Historical events in the work of the captain's daughter. The captain's daughter as a historical novel

1. The historical background of the novel.

2. Portraits of real historical figures: Catherine II and Pugachev.

We are obedient dolls in the hands of the Creator!

The Almighty leads us on the stage on strings

And shoves it into the chest, bringing it to the end.

Omar Khayyam

The action of A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" refers to the second half of the 18th century. The main events unfold during the period of the peasant war under the leadership of Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev, who declared himself Tsar Peter Fedorovich, who allegedly miraculously escaped.

Imposture in Russia has deep historical roots: let us recall a series of false Dmitrys who claimed the Russian throne. But here's what is surprising: the huge masses of the common people readily believed the assertion about the miraculous salvation of the "sovereign", and willingly went under his banner. On the one hand, the illiterate people still had strong faith in a kind, just king who would make life easier for the people; on the other hand, Pugachev was the spokesman for the interests of the oppressed people, they looked at him as an intercessor and deliverer. Of course, not all of those who followed Pugachev were sure that this was the real Tsar Peter III. On the example of Shvabrin, Pushkin convincingly shows that there were those who joined the popular movement, pursuing only their narrowly selfish interests, not really thinking about what kind of person is at the head of the uprising.

The story "The Captain's Daughter" is not a historical chronicle, it is primarily piece of art, therefore, it contains both genuine historical characters and characters invented by the author himself.

Pugachev appears more than once on the pages of Pushkin's story. First, he appears before us in the form of an unknown tramp, and it is difficult to suspect that this is the future leader of a popular uprising. Pushkin does not embellish the image of “Sovereign Pyotr Fedorovich”: he also shows the merciless reprisals against the captured nobles, reveals the adventurous nature of Pugachev’s plans: “Is there no luck for the daring? Didn't Grishka Otrepiev reign in the old days? “... it’s better to get drunk on living blood, and then what God will give!”

But at the same time, Pushkin does not seek, like many other authors of his time who wrote about Pugachev, to portray him as a bloodthirsty monster, to whom everything human is alien. Remembering the hare coat and a glass of wine, he saves Grinev's life, and then helps him again - he rescues Masha Mironova from the hands of Shvabrin: "Execute like this, execute like that, favor like that: this is my custom."

The image of Catherine Pushkin introduces only at the very end of his story. As in the case of Pugachev, the author first hides from the reader who she is: Masha Ekaterina is called a court lady. But this is what catches the eye: Pugachev shows mercy to a man who has come from the camp of enemies; and Catherine first wants to make sure that Grinev is really innocent: “The Empress cannot forgive him. He stuck to the impostor not out of ignorance and gullibility, but as an immoral and harmful scoundrel. The queen promised Masha to take care of her; however, from what follows it appears that she did not keep this promise: the heirs of Pyotr Grinev and his wife own only what they inherited from their ancestors.

Pyotr Grinev, the main character of the story, and other characters with whom he interacts, of course, are the fruit of the author's imagination; However, these images did not arise from scratch. Pushkin convincingly draws the color of that era, the relationship between people and ingrained habits. Using the example of Peter Grinev, the author shows us what kind of education and upbringing the young nobles received at that time.

Picturesquely presented life Belogorsk fortress, where Vasilisa Yegorovna runs everything, not separating her husband's official affairs from her household. Introducing the image of Masha Mironova, Pushkin emphasizes that this is an ordinary girl, unremarkable, not very educated. However, subsequently, her high moral and spiritual qualities are revealed to us. The image of the devoted Savelich, a serf who faithfully serves his young master, but flatly refuses to indulge his whims, cannot leave indifferent. Pushkin, with a few well-aimed strokes, also recreates paintings family life petty nobility - on the example of the parents of Peter and Masha.

Fictional characters of Pushkin appear before us no less real, bright than really existing historical figures. Despite the fact that the author came up with specific characters, their characters, destinies, their relationships - this is a genuine human life. The story "The Captain's Daughter" is a true story about a man, about his life path and spiritual growth, about nobility and betrayal, about love and honor. Therefore, even today, more than one century later, this work has not lost its relevance, because a person always remains a person, no matter what the level of development of technology, no matter what changeable fashion tries to dictate.

THE CAPTAIN'S DAUGHTER AS A HISTORICAL NOVEL 1. Introduction. The history of Russia is full of memories of popular unrest, sometimes deaf and little known, sometimes bloody and deafening. One of the most famous such events is the uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was seriously interested in Russian history. Among his historical works, the most famous are the History of Peter and materials about the Pugachev region.A. S. Pushkin addressed the personality of Pugachev twice when he was working on a documentary History Pugachev rebellion and when he wrote The Captain's Daughter.

It is amazing that the dry and accurate reports of the chroniclers became the basis for creating a rich historical canvas famous story. The story was written in 1836, and Pushkin finished the History two years earlier. The poet worked highest resolution in closed archives, carefully studied the documents related to the Pugachev rebellion. Pushkin's attitude to spontaneous popular uprisings was complex. Bitter words God forbid to see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless, are worth many volumes of research on the Slavic mentality.

Pushkin shrewdly pointed out two character traits peasant movements lack a long-term goal and bestial cruelty. Lack of rights, underdevelopment, miserable life cannot give rise to organized, planned resistance. The leaders of the people are distinguished by their enterprise, breadth of character, fearlessness. Such is Pushkin's Pugachev, who proclaimed himself Peter III. When warned that cannons are aimed at the rioters, he mockingly replies Are the cannons on kings are pouring in. He attracts the love of the people with his violence and prowess, and most of all with the dream of freedom.

It is not in vain that the gates of the fortress open to meet his army. And next to this, cruelty, mass executions, often senseless, the commandant of the fortress Mironov calls him a thief and robber. He has the traits of an adventurer. He does not deceive himself, although he is cunning with those around him, calling himself a king.

And Grinev, who understood him most deeply, says Grishka Otrepyev, after all, he reigned over Moscow. From the Volga robber, Pugachev has a bright, allegorical language, sprinkled with hints, jokes and fables. Most of all, he is attracted by a powerful free nature, which is cramped in the uniform in which fate dressed him. Telling Grinev about the eagle and the raven, he betrays his innermost desire to live a life, albeit short, but bright, not eating carrion, but drinking living blood. The real Pugachev was worse.

