The problem of unfulfilled dreams. L

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Final essay on literature grade 11 USE 2019

Essay topics

What is a dream?
Why is there a gap between dream and reality?
What do dreams and reality have in common?
How is a wish different from a dream?
How is a dream different from a goal?
Why do people betray the dream?
Should you be true to your dreams?
Why do people run away from reality?
Do you need to make your dreams come true?
Do all dreams come true?
What does "dream high" mean?
When reality destroys the dream?
How do you understand the statement of A.N. Krylova: “The dream must also be controlled, otherwise it, like a ship without a rudder, will be carried to God knows where”?
Why don't all dreams come true?
What is the essence of the contradiction between dream and reality?
Do you agree with the statement that “a man without a dream is like a bird without wings”?
When does a dream become a goal?
Can you escape reality?
What is, in your opinion, a "cherished dream"?
How do you understand the expression "cruel reality"?
Is the dreamer a dreamer or a fool?
Is it necessary to be able to dream?
What do dreams lead to?
How are dreams and reality contrasted?
How is a dream different from a goal in life?
Is it always necessary to try to make a dream a reality?
Clash of dreams and reality.
Comment on the words of N. Sparks: "The keys to happiness are dreams that come true."
Do you agree with the statement of G. Schulz: “Dreaming about something small, you will never succeed in big”?
How do you understand the words of M. Monroe: “Looking at the night sky, I thought that, probably, thousands of girls also sit alone and dream of becoming a star. But I wasn't going to worry about them. After all, my dream cannot be compared with anyone else'?
Is T. Goodkind right when he says: "Reality does not obey anyone's desires"?
What thoughts did Freud's statement prompt you to: “Dreams are a reflection of reality. Reality is a reflection of dreams?
Explain the quote by Anne-Louise Peremena de Stael: “As soon as the dream disappears, it means that reality takes its place.”
Why is the concept of dreams most often associated with childhood?
Why does the word "dreamy" have a negative connotation for many adults?
How is the word "want" different from "dream"?
Can the fulfillment of a dream bring disappointment?
Can a goal-oriented person dream?
Why is it often said: "Be careful what you wish for"?
What happens to a person if his dream is taken away from him?
Is a person always ready to fulfill his dreams?
How are the concepts of "dream" and "meaning of life" related?
Do childhood dreams influence the choice of profession?
Do you agree that you need to dream big?
Where does "dream" end and "goal" begin?
What is "escape from reality"?
How do you understand the phrase "dream is not harmful"?
What kind of person is said to be "head in the clouds"?
How are dreams and reality related?
Why don't dreams always become reality?
Do realists dream?
What kind of person can be called a "dreamer"?
Can reality give birth to a dream?
Can the dream of one person change the reality of many?
How do dreams change the world of science and art? Is it necessary for every person to have a dream?
What are dreams for?
What does the phrase "unattainable ideal" mean?
What do the heroes of Russian literature dream about?
The image of a dreamer in the works of Dostoevsky.
When does the conflict between dream and reality arise?

Arguments

Arguments in the direction of "Dream and Reality":

- Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov described the gulf between dream and reality in his novel The Master and Margarita. The protagonist dreamed of publishing a book - the achievement of his life. For the sake of writing it, he left his job, spent a lot of money won on the purchase of various works that helped him in his work. But in the end, he himself regretted that he had so zealously sought the fulfillment of his dream. Critics immediately fell upon the published passage, like a flock of ravens on a corpse. Insults began in the press, persecution of such an "anti-Soviet" writer. And the basement on the Arbat, which the Master paid for with a lottery win, did not bring happiness: he was set up and evicted by Magarych, who pretended to be a friend. The hero finds himself in a madhouse, and he completely burned his novel. It turns out that a person should be afraid of his desires, because he cannot even imagine what they will turn into in reality.
- M.A. tells about the insignificance of some of our desires. Bulgakov in The Master and Margarita. Woland, at his performance in the Variety, is ironic about the dreams of Muscovites: they are all obsessed with " housing issue". The magician satisfies their pettiness and vanity by throwing wads of money into the air, dressing women in luxurious outfits. But the author of the novel showed the vanity and insignificance of such aspirations literally: all the money and robes melted away or turned into empty pieces of paper. Thus, the dreams of all these limited and stingy people turned out to be worthless illusions, and Satan taught them a good lesson.
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
- F.M. Dostoevsky in his work Crime and Punishment described a very dangerous dreamer who should beware of his desires. Rodion Raskolnikov sought to restore trampled social justice and distribute the surplus of rich people to the poor. To do this, he chose the first victim - the usurer Alena Ivanovna. This old woman wrapped dozens of honest but impoverished families in debt nets. The hero kills her, and at the same time takes the life of her pregnant sister, who was a witness to the massacre. But the fulfillment of his dream turns into the collapse of all bright hopes. The stolen money did not help anyone, but only ruined the peace of mind of the murderer and the thief. Thus, some desires are really worth fearing, since in reality they can only be embodied in ugliness and sinfulness.
- Reality is sometimes not able to desecrate a dream, as the author of the book “Crime and Punishment”, F.M. Dostoevsky. Sonya Marmeladova dreamed of turning Rodion into Christian faith and direct him to the righteous path of atonement for sin. Therefore, the girl goes to a moral feat: she goes to hard labor after her beloved. The harsh realities of prison life did not break the sublime soul. The heroine adapted herself to cruel orders and supported many prisoners with her care. Everyone loved her. Even the cold heart of proud Rodion melted. As a result, Sonya's wish came true: her chosen one renounced inhuman theories. In the epilogue, we see how he enthusiastically reads the Bible, imbued with wisdom and mercy. Thus, even the most unrealizable, it would seem, dream can break into reality and not be defiled by it, if a person ardently believes in what he is doing.
A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
- In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" the hero dreams of his realization in the profession. He wants to make a great contribution to the development of medicine, he wants to help people and bring good to this world. But Dmitry finds himself in a remote province, where his sincere impulses towards the light are drowned out by the impenetrable darkness of philistinism and vulgarity. The whole environment of the young doctor drags him into a swamp of monotony and boredom. Here no one aspires to anything, no one yearns for anything. Everything goes on. And Startsev also betrays his dream, becoming an ordinary fat middle-aged man. He is rude and grumpy, serving annoying patients, whom he considers solely as a source of income. Now all he wants to do is sit in the club and play gambling. Using his example, we understand that betraying one's ideals and dreams promises complete spiritual degradation.
- Not all dreams are destined to come true, and this is the norm of life. This thesis is proved by A.P. Chekhov in the book "Ionych". Katerina dreams of becoming a virtuoso pianist, but can she do it? Hardly. Not all people are given true talent. But the heroine does not understand this, showing off her ability to drum on the keys. She even rejects Dmitry's offer, leaves her father's house and spends several years in the capital, trying to learn to be a pianist. And what is the result? Youth fades, beauty fades, and the dream turns into sick pricks of ambition. The girl returns home with nothing, vaguely aware of her own mediocrity. Was it worth it to be so arrogant and reject the young man? No. But the past cannot be returned, and Katerina tries in vain to remind Dmitry of his former feelings. Thus, not all dreams are given to a person to realize, and he must accept this fact courageously and calmly, directing his efforts in another, more suitable direction.
- Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his historical novel « Captain's daughter” describes the devotion to a dream, which culminated in the embodiment of desire in life. Marya Mironova fell in love with Peter and dreamed of marrying him. But fate always put a spoke in their wheels: at first, Shvabrin informed Grinev's father that the dowry was eager to lure the rich heir into a trap. The elderly nobleman naturally forbade this marriage. Then Marya became a prisoner of Alexei, and he forced her to marry him. It would seem that the poor orphan should have accepted the offer, she would not have to wait for the best, but the girl stubbornly waited for her beloved. When the release took place, she again had to lose Peter. He was convicted for imaginary help to Pugachev. And then the heroine was not afraid to go to the Empress herself. Such fidelity to the dream finally led Marya to fulfill her desire: she became the wife of a loved one.
- Sometimes people are ready to go to any abominations, just to make their dream come true. Such an example is described by A.S. Pushkin in the novel "The Captain's Daughter". Alexei wanted to marry Marya, but she rejected him. The beauty also fell in love with the new officer of the garrison, Peter. Then Shvabrin decided to achieve his goal through intrigue and even betrayal. He denigrated the reputation of Mironova and her family in the eyes of Grinev. Then the brave young man appointed the gossip a duel, defending the honor of his beloved girl. And Shvabrin again showed meanness, using a dishonest method. And when the rebels captured the fortress, the hero did not even raise an eyebrow, betraying his patronymic. It was then that he decided to take his wife by force and coercion, without stopping at nothing. Grinev prevented him in time, and yet Alexei was ready to step over all moral prohibitions, if only to achieve the fulfillment of his dream. Because of such unscrupulousness, it did not come true, because in any aspiration it is important to maintain dignity, otherwise you will only move away from your dream, because you will become unworthy of it.
A. Green "Scarlet Sails"
- main character- Assol - believes that one day after her on a ship with scarlet sails a beautiful young man will come and take her and her father Longren. Their family lives in a small village by the sea and feeds only on what they sell. wooden Toys, which Longren masters. Assol and her father are not loved by the villagers, blaming the head of the family for the death of a rich shopkeeper. They are outcasts, whom few people are ready to help, so Assol dreams of leaving for a beautiful country where people know how to love and forgive, and do not dream only of the most primitive and rude. And her wish is granted.
M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
- Danko dreams of freedom for the people of his tribe, for this he does not spare his own life, tearing his heart out of his chest in order to illuminate the path along which the tribe is trying to get out of the impenetrable forest and stinking swamps with its bright fire. The hero does this despite the fact that people are angry with him and want him dead, not believing that he can fulfill his promise and lead them to freedom. Danko loves and pities people, and therefore his dream is connected with them, with a better life for them, which is why he sacrifices himself without regret.
N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza"
- In the story of N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza" the problem of dreams and reality is posed very sharply. Let's start with the fact that the writer himself in his dreams wanted to connect a poor peasant woman with a representative of an aristocratic society. The world of dreams and the world of reality collide in the space of the story. Erast dreams of idyllic love, sincerely wanting to forget class conventions. But reality destroys these intentions. Political, psychological, financial, social - what circumstances do not interfere in the relationship of lovers! Even one of them would be enough for Erast's dreams to crumble like a house of cards, his moral principles are so unsteady and fragile. Lisa's fate was sealed from the very moment when she believed that the fairy tale about Cinderella could become a reality in her case with Erast. Until this moment, she tried to take a sober look at the situation, but the desire to become a wife for her beloved made her vulnerable. Following a dream, she lost her head, and it ended in tragedy.
A.S. Pushkin "Snowstorm"
- In the story "Snowstorm" A.S. Pushkin reflects on the dream and reality on the example of the main character - Marya Gavrilovna. She dreams of marrying a poor neighbor on the estate. Parents are categorically against such a disadvantageous party, but Marya, in her pursuit of a dream, goes to any lengths. She and Vladimir decided to secretly get married. Their intentions are destroyed by the intervention of the elements. On the day of their wedding, a terrible blizzard raged. As a result of this intervention, Marya married a stranger, and Vladimir, who did not have time to arrive at the place of the wedding, leaves in terrible confusion for the war and soon dies in the Battle of Borodino. Marya, after the death of her father, remains a rich heiress, she has no end to suitors, but she cannot marry. And so she meets with Burmin, who turned out to be her "accidental" husband. The heroes are happy. In this work, Pushkin wanted to express the idea that dreams can be dangerous, and reality must be accepted and reconciled, only this can become the key to a happy life.
L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
- In the story "After the Ball" L.N. Tolstoy talks about how dreams are destroyed when faced with harsh reality. Ivan Vasilyevich, the narrator in the work, recalls the days of his youth, when he was young and full of happy hopes. He was in love and danced with his chosen one at the governor's ball all night. He yielded only one dance to another - to Varenka's father, for whom he experienced the same enthusiastic feeling of love as for his daughter. The whole world seemed to the lover joyful and happy. Until the morning after the ball came. The narrator could not fall asleep in any way and went for a walk, during which he saw a monstrous action - an inhuman execution of a runaway Tatar, which was led by Varenka's father. So reality destroyed dreams of happiness - a young man could not marry a girl whose father is able to participate in such a monstrous business. The voluntary abandonment of a dream is explained by the fact that one cannot enjoy happiness when at the same time someone is being tortured and tormented.
A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
- In the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" the main character dreams of a happy and free life. But marriage did not live up to her hopes: her husband was under the iron heel of his mother, who sent reproaches every day of the existence of a young family. If the son could still run away for a while to a tavern or on business, then his wife took on the brunt of the relationship with her mother-in-law. Reality brutally deceived the expectations of a sublime and romantic girl. She thought that all families, like her parents, live in harmony and understanding. But her dream of love is not destined to come true even outside the scrap of Kabanikhi. Boris was another disappointment. His love did not extend beyond his uncle's prohibition. As a result, from the collision of reality with the world of dreams, the heroine loses the strength to live and kills herself. Thus, the conflict between reality and dreams can lead to tragedy.
- Dreams come true, but not by themselves. For this you need to do something. But often people do not understand simple truths, and A.N. Ostrovsky described such an example in the drama Thunderstorm. Tikhon loves his wife and dreams of living with her in the warmth and harmony of the family hearth, but the hero's mother constantly pesters the young with her eternal desire to control everything. It would seem that this problem can be corrected, but Tikhon is a weak-willed and apathetic person, to whom any business seems to be an unbearable burden. He is afraid of his mother, although he has already become an adult man. As a result, he pulls the strap difficult life without trying to fulfill their desires. This was enough to bring the unfortunate Katerina to suicide. In the finale, the hero mourns his wife and reproaches his mother for the collapse of all his hopes. But only he is to blame.
I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
- In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the hero gets bogged down in fantasies all his life, hiding from reality in a warm bathrobe on his favorite sofa. He practically does not leave the house, but often thinks that he will come out and do something. To all the demands of reality (theft in Oblomovka, the need to leave the apartment, etc.), Ilya Ilyich only brushes aside, trying at any cost to throw the worries about affairs onto someone else. Therefore, Oblomov is always surrounded by scammers who benefit from the incessant escape of a friend from reality, where they shamelessly rob him. The daydreaming of Ilya Ilyich leads him into a dead end. Living days in illusions, he forgot how to do anything, so he loses his beloved Olga, squanders the rest of the inheritance and leaves his son an orphan without a fortune. Oblomov dies in the prime of his life from his way of life, although no, from his way of thinking, because it is he who brings a man to complete physical and spiritual degradation. Thus, excessive daydreaming threatens a person with irreparable and grave consequences.
- Our dreams do not always lead us on the right path. Sometimes they confuse us in the depths of labyrinths, from where it is difficult to get back. Therefore, it is necessary in time to distinguish our true desires from false and imposed ideas about what we want. In the novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov" is just such an example. Olga Ilyinskaya imagined herself to be the savior of Ilya Ilyich and began to stubbornly remake him. She did not spare his habits, did not consider his opinion, and did not love him the way he was in real life. She saw in front of her only an illusion that she dreamed of making. Therefore, their relationship did not work out, and the heroine herself fell into a stupid position. She, young and beautiful, almost herself made an offer to a lazy fat man, who in every possible way slowed down the process. Then the woman realized that she lived in illusions and invented love for herself. Olga, fortunately, found a more suitable husband and said goodbye to false desires that could have made her unhappy if they were fulfilled. Thus, not all dreams lead us to a happy future.

