Folk decorative art. "The material culture of the Cossacks

Lesson for 7 cells.

Prepared by a Cuban studies teacher

Alekseenko T.A.

Decorative and applied art of the population of the Krasnodar Territory

• Pottery production
• Art painting
• Weaving

pottery

Areas of distribution of pottery: st. Pashkovskaya, Staroshcherbinovskaya,

Christmas, Batalpashinskaya.

Material for pottery production: clay

Clay dishes :

• makitra- large clay pot
• * glacik- a pot with a wide high neck
• Krynka- milk container

Modern potters

• Aleksey Maksimenko - ceramic workshop (village of Kholmskaya, Abinsk region)
• Victor Turkov (city of Krasnodar)
• Anatoly Shnatko and Nikolay Nadtochiev (Labinsky district)
• Mikhail Chudnoy and Gennady Mashkarin (city of Slavyansk-on-Kuban)
• Mikhail Skvortsov (Mezmay village, Apsheron region)

Masters teach young people the art of pottery, do work to order. These are author's ceramics, and a Kuban souvenir, and pottery, and clay toys.

Types of Kuban forging ornament

• Forging is the skill of artistic forging.

• Plant type (leaves, clusters, stems, cereals, flowers)
• Geometric type - geometric figures
• Zoomorphic - the image of birds, dragons, seahorses.

Modern Kuban blacksmiths and metal designers

• Mikhail Skvortsov (n. Mezmay)
• Mikhail Smaglyuk, Sergey Zubarev, Grigory Amiyan (Krasnodar)
• Anatoly Turukin (st. Novotitarovskaya, Dinskoy district)

Art painting in architecture.

• antique decorations and paintings on window frames
• there is a pattern of platbands, which consists of three parallel lines.
• The central line is slightly longer than the outer ones.
• These lines are a symbol of the three positions of the sun in the sky: morning, noon and evening.
• Some scholars believe that the "three lines" symbol represents clear sky throughout the day and denotes the warm season, the bright sun, which bestows abundance and fertility.

room decorations

"With Good morning» - diaper for

newborn

Towels - embroidered towels

The most ancient color combinations

Embroidered in red and white.

Red is a symbol of fertility

Raw materials - for the loom -

hemp and sheep wool.

weaving

Wicker baskets

Kuban masters

Kuban Cossack Choir

V. G. Zakharchenko has been the leader of the Kuban Cossack Choir since 1974.

Since 1990, the Center has been operating on the basis of the Kuban Choir. folk culture Kuban, children's experimental school of folk art, charitable foundation revival of the folk culture of the Kuban

"Sources", ensemble of the Cossack song "Cossack soul", folk group

"Yarochel".

Lesson Summary:

The Kuban land is famous for its trades, crafts,

craftsmen and vibrant original folklore.

When making any thing or when creating any song,

man put his soul into it.

From simple materials: wood, metal, stone, clay

works of art were created.

From simple words used in everyday

life, songs were composed that are passed down from generation to

generation

and warm our hearts.

Homework

• Prepare posts on topics:
• Folk craftsmen of Kuban
• Kuban Cossack Choir
• Ensemble "Krinitsa"
• Ensemble "Cossack freemen"
• Ask grandmothers about local craftsmen
• Bring for displaying embroidery, crafts, etc.

The main types of arts and crafts

Folk crafts of the Kuban

Map of the Krasnodar Territory

Crafts of Kuban

• Ceramics: mainly pottery production of dishes, clay toys;

• Textiles: embroidery, lace knitting, patterned weaving;

• Weaving: from a vine (mainly from willow), straw, corn cob leaves;

• Wood carving;

• Kovan;

• Painting.

Ceramics

Pottery production of clay utensils was set as the basis. The most common items were: glaciers, makitras, sour cream, jugs, beekeepers, florists etc. They were decorated with watering, painting, relief ornament. The most common in the Kuban were Russian and Ukrainian traditions. Non-residents were mainly engaged in pottery production. The potters of the villages of Pashkovskaya, Temizhbekskaya, Otradnaya, Mostovskaya, Kholmskaya and others were famous in the Kuban for their products. An accompanying type of craft was the manufacture of clay whistle toys in the form of birds (ducks, cockerels (kochets) and animals). Bricks (adobe), tiles, facing plates for stoves and fireplaces were also made from clay.

Ceramics

Ceramics

Makitra

for the Kuban is a very important subject for household items, the mother of all pottery: ferment milk, knead the dough, pickle cucumbers, pour grains, crush poppy seeds in a pie, give a horse a drink, but you never know what such a dish will do. Yes, and potters have fun - they unscrewed a larger pot, but simpler, and a wider throat, in a word, as God gave - here's makitra for you.

pottery

Textile

Embroidery.

It was the most common type of folk arts and crafts in the Kuban. Folk craftsmen embroidered towels (towels), tablecloths (tabletops, tabletops), handkerchiefs, napkins, pillowcases, curtains, shirts, valances, etc. They embroidered mainly on hemp homespun linen, with a cross, black and red threads. Most of the products had vegetable or geometric ornament.