He could order the peaceful astronomer Lovitz to be hanged closer to the stars, he could hand over his mistress Elizaveta Kharlova and her seven-year-old brother for reprisal, order them to secretly strangle close friend and colleague Lysov after a drunken quarrel. Captured, Pugachev prays to Catherine II for mercy. When Count Panin called him a thief, Pugachev replied I'm not a raven, I'm a crow, a raven still flies. Panin bled his face and tore out a tuft of beard. And Pugachev knelt down and began to ask for mercy.

The people still have a vivid memory of Pugachev the liberator. When he sat in a cage, the soldiers fed him from their hands. Ordinary people brought children to remember they saw Pugachev. Robber or liberator, Pugachev was a folk hero. Only such a hero could give birth at that time Russian people. 2. Main part. 1. Compositional features of A. S. Pushkin The Captain's Daughter. The Captain's Daughter is a historical novel written in the form of memoirs.

Pushkin refers specifically to the topic of Pugachevism, because for a long time it was considered forbidden, inconvenient, and historians practically did not deal with it, and if they did, they covered it one-sidedly. Initially, he was faced with an almost complete lack of materials. Then he himself goes to the Orenburg region, questions the surviving eyewitnesses and participants, spends a long time in the archives. In fact, Pushkin became the first historian to objectively reflect the events of this harsh era.

If the history of the Pugachev rebellion historical essay, then the Captain's daughter is written in a completely different genre. This is a historical novel. The main principle that Pushkin uses in his work is the principle of historicism, since the main storyline was the development of real historical events. Fictional heroes, their fates are closely intertwined with historical figures. In each episode of the Captain's Daughter, one can draw a parallel between the fate of individuals and the fate of the people as a whole.

The form of memoirs chosen by the author speaks of his historical vigilance. In XVII I century it was really possible In a similar way describe Pugachevism in memoirs, for grandchildren. It is no coincidence that the author chose Pyotr Grinev as a memoirist. Pushkin needed a witness who was directly involved in the events, who would be personally acquainted with Pugachev and his entourage. Pushkin deliberately chose a nobleman for this. As a nobleman by his social origin and an officer sworn to pacify the rebellion, he is faithful to his duty.

And we see that Pyotr Grinev really did not drop his officer's honor. He is kind, noble. Grinev firmly refuses Pugachev’s offer to serve him faithfully, since he swore allegiance to the empress. But he also rejects the uprising as a senseless and merciless rebellion, bloodshed. Pyotr Grinev consistently tells us not only about the bloody and cruel massacres, similar to the massacre in the Belogorsk fortress, but also about the just deeds of Pugachev, about his broad soul, peasant ingenuity, a kind of nobility.

Three times Pyotr Grinev tempted fate, and three times Pugachev spared and pardoned him. The thought of him was inseparable in me with the thought of mercy, says Grinev, given to me by him in one of the terrible moments of his life, and of the deliverance of my bride. Between them there is some difference in beliefs. The old man not only describes, but also evaluates the young man.

Grinev ironically tells about his childhood when describing the episode of flight from the besieged Orenburg, an intonation arises that justifies the reckless act of the hero. The chosen form of narration allows the hero to look at himself from the outside. It was an amazing artistic find. significant place Emelyan Pugachev also occupies the story. His character is revealed gradually in the course of events. The first meeting takes place in the Leader chapter, the next time it is the leader of the rebels. Further, he appears as a generous, just person.

This is especially evident in the scene of Masha's liberation. Pugachev punishes Shvabrin and dismisses Grinev with his bride, saying Execute, so execute, favor, so favor. 2.2. Main characters. Although the story of A. S. Pushkin is called The Captain's Daughter, Masha Mironova can be called a secondary character. The plot tension of the story rests on three reference points. These are the images of Shvabrin, Grinev and Pugachev, who by his actions became a kind of manifestation of the true nature of the characters, the worst features of Shvabrin and the best of Grinev.

Pugachev in The Captain's Daughter is similar to the hero of Cossack songs and epics. He appears at first as a kind of mysterious figure, and then grows and fills the entire space of the narrative. An incomprehensible person conducts mysterious conversations with the owner of the inn, more like a robber's shelter. Either a runaway convict, or a drunkard, he pawned a sheepskin coat at the kisser, that is, for vodka.

But the fiery eyes that attract attention betray an outstanding person. In Grinev's prophetic dream, the reader already gets a hint of the complexity and power of the image of brutality, cunning and unexpected tenderness and breadth of the soul, we will learn about all this later. Pugachev is cruel, ruthless when he orders the execution of the defenders of the fortress, the hacking to death of the commandant's wife. But he remembers the good and appreciates sincerity, truthfulness and fidelity to honor. This is what bribes him in Grinev. He is not vindictive, the only time he frowned when he learned that Grinev deceived him. The naive splendor of the titles that he distributes to his entourage is both calculation and joyful game into power.

In front of Grinev, he does not pretend, almost openly says that he is an impostor, comparing himself with Grishka Otrepyev. Pushkin's Pugachev is a desperate man who would not exchange three months of the tsar's feast for thirty years of heavenly stew. He is an epic hero, a song robber, and a redeemer tsar for the downtrodden people. Russian history is full of legends about a true tsar, about a tsar who escaped death, a real, right tsar who will come at the appointed hour. Pugachev called himself such a king, but people would not have followed him if he had not behaved like a real ruler and deliverer. 2.3. The people in the story of A. S. Pushkin The Captain's Daughter.

In the Captain's daughter, A. S. Pushkin created a truly folk characters, truly Russian. He showed that, along with love of freedom and rebelliousness, along with greatness and dignity, humility and obedience are inherent qualities in the national character, formed by centuries of slavery. As an example of such characters in the story, one should consider the images of Savelich and Captain Mironov.

Savelyich is a servant of a young nobleman, Mironov is a former soldier who received an officer rank and the post of commandant of the Belogorsk fortress for his bravery in battle. It would seem that these people may have something in common, but what they have in common is a lack of independence. Both Savelyich and Mironov are accustomed to living according to a long-established charter, unquestioningly obeying and unconditionally fulfilling decrees, the first landowner, the second government.

This way of life seems to them the only possible way their grandfathers lived, this is how they live, and this is the only way their children and grandchildren should live. People like Savelich and Mironov will never be able to oppose the authorities, no matter how hard it is for them. Having escaped from the care of his relatives for the first time, Pyotr Grinev in the very first tavern gets drunk to unconsciousness and, moreover, loses cards to a random person.

For Savelich, this is a blow, because he treats Grinev like his own child, moreover, the owners handed him further fate own son. And Savelyich is accustomed to being very responsible for the task entrusted to him, which is why he tries to convince the young master and his pupil that it is thoughtless to do so. And what does he hear in response? I am your master, and you are my servant. My money. And I advise you not to be smart and do what you are ordered to do. The insult was so severe that Savelich even began to cry.