Arguments in the direction of "Revenge and generosity":

M. Gorky "At the bottom"
- In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" the relationship of the characters is built on bitterness and revenge. Each of them, without hesitation, takes revenge on everyone else for having fallen to the bottom of life. All these poor people are pulling each other even deeper, because no one should have a way back if you yourself do not have one. This is the unwritten law of a rooming house. For example, Vasilisa tyrannizes her younger sister out of jealousy. Her lover, Vaska Pepel, showed sympathy for her, and this outraged the despotic woman. Her revenge reached its climax in the finale, when her lawful husband died as a result of a fight. Now Ash is threatened with true penal servitude, but his former lady of the heart does nothing to save him, on the contrary: she diligently drowns everyone in her slander. Even her "love" for Vaska does not stop the heroine's vindictive nature. Obviously, revenge is a feeling that destroys a person from the inside and expels all virtues from him.

In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" the characters are not inclined to show generosity. On the contrary, they seek to hurt and stab each other more painfully, because poverty drives out of them everything that makes a person a person. But there is one wanderer who breaks the vicious circle of insults and insults. This is Luca. He also lived a difficult life, even hinted that he had escaped from hard labor. But these tests did not harden him. The old man finds affectionate words of support and participation for each interlocutor. True generosity to all those around him shines in his eyes. He gave the inhabitants of the bottom hope for a bright future, and they themselves are to blame for the fact that this was not enough for their moral rebirth. In their caustic environment, the wanderer did not last long and left, probably realizing that these poor people do not have not only a home, but also a heart, since they ruthlessly drown each other. Unfortunately, generosity cannot always help people.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
- Andrei Bolkonsky is very disappointed in his beloved Natasha Rostova when he finds out that the girl was carried away by the young man Anatoly Kuragin. He shares his experiences with Pierre Bezukhov, telling him that "I did not love anyone else and did not hate anyone like her." But nevertheless, at a meeting before his death, he was able to show generosity and forgive the girl, whose feelings for him turned out to be sincere and burned with even greater strength.
A. I. Kuprin "Duel"
- In A. I. Kuprin’s book “Duel”, the main character courts the officer’s wife, and the woman encourages his attempts to get closer. Romashov is sincerely in love, only Shurochka plays with his feelings. She mercilessly dooms him to death for the sake of her husband's advancement. It's not that a close person is important to her, she just longs for a transfer to a new place where she can have fun. Due to gossip and anonymous notes, the deceived spouse assigns a duel to Romashov. He wants to avenge the trampled honor. Shura assures the hero that they will shoot themselves “for fun”, only so that Nikolaev is not considered a coward. A young lieutenant believes in his beloved woman, but in a duel her husband kills an opponent, rising in the eyes of fellow soldiers. Unfortunately, in the society of that time, revenge was considered the norm, so hundreds of young people capable of more became its victims. It can be concluded that revenge is dangerous for people because, because of a sense of imaginary justice, they appropriate the right to dispose of other people's lives.
- In A. I. Kuprin’s book “Duel”, Romashov abandons his annoying mistress. But the woman does not want to let the young man go and swears that she will take revenge on him at any cost. Raisa Aleksandrovna Peterson was a desperate adventuress. She decided she had to compromise new connection second lieutenant, but he and Shurochka had absolutely nothing. But Mrs. Peterson, because of her depravity, thought differently and sent out anonymous letters exposing the betrayal of Nikolev's wife. The deceived husband flared up and demanded a duel. As a result of the intrigues of Shurochka herself, Romashov was killed, and her husband victoriously "defended the honor of the family." The consequences of revenge are always tragic: an innocent person is killed, and no tricks can bring him back.
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
- In A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter”, generosity is inherent in Pugachev, when, despite the reputation of a robber, he acts according to his conscience: he saves the life of Pyotr Grinev, who at one time showed kindness to a rebel. He also shows nobility to Marya Mironova, releasing her from the fortress. For justice, Grinev appreciates Pugachev, so the execution of the rebel makes Peter sad.
A.S. Pushkin Queen of Spades»
- Wanting to get rich quick, the main character of the play A.S. Pushkin's "The Queen of Spades", the military engineer Hermann is trying by all means to find out the secret of the old countess about three win-win cards. He begins to look after her pupil Lisa and, having achieved reciprocity, by deception enters the house, but not on a date with the girl, but in the old woman's chambers. The countess does not stand the interrogation of Hermann and dies. But her ghost shows generosity to the failed engineer and reveals to him the secret of the winning combination in exchange for a promise to marry Lisa. Hermann does not keep his word and loses all his fortune in the last game, after which he goes crazy. Thus, do not make unrealistic promises, this can threaten with cruel retribution.
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
- In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" revenge led to a tragedy: the young poet Lensky was killed. It all started with the fact that the main character received a letter where Tatyana confessed her love to him. He rejected the girl's feelings, citing his unsuitability for family relations. Naturally, he did not want to embarrass her with his presence, but an enthusiastic friend invites him to Tatiana's name day. There he expects to spend a pleasant evening with the bride. Eugene agrees, but at the very evening he feels an extreme degree of awkwardness. He blames Vladimir for everything and decides to take revenge on him, flirting with his beloved, Olga, a windy coquette. Lensky was furious, because he did not get the attention of the girl. He challenged his opponent to a duel, and Eugene could not refuse. As a result, Onegin killed his comrade because of his petty and stupid revenge. Here are the consequences of the imaginary pursuit of justice.
- In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" depicts the ideal of a generous woman. This is Tatyana Larina. Her soul can truly be called great, because she neglected her passion for the sake of preserving family well-being. Once in her youth, the girl fell in love with a visiting nobleman who did not take her feelings seriously. But the heroine kept them in her heart forever, even though she married another person. She did not love the general, but she respected him and was grateful to him for the admiration with which he treated her. When, after many years, Eugene returned from wandering around the world, he was inflamed with passion for Tatyana. But she was married and refused the one whom she still loved unconditionally. The heroine generously rejected her own happiness in order to preserve the peace and joy of a loved one. For true generosity requires self-denial.
A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky"
- In the story of A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky" the author tells how one revenge gave birth to another. A trifling conflict between the two landowners Dubrovsky and Troekurov develops into the latter's desire to avenge the blow to his pride. In a dishonest way, he takes the property from a friend, as a result of which he dies from an attack. Dubrovsky's son cannot forgive Troekurov for the death of his father and becomes a robber and robber, taking away property from wealthy landowners. Only love for Masha Troekurova makes him show generosity and retreat from the main revenge.
- In the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", the author describes the tragic consequences of revenge on the example of Kazbich, who killed the kidnapped girl in order to take revenge on Pechorin. At the beginning of the chapter, Maxim Maksimych reports that Grigory fell in love with a Caucasian beauty and decided to steal her away by bribing her brother. He promised him the famous Kazbich horse, which Azamat dreamed of. The deal was completed, Bela was captured by Pechorin. But Kazbich sought her hand, so he was very angry when he found out about this and decided to take revenge on the offender. When Grigory and Maxim Maksimych went hunting, the hero took the girl, but they were quickly overtaken. Fleeing from the chase and realizing that they cannot escape together, the kidnapper kills the victim and leaves him on the road. Did he achieve justice with his revenge? No. He only killed the beautiful Bela, left with nothing.
- In the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov's "A Hero of Our Time" proves all the inconsistency of revenge. Grushnitsky tried to achieve justice with it, but he himself fell victim to his desire. The fact is that he was trying to impress Princess Mary. He was in love, but the girl remained indifferent to him, because next to her was a more skilled gentleman - Pechorin. Grigory made a young girl fall in love with him by acting cold towards her, which spurred her vanity and kindled her curiosity. In desperation, the junker decided to take revenge on his successful opponent. Together with friends, he noticed Pechorin leaving the princess's house at night. He left his mistress Vera, but Grushnitsky accused him of seducing Mary. Naturally, Gregory challenged the liar to a duel. Then the cowardly slanderer decided not to load his pistol in order to win the duel and get rid of the opponent. But Grigory saw through the deceiver, and it was Grushnitsky who became the victim. What did he achieve with his revenge? Nothing but your own death.
M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov"
- The merchant Kalashnikov dared to take revenge on the royal guardsman Malyutin in order to justify his wife and restore dignity to the family. In an honest fistfight, he kills the enemy, for which Ivan the Terrible sends Stepan Paramonovich to execution, since Kiribeevich's death occurred as a result of a forbidden technique. But the tsar shows generosity to Kalashnikov and fulfills his dying wish: he does not leave the orphaned family without support.
V.A. Zakrutkin "Mother of Man"
- The Great Patriotic War took away the most precious thing from Mary: her husband and son. Seeing a wounded fascist, she rushed at him with a pitchfork to avenge her enemies for the death of her relatives and all their inhuman deeds. But the words of the German stopped the woman: “Mom! Mother!" Mary's heart trembled, and she spared the young man. With this example, the author demonstrates the highest degree of generosity of a Russian woman.
N. V. Gogol "Terrible revenge"
- Revenge became the cause of all the disasters of the heroes of the story. In an effort to punish Peter for his own death with his son, Ivan, having appeared before God, asks to bring a curse on the whole family of his brother. The last offspring of the murderer is born as an evil sorcerer-murderer, who commits terrible atrocities. Peter experiences bitter torment underground, and Ivan, seeing from heaven how innocent people suffer, realizes his mistake, but is unable to change anything. None of the brothers at one time showed generosity, for which they doomed themselves to eternal torment.
A. Dumas "The Count of Monte Cristo"
- To avenge a broken fate is the main task facing the protagonist of the novel by A. Dumas "The Count of Monte Cristo". Envious conspirators write a false denunciation of the sailor Dantes, after which he is sent to prison right from the wedding. In captivity, a young man meets an abbot who helps him escape and find riches. Having become a noble count of Monte Cristo, Dantes begins to repay debts to offenders. Revenge overtakes all traitors, he shows generosity only to his former beloved Mercedes, without harming her son. But the count also remembers good deeds. Monte Cristo rescues its former owner, having paid the debts for the ship, and then makes his son Maximilian the heir to his wealth.