Textile

Lace. On the territory of the Kuban, crocheting of lace is widespread, passed down from generation to generation. Exploring and analyzing crochet lace in this region, we can distinguish characteristics: the spread of loin knitting technique everywhere, the presence of an ornament (geometric and floral), created on the basis of embroidery elements. It was carried out mainly to decorate towels, valances, pillowcases. There is lace made with knitting needles (napkins), shuttle (fillet-guipure), needle (collars, cuffs, handkerchiefs, scarves). Covers for pillows, napkins, tablecloths, bedspreads, etc. were also made.

Textile

Weaving.

In the Kuban, it developed mainly among the non-Cossack population (non-residents). Used mainly hemp fibers. Making hemp cloth is a complex and time-consuming process. The cloth was woven on a loom, which was brought to the Kuban mainly by settlers from Ukraine. The fabric ready for linen was usually bleached with ash or taken out into the cold.

Weaving

Vine weaving

It arose before pottery and occupied significant place in the life of an ancient man. Back in the Stone Age, man mastered the art of weaving baskets, nets, and vessels.

From the vine weaved dwellings. Walls were woven from hazel rods, and in order to be durable, they were coated with clay. Weaving patterns varied.

Weaving was the progenitor of macramé, weaving, and even led to the appearance of lace.

main role willow vine played in weaving. A green willow met a person at birth - they made a cradle for a child and rattles from it.

In basket weaving, along with willow, many other types of raw materials were used: reeds, straw, cereals.

Weaving materials are also available. They can be easily found on the banks of a river, lake, in the forest, in meadows and in the garden.

Straw weaving

Vine weaving

Kovan

blacksmith craft

The Kuban people believed that a blacksmith could forge happiness for the young. And if he wants, he will bring misfortune. In ancient times, iron and products made from it were highly valued. Iron protected the hooves of horses, and the person who found the horseshoe was considered lucky. Blacksmiths forged knives, axes, nails, arrows, chain mail. Chain mail was a necessary accessory for any person; warriors put it on when going into battle. This metal clothing reliably protected the wearer from enemy blows.

The forge is always dark. Why do you think?

It turns out that in a dark room you can catch the moment when the metal acquires desired color and ready for forging.

At the end of the 19th century, artistic forging began to be widely used, the main products were stair visors. Before the revolution, there were 4 forges in our city. The largest forge Lomakin, which even made carts.

Kovan

Art painting

Painting.

They painted topping up (earthen floor), stove, chests. Sometimes there was a painting of huts outside. The most common in the Kuban is Petrakovskaya painting. This type of painting came to the Kuban from Ukraine. Settlers from the area of ​​the Ukrainian village of Petrakovka brought with them the skills and techniques of this painting. It is simple in execution, it uses different colors, but mostly red. The Cossacks liked this painting for its brightness. They painted gates, shutters with such a painting, they painted a Russian stove, a baby cradle, dishes in a hut. Floral (flowers, leaves) and animal (roosters, doves) ornaments were used in the motifs of the painting.