However, he remembered his duty to restrain the young master, burying his insult, again tried to reason with Grinev, for which he received an even more insulting give money here or I will drive you away. And the episode with the duel. Upon learning of what Grinev and Shvabrin had planned, Savelyich, without hesitation, rushes to the place of the duel in order, if necessary, to shield his master with his own chest. God sees, I ran to shield you with my chest from the sword of Alexei Ivanovich. And as a result, he did not only they could not endure gratitude, and they also accused Grinev Jr. for denunciation, Grinev Sr. for silence.

In this episode, the dramatic nature of the situation is most clearly and clearly manifested. common man Everyone blames him, but he is not guilty of anything. And in response to all insults and curses, humility, because this is his destiny. And why, for what such a destiny, Savelich does not think. He understood only one main thing in life - virtue. And he is guided by this alone. Therefore, Savelich is ready to put his head in the noose instead of Grinev. It was only thanks to him that Grinev remained alive, but even here Savelich did not hear words of gratitude from his pupil.

And he took it for granted. Savelich does not accept Pugachev and his brethren, calls him a villain and a robber. He is deaf to the liberty proclaimed by the rebels, he is blind to events and judges them from the standpoint of his masters. This makes Savelyich look even more pitiful, he is on the side of those who do not put him in a penny. As for Captain Mironov, this honest and kind, modest, ready to obey his wife in everything, the man was a courageous soldier.

He is characterized by a sense of loyalty to duty, word, oath, and, conversely, treason and betrayal are disgusting. It is in these qualities that his Russian nature, Russian character, is manifested. Mironov is bold, but acts unconsciously. Speaking out to fight the rebels, he never once asked himself what kind of struggle this was, where the rebels came from, why the rebels. Mironov received an order and he fulfills it with honor.

True, the nobility of Captain Mironov is worth learning from. last minutes his life is admired, he is firm and unshakable in his answers, he is ready to accept death, but never change his oath and duty. This also shows the true Russian nature of this hero. The story also shows that part of the people that is capable of protest. This is Pugachev and his brethren. Sympathizing with their oppressed and powerless situation, the author, however, as an opponent of all revolutions, does not hide dark sides uprisings and the behavior of rebels, robberies, the cruelty of the people and their leader in the fight against their tormentors, the possibility of betrayal of Pugachev by his own associates.

Thus, in The Captain's Daughter, using the examples of Pugachev and his like-minded people, Savelich and Mironov, Pushkin revealed the deeply dramatic, full of sharp contradictions, fate of the people in an autocratic feudal state. 3. Conclusion. The last meeting between Pugachev and Grinev takes place a minute before the execution of the captive rebel.

At this terrible moment, Pugachev recognizes the one whom he fell in love with for his honesty, brave and kind heart, and nods to him. A minute later, his head, dead and bloodied, was shown to the people. Pushkin, through the mouth of a hero, laments the shameful end of Emelya Emelya, with annoyance, I thought why you didn’t stumble on a bayonet or turn up on a buckshot You couldn’t think of anything better. The captain's daughter marked the beginning of the Russian historical novel. With his works on historical themes, Pushkin made a contribution of great value to Russian literature.

In his historical works, he recreated the most significant episodes from the life of Russia from ancient times to 1812. The poet is especially attracted to the era of upheavals and crises of the early 17th and 18th centuries. The novel The Captain's Daughter is about dramatic events 70s of the XVIII century, when the discontent of the peasants and residents of the outskirts of Russia resulted in a war led by Emelyan Pugachev. But the novel is not limited to this topic, it is one of many set in this multifaceted and philosophical work.

In parallel, in the novel, Pushkin poses and solves a number of important questions about patriotic education, about love and fidelity, honor and dignity of a person. The form and language of the work are brought to perfection by Pushkin. Behind the apparent simplicity and lightness, the most serious questions of life are hidden. Reading the story of A. S. Pushkin, The Captain's Daughter, we simultaneously follow the plot of an ordinary story and observe the events of a historical novel.

This work is interesting and informative and, according to Belinsky, one of the most the best works Russian literature. In conclusion, I would like to dwell on one more invisible hero of this wonderful story, on the image of the author himself, who, with his secret presence, is constantly watching the events and actions of the heroes. Having chosen Grinev as the narrator, Pushkin does not hide behind him. The position of the writer is very clear. Firstly, it is obvious that Grinev expresses the author's thoughts about the uprising.

Pushkin prefers reforms to revolution. Secondly, Pushkin selects situations in which Grinev behaves at the request of the author. Pushkin managed to convey to us many interesting facts from the history of the Pugachev uprising. v Belenky G.I. textbook-reader for grade 8, Mnemosyne, 2000 Part 1 v Belenky G.I. textbook-reader for grade 8 educational institutions, Enlightenment, 2000 v Vvedensky B. A encyclopedic Dictionary in two volumes, Soviet Encyclopedia, 1963, volume I. v Pushkin A. S. Captain's daughter collected works in ten volumes, Pravda, 1981, volume V.

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Novel "The Captain's Daughter"- "farewell" work of A.S. Pushkin, it grew out of his works on the history of Russia. Working on a historical novel, the writer relied on the experience of the English novelist Walter Scott and the first Russian historical novelists (M.N. Zagoskin, I.I. Lazhechnikov). But the breadth of the issues raised in The Captain's Daughter does not allow this work to be called purely historical. The Pugachev rebellion is just material for writing. There is also a family chronicle of the Grinevs, and a biography of Pyotr Grinev himself, and a moral novel (moral in the epigraph: "Take care of honor from a young age"). And the critic N.N. Strakhov put forward the original version that "The Captain's Daughter is a story about how Pyotr Grinev married the daughter of Captain Mironov."

"The Captain's Daughter" has a noticeable deviation from the principles of the historical novel genre. Historical prose in general is the writings of historians (or simply people who are fond of history), whose task is not only to establish, comprehend the facts of the past, but also to vividly depict them vividly. This genre involves a story about an era or a separate episode, the life of one historical figure can be covered here, or an event and people who influenced it or took part in it can be described. And if we turn to antiquity, we will see that there was a division of historical works into large forms of historical narrative, i.e. history of all events for comparatively big period time, and small forms - monographs dedicated to any event or person. It is clear that, according to this ancient classification, the novel "The Captain's Daughter" should be attributed to the last category. One way or another, it contains only real-life characters. In The Captain's Daughter, we see a real event - the Pugachev rebellion - through the eyes of a fictional character - Pyotr Grinev.