Arguments in the direction of "Kindness and cruelty":

U.Shakespeare "King Lear"
- Sometimes some show cruelty even to the closest people, without thinking about what they may face in return. Is it necessary to put resentment above mercy, or is it more correct to close our eyes to the past and show kindness? In his tragedy King Lear, Shakespeare writes about how the main character, King Lear, disowns his own daughter, Cordelia, because she refused to flatter her father. Two other daughters did not miss such a chance, because in this way the king decided on the division of the kingdom. However, later King Lear realizes how hypocritical his daughters were, telling him about high love. Only Cordelia was kind to her father and sheltered him when he was expelled from the kingdom by her sisters. William Shakespeare in his play shows that being vindictive and heartless in response to cruelty is not an option, on the contrary, you need to let go of past grievances and show kindness. This is the only way to break the vicious circle of mutual grievances.
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
- The problem of kindness and rigidity is one of the main ones in the work of A.S. Pushkin. In the story "The Captain's Daughter" this problem is solved using the example of two heroes: Pyotr Grinev and Pugachev. At the moment of their meeting in the chapter “Counselor”, Grinev shows kindness towards Pugachev when he favors him with a hare sheepskin coat from his shoulder. This noble gesture will save his life later. Grinev can be cruel, remember his quarrel with Savelich when it was necessary to repay a debt to Zurin. But even in such situations, kindness compels him to ask for forgiveness and restore a good relationship with the person he offended. Such behavior of the hero also does not go unrewarded, since it is Savelich who throws himself at the feet of the executioners in order to save his good master. Pushkin convinces us that kindness evokes kindness in return even in a world of war and cruelty.
- Pugachev is presented in the story as the leader of the rebels. In the chapter “The Attack”, the cruelty of the rebels knows no bounds: the execution of Captain Mironov and his associates, the massacre of Vasilisa Yegorovna. Pushkin does not at all soften and brighten up the scenes of violence, letting us know how terrible "Russian rebellion is senseless and merciless." But presenting us with the image of a Bashkir with a torn off tongue and cut off nose and ears, Pushkin wanted to show that this cruelty is the product of the cruelty of those in power to common people. On the example of Pugachev and Grineva writer I wanted to show an example of such a relationship, when cruelty is excluded: for this, in any person you need to see a person worthy of respect and deserving of a good attitude.
M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don"
- Injustice can make a person cruel. The hero of the novel by M. A. Sholokhov “The Quiet Flows the Don” Grigory was a kind and honest fellow, but his domineering father forcibly married him, choosing his friend’s daughter Katerina as his wife. The heart of the young man belonged to the married Cossack Aksinya. With loving Katerina, Gregory acted cruelly, abandoning his family for the sake of personal happiness. But in this situation, the girl should only blame herself, because when she got married, she knew that the feelings were not mutual. Thus, Gregory's cruelty was provoked by unfair circumstances.
- Callousness and cruelty in the soul of Gregory was raised by the war. Having gone to the front, the young Cossack selflessly fights with the enemy, on his hands is human blood and suffering. But high merits before the state for victories in battles do not bring him joy. He sees the injustice and indifference of political forces to the common people of the Don. Gregory comes to understand his mistake: he should not have taken up arms, killed, he is not a soldier, but a simple peasant whose destiny is to sow and grow bread. Cruelty cannot achieve good, but the hero realized this too late, when he irretrievably lost his relatives and friends.
N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
- In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" the father brings up the fighting spirit in his sons, but the exercises were not enough for him. He wanted to organize a real fight where young people will show their courage. To do this, he removed the Koschevoi and sent the Cossacks to the Polish lands, where the fighters received a serious rebuff. After that, they surrounded the city of Dubno, where the townspeople were dying of hunger. Because of Bulba's combat insanity, hundreds of people died. Therefore, the reader does not feel sorry for the old Cossack when his son leaves the army and dishonors his family. Andriy chooses not the warlike spirit of the Cossacks, but a calm, peaceful, sedentary life in love and tranquility. Taras himself is to blame for this betrayal, because cruelty will never achieve good.
- It is difficult to show kindness in war, because this is a very cruel time when no one is spared. But there are exceptions, one of which was described by N.V. Gogol in the story "Taras Bulba". Andriy fought against the Poles as part of the Cossack army. They decided to starve the enemy city out, surrounding it with a blockade ring. That night, the young man did not sleep and saw how the maid of his beloved, whom he had met back in Kyiv, made his way to him. She bitterly complained about the famine in Dubno and begged the Cossack for indulgence. The young lady wanted to feed her dying mother. Then Andriy shouldered a bag of bread and went to the enemy city. The young man could not refuse to answer this call. Women and children do not fight, but they die from war. The hero realized the injustice of this phenomenon and helped those in need, despite the risk.
M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
- In the novel "A Hero of Our Time" M.Yu. Lermontov created a strange hero who is cruel to people because he is bored and wants to have fun. Let's take the story of Grushnitsky. After all, this young man stupidly paid with his life just for being drawn into the game started out of boredom by Pechorin. This "hero of time" acted unthinkably cruelly with Bella and her family. The father was killed, Azamat disappeared, Bella herself also died, but before that she still suffered first from Pechorin's love, and then from her absence. The writer seeks to show us how terrible a person can be for whom there is only one law - his own whims and desires. After all, Pechorin was not born like that, he simply lost all sorts of landmarks.
- The kindness inherent in him wakes up from time to time. For example, a blind boy evokes involuntary regret, the sight of a heartbroken old woman, the mother of a Cossack who hacked to death Vulich in a drunken stupor, arouses sympathy. He even decided to take the criminal alive, risking his life. And he did it with ease. If concern for people would always live in his heart and evoke good intentions in him, he could be called a real hero.
N.V. Gogol "Overcoat"
- The main idea in many works of N.V. Gogol is the idea of the wrong structure of human society, in which cruelty reigns. The story "The Overcoat" tells the story of the life and death of Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin. This is the image of the "little man", despised and humiliated by everyone. He is not able to oppose anything to his tormentors, only once his plaintive babble made a young man “stop and recoil in horror”, who had not yet lost the ability to be kind. In such a world, there is nothing good for a “small” person, because even the overcoat acquired by such victims was taken from him. It turns out that the wrong world rejects everyone who is kind and not capable of cruelty, only those who take away, rob, humiliate and insult another can get something in it.
A.I. Solzhenitsyn " Matrenin yard»
- An example of true kindness is the heroine of the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryona Dvor" Matryona. A woman never refuses to help her fellow villagers, sincerely rejoices in the harvests in the gardens of others, she herself is content with little: what she has grown in her own garden. She does not even spare her hut for Kira's pupil, having given her an upper room for dismantling in the middle of winter. But when shipping through railway a woman dies under the wheels of a train. The narrator notes that now the village has become difficult without the righteous Matryona. After all, a simple-hearted and disinterested woman really made people, those next to her, better.
  The highest measure of cruelty is shown by the author of the story "Matryona Dvor" A.I. Solzhenitsyn as Thaddeus. He did not forgive the insult to Matryona and his brother because they got married. The girl considered Thaddeus missing, so she agreed with Yefim. But he returned and held a grudge. Evilly, he married another girl named Matryona, whom he beat and offended. The author shows the limit of cruelty when Thaddeus, in the middle of winter, disassembles the room of his former lover in order to transport her daughter Kira, and enjoys the spectacle of how the old woman, with her last strength, helps him to drag heavy boards. Even at the funeral, he thinks not about Matryona, who died under the train, but about the sleigh, which, after the accident, must be taken from the railway.
I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
- The cruel attitude of children towards their parents is shown in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". As an adult, Evgeny Bazarov rarely visits his family. Even after a three-year absence, he does not want to listen to his father's timid reproaches, does not pay attention to his mother's tears. Parents are afraid of upsetting Eugene in any way, they try to please everyone in everything. But for him, in the foreground, his own ideological convictions do not coincide with the views of the older generation. Unfortunately, the young man did not admit the fallacy of his behavior towards his parents, but the old people retained their love for their son, and only they mourned him after his death.
- In the novel "Fathers and Sons" I.S. Turgenev describes kindness and cruelty on the example of two Kirsanov brothers. The elder Pavel, a former military man, a lonely bachelor, does not recognize the marriage of Nikolai and Fenechka, ignoring the girl when they meet. When a nephew and his friend appear in the house, he does not show hospitality, behaves coldly and rudely. On the basis of a divergence of views, he arranges a duel with Bazarov without hesitation. The author shows Nikolai Kirsanov as a kind and decent family man. He lives with a simple girl, Fenechka, from whom he has a one-year-old son. In front of a friend, Arkady Bazarov is trying to justify his brother's behavior, trying to smooth out the conflict. It is thanks to his kindness and understanding that the eldest son abandons nihilistic ideas and returns to the family.
I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
- In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the main character is not distinguished by diligence and determination, but he is kind and trusting. His benevolence becomes a beacon that shows the way to many people. For example, his childhood friend Stolz always finds rest and relaxation in Ilya's company. It is this person that he visits for decades in a row, and his sympathy does not weaken with time. Also, the kindness of Oblomov attracts and conquers the beautiful Olga. Outwardly, Oblomov is ugly, his condition is unimportant, and in conversation he does not shine with wit. But the beautiful and pure soul of a man likes the heroine much more than anything that secular dandies can offer. Ilya Ilyich is a big child who does not wish harm to anyone. He always submits to friends, does not seek benefits from communicating with them, accepts all the blows of fate calmly and meekly. That is why Agafya Pshenitsyna took care of him so tenderly, the servant Zakhar loved him so selflessly. Everyone who knew him appreciated the warm and big heart of the hero. Thus, kindness will always be appreciated by people on merit and will never become obsolete.
- I.A. Goncharov in the book "Oblomov" describes a truly kind person. This is Andrey Stolz, who always supports his helpless friend. Andrew got a difficult fate. A strict father sent him to the capital without patronage and big money, saying that the young man must achieve heights himself. AT big city the hero did not lose his head and began to work hard. Gradually he amassed capital on trade deals. It would seem that the struggle for a place in the sun should have hardened him, but he retained his friendliness, courtesy and kindness. More than once he disinterestedly helped out the lazy and infantile Oblomov, more than once he drove swindlers away from him. In the finale, the hero even took upon himself the responsibility of raising the son of the deceased Ilya Ilyich. I believe that kindness is a selfless activity for the benefit of another person, and Stoltz - good to that example.
Honore de Balzac "Father Goriot"
- Unfortunately, many people, inhumanly taking advantage of the gentleness of kind helpers, treat them cruelly. We will meet the same situation in Balzac's novel "Father Goriot". The daughters of the protagonist Anastasi and Delphine left their father. Father Goriot loved his daughters very much and forgave them their indifference and cynicism, but the girls absolutely did not appreciate the good heart of their old man. As soon as they successfully marry, they seem to forget about their father, they are even ashamed of him: after all, they now began to spin in higher circles, and Goriot was a pasta maker. Anastasi and Delphine did not visit Goriot, even when he was dying, and empty carriages were cynically sent to his funeral. Father Goriot is a kind and generous hero who forgives his daughters for any cruelty, but never met with responsiveness on their part. Unfortunately, kindness is not at all a guarantee of personal happiness, and sometimes even a condition under which happiness is unattainable.

