can say that the images and their prototypes have little in common with the actual habits of animals.
The art of the folk tale consists in a subtle rethinking of the true habits of birds and animals.
And one more thing: having studied the history of fairy tales about animals, I came to the conclusion that fairy tales about animals most often take the form of stories about people disguised as animals. In the animal epic is widely reflected human life, with its passions, greed, greed, deceit, stupidity and cunning, and at the same time with friendship, fidelity, gratitude, i.e. a wide range human feelings and characters.
Tales about animals are the "encyclopedia of life" of the people. Animal tales are the childhood of humanity itself!
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