The novel covers a much longer period than the Pugachev uprising. This becomes clear from the conversations of the characters, in which we find many references to the events of other times: from the Time of Troubles (Grishka Otrepyev) to the "mild reign" of Alexander I.

In the novel, the history of the state and the history of human life are equally important and closely intertwined. Pyotr Grinev's story about his life, as it were, confirms the authenticity and objectivity of his testimonies about the historical event. And his point of view dominates the novel, all events are given through his eyes. However, upon careful reading, we find other opinions, although not so clearly expressed. So, for example, the central historical figure is Emelyan Pugachev. Its characterization is given by two different groups: rebels (i.e. people) and nobles. In the novel, we see the clash of these two camps, the clash of their opinions, lifestyles, worldviews. And for the most part it is Pugachev who expresses the views of the rebels; from his lips we hear this famous fairy tale about an eagle and a raven, which perfectly expresses the lifestyle of both Pugachev himself and his minions. By the way, this tale, in our opinion, is, in addition to the compositional component, also a kind of Pushkin's stylization of classical historical prose. Thus, it is known that such literature of the Middle Ages was characterized by inseparability from folklore, i.e. there were many legends, legends, fairy tales in it.

Thus, returning to the topic, it becomes obvious that Pushkin raised a question, to some extent philosophical, about what principle the state should be based on. So we can talk about the opposition not of nobles and peasants, but more broadly - of power and people. Isn't this the central theme of the works on historical theme from the origin of this genre in the ancient period to contemporary compositions?

The people for Pushkin are Pugachev with his associates, "gentlemen generals", and a mutilated Bashkir, and Captain Mironov, and Masha, and Savelich, and many others. They are all different: someone strives for a peaceful family life, and someone with a bloody weapon in his hands is doing his best to achieve his not very clear goal. They also differ in their attitude to power, the symbols of which in the novel are Catherine I and Pugachev. Those who followed Pugachev saw in him the "people's tsar", embodying their dream of a strong, wise and just government; others saw a robber and a murderer, remaining faithful to Catherine. But both of them aspired to one thing - to merciful and humane power. It would be possible to consider the law as a basis, but it cannot fully satisfy both sides (both nobles and peasants), someone will certainly be dissatisfied. If, however, one finds in its own way the arithmetic mean in the application of the law to the opposing sides, then both will remain dissatisfied.

According to Pushkin, history is a kind of force that acts independently of people, beyond their control and sometimes even hostile to them. For the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress and Grinev, she turned out to be precisely hostile, she destroyed their peaceful life, subjected them to severe trials, which for someone turned into death (Captain Mironov, Vasilisa Yegorovna). History, this element, tested the strength of will, courage, loyalty to duty and honor. However, for two lovers who no longer believed in the possibility of joint happiness - Masha Mironova and Pyotr Grinev - she became the force that brought them together again. Thus, Pushkin showed the close interweaving of the individual, privacy with the general historical process, which, as we understand, is an integral part of our real existence.

That is, Pushkin saw two sides in history - dark and light, humane and inhumanly cruel. It is historical trials that reveal hidden qualities: heroism and fortitude (Grinev) or meanness (Shvabrin). Through history, like through a sieve, heroes are sifted, and the one who is honest and merciful survives and is rewarded with happiness, and the one who is low in soul is punished.

It is worth noting, however, that Pushkin gave an important role in history to chance. Recall at least a chance meeting in Grinev's snowstorm with a bearded man, who quite unexpectedly in the future will have a direct influence on fate young man.

This is how Pushkin understood history - as a clash, a struggle of warring parties, without them history does not exist. Without false pathos, it is safe to say that the writer was able to fully portray this in his novel. According to researchers of Pushkin's work, at the time of writing the work, he was carried away by a utopian dream of a society built on the principles of humanity. This idea was then, as they say, "in vogue" and, therefore, took possession of the minds of many, thus, Pushkin managed to convey the mood, the "spirit" of both that Pugachev's time and his own.

A novel whose core is love story Masha Mironova and Pyotr Grinev, turned into a wide historical narrative. This principle - from private destinies to the historical destinies of the people - permeates the plot of The Captain's Daughter, and it can be easily seen in every significant episode.

"The Captain's Daughter" truly historical work saturated with modern social content. Heroes and secondary persons are displayed in Pushkin's work as multilateral characters. Pushkin does not have only positive or only negative characters. Everyone acts as a living person with his inherent good and bad features, which are manifested primarily in actions. Fictional characters are associated with historical figures and are included in the historical movement. It was the course of history that determined the actions of the heroes, forging their difficult fate.

Thanks to the principle of historicism (the unstoppable movement of history, striving towards infinity, containing many trends and opening up new horizons), neither Pushkin nor his heroes succumb to despondency in the most gloomy circumstances, they do not lose faith in either personal or general happiness. Pushkin finds the ideal in reality and thinks of its realization in the course of historical process. He dreams that in the future there will be no social stratification and social discord. This will become possible when humanism, humanity will be the basis of state policy.

Pushkin's heroes appear in the novel from two sides: as people, i.e. in their universal and national qualities, and as characters playing social roles, i.e. in their social and public functions.

Grinev is both an ardent young man who received a patriarchal upbringing at home, and an ordinary undergrowth, who gradually becomes an adult and courageous warrior, and a nobleman, officer, "servant of the king", faithful to the laws of honor; Pugachev is both an ordinary peasant, not alien to natural feelings, in the spirit of folk traditions protecting an orphan, and a cruel leader of a peasant rebellion, who hates nobles and officials; Catherine II - and an elderly lady with a dog walking in the park, ready to help an orphan if she was treated unfairly and offended, and an autocratic autocrat, ruthlessly suppressing the rebellion and creating a harsh court; Captain Mironov is a kind, inconspicuous and accommodating man, who is under the command of his wife, and an officer devoted to the empress, without hesitation resorting to torture and reprisals against the rebels.

In each character, Pushkin discovers the truly human and social. Each camp has its own social truth, and both these truths are irreconcilable. But each camp is characterized by humanity. If a social truths separate people, humanity unites them. Where the social and moral laws of any camp operate, the human disappears.

If temporarily Pugachev, a man, with his pitiful soul, sympathizing with the offended orphan, did not prevail over Pugachev, the leader of the rebellion, then Grinev and Masha Mironova would certainly have died. But if in Catherine II, when meeting with Masha Mironova, human feeling instead of a social benefit, then Grinev would not have been saved, spared from the court, and the union of the lovers would have been postponed or not taken place at all. Therefore, the happiness of heroes depends on how people are able to remain people, how human they are. This is especially true for those who have power, on whom the fate of subordinates depends.