What is real art?
How to distinguish real art from craft?
What is the difference between true art and fake art?
Who can be called a true creator?
Why do people confuse art and craft?
Who can be called an artisan in art?
What is talent?
How do you understand the phrase: “Gods do not burn pots”?
What can be considered true art?
What do you think is the ultimate goal of art?
What is the difference between craft and art?
Can an artisan become an artist?
How do you understand G. Gebell's statement: "Art is the conscience of mankind"?
Can ability turn into talent?
Who it talented person?
Is an artisan a master of his craft or a hack?
Do you agree with the statement of P. Casals: “Mastery does not make an artist yet”?
What is the role of art in the development of mankind?
What is true art attracts a person?
What is the value of art?
Is it possible to become a professional without love for your work?
Over what art time has no control?
Do you believe that it is possible to become a good craftsman in a short time?
What qualities should a person have to master the art?
How do you understand the phrase: "Neither art nor wisdom can be achieved if they are not learned"?
Why is art called eternal?
Is it possible to learn art?
How are craft and art related?
Is a craft always going to become a real art?
What should be the craft to become art?
What does craft and art mean for a person, how are they reflected in his life, what do they influence?

Arguments in the direction of "Art and craft":

N.V. Gogol "Portrait"
- In the story of N.V. Gogol's "Portrait", the main character was a painter who had nothing to live on. He was overwhelmed by debts, he was tired of a hungry life, but he could not do anything. However, one day he bought a painting that struck him with its hypnotic effect. The gloomy and at the same time sly look of the usurer depicted there followed the observer everywhere. At night, the new owner of the canvas had a dream where the rich man comes to life and drops several bills on the floor, counting the money. In the morning Chartkov accidentally discovers banknotes. Now he has a lot of money, but the needs are increasing by leaps and bounds. Then the artist takes on portraits to order, where rich clients demand from him not a creative approach, but the ability to embellish reality to suit their bourgeois taste. There is nothing to do, he does everything for the sake of a fee! In the end, the talent was gone, and it was replaced by a well-paid craft. The painter realized the change when he saw the truly talented work of a friend at the exhibition. He went crazy with envy and decided to destroy everything that seemed beautiful to him. Thus, art requires sacrifice from a person, he must give himself up to creativity without a trace, otherwise his gift will turn into a skill with which it is by no means gods that burn pots.
- In the story of N.V. Gogol's "Portrait" tells the story of a hero who painted an unfortunate picture. This is a master of his craft, who, of course, needed to support his family. Therefore, without thinking, he took on a large order. One moneylender known for his cruelty wanted to receive before his death perfect portrait himself. For this purpose, he hired the best painter. He began a long and difficult work. The further he went, trying with a penetrating glance to penetrate the soul of the usurer, the worse he felt. His depravity seemed to leave its claw marks in his mind. The master never finished the canvas, he was seized by vicious thoughts and desires. And so he decided that only life in a monastery would help him cleanse himself of filth. He went to the holy monastery and was cured, restoring peace in his soul. Thus, art can bring not only light, but also darkness, so every creator must be responsible for what he does. His creative freedom should not turn into permissiveness.
A.S. Pushkin "Conversation of a bookseller with a poet"
- A.S. Pushkin in the poem "The Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet" expressed his disgust at the need to sell his creations. In this work, the poet presents two opposing points of view. A bookseller is a business man, he has his own price for everything, expressed in monetary terms. It seems to him that writing "rhymes" is an ordinary profession, no different from the work of any artisan. According to the bookseller, the main thing here is to tailor your product to the tastes of the right people in order to profitably sell the goods. The poet at the beginning of the poem argues passionately with the bookseller, telling him about inspiration, about the freedom of creativity. But the bookseller retorts: “Our age is a shopkeeper; in this age of iron without money and freedom there is no. The poet gives up, and the sublime lines are replaced by vulgar prose: “You are absolutely right. Here is my manuscript. Let's agree."
I.A. Kuprin "Taper"
- Kuprin’s story “Taper” tells a simple story about how a poor young pianist earned money on holidays in rich houses and met with famous composer who showed interest in his game and provided a bright future for the young talent. The problem of art and craft is revealed in this work in a clear discrepancy between the pianist's craft and the playing style of a talented musician. The word "tapper" in one of its meanings refers to an insensitively playing performer, and Yuri Azagarov played with inspiration, enthusiasm and very artistic. Such a game could not leave anyone indifferent, so the famous Rubinstein turned his attention to him. This problem is solved in the story in favor of true art: no matter how small and modest a person is, he will be noticed if he puts his soul into his work. It is this spirituality that distinguishes art from craft.
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
- The influence of art on the perception of the world by a person is shown in the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Having lost big at cards, Nikolai Rostov does not know how to inform a family that is experiencing financial difficulties. But his feelings are dispelled by the singing of sister Natasha. Hearing the magnificent performance of the composition, he calms down and understands the insignificance of his mental anguish in comparison with the greatness of art.
- Natasha Rostova not only had a magnificent voice, but also subtly felt the music. The girl was delighted not only with the compositions that sounded at receptions and balls, she was not alien to dancing to the guitar, inviting fervent motives. By this, the author shows that true art is not subject to times and customs.
A. P. Chekhov "Rothschild's Violin"
- Undertaker Yakov Ivanov moonlights as a violinist along with his fellow Jew Rothschild. The second is often false, which annoys a friend. But Yakov himself does not take music seriously, only after the death of his wife, having learned that he did not have long to live, plays the violin soulfully, causing tears in those around him. The undertaker bequeaths the instrument to a Jewish friend and dies. Rothschild, imbued to the depths of his soul with the melody he heard, reproduces it on a donated violin. The composition brings him fame and recognition, becomes immortal.
M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
- Handicraft in the field of art is vividly shown in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" The capital's writers have long put their works on stream, they are more concerned about vacations in the country, trips to Yalta and the notorious "housing problem".
- The attitude of the Master to creativity is completely different: the novel about Pontius Pilate absorbs him completely. In order to create freely, the writer rents a small basement on the Arbat, buys literature with the information necessary for the book with all the money won in the lottery. When criticism falls on the novel and it is not allowed to be published, the Master feels devastated, burns the manuscripts, and then ends up in a psychiatric hospital. Thus we see how true creativity replaced by formulaic works performed for the sake of power.
A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri"
- The difference between art and craft was suggested to us by A.S. Pushkin in Mozart and Salieri. Heroes always competed in music, but Mozart invariably won the championship, although his opponent prepared more diligently and studied better. He sat for hours trying to invent a melody that would surpass the composition of his colleague in strength and passion. But all in vain. The genius composed a masterpiece in minutes, seemingly without any effort. Then the desperate composer decided to deal with a successful rival and mixed poison with him. But the talent of the dead man did not illuminate the killer, his death did not help Salieri win musical Olympus. It was not about Mozart, but about the fact that someone from above is destined to show an unsurpassed talent, while others are simply not given this. Perhaps they will find their calling, but in a different matter. Thus, art is a child of inspiration, it is a gift from above. It is designed to create something that did not exist before. A craft is, as a rule, a commercial reproduction of what is already there. This is not an insight, but a routine process, the purpose of which is to satisfy the needs of the customer. Art, on the other hand, is always directed to eternity, it does not have a consumer orientation.
- I believe that the publicist Romain Rolland would be right when he said that "To create is to kill death." An example confirming this idea can be found in the work of A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri". The main character was a genius in the world of music, his creations amazed his contemporaries. The melodies of his authorship marked a new era in the art of sound. However, the creator himself did not live long, according to the plot of the book, he was poisoned by a colleague who envied his fame. Was Mozart forgotten after death? No. His music conquered death itself, because the composer's name still lives on, and his melodies sing a loud song that their creator is immortal.
N.S. Leskov "Lefty"
- In the tale of N.S. Leskov "Lefty" describes the difficult fate of the creator. The Tula craftsman receives an important order from the emperor himself: he needs to show the English craftsmen that their Russian colleagues are better. The Cossack Platov undertakes to deliver the order. He also brutally controls the activities of workers. Left-hander and his team worked for a long time on an impossible task, but they made an incredible achievement: they shod the English flea, which the emperor was so amazed at. One problem: the flea used to dance, but after working on it, it stopped moving. Here Platov became furious, never understanding what the masters had done. He beat Lefty badly. But when the court understood what he had achieved, everyone unanimously decided to send the craftsman to England to show off his work. Abroad, a gifted man was immediately appreciated. There they picked up a wife for him, and promised money, and coaxed him with all sorts of honors, but he stubbornly rushed to his homeland. In the end, he boarded the ship and went home. Most of all, he wanted to convey an important secret to the emperor in time: you can’t clean the gun muzzles with brick chips, the weapon deteriorates. But in home country the drunken Lefty was left to die, no one listened to his words, no one helped him. And so a talented person died, whom important gentlemen only used, but did not appreciate. Thus, fate rarely spoils geniuses, because people realize their significance too late.
- In the tale of N.S. Leskov "Lefty" tells about the sacrifice that art requires from the one who owns it. When meeting with Tula master we pay attention to the fact that his hair was torn out during training. We also see that he is poor and lives very modestly. An interesting fact is that the hero is slavishly submissive to fate and does not argue with Platov when he unfairly attacks craftsmen. All of this speaks volumes about what the life of a true creator actually looks like. This is not glory and honors, wealth and recognition, no! This is poverty, hard work, intense and difficult comprehension of the intricacies of craftsmanship. All this a man must endure without grumbling. Otherwise, his gift will not be developed and will not become a real talent. Such is the price of talent!
A. Akhmatova "Requiem"
- In her work "Requiem" A. Akhmatova describes the times of harsh repressions, when people were sent into exile without trial or investigation, without telling their relatives anything. Mothers and wives had to stand in endless lines for months, waiting for at least some news from their sons and husbands. With this poem, the poetess challenged the Stalinist regime, for which her other works became banned for publication. Akhmatova had to endure humiliation and suffering for her position in art that was objectionable to the authorities.
V. Korolenko "The Blind Musician"
- Peter was born blind, but had good hearing and touch. Since childhood, the boy was interested in playing the stableman Joachim on the flute, he himself began to master the flute, and then the piano. Music helped him perceive and “see” the world. Peter had to overcome many trials to accept himself as he is. But talented musician managed to achieve the recognition of others and find personal happiness.
A. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin"
- A simple guy Vasily Terkin appears before the reader as a courageous soldier and at the same time a great optimist. His enthusiasm more than once raises the morale of his colleagues. One day, in the middle of winter, he is picked up by a passing truck full of soldiers. A cheerful-looking guy plays the accordion for them, which makes the fighters warmer, and they start dancing. Thus, music helped people to distract themselves from heavy thoughts about what was happening and forget about the war for a while.