Decorative and applied art of the Kuban “You are the Kuban, you are our Motherland, our age-old hero. Multi-water, expanse, You spilled into the distance and breadth. Remembering you here, Like a mother, Against the enemy, against the infidel, We will go to the mortal battle. I am remembering you here, Is it not possible to stand up for you, Is it not possible to give my old life for your glory. We, as our humble tribute From the glorified banners We send you, Kuban dear, Bow to the damp earth. (From a folk song) 1 Purpose: to consolidate knowledge about the Kuban. Tasks: * to expand children's understanding of the region in which they live; introduce the symbols of the Kuban: flag, coat of arms, anthem; *continue to deepen children's knowledge of Kuban crafts; * develop children's interest in folk crafts, the cognitive process; *cause a desire to learn more about the arts and crafts of the Kuban; * to cultivate respect for work and people of work, the desire to follow the old folk traditions, love for the native land, the Motherland. Research methods: *Study of literature; *Visit to the museum; *Consideration of household items of the Cossacks and Kuban folk crafts; objects of modern arts and crafts; *Watch educational films. 2 Krasnodar Territory The Krasnodar Territory is a subject of the Russian Federation in the south of the European part of Russia. The Krasnodar Territory is divided by the Kuban River into two parts: the northern part is flat, and the southern part is foothill and mountainous. The highest point is Mount Tsakhvoa (3345 m). Until the 19th century, the Kuban was an unplowed steppe. Thick, tall grass filled the steppe with the scent of flowers, it seemed that it was waiting for the farmer to come and begin to use its fertile expanses. The Cossacks, who arrived in the Kuban, began to plow the steppe. The earth was very hard, the plow and plow could hardly lift it. Over the years of painstaking work, plowing the land became easier. The most important culture wheat was in the Kuban. Sunflowers were planted after wheat. At first, it was grown for seeds, then they began to press oil from it. They also planted corn. Kuban people were engaged in gardening, grew cherries, cherries, plums. And also apples, pears, peaches, apricots, vineyards. 3 "Cossack" - means "free man". This was the name given to free people who arrived in the Kuban to protect the borders from enemies and were in the service of Empress Catherine II. National Kuban clothes are very ancient. The Cossack costume has evolved over the centuries. First of all, this applies to pants. They are called bloomers. Many years have passed, but nothing has changed. These are the same wide harem pants - you can’t sit on a horse in tight pants. Mounted Cossacks wore blue trousers and a red caftan. The female Cossack costume took shape in the Kuban at the end of the 19th century. Cossack women's clothing, even casual, was sewn and decorated with love. But especially beautiful, elegant clothes of the Cossack were on holidays. Cossack women had clothes for all occasions. She wore the most beloved and most beautiful outfit for a wedding, once in her life. The manufacture of the Kuban national costume is associated with various folk crafts: sewing, weaving, lace weaving, embroidery. Embroidery was an adornment of clothing. The costume consisted of a skirt and a sweater. 4 A certain role in the Cossack life and occupations was played by various trades and crafts: blacksmithing and pottery, woodworking, basket weaving, weaving, embroidery, artistic metal processing, manufacturing of leather and felt wool products. Since the end of the 19th century, motives of Russian, Ukrainian and Caucasian traditions have dominated in the art of Kuban folk masters. One of the oldest crafts in the Kuban was pottery. Pottery developed especially well in those areas where good, viscous clay lay nearby. They made dishes, children's toys from clay, made bricks, tiles for roofs. The first skilled potters were Ivan the Sixty and Nikifor Gonchar. Dishes made by potters: bowls, jugs, makitras, rags, cast iron, glechik. The motifs of Russian, Ukrainian and Caucasian ceramics very often echoed in the forms and ornaments. The forms of Kuban ceramics are simple, the ornament is bright and floral. Potatoes, porridge, cabbage soup were cooked in a cast-iron. Water was collected in a jug and drank from it. Sour cream, jam, milk were kept in the glacik. Dough was kneaded in a makitra - it is a large clay pot. 5 One of the oldest folk crafts Eastern Slavs is weaving. It was brought to the Kuban by the Black Sea Cossacks from Ukraine at the end of the 18th century. A significant part of household utensils - from vegetable baskets to wicker and outbuildings, residents of the Kuban villages made from vines. All kinds of tops, baskets, various wattle fences, wallets (containers for storing grain) were woven from a flexible willow vine. The art of artistic processing of wood has a deep tradition in the Kuban and is currently being widely developed. The forest wealth of the Kuban made wood the most favorite material in folk crafts. Wooden utensils - barrels, buckets, troughs, bowls, spoons, mortars, stirrers and other items were made in all mountain and foothill villages rich in forests. From wood, the Cossacks loved to make furniture, carved mirrors, painted chests. Carvings are wooden dishes, spinning wheels, rubels on a loom. In the decoration of houses - porches and platbands. 6 One of the important crafts was weaving. They wove material for clothing and for decorating the home. AT Cossack families from the age of 7-9, girls were taught to weave and spin. The art of embroidery has always been appreciated in the Kuban. Embroidered patterns not only decorated clothes and household items made of fabric, but also served as amulets against evil forces. In every family, regardless of social status, women had to master various types of needlework: weaving and embroidery. In the houses of princes, boyars, rich people in Russia and wealthy Kuban Cossacks, there were embroidery and weaving workshops, where all women spent their leisure time at home. As a rule, the mistress of the house led the creative process. 7 Embroidery was most widespread in the Kuban. Cossack craftswomen embroidered towels, tablecloths, napkins, curtains, shirts, pillowcases. Towel has long served as an indispensable accessory of traditional folk customs and rituals. Also, weaving from straw, talash (leaves of corn cobs) is considered a common type of folk craft in the Krasnodar Territory. Historically, forging was the most widespread in the Kuban - blacksmithing. Blacksmiths were the master craftsmen. Since the end of the 19th century, up to five forges have been working in each Kuban village. Everything necessary for the life of villagers was made here - horseshoes, locks, tongs. Kuban blacksmiths created real works of art from metal: forged over-wing umbrellas - "visors", lattices for windows, doors, balconies, front stairs, fences, weather vanes. 8 I grew up in the Kuban, I am more familiar, our southern regions are more understandable: immense steppes, mountains of bread to the sky, scarlet cherry branches, if the forest is the southern forest in front of the passes. Conclusion: people applied art Kuban is part of the folk art of Russia and the world. The loss of the tradition of any nation can lead to the disappearance of the ethnic group itself. That is why it is so important to know the traditions of the culture of your people and folk arts and crafts, as part of it. 9

Text material to accompany the presentation

"Decorative and applied art" Grade 5

Slide #1

The theme of the presentation is "Arts and crafts"

Slide #2

Among the objects that surround us in everyday life, there are surprisingly beautiful, created by the hands of artists. They belong to the area arts and crafts.