The human, says Pushkin, is higher than the social. It is not for nothing that his heroes, due to their deep humanity, do not fit into the play of social forces. Pushkin finds an expressive formula to designate, on the one hand, social laws, and, on the other hand, humanity.

In his contemporary society, there is a gap, a contradiction between social laws and humanity: what corresponds to the social interests of one or another class suffers from insufficient humanity or kills it. When Catherine II asks Masha Mironova: “You are an orphan: you are probably complaining about injustice and resentment?”, The heroine replies: “No way, sir. I came to ask for mercy, not justice.” Mercy, for which Masha Mironova came, is humanity, and justice is social codes and rules adopted and operating in society.

According to Pushkin, both camps - both the noble and the peasant - are not humane enough, but for humanity to win, it is not necessary to move from one camp to another. It is necessary to rise above social conditions, interests and prejudices, rise above them and remember that the title of a person is immeasurably higher than all other ranks, titles and ranks. For Pushkin, it is quite enough that the heroes within their environment, within their estate, following their moral and cultural traditions, will retain their honor, dignity and will be true to universal human values. Grinev and captain Mironov remained devoted to the code of noble honor and oath, Savelich - to the foundations of peasant morality. Humanity can become the property of all people and all classes.

Pushkin, however, is not a utopian; he does not portray the matter as if the cases he described have become the norm. On the contrary, they did not become a reality, but their triumph, even in the distant future, is possible. Pushkin refers to those times, continuing the important theme in his work of mercy and justice, when humanity becomes the law of human existence. In the present tense, a sad note sounds, amending the bright story. Pushkin's heroes– as soon as big events leave with historical scene, the cute characters of the novel also become invisible, getting lost in the flow of life. They touched historical life only for a short time. However, sadness does not wash away Pushkin's confidence in the course of history, in the victory of humanity.

In The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin found a convincing artistic solution to the contradictions of reality and all of life that confronted him.

Along with historicism, beauty and perfection of form, the measure of humanity became an integral and recognizable feature of Pushkin's universal realism, which absorbed both the strict logic of classicism and the free play of the imagination brought into literature by romanticism.

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"The Captain's Daughter" is a work of wide thematic scope. It vividly reflects the life of the people, the images of peasants and Cossacks, landlord life, provincial society and the life of a fortress lost in the steppes, the personality of Pugachev and the court of Catherine II. The novel depicts faces representing different strata of Russian society, revealing the mores and life of that time. "The Captain's Daughter" gives a wide historical picture covering the Russian reality of the era of the Pugachev uprising.

The problems of The Captain's Daughter are extremely acute and varied. The situation and demands of the people, the relationship between the landowners and the peasantry, and the problems of the state domestic policy, serfdom and the moral aspects of the life of the nobility, the obligations of the nobility to the people, the state and their class - these are the main issues raised by Pushkin in the novel. The most important of these is the question of the historical and political meaning and significance of the peasant uprising.

A historical novel about the 18th century, at the same time it is a political novel of the 1830s. The image of the struggle of the people against the nobility - the peasant uprising - is given in The Captain's Daughter in the most expanded form. Contradictions within the nobility itself attract much less attention. Pushkin seeks to reveal and show the totality of the phenomena associated with the uprising of the peasantry. The wide spread of the movement, its causes, the origins and beginning of the uprising, its course, the social and national composition of the participants in the movement, the ordinary mass of the rebels and their leaders, the massacre of the landowners and the attitude of the rebels towards civilians, the psychology of the peasant masses, the policy of the noble monarchy and the noble reprisals against peasantry - all this is reflected in the novel.

The social orientation of the movement, the hatred of the people for the nobility, Pushkin, despite censorship, shows quite clearly. At the same time, he reveals the other side of the Pugachev movement - the humanity inherent in the participants in the uprising in relation to " common people". When taking the Belo-Gorsk fortress, the Cossacks take away only "officers' apartments." Terrible is the anger of Pugachev himself at Shvabrin, who oppresses an orphan from the people (Masha Mironova). And at the same time, the author says in the “Missed Chapter”: “The heads of separate detachments sent in pursuit of Pugachev ... autocratically punished both the guilty and the innocent.” Pushkin was impartial, painting a historically correct picture of the peasant uprising, showing purely feudal methods of reprisal against the serfs. The fact that the peasants, at the first approach of the Pugachev detachments, instantly "drunk" with hatred for the landowners, is shown by Pushkin astonishingly true.

The people depicted in The Captain's Daughter are not a faceless mass. With his characteristic artistic laconicism, Pushkin showed the serfs in an individualized way. He didn't paint pictures. Everyday life peasantry, their way of life. In the foreground were the themes of revolt and reprisals against the landowners, so Pushkin individualized the images of the peasants in terms of their political consciousness, their attitude towards the landowners and Pugachev as the leader of the movement.

Pushkin characterizes the political consciousness of the insurgent peasantry as spontaneous. A typical side, the basis of this consciousness is, however, a clear understanding by each participant in the movement of his social orientation. Pushkin shows this very clearly in the scene of Grinev's arrival at Berdskaya Sloboda. The sentry peasants capture Grinev and, without thinking about the reasons for the strange phenomenon that the officer’s voluntary visit to Pugachev should have seemed to them, they have no doubt that “now” or in the “light of God”, but the “father” will order the noble landowner to be hanged. But this is typical different strength logic and action appears at the Berd guard, at the peasant at the outpost in the "Missed Chapter", at Andryushka - Zemsky, at the Belogorsk Cossacks, at the closest assistants of Pugachev. Pushkin shows the various stages of this consciousness and thus achieves the individualization of images. At the same time, a single image of the insurgent people is being created.

In Pushkin's depiction, the people are an elemental, but not a blind, non-reasoning force. Although its consciousness is immature, the people are not wax, from which the leaders mold what they please. Pushkin, on the contrary, shows that the attitude of the people towards Pugachev is the result of the understanding by the masses of the people of the social, anti-serf orientation of the uprising. The image of the people and the image of its leader merge together in the novel, reflecting the historical truth.

Pushkin emphasized the lack of idealization, the realism in the image of Pugachev, the artistic and historical fidelity of the image. The image of Pugachev is revealed in all the complexity and inconsistency of his personality, combining the qualities of an outstanding person, the leader of a mass popular movement with the features of a dashing, experienced Cossack who wandered around the world a lot. The first and main feature of Pushkin's Pugachev is his deep connection with the people. Genuine realism manifests itself in all its strength in the typical opposition of the attitude of the nobility and the people to Pugachev.