Quotes from works for the composition of the exam

"Woe from Wit" A.S. Griboyedov
- “because now they love the dumb” (Chatsky about Molchalin)
- “I would be glad to serve, it’s sickening to serve” (Chatsky Famusov)
- “What will Princess Marya Aleksevna say!” (the end)
- “Happy hours are not observed” (Sofya)
- "He's out of his mind" (Sofya about Chatsky)
- “There is no need for another model when the example of a father is in the eyes” (Famusov Sofya)
- “Who is poor is not a match for you” (Famusov Sofya)
- "In my years one should not dare
- Have your own judgment ”(Molchalin’s spinelessness and servility)
- “to please all people without exception” (Testament of Father Molchalin)
- “Houses are new, but prejudices are old” (Chatsky)
- “Learning is the plague” (Famusov)
- "mind hungry for knowledge" (Chatsky)
- "a striking picture of morals" (Pushkin)
"Undergrowth" D.I. Fonvizin
- “I don’t want to study, I want to get married” (Mitrofan)
- “Here are the worthy fruits of evil-mindedness!” (Starodum at the end)
- “Without sciences, people live and lived” (Prostakova)
- “Science in a depraved person is a fierce weapon to do evil” (Starodum)
- “Well, say another word, you old bastard!” (Mitrofan to the nanny)
"The Captain's Daughter" A.S. Pushkin
- "in tight rein" (Father Grinev to a colleague)
- "to have mercy, so to have mercy" (Pugachev)
- “Take care of honor from a young age” (epigraph, father’s testament to Grinev)
- “God forbid to see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless!”
- Shvabrin describes Masha Grineva as a "perfect fool"
- “Just don’t demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience” - Grinev to Pugachev.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
- "Dika, sad, silent, Like a doe forest timid"
- Forgive me: I love my dear Tatyana so much! (author)
- "I liked his features" (Pushkin about Onegin)
- “The world decided that he was smart and very nice” (about Onegin, secular society is narrow in views, petty, low)
- "Isn't he a parody?" (Tatyana about Onegin)
- Poetry and prose, ice and fire
- Not so different from each other. (Onegin and Lensky)
- "The ignoramus was dear at heart" (Lensky)
- “How wrong I was, how punished!” (Onegin's letter)
- "Encyclopedia of Russian life" (about the novel)
"Hero of our time" M.Yu. Lermontov
- “After all, there are, really, such people who are written in their family that various unusual things should happen to them.” (M. Maksimych about Pechorin)
- “The love of a savage woman is little better than the love of a noble lady” (Pechorin about Bel)
- “What do you want ...” (Pechorin Maxim Maksimych answers at the meeting)
- "honest" smugglers
- "water" society
- "skeptic and materialist" (Werner)
- “Of two friends, one is always the slave of the other” (Pechorin on friendship)
- “With the opportunity to lose her forever, Vera has become dearer to me than anything in the world” (P. about Vera)
- "no one can be as truly unhappy as you, because no one tries so hard to convince himself otherwise." (Faith about P.)
- “I love to doubt everything” (P. Chapter “Fatalist”)
- lives "out of curiosity" (P)
- "moral cripple" (P)
- V. Belinsky said about Pechorin: “This is the Onegin of our time”
- Before the duel with Grushnitsky, Pechorin reflects: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?
- “Is it possible, I thought, that my only purpose on earth is to destroy other people’s hopes?” (Pechorin)
- “The hero of our time is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation in their full development” (Lermontov)
"Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov
- "Do you want to know what I did
- At will? Lived ... ".
- Mtsyri enters the "wonderful world of worries and battles"
- V.G. Belinsky. "What a fiery soul, what a mighty spirit"
- The ideal environment for Mtsyri is one "where people are free like eagles"
- "I couldn't tell anyone
- The sacred words "father" and "mother".
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
- “After all, you live on that to pick flowers of pleasure” (Ivan Khlestakov’s position)
- Trustee of charitable institutions Strawberry "A simple man: if he dies, then he will die, and if he recovers, then he will recover anyway"
- “The only positive hero of my comedy is laughter,” Gogol admitted
- With Pushkin on a friendly footing. (lie Khlestakov)
- I tell everyone openly that I take bribes, but why bribes? Greyhound puppies. (Judge Ammos Fedorovich Lyapkin-Tyapkin)
"Overcoat" N.V. Gogol
- “Leave me, why are you offending me?”
- he served zealously—no, he served with love.
"Dead Souls" N.V. Gogol
- "knight of the void" (Manilov)
- looks like "a medium-sized bear" (Sobakevich)
- every object, every chair seemed to say: "And I, too, Sobakevich!" (interior of Sobakevich)
- the house looked like a "decrepit invalid" (at Plyushkin)
- "a hole in humanity" (Plyushkin)
- “And to what insignificance, pettiness, vileness a person could descend! Could change like that!” (author's thoughts on Pl.)
- "Oh, trio! bird troika, who invented you? (lyre.indent)
"Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev
- “One human specimen is enough to judge all others” (Bazarov)
- Bazarov "A decent chemist is 20 times more useful than any poet"
- “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it”
- I do not share anyone's opinions; I have mine. (Bazarov)
- “Such a rich body! Even now to the anatomical theater!” - Bazarov about Odintsova (cynicism)
- “Know that I love you stupidly, madly ...” (Bazarov’s confession)
- Before the death of Bazarov Odintsova: “Blow on the dying lamp and let it go out”
- D. Pisarev “To die the way Bazarov died is the same as to do a feat”
- “He is predatory, and we are tame” (Katya says to Arkady)
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
- “It is possible to shed blood according to conscience” (the position of Schism.)
- "The material that serves solely for the birth of its own kind." (ordinary people)
- “Those who have the gift or talent to say a new word in their midst.” (extraordinary people)
- "Trembling creature" - ordinary, "having the right" - extraordinary people.
- “Love yourself first of all, for everything in the world is based on personal interest” - Pyotr Luzhin.
- “Everything is allowed to a man” - Arkady Svidrigailov
- "one field of berries" - Svidrigailov to Raskolnikov
- “This man is a louse! .. Do you have the right to kill?” (Sonya)
"Thunderstorm" A.N. Ostrovsky
- He clothes the poor, but eats the household completely ”(Kuligin about Kabanikha)
- Why don't people fly like birds? (Katerina)
- Yes, he hates me, hates me, his caress is worse for me than beatings. (Cat.)
- If I was not afraid of sin for you, will I be afraid of human judgment? (Katerina about love for Boris)
- "Mommy, you ruined her!" (Tikhon after the death of K.)
- “Do whatever you want, as long as it’s sewn and covered” (Varvara Katerina)
"War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy
- Never, never marry, my friend (Bolq. to Pierre)
- “... Father, wife, sister are the people dearest to me ... I will give them all now for a minute of glory, triumph over people” (A. Bolkonsky)
- “How quiet, calm and solemn ... everything is empty, everything is a lie, except for this endless sky” (Austerlitz sky. A.B.)
- No, life is not over at 31 (oak episode)
- Love is God, and to die means for me, a particle of love, to return to the common and eternal source.
- If everyone fought only according to their convictions, there would be no war ...
- And of all the people I loved and hated no one more than her. (B. about Natasha)
- We must live, we must love, we must believe ... (Pierre)
- "an event contrary to human reason and all human nature" (author about the war)
- Tushin's battery was forgotten...
- "club of the people's war" (Tikhon Shcherbaty)
- I am tormented only by the evil that I did to him. Just tell him that I ask him to forgive, forgive, forgive me for everything ...
- There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth.
"Oblomov" I.A. Goncharov
- - Well, it's full to lie down! - he said, - you have to get up ... But anyway, let me read the letter from the headman again with attention, and then I’ll get up.
- - What a cleanliness you have everywhere: dust, dirt, my God! There, there, look in the corners - you're not doing anything!
- - Do you understand, - said Ilya Ilyich, - that moths start from the dust? I sometimes even see a bed bug on the wall!
- - Only about money and care! grumbled Ilya Ilyich. - Why don't you file accounts little by little, but all of a sudden?
- - Somebody has come! - said Oblomov, wrapping himself in a dressing gown. - And I have not yet got up - a shame and nothing more! Who would it be so early?
"Old Woman Izergil" M. Golky
- The beautiful are always brave.
- Health is also gold.
- Those who do not know how to live would go to bed. Those to whom life is sweet, here they sing.
- And I see that people do not live, but everyone tries on and puts their whole life on it ... Everyone is his own destiny!
- Whoever does nothing, nothing will happen to him.
"At the bottom" M. Golky
- My body is poisoned by alcohol ... (Actor)
- It turns out - outside, no matter how you paint yourself, everything will be erased ...
- Kindness is above all blessings.
- When work is a duty, life is slavery! (Satin)
- What is the conscience? I'm not rich ... (Bubnov)
- We are all wanderers on earth ... (Luke)
- All people on earth are superfluous ... (Bubnov)
- Man - everything can ... if only he wants ... (Luke)
- Death - it calms everything ... it is affectionate for us ... (Luke)
- You can't go anywhere in the carriage of the past. (Satin)
- You have to respect the person! Do not feel sorry ... do not humiliate him with pity ... you must respect. (Satin)
- Lies are the religion of slaves and masters ... Truth is God free man! (Satin)
"Quiet Flows the Don" M. Sholokhov
- Not an azure scarlet color, but a dog's fury, a drunken roadside, late woman's love blooms.
- In a time of turmoil and depravity
- Do not judge, brothers, brother.
- You have a smart head, but the fool got it.
- A woman's heart is greedy for pity, for affection.
- In fact, a person needs very little to be happy.
- Life will force you to figure it out, and not only force you, but also forcefully push you to one side.
- In life, there is no way that everyone lives the same way.
"The Master and Margarita"M.A. Bulgakov
- I've been broken, I'm bored, and I want to go to the basement.
- I'll tell you a fairy tale. There was one aunt. And she had no children and no happiness at all either. And here she was at first crying for a long time, and then she became angry.
- FROM yellow flowers I went out so that you can finally find me...
- People are like people. They love money, but it has always been ...
- A brick will never fall on anyone's head for no reason.
- Well, the one who loves must share the fate of the one he loves.
- It is easy and pleasant to speak the truth.
- Housekeepers know everything - it's a mistake to think they're blind.
- History will judge us - Koroviev
"Matrenin Dvor" A. Solzhenitsyn
- “Those people always have good faces, who are at odds with their conscience.”
- "Peat product? Ah, Turgenev did not know that it was possible to compose such a thing in Russian!
- “What a damned manner - not to explain anything to an innocent person”
"The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov

Arguments in the direction of "Dream and Reality":