In the motif of the "hare sheepskin coat" some critics saw a purely formal device for the successful development of the plot. Undoubtedly, this motive is deeply meaningful, revealing in the image of Pugachev the features of natural nobility and generosity.

The nobility and humanity of Pugachev are opposed to the cruelty and selfishness of the "enlightened" nobleman Shvabrin. The image of Pugachev is revealed in his relationship with Grinev. The author quite fully invests in Grinev's ideas about Pugachev the official interpretation of the leader of the peasant uprising: a monster, a villain, a murderer. Throughout the novel, Pushkin shows the opposite - Pugachev's humanism, his ability to show mercy and justice in relation to the kind and honest people. This was by no means an idealization of the peasant leader. Pushkin was interested in the activities of Pugachev as the leader of the uprising. Pushkin's Pugachev is talented, talented as a military leader, and is opposed in this regard to the mediocre and cowardly Orenburg governor.

Many times in the novel, Pushkin emphasizes the inquisitiveness, intelligence, sharpness of Pugachev, the absence of traits of slavish humiliation in him. All these features reveal the face of the true Pugachev. For Pushkin, they expressed at the same time the national character of the Russian people.

But for all that, the image of Pugachev and his closest associates also shows the weakness of the movement, its political immaturity. monarchical form political program Pugachev, his whole image of the tsar-father was rooted in the mood of the people themselves, in their aspirations of the "people's tsar". Pugachev is characterized by distrust and hostility towards any "master". The good nature and simplicity of Pugachev are also character traits of the people. Leading in this image is the greatness, heroism, which impresses Pushkin so much. This is expressed in the symbolic image of the eagle, which the fairy tale speaks of, in the image in which Pushkin also shows the tragedy of Pugachev's fate.

Pushkin endows Savelich with some characteristic features and characteristics of a part of the serf peasantry. This is a type that reflected one of the aspects of feudal reality, which depersonalized the peasant.

The image of Shvabrin depicts the typical features of the "golden" noble youth of Catherine's time, who perceived Voltairianism only as a basis for cynical skepticism and for a purely selfish and crudely Epicurean attitude to life. The character and behavior of Shvabrin also contain features of that adventurous noble officers who carried out the palace coup of 1762. He is filled with indifference and contempt for simple and honest small-serving people, the sense of honor in him is very poorly developed. External education and brilliance combined in Shvabrin with internal moral emptiness.

Great importance in the ideological content of the novel has the image of Catherine II. Drawing the image of Catherine N, Pushkin reveals the connection that really existed between the "Kazan landowner" and wide circles of the nobility. This connection is shown with the help of such a detail as Catherine's high assessment of the personality of Captain Mironov. In the change in Catherine's face when reading the request for clemency from Grinev, who was friends with Pugachev, in her cold, calm refusal, the tsarina's ruthlessness towards the popular movement is revealed. Without denouncing Catherine directly, Pushkin simply painted the image of the autocrat precisely as a "Kazan landowner", historically truthful. Pushkin showed what was really essential in the policy of Catherine II at the time of the Pugachev uprising and in her attitude towards the rebels.

With his "History of the Pugachev rebellion" and "The Captain's Daughter", the poet raises the "question of questions" - about the past, present and future of the people, enlightened nobility, power; much less often, one, special reason for these searches was considered: the influence of Pushkin's own internal, personal motives on the formation of his heroes. Pugachev's time, undoubtedly, gave Pushkin more scope for archival research, general historical reasoning than recent modernity. Moreover, Pushkin's "Shakespearean" historicism was resolutely disgusted by the allusive method, when the story of the uprisings in the 1770s would be entirely reduced to straightforward allusions to the last riots: it is important for the poet that there was a real, not speculative historical connection; the continuity of those and these events, when the interaction of the past and the present is revealed as if by itself.

The peculiarities of the genre should also include the presence in the novel of two points of view, two views on what is happening: Grinev and the author. Grinev sees the Pugachev uprising from the point of view of a private person, an individual who is directly involved in the events. Pushkin, on the other hand, looks as if from above, trying to evaluate objectively; thanks to him, the fate of the characters in the novel develops only in this way, and not otherwise, because, according to the writer, this is exactly what the natural process of historical development looks like.

Since the novel is written in the first person, it takes the form of a memoir. A feature of the memoirs is not just autobiographical, but also the confessional nature of the narrative. That is, Grinev's point of view prevails here. The main text of the novel consists of Grinev's "notes", only in the afterword the "publisher" says how he got the "manuscript": it was given to him by Grinev's grandson, who learned that the "publisher" was engaged in "labor related to the times described by his grandfather." "Publisher" - Pushkin's literary mask, "labor" means "History of Pugachev". The afterword also indicates the degree of participation of the "publisher" in the work on the manuscript: he decided "to publish it separately, finding a decent epigraph for each chapter and allowing himself to change some of his own names."

It is worth noting that epigraphs, by the way, have a special meaning: they not only indicate the theme of each chapter and determine its narrative tone, briefly hinting at the events that will take place in this chapter. Epigraphs are signs of the author's "presence" in the text of the novel. They are correlated with the content of the chapters, and also to a certain extent have a subjective author's coloring: they reveal the author's attitude to Grinev's story. In other words, epigraphs can be called "summaries" of chapters.

Thus, the novel "The Captain's Daughter" is a complex interweaving of the actual historicism of the era, which aroused Pushkin's genuine interest, fictional characters helping to evaluate this era, descriptions of the fate of the whole family that lived at that time, an example of the growing up of a particular representative of it, as well as the author's view of this era and his understanding of the reasons for what is happening. Above we said that there is a problem of a clear definition of the genre. And on the example of the novel "The Captain's Daughter" we are perfectly convinced of this: the novel turns out to be both historical, and moral, and educational, and family-household, and even to some extent philosophical. And what is surprising - when you read this work, you don’t even think about this genre diversity, it was used so unobtrusively and successfully by Pushkin.

Lesson Objectives:

• give a historical assessment of the personalities of the XVIII century E. Pugachev and Catherine II;
• be able to analyze, compare, draw conclusions, evaluate their work.

The main thing: what human qualities A.S. Pushkin endowed them with.

educational goal: formation of children's interest in the history of Russia; universal values ​​affirmed by A.S. Pushkin: kindness, honor, nobility, fidelity to love, fortitude.