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
A.I. Kuprin "Garnet bracelet"
A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
A. Green "Scarlet Sails"
M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
- Danko dreams of freedom for the people of his tribe, for this he does not spare his own life, tearing his heart out of his chest in order to illuminate the path along which the tribe is trying to get out of the impenetrable forest and stinking swamps with its bright fire. The hero does this despite the fact that people are angry with him and want him dead, not believing that he can fulfill his promise and lead them to freedom. Danko loves and pities people, and therefore his dream is connected with them, with a better life for them, which is why he sacrifices himself without regret.
N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza"
- In the story of N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza" the problem of dreams and reality is posed very sharply. Let's start with the fact that the writer himself in his dreams wanted to connect a poor peasant woman with a representative of an aristocratic society. The world of dreams and the world of reality collide in the space of the story. Erast dreams of idyllic love, sincerely wanting to forget class conventions. But reality destroys these intentions. Political, psychological, financial, social - what circumstances do not interfere in the relationship of lovers! Even one of them would be enough for Erast's dreams to crumble like a house of cards, his moral principles are so unsteady and fragile. Lisa's fate was sealed from the very moment when she believed that the fairy tale about Cinderella could become a reality in her case with Erast. Until this moment, she tried to take a sober look at the situation, but the desire to become a wife for her beloved made her vulnerable. Following a dream, she lost her head, and it ended in tragedy.
A.S. Pushkin "Snowstorm"
- In the story "Snowstorm" A.S. Pushkin reflects on the dream and reality on the example of the main character - Marya Gavrilovna. She dreams of marrying a poor neighbor on the estate. Parents are categorically against such a disadvantageous party, but Marya, in her pursuit of a dream, goes to any lengths. She and Vladimir decided to secretly get married. Their intentions are destroyed by the intervention of the elements. On the day of their wedding, a terrible blizzard raged. As a result of this intervention, Marya married a stranger, and Vladimir, who did not have time to arrive at the place of the wedding, leaves in terrible confusion for the war and soon dies in the Battle of Borodino. Marya, after the death of her father, remains a rich heiress, she has no end to suitors, but she cannot marry. And so she meets with Burmin, who turned out to be her "accidental" husband. The heroes are happy. In this work, Pushkin wanted to express the idea that dreams can be dangerous, and reality must be accepted and reconciled, only this can become the key to a happy life.
L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
- In the story "After the Ball" L.N. Tolstoy talks about how dreams are destroyed when faced with cruel reality. Ivan Vasilyevich, the narrator in the work, recalls the days of his youth, when he was young and full of happy hopes. He was in love and danced with his chosen one at the governor's ball all night. He yielded only one dance to another - to Varenka's father, for whom he experienced the same enthusiastic feeling of love as for his daughter. The whole world seemed to the lover joyful and happy. Until the morning after the ball came. The narrator could not fall asleep in any way and went for a walk, during which he saw a monstrous action - an inhuman execution of a runaway Tatar, which was led by Varenka's father. So reality destroyed dreams of happiness - a young man could not marry a girl whose father is able to participate in such a monstrous business. The voluntary abandonment of a dream is explained by the fact that one cannot enjoy happiness when at the same time someone is being tortured and tormented.
A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
- In the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" the main character dreams of a happy and free life. But marriage did not live up to her hopes: her husband was under the iron heel of his mother, who sent reproaches every day of the existence of a young family. If the son could still run away for a while to a tavern or on business, then his wife took on the brunt of the relationship with her mother-in-law. Reality brutally deceived the expectations of a sublime and romantic girl. She thought that all families, like her parents, live in harmony and understanding. But her dream of love is not destined to come true even outside the scrap of Kabanikhi. Boris was another disappointment. His love did not extend beyond his uncle's prohibition. As a result, from the collision of reality with the world of dreams, the heroine loses the strength to live and kills herself. Thus, the conflict between reality and dreams can lead to tragedy.
- Dreams come true, but not by themselves. For this you need to do something. But often people do not understand simple truths, and A.N. Ostrovsky described such an example in the drama Thunderstorm. Tikhon loves his wife and dreams of living with her in the warmth and harmony of the family hearth, but the hero's mother constantly pesters the young with her eternal desire to control everything. It would seem that this problem can be corrected, but Tikhon is a weak-willed and apathetic person, to whom any business seems to be an unbearable burden. He is afraid of his mother, although he has already become an adult man. As a result, he pulls the strap of a difficult life without trying to fulfill his desires. This was enough to bring the unfortunate Katerina to suicide. In the finale, the hero mourns his wife and reproaches his mother for the collapse of all his hopes. But only he is to blame.
I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
- In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the hero gets bogged down in fantasies all his life, hiding from reality in a warm bathrobe on his favorite sofa. He practically does not leave the house, but often thinks that he will come out and do something. To all the demands of reality (theft in Oblomovka, the need to leave the apartment, etc.), Ilya Ilyich only brushes aside, trying at any cost to throw the worries about affairs onto someone else. Therefore, Oblomov is always surrounded by scammers who benefit from the incessant escape of a friend from reality, where they shamelessly rob him. The daydreaming of Ilya Ilyich leads him into a dead end. Living days in illusions, he forgot how to do anything, so he loses his beloved Olga, squanders the rest of the inheritance and leaves his son an orphan without a fortune. Oblomov dies in the prime of his life from his way of life, although no, from his way of thinking, because it is he who brings a man to complete physical and spiritual degradation. Thus, excessive daydreaming threatens a person with irreparable and grave consequences.
- Our dreams do not always lead us on the right path. Sometimes they confuse us in the depths of labyrinths, from where it is difficult to get back. Therefore, it is necessary in time to distinguish our true desires from false and imposed ideas about what we want. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" is just such an example. Olga Ilyinskaya imagined herself to be the savior of Ilya Ilyich and began to stubbornly remake him. She did not spare his habits, did not consider his opinion, and did not love him the way he was in real life. She saw in front of her only an illusion that she dreamed of making. Therefore, their relationship did not work out, and the heroine herself fell into a stupid position. She, young and beautiful, almost herself made an offer to a lazy fat man, who in every possible way slowed down the process. Then the woman realized that she lived in illusions and invented love for herself. Olga, fortunately, found a more suitable husband and said goodbye to false desires that could have made her unhappy if they were fulfilled. Thus, not all dreams lead us to a happy future.

The final essay is the most important test on the road to the exam. If you do not pass it, you can not even think about passing the unified state exam. That’s why it’s so important to start preparing diligently now! Not much time, a couple of months. But together we will overcome everything. Joint? Yes! Write in the comments what piece was missing, and we will make an argument on it!

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov described the gulf between dream and reality in his novel The Master and Margarita. The protagonist dreamed of publishing a book - the achievement of his life. For the sake of writing it, he left his job, spent a lot of money won on the purchase of various works that helped him in his work. But in the end, he himself regretted that he had so zealously sought the fulfillment of his dream. Critics immediately fell upon the published passage, like a flock of ravens on a corpse. Insults began in the press, persecution of such an "anti-Soviet" writer. And the basement on the Arbat, which the Master paid for with a lottery win, did not bring happiness: he was set up and evicted by Magarych, who pretended to be a friend. The hero finds himself in a madhouse, and he completely burned his novel. It turns out that a person should be afraid of his desires, because he cannot even imagine what they will turn into in reality.
M. A. Bulgakov tells about the insignificance of some of our desires in the novel The Master and Margarita. Woland, at his performance in the Variety, is ironic about the dreams of Muscovites: they are all obsessed with the “housing problem”. The magician satisfies their pettiness and vanity by throwing wads of money into the air, dressing women in luxurious outfits. But the author of the novel showed the vanity and insignificance of such aspirations literally: all the money and robes melted away or turned into empty pieces of paper. Thus, the dreams of all these limited and stingy people turned out to be worthless illusions, and Satan taught them a good lesson.
The heroine of the novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" went through a lot to realize her cherished dream. The woman longed for the return of her loved one, who was missing. She tried everything possible, but did not learn anything about his fate. And then one day she met a stranger who made a frightening proposal: take a cream, spread it all over her body and wait for his call. After that, there should be a meeting with a foreigner who knows about the Master what Margarita so wants to know. The woman was very frightened, but decided to take this step. She left her husband forever and all her former life in contentment and idleness. She had to meet the devil and become the hostess at his ball. She endured both pain and fear for the sake of love. As a result, the heroine was able to rescue the Master, but her dream came true at a high price. Thus, in order to get what you want, you need to make an effort, because dreams do not come true just like that.

F. M. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment"

F. M. Dostoevsky in his work “Crime and Punishment” described a very dangerous dreamer who should beware of his desires. Rodion Raskolnikov sought to restore trampled social justice and distribute the surplus of rich people to the poor. To do this, he chose the first victim - the usurer Alena Ivanovna. This old woman wrapped dozens of honest but impoverished families in debt nets. The hero kills her, and at the same time takes the life of her pregnant sister, who was a witness to the massacre. But the fulfillment of his dream turns into the collapse of all bright hopes. The stolen money did not help anyone, but only ruined the peace of mind of the murderer and the thief. Thus, some desires are really worth fearing, since in reality they can only be embodied in ugliness and sinfulness.
Reality is sometimes not able to desecrate a dream, as F. M. Dostoevsky, the author of the book Crime and Punishment, proves to us. Sonya Marmeladova dreamed of converting Rodion to the Christian faith and directing him to the righteous path of atonement for sin. Therefore, the girl goes to a moral feat: she goes to hard labor after her beloved. The harsh realities of prison life did not break the sublime soul. The heroine adapted herself to cruel orders and supported many prisoners with her care. Everyone loved her. Even the cold heart of proud Rodion melted. As a result, Sonya's wish came true: her chosen one renounced inhuman theories. In the epilogue, we see how he enthusiastically reads the Bible, imbued with wisdom and mercy. Thus, even the most unrealizable, it would seem, dream can break into reality and not be defiled by it, if a person ardently believes in what he is doing.

A. P. Chekhov, "Ionych"

In A.P. Chekhov's story "Ionych", the hero dreams of his realization in the profession. He wants to make a great contribution to the development of medicine, he wants to help people and bring good to this world. But Dmitry finds himself in a remote province, where his sincere impulses towards the light are drowned out by the impenetrable darkness of philistinism and vulgarity. The whole environment of the young doctor drags him into a swamp of monotony and boredom. Here no one aspires to anything, no one yearns for anything. Everything goes on. And Startsev also betrays his dream, becoming an ordinary fat middle-aged man. He is rude and grumpy, serving annoying patients, whom he considers solely as a source of income. Now he only wants to sit in a club and gamble. Using his example, we understand that betraying one's ideals and dreams promises complete spiritual degradation.
Not all dreams are destined to come true, and this is the norm of life. This thesis is proved by A.P. Chekhov in the book "Ionych". Katerina dreams of becoming a virtuoso pianist, but can she do it? Hardly. Not all people are given true talent. But the heroine does not understand this, showing off her ability to drum on the keys. She even rejects Dmitry's offer, leaves her father's house and spends several years in the capital, trying to learn to be a pianist. And what is the result? Youth fades, beauty fades, and the dream turns into sick pricks of ambition. The girl returns home with nothing, vaguely aware of her own mediocrity. Was it worth it to be so arrogant and reject the young man? No. But the past cannot be returned, and Katerina tries in vain to remind Dmitry of his former feelings. Thus, not all dreams are given to a person to realize, and he must accept this fact courageously and calmly, directing his efforts in another, more suitable direction.

A. S. Pushkin, "The Captain's Daughter"

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his historical novel The Captain's Daughter describes devotion to a dream, which culminated in the realization of a wish. Marya Mironova fell in love with Peter and dreamed of marrying him. But fate always put a spoke in their wheels: at first, Shvabrin informed Grinev's father that the dowry was eager to lure the rich heir into a trap. The elderly nobleman naturally forbade this marriage. Then Marya became a prisoner of Alexei, and he forced her to marry him. It would seem that the poor orphan should have accepted the offer, she would not have to wait for the best, but the girl stubbornly waited for her beloved. When the release took place, she again had to lose Peter. He was convicted for imaginary help to Pugachev. And then the heroine was not afraid to go to the Empress herself. Such fidelity to the dream finally led Marya to fulfill her desire: she became the wife of a loved one.
Sometimes people are ready to go to any abominations, just to make their dream come true. Such an example is described by A. S. Pushkin in the novel The Captain's Daughter. Alexei wanted to marry Marya, but she rejected him. The beauty also fell in love with the new officer of the garrison, Peter. Then Shvabrin decided to achieve his goal through intrigue and even betrayal. He denigrated the reputation of Mironova and her family in the eyes of Grinev. Then the brave young man appointed the gossip a duel, defending the honor of his beloved girl. And Shvabrin again showed meanness, using a dishonest method. And when the rebels captured the fortress, the hero did not even raise an eyebrow, betraying his patronymic. It was then that he decided to take his wife by force and coercion, without stopping at nothing. Grinev prevented him in time, and yet Alexei was ready to step over all moral prohibitions, if only to achieve the fulfillment of his dream. Because of such unscrupulousness, it did not come true, because in any aspiration it is important to maintain dignity, otherwise you will only move away from your dream, because you will become unworthy of it.

A. N. Ostrovsky, "Thunderstorm"

In A. N. Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm", the main character dreams of a happy and free life. But marriage did not live up to her hopes: her husband was under the iron heel of his mother, who sent reproaches every day of the existence of a young family. If the son could still run away for a while to a tavern or on business, then his wife took on the brunt of the relationship with her mother-in-law. Reality brutally deceived the expectations of a sublime and romantic girl. She thought that all families, like her parents, live in harmony and understanding. But her dream of love is not destined to come true even outside the scrap of Kabanikhi. Boris was another disappointment. His love did not extend beyond his uncle's prohibition. As a result, from the collision of reality with the world of dreams, the heroine loses the strength to live and kills herself. Thus, the conflict between reality and dreams can lead to tragedy.
Dreams come true, but not by themselves. For this you need to do something. But often people do not understand simple truths, and A. N. Ostrovsky described such an example in the drama Thunderstorm. Tikhon loves his wife and dreams of living with her in the warmth and harmony of the family hearth, but the hero's mother constantly pesters the young with her eternal desire to control everything. It would seem that this problem can be corrected, but Tikhon is a weak-willed and apathetic person, to whom any business seems to be an unbearable burden. He is afraid of his mother, although he has already become an adult man. As a result, he pulls the strap of a difficult life without trying to fulfill his desires. This was enough to bring the unfortunate Katerina to suicide. In the finale, the hero mourns his wife and reproaches his mother for the collapse of all his hopes. But only he is to blame.

I. A. Goncharov, "Oblomov"

In the novel Oblomov by I. A. Goncharov, the hero gets bogged down in fantasies all his life, hiding from reality in a warm bathrobe on his favorite sofa. He practically does not leave the house, but often thinks that he will come out and do something. To all the demands of reality (theft in Oblomovka, the need to leave the apartment, etc.), Ilya Ilyich only brushes aside, trying at any cost to throw the worries about affairs onto someone else. Therefore, Oblomov is always surrounded by scammers who benefit from the incessant escape of a friend from reality, where they shamelessly rob him. The daydreaming of Ilya Ilyich leads him into a dead end. Living days in illusions, he forgot how to do anything, so he loses his beloved Olga, squanders the rest of the inheritance and leaves his son an orphan without a fortune. Oblomov dies in the prime of his life from his way of life, although no, from his way of thinking, because it is he who brings a man to complete physical and spiritual degradation. Thus, excessive daydreaming threatens a person with irreparable and grave consequences.
Our dreams do not always lead us on the right path. Sometimes they confuse us in the depths of labyrinths, from where it is difficult to get back. Therefore, it is necessary in time to distinguish our true desires from false and imposed ideas about what we want. In the novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov" is just such an example. Olga Ilyinskaya imagined herself to be the savior of Ilya Ilyich and began to stubbornly remake him. She did not spare his habits, did not consider his opinion, and did not love him the way he was in real life. She saw in front of her only an illusion that she dreamed of making. Therefore, their relationship did not work out, and the heroine herself fell into a stupid position. She, young and beautiful, almost herself made an offer to a lazy fat man, who in every possible way slowed down the process. Then the woman realized that she lived in illusions and invented love for herself. Olga, fortunately, found a more suitable husband and said goodbye to false desires that could have made her unhappy if they were fulfilled. Thus, not all dreams lead us to a happy future.

A. Green, "Scarlet Sails"

In Green's work Scarlet Sails, the heroine proved by her own example that even the wildest dreams come true if a person believes in them with all his heart. Once upon a time, a little girl received a prediction that a prince would sail for her on a magical ship with scarlet sails. Assol believed in the destiny and began to wait for that mysterious stranger, although everyone around laughed at her naivety. Society took out on her a negative attitude towards her father, and the girl grew up as an outcast. In addition, she was considered crazy, because who in their right mind would believe in stories about fabulous ships and handsome princes? But the heroine stubbornly believed in her lucky star, and for good reason. The brave sailor found out about her dream and fulfilled it, deciding to support the beauty. As a result, Assol waited for the fulfillment of her desire, despite the fact that no one believed in her. Thus, in order to realize your dreams, you must be a courageous and independent person, devoted to his ideal.
To fulfill your dream, a person sometimes has to sacrifice a lot. For example, Arthur Gray from the story "Scarlet Sails" was forced to leave his home and break ties with his family in order to become a sailor. His parents were famous aristocrats, representatives of an ancient dynasty. Their only son was destined for the fate of a diplomat, because his father was an important government official. However, the boy wanted to live differently. The gloomy and pompous atmosphere of the mansion oppressed him. He wanted freedom and variety of travel. But the family did not approve of his intentions. Then the 15-year-old boy ran away from home. It was no doubt hard for him to take this step, but he was able to get out of his comfort zone. Such is the price of the fulfillment of dreams.

N. V. Gogol, Dead Souls

The difference between a dream and a desire becomes clear when we find out what a person wants from life. The protagonist of the poem by N. V. Gogol " Dead Souls wanted one thing: enrichment. For this, he traveled around Russia in search of landowners who could transfer to him those peasants who had already died. So, the swindler intended to fraudulently obtain a loan by pawning dozens of serfs, who actually did not exist. It is obvious that Chichikov did not disdain the most low means in the implementation of their plans. He was not afraid to put his honor at stake, even his freedom, because for such machinations you can get on trial. But is the result worth the risk? Is a person really ready to sacrifice everything that he has for the sake of money? This is a very petty reason. For a dream, a simple desire for profit is not enough. This is just a consumer desire that is easy to satisfy. Most people have it, there is nothing in it that could inspire a person. A real dream is an ideal, a barely achievable miracle, to which a person is drawn. And what is so prosaic and banal is called only a momentary whim - desire.
One of the heroes of N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" was distinguished by a special reverie. Manilov lived in dreams, so in words he seemed like an ideal landowner. He dreamed of building a stone bridge across the pond, setting up tents and stalls for merchants there, in a word, organizing innovative trading platforms. However, all the regulars at home knew that the owner had been telling this story for years. He also gave the impression of being well-read and cultured person, but the book on his desk has been open to page fourteen for two years now. The nobleman took great care of the household, but did not understand anything about it, so the manager robbed him. Manilov lived with illusions that fed his imagination. These phantoms were enough for him, he was not going to do anything to realize them. Therefore, none of his grandiose plans will ever cease to be a plan.

A. P. Chekhov, "Gooseberry"

A dream is a beautiful and inspiring extravaganza that guides us through life to the future we want. But if dreams turn into a fanatical desire, close to obsession, then they can drive a person crazy. An example was described by A.P. Chekhov in the story "Gooseberry". The protagonist, more than anything, wanted to buy his own estate. There he intended to grow his favorite garden berries and live in complete peace. For the sake of acquiring this paradise, he decided to waste all of himself. The man married for convenience, killed his wife with savings and stinginess, and he himself was malnourished, if only to save money for a coveted purchase. All hobbies, feelings, knowledge were forgotten. Nikolai Ivanovich lived only one dream. As a result, he achieved his goal, became a gentleman with his estate and a saucer of sour gooseberries. But he lived in solitude and complete idleness, having no family, no love, no life's work. The hero became spiritually impoverished, scared away all his friends, even his brother was uncomfortable in his presence. Extremes do not lead to good, even if they appear in dreams. Fanaticism destroys the inner world of man.
In A.P. Chekhov's story "The Gooseberry", the main character proved by his own example that one cannot dream only about material values, otherwise the dreamer's personality degrades. Nikolai Ivanovich all his life sought only to acquire the estate, which his father lost due to debts. The son reacted very painfully to this incident from the family chronicle, and, apparently, this event influenced his worldview. He was ready to sacrifice everything in order to acquire an estate with a plot suitable for growing gooseberries. Nikolai Ivanovich married a rich, but middle-aged and ugly widow, and soon brought her to death with his stinginess. Such behavior alienated all his acquaintances and friends. He was left alone, but with gooseberries, because he bought a house and land. After buying it brother noted that the newly minted master sank and degraded. A petty and selfish dream led him to a philistine existence, which by no means can be called a full-fledged life. His well-fed satisfaction has nothing to do with happiness. That is why it cannot be said that all dreams are equally sublime and beautiful.

A. I. Kuprin, "Olesya"

In A. Kuprin's story "Olesya", the heroine had a dreamy nature, so she imagined that she could deceive fate. She possessed magical abilities, and with the help of cards she made a prediction that foreshadowed her pain from bonding with her lover. But the young witch was too fascinated by Ivan, and therefore allowed the dream of their love to come true. Their romance really went on easily and rapidly, the young people were crazy about each other. Apparently, because of this eclipse of consciousness, the girl succumbed to destructive illusions - she believed that she needed to go to church and lead the lifestyle that her chosen one likes. But reality turned out to be a cruel refutation of this sweet self-deception: Olesya was severely beaten by fanatical parishioners. She realized that dreams of an alliance with Ivan were not destined to break through the misunderstanding and prejudices of society. And the dream of conquering fate also did not come true: inexorable fate followed the victim on the heels. Obviously, reality destroys our fantasies when we are under the intoxicating spell of love and allow ourselves to dream about things that simply cannot come true.

I. A. Bunin, "The Gentleman from San Francisco"

In Ivan Bunin's story "The Gentleman from San Francisco", the hero's dream never comes true, because he constantly postponed the deadline for its implementation and, in the end, died. He worked all his life, made capital, built his own business, and therefore devoted little time to his family and leisure. So, from a man he turned into a gentleman without a name and individual features. The hero became an ordinary businessman, in whom it was possible to discern only the presence of money. But he dreamed of something else - of a happy life with loved ones, of travel and new sensations. But the man realized too late what was really dear to him. Never having reached the cherished goal of the journey, he died at the very first stop. All his dreams were shattered by his inability to sort out his priorities. He postponed the important for later, and as a result, nothing came true.

N. V. Gogol, "Nevsky Prospekt"

Not all dreams are equally useful for a person. Some of them are really worth fearing. For example, the artist from Gogol's book "Nevsky Prospekt" saw a beautiful stranger on the main street of the city. He immediately fell in love and followed her in the hope of getting to know her. Imagination creative person endowed the girl with some kind of magical charm. He followed her, and even seemed to see signs of attention from her side, but it turned out that the lovely young lady was leading him to a brothel. Seeing the hot spot, the hero was taken aback and ran away. At home, he desperately yearned for a young woman, or rather, for his vision from Nevsky Prospekt. He endowed him with an extraterrestrial beauty with a hypnotic attraction. He immediately decided to save his ideal, to wrest it from the clutches of vice. But a second visit to the brothel showed that the desire was unrealizable. The girl laughed contemptuously in response to the artist's sermons. All his illusions were shattered with a bang. He couldn't bear it. The conclusion can be drawn as follows: impressionable people should not chase dubious ideals. They need to be afraid of their own fantasy.

The collapse of hopes for the realization of a dream can hurt a person painfully and deprive him of an incentive to live. For example, the hero of Gogol's story "Nevsky Prospekt" is disappointed in the dream of saving a beautiful stranger. A young brunette, whom he saw on the street, turns out to be a worker from a brothel. Piskarev is very worried about this, but decides to rescue the girl from the captivity of vice. Opium greatly inflamed his imagination, and in a state of drug intoxication, the man could no longer adequately perceive reality. Arriving at a brothel, he began to preach the rejection of an immoral lifestyle. Naturally, the heroine only laughed at the guest. She wasn't going to change anything. But Piskarev could not stand the collapse of hopes and committed suicide. The unfortunate person simply could not live anymore, having lost his crazy dream, so the consequences of the destruction of dreams were so tragic.