Equipment: projector slides, worksheets.

Teachers used the method of problem presentation using the technology of developmental education: interactive learning against the background of the integration of related subjects: literature and history; the use of music and painting as auxiliary elements in the disclosure artistic image literary heroes. The principles of developmental learning also work in the lesson as advanced tasks, reflection - students' self-assessment of their work. Forms of work: group, pair, individual.

Lesson plan.

1. Pugachev's dialogue with Grinev. An excerpt from the chapter of the story “The Captain's Daughter” Rebellious Sloboda.
2. Introduction. Target setting of the teacher
3. a brief description of history of Russia in the 18th century.
4. Evaluation by students - literary critics, art critics of the characteristics of E.I. Pugachev
5. Evaluation of the activities of Catherine II
6. Conclusion

During the classes

I. Introduction. Dialogue between Pugachev and Grinev. Pugachev tells Grinev a Kalmyk fairy tale. (Alyosha and Zakhar.)

Literature teacher: The folly of the brave is the wisdom of life. Wisdom of life or rebellion of suffering? The brave eagle is given a short life, but he is eternally free and strong with his wisdom and independence. Today, in the lesson, each of us will try to skip through ourselves the epoch II half of XVIII century, when a peasant uprising took place under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. We will make the transition from historical fact to literary images.

The historical theme runs through the whole story of A.S. Pushkin, he was interested in the past, traveled a lot, delved into the archives, studied the “History of the Russian State” by Karamzin, Russian chronicles. “The history of the people belongs to the poet,” he wrote.

Target setting of the teacher. In the lesson we will work in 3 conditional groups.

Group I - literary critics, should discuss the images of Catherine II and Pugachev: what kind of people they are depicted; II group - historians, they give an impartial assessment of the activities of individuals; Group III - art critics: images of great people in painting, music.

A history teacher: So, 18th century. Majestic 18th century! Age of Catherine II. The era of the reign of Catherine II according to historical assessment. ( Attachment 1Slides.)

student historian: Empress Catherine II reigned for 34 years.

What has Russia acquired in 34 years, which they called an entire era. Strengthening the state. Russian empire reached such influence and power that, according to the apt expression of a contemporary, "without her permission in Europe, not a single cannon dared to shoot out." The country's population has almost doubled (from 19 to 36 million). Never before have cities been built at such a pace in Russia. For three decades - 144 cities! The state treasury "heavier" four times. Russia produced pig iron and iron twice as much as England, the world economic leader of that time. Russia conquered the Kuban, Crimea, the entire Black Sea coast. Established in the Baltic Sea, on Far East, in Siberia and Alaska.

A history teacher: But, during the reign of Catherine II, an uprising of peasants took place under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev. Who will name the reasons for the uprising? And tell us about the Pugachev uprising.

Student: The peasant uprising was caused by a sharp deterioration in the situation of the general population. The size of corvée and dues, as well as state duties, increased. Peasants were sold by the whole villages.

Message from a student historian: Uprising E.I. Pugachev began in September 1773. at the Tolkachev farm. Pugachev's detachment of 80 people quickly grew at the expense of the Cossacks and soldiers of the garrisons of the Yaitskaya line. In the "manifestos" on behalf of Peter III, Pugachev favored the Cossacks with "rivers and seas, monetary salaries and all kinds of liberty." By 1774 the uprising covered a vast territory of the Lower Volga region, Orenburg region, Southern Urals, Prikamye. The factories of the Urals were engulfed in an uprising. Ordinary people were looking forward to Pugachev's passage. July-August 1774 Pugachev took possession of Saransk, Penza, Saratov and other cities. After the unsuccessful assault on Tsaritsyn, on August 24, Pugachev's army was defeated in a battle near the Salnikova gang. The Yaik Cossacks decided that further struggle was useless, and on September 8, 1774. Pugachev was captured and handed over to the authorities. In early September, A.V. Suvorov stood at the head of the troops operating against the Pugachevites. And in 1775 the uprising was crushed.

Literature teacher: Pushkin deeply and historically correctly revealed the causes, course and character of peasant uprisings that flared up in the Volga region and in the south of the Urals. The poet rightly sees the cause of the uprising in the serfdom, cruelty and autocracy of the rulers of the region and in the policy of the tsarist government towards the non-Russian peoples of the south of the Urals. Despite the spontaneous nature of the uprising, its social orientation was clear to each participant.

A history teacher: Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev. (Slide - Pugachev.) What is its place in history? (History reference.)

Historian student: Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev was a Cossack from the Don village of Zimoveyskaya. By the age of 30, this man had considerable experience behind him: participation in two wars (Seven Years and Russian-Turkish), an attempt to move from the Don to the Terek in search of freedom, several arrests and escapes from custody. During the Russian-Turkish war for bravery he was promoted to cornet (junior officer rank of Cossack). In 1772 appeared on Yaik and declared himself Emperor Peter III. In his manifestos, Emelyan Pugachev promised land, water, forests, and grasslands. Cossacks, workers of the Urals, peasants, Kalmyks, Bashkirs poured into Pugachev's army. The number of troops exceeded 20 thousand people. Pugachev sought to give his army a semblance of an organized structure. He established the "Military Collegium", surrounded himself with guards, assigned ranks and titles. Discipline was maintained in the army, military training was conducted. Those who distinguished themselves were awarded "medals" - rubles of Peter III. In the new manifestos, Pugachev ordered the "villains - the nobles" to "catch, execute and hang." In total, the Pugachevites executed about 3 thousand people.

Literature teacher: Noble writers and publicists saw in him “a monster who does not respect the laws, a swindler, a murderer.” He appears completely different in the story. He is vitally connected with the people, enjoys their support. It is he who determines the fate and actors(Grinev, Masha Mironov), all the storylines of the story are connected with him. A word to the art critics:

Student - literary critic: Pushkin writes: His appearance seemed wonderful to me: he was about forty, medium height, thin and broad-shouldered. His black beard showed gray, and his large, lively eyes ran about. His face had an expression rather pleasant, but roguish. Her hair was cut in a circle; he was wearing a tattered coat and Tatar trousers.

Art student: (According to the portrait of E.I. Pugachev.) Probably, the artist worked according to Pushkin's description, the portrait agrees with the literary imagination of the writer: only in the picture is Pugachev depicted at a difficult moment for him: he is shackled. The eyes are thoughtful, but there is no remorse in them. These are the eyes of a man walking his path with honor. He will be true to himself to the end!