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A.S. Pushkin - a novel in verse "Eugene Onegin". In the novel "Eugene Onegin", in the person of Lensky and Onegin, the poet presents us with two types of people: the romantic idealist and the realist skeptic. These heroes have a polar worldview, opposing views on life. Onegin is satiated, life ^ soberly assesses people, the situation, life experience dominates him, sometimes not giving him the opportunity to understand his own soul. Lensky, on the contrary, is young, devoid of aggravating life experience, moreover, a poet, a dreamer, that is, he is inclined to idealize the world. Perhaps that is why they finally converge in a bloody duel, the outcome of which is the death of Lensky. As critics noted, the author understood that such a person "has nothing to do in Russia, and killed him with the hand of Onegin" (Herzen). Thus, Pushkin's dream could not withstand contact with reality.

A.M. Gorky - play "At the bottom". The problem of confrontation between dreams and reality is the central problem of A.M. Gorky "At the bottom". The hero who brings a dream into the life of those around him is Luke in the play. The image of Luke in the play is ambiguous, dual. He is a subtle psychologist, smart, observant, having a huge life experience. The ideological position of the hero is revealed by Luke's story about two robbers and his parable about " righteous land". Luke's ideological opponents are Bubnov, Baron and Satin. However, if Bubnov and Baron are cynical realists, then Satin sincerely believes in a person, in his spirit and inner strength. What is the impact of Luke's "sermons" on the fate of the overnight stays? It contributes to the emergence of hope in the life of the characters (Anna is promised the desired peace after death, the Actor is told about a free hospital for alcoholics, Vaska Peplu is about the opportunity to start new life in Siberia, supports romantic story Natasha about love). And the characters themselves change at the end of the play. Critics noted the atmosphere of humanity, general enthusiasm that reigns in the rooming house. Kleshch is generous and kind to people, the Baron thinks about life for the first time, Bubnov treats everyone, and the sounding song unites people. But everything was spoiled by the death of the Actor. And this is already a tragic clash of dreams and reality. The rest also fail to make the dream a reality. Vaska Pepel follows to Siberia for hard labor, Nastya, believing in romantic love, convicts the Baron of lies, Anna dies. However, does the author lay responsibility for what is happening only on Luke? What is the position of the author in the play? We note the critical view of the author on the social structure of Russian society, the presence of heroes internal conflicts(fear of life, weak will, laziness of the soul, fear of change). The author does not openly support either the position of Luke or the position of Sateen. He poses one of the eternal questions in the play, calling the viewer to reflection and to his own assessment. Of course, Gorky the realist stands for human courage and faith in one's own strength. However, Gorky the romantic highly valued a person's ability to dream. That is why critics wrote that the image of Luke was more successful for the writer than the image of Satin (V. Khodasevich). Also, critics noted a certain "kinship" of these characters. At the end of the play, it is Satin who protects Luka. Thus, the heroes of A.M. Gorky reflect the duality, inconsistency of the nature of the writer himself. The author himself leaves this question open.

A. Green - extravaganza "Scarlet Sails". A dream come true is the basis of A. Green's plot. The little girl Assol holds in her hands a toy - a boat with scarlet sails, and for Green it becomes a symbol of fulfilled hopes, happiness, the victory of good over evil. The world in which the girl lives is cruel and gloomy, she is surrounded by the townsfolk, and there is no place for a dream in their life. Children do not want to play with Assol, they tease her, adults consider her a village fool, an eccentric, they laugh at her. And the girl leaves the rough, gray reality. The storyteller Aigle predicts her meeting with the prince sailing on a sailboat with scarlet sails, and she sincerely believes in it. In the finale, Captain Gray, having fallen in love with the girl, gives her a childhood dream - a sailboat with scarlet sails. And then he will say wonderful words: “I understood one simple truth. It is to do so-called miracles with your own hands.”

THE PROBLEM OF RESISTANCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel by L.N. Tostoy's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and does not have a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet..." Five young girls who opposed German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. Anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and endurance, showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. an example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel of the same name by Charlotte Brontë. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person she loved most when he went blind.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures the severity of her father. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often unnecessarily demanding of her. Mary's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev the most important life principle was an honor. Even before the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Aleksey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed a betrayal and lost his own dignity when he went over to the camp of an impostor.

2. The problem of preserving honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the protagonist are completely different. Ostap is an honest and courageous person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic nature. For the love of a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, one should always remain honest, first of all, with oneself.

THE PROBLEM OF LOYAL LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she "asks for mercy" from the Empress. Thus, at the heart of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own, helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites white-washed chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. In this, a woman sees her destiny.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows a long way to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of "permission of blood in conscience", the protagonist despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story of I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco", the American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life lies in the accumulation of wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in the family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character abandons social life, devotes herself entirely to the family. Natasha Rostova found her destiny in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERATURE ILLITERATORY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In "Letters about the good and the beautiful" D.S. Likhachev claims that a book educates a person better than any work. A well-known scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person, to form her inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach to think, make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to mankind after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there is no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply soulless, since there is no literature that can make people analyze, think, make decisions.

CHILD EDUCATION PROBLEM

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the protagonist was inquisitive and active child, but excessive concern led to Oblomov's apathy and lack of will during adulthood.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in the Rostov family reigns the spirit of mutual understanding, fidelity, love. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness, nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..." Smolensk doctor Janson is working tirelessly. The protagonist in any weather hurries to help the sick. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to win the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.

THE PROBLEM OF SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet ...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. Further fate The soldier has developed in different ways. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A MAN IN LOVE

1. In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the camp of the enemy, betrayed his brother, father, homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to go out with weapons against his yesterday's comrades. For Andrii, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, like the main character P. Zyuskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer". Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, the creation of a fragrance that inspires people to love. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to carry out his meta.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and informed the head of everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to collect information proving Nikolai Antonovich's guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov's expedition. All the actions of Chamomile are low, destroying not only his life but also the fate of other people.

2. Even deeper consequences are entailed by the act of the hero of the story V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember". Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but also causes the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEPTIONAL APPEARANCE

1. In Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, does not have a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's The Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris"Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the protagonist is completely unsightly, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrey Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went to reconnaissance, never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after a while, Guskov thought about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and caused the suicide of his wife Nastya. Pangs of conscience tormented the hero, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve " great Germany". His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the policemen. Rybak realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE HOMELAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story "Awakened by Nightingales" writes about the difficult boy Selyuzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night, the protagonist heard the trill of a nightingale. Beautiful sounds struck the child, aroused interest in creativity. Selyuzhenok enrolled in art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens in the human soul the best qualities helps to unleash creativity.

2. Love for the native land is the main motive of the painter A.G. Venetsianov. His brush belongs to a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. "Reapers", "Zakharka", "Sleeping Shepherd" - these are my favorite canvases of the artist. The life of ordinary people, the beauty of Russia's nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers for more than two centuries with their freshness and sincerity.

THE PROBLEM OF INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care caused Oblomov's apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to wake up Ilya Ilyich. However, his way of life remained unchanged, because the way of his native Oblomovka forever left a mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem "My Way" S.A. Yesenin admitted that childhood played an important role in his work. Once at the age of nine, inspired by the nature of his native village, the boy wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined the life path of S.A. Yesenin.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A LIFE PATH

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize their potential.

2. From M. Mirsky's book "Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko" I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at the seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Entering the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev, in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful," argues that "one must live life with dignity, so as not to be ashamed to remember." With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and not indifferent person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG DEFOY

1. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim black ear"told tragic fate Scottish Setter. Beam the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. Along the way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog was killed. Bim can certainly be called a true friend, devoted to the owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give up their collie to other people due to financial hardship. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her away from her home. Collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with the former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF SKILLS IN ART

1. In the story of V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, with his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is surprisingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist is fond of poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. So life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of the writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel "Martin Eden". The protagonist is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. So life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MENTAL STATE OF A HUMAN

1. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual purification to the sounds of Beethoven's sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after her trials. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance, find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" evoke feelings in his soul that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vivacity, such strength, which seemed to rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat."

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son had to leave for a long time to work. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because for her nothing could be harder than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WAR ART WORKS ON HUMANS

1. In Lev Kassil's story "The Great Confrontation", Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. Once the girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF PSEUSIC SCIENCE

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes", Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician launches a struggle against genetic scientists. A number of vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the most dishonest deeds to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists, the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story "Candidate of Sciences" opposes those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and consequently, of society as a whole. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky emphasizes the need to combat pseudoscientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin " Stationmaster» Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. From anguish and hopelessness, the caretaker died. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father's grave. The girl felt guilty for the caretaker's death, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna foresaw her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at the grave of Katerina Petrovna. So K.G. Paustovsky claims that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin in the essay "Eternal Field" writes about his impressions of the trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Russia.

2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their comrade-in-arms Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina's son Albert returned to the site of the death of anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE WAY OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying..." Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of disinterestedness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor hurried to help the sick every day in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor won the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri" tells the story of the life of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite the death of Mozart, his works live and excite the hearts of people.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DESTRUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryona's Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to the loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy, became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" shows the life path of a soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombardment. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE INTERNAL WORLD OF HUMAN

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Yevgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, diligence, determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who succumb to feelings, but is convinced of the wrongness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are inherently contradictory.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive traits character. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested real life, it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by sincerity, sincerity, and the ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov's character.

THE PROBLEM OF FAIR ATTITUDE TO PEOPLE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich investigates the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a fine connoisseur of human psychology. He understands the motives for the crime of Rodion Raskolnikov and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to turn himself in. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in the Raskolnikov case.

2. A.P. Chekhov in the story "Chameleon" introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out because of a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov tries to decide if she deserves to be punished. Ochumelov's verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The overseer does not seek justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF INTERRELATION OF MAN AND NATURE

1. In the story of V.P. Astafieva "Tsar-fish" Ignatich has been poaching for many years. Once a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on a hook. Ignatich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself was overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: "The king of the rivers and the king of all nature are in the same trap." So the author emphasizes inseparable bond man and nature.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels herself an integral part of the world around her, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vivacity, such strength, which, it seemed, all rose from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing in military campaigns, in the field, at weddings. The Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don, the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF BOOKS IS SUPPLEMENTED BY TV

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society based on mass culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was supplanted by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”, D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because the TV distracts from worries, makes you slowly watch some program. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to humans, because television “dictates how to watch and what to watch”, makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. The story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous, unspiritual. Only Matryona retained a sense of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. tragic death the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which should be flooded. It is hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they have spent their entire lives, where their ancestors are buried. The end of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions disappear, which for centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in the poem "The Poet and the Crowd" calls "dumb mob" that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the public interest. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. In this way, main goal poet is not popular recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem "Out loud" sees the poet's mission in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon capable of inspiring people to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom for a common great purpose.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF A TEACHER ON STUDENTS

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna - a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a rural boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lidia Mikhailovna had to go against the generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. In addition to studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and compassion.

2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince", the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, telling about love, friendship, responsibility, fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: “you can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only the heart is vigilant.” So Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO ORPHAN CHILDREN

1. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all the remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with the orphans.

2. In the story of G. Belykh and L. Panteleev "Republic of ShKID" the life of students of the school of social and labor education for homeless children and juvenile delinquents is depicted. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and went on the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should treat orphans with attention, create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF A WOMAN IN WWII

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five young anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to oppose the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, along with men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story of V.A. Zakrutkina "The Mother of Man" shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her whole family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria left seven Leningrad orphans, replaced their mother. The story of V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” ironically writes about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings clogs the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story "Lyudochka" connects changes in the language with a drop in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is littered with criminal jargon, which reflects the troubles of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right life path and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In E. Grishkovets's story "Darwin", the protagonist, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do all his life. He realizes the "uselessness of what is happening" and refuses to study at the Institute of Culture when he watches a play played by students. A young man lives with a firm conviction that the profession should be useful, bring pleasure.

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The problem of unfulfilled dreams. L

Arguments in the direction of "Dream and Reality":

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

A.I. Kuprin "Garnet bracelet"

A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

A. Green "Scarlet Sails"

M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"

N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza"

A.S. Pushkin "Snowstorm"

L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"

A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"