Art student:(According to the painting “Urals Present”.) In Bunin's painting, Pugachev is depicted at the moment of a conversation with Grinev. He carefully listens to the interlocutor, there is a purely masculine conversation, concrete, honest: Pugachev invites Pyotr Grinev to join his army, but the young officer directly refuses. He said that he swore to the empress that he would not do this. Pugachev liked Grinev's honesty, openness, and he said: "Execute like this, execute like that, have mercy like that, let me go."

Literature teacher: Undoubtedly, Pugachev is depicted in the story as a strong man, followed by the people, and this is how the masters of the brush saw him. To emphasize the proximity of Pugachev to the masses, revealing his image, Pushkin makes extensive use of folklore.

Literary student: Pugachev’s speech is sprinkled with folk wisdom, when talking with the owner of the inn, he says such proverbs and sayings: “It will rain, there will be fungi”, “plug the ax behind your back: the forester walks”, - he spoke allegorically about future events when he was on the run, preparing an uprising. And in communication with Grinev, he uses the following: “Debt is red in payment”, “Execute in this way, execute, pardon so pardon”, “Serve me with faith and truth.” Pugachev's speech expresses a lively mind, ingenuity, and talent.

Literature teacher: Pugachev is generous, sympathetic: he saves Petrush's happiness.

Literary student: Despite the fact that Masha Mironova is the daughter of the enemy, Pugachev gave the order to release her, he approved of Pyotr Grinev's decision to marry her, he says: “We will walk around your wedding!”. He allowed Grinev to leave the fortress with the captain's daughter. " It was last meeting with Pugachev…”

Literature teacher: Pugachev is illiterate, but smart and talented, possesses extraordinary abilities as a commander, during battles he leads the people.

Literary student: He says about himself: “I fight anywhere! Do you know in Orenburg about the battle near Yuzeeva? Forty enarals were killed, four armies were taken in full.

Literature teacher: Pugachev is merciful and kind. Throughout the story, only once is the severe reprisal against the Mironovs and Ivan Ignatievich shown. However, “in war as in war is a merciless attitude towards your enemies. And how did the tsarist government deal with the rebel Pugachev?

Student historian: The verdict in the case of a state criminal who committed robbery atrocities under the name of the emperor Peter III

- Omelyan Pugacheva - to sentence to death penalty through cutting off the head...

Literature teacher: The image of Pugachev is deeply sympathetic to A.S. Pushkin: he endowed him with wonderful human qualities, and he appears before us in the living image of a truly Russian person, heart and soul rooting for the fate of his native people.

Now a musical composition will sound. Whose musical image is this?

(Sounds G.Marinello - Orchestra Words.)

Art student: This is peace, beauty, this morning in the Tsarskoye Selo park, when Masha Mironova walks along the path of the garden in mental confusion.

Literature teacher: In the story, the landscape plays a significant role - a snowstorm, a counselor, an inn, a snow storm, as it were, symbolize the unrest of the people. It's also a tie storyline- this meeting played a big role in the fate of the young nobleman Peter Grinev. And in the scene of Marya Ivanovna's meeting with Catherine II, the landscape is different, in sharp contrast to the first. There - "darkness and whirlwind", here - a beautiful morning. (Slide portrait of Catherine II.)

A history teacher: Catherine was simply smart, she had a flexible, cautious and quick-witted mind. She had one happy gift that made the strongest impression: memory, observation, ingenuity, a sense of position, the ability to quickly grasp and summarize all the available data in order to make a decision in time. In her appeal, she tried to shine with conversation, so as not to interfere with her interlocutor. On the other hand, she was amazed at the art of listening, long and patiently listening to anyone, no matter what anyone talked to her about. So, along with her knowledge of people, Catherine worked out for herself the best way to acquire them - attention to a person, the ability to enter into his situation and mood, to guess his needs, back thoughts and unspoken desires.

Literary student: In the story, we are confronted with the image of a sweet, calm lady whom Masha Mironova met in Tsarskoye Selo. “She was in a white morning dress, in a night cap and a shower jacket. She seemed about 40 years old. Her face was full and ruddy, expressing importance and calmness, and blue eyes and a slight smile had an inexplicable charm.

Dialog. Catherine II with Masha Mironova.

Catherine II: You, right, are not from here? For some business?
Maria Ivanovna: Exactly so, sir. I came to submit a request to the empress, to ask for mercy.
Catherine II: May I ask who you are?
Maria Ivanovna: I am the daughter of Captain Mironov.
Catherine II: Captain Mironov? The one who was the commandant in one of the Orenburg fortresses?
Maria Ivanovna: Exactly so, sir.
Catherine II: Or maybe I can help you, I visit the court.
(Maria Ivanovna gives paper.)
Catherine II: Are you asking for Grinev? The Empress cannot forgive him. He is an immoral and mischievous rascal.
Maria Ivanovna: Oh, it's not true! It's not true, by God it's not true! I know everything, I'll tell you everything. He went to work for me alone, he is not a traitor! And if he did not justify himself before the court, then only because he did not want to implicate me. I swear on the name of my relatives: fathers and mothers, ruined by an impostor! (Maria Ivanovna stands with her head bowed) Catherine II comes out and comes in, hands over paper.
Catherine II: I'm glad I could help you. Your business is over. I am convinced of your fiancé's innocence. Here is a letter that you yourself will take the trouble to take to Grinev's father.
Maria Ivanovna: Thank you, I hope for your mercy.

Literature teacher: The benefactor queen ordered the release of Grinev, but she did this after making sure that he was not a Pugachevite. Releasing Masha, she said: “I know that you are not rich, but you are indebted to the daughter of Captain Mironov. I take it upon myself to arrange your condition.” And she didn't keep her promise. Finishing the story, Pushkin writes in his own name that the Grinevs' grandchildren own only the village that belonged to their grandfather and great-grandfather.

Slide with the image of Catherine II.

Art student: Her Majesty Catherine II is depicted in all her grandeur: a smart face, symbols of power in her hands, it is clear that she is a strong personality, a purposeful person.

Literature teacher: Compositionally, the lesson began with a conversation between Pugachev and Grinev. What is the meaning of the Kalmyk fairy tale? Who does the Eagle symbolize? And who is Raven?

On the slide - the coat of arms of Russia.

The symbolism of the story: freedom, independence, power, strength and power merge into one heraldic sign - the coat of arms of Russia.

A history teacher: Information for reflection: now the channel "Russia" was held interactive project- "Name of Russia". In the final there were 12 candidates for the "Name of Russia". Among the outstanding figures of science, art, military affairs, politics, A.S. Pushkin and Catherine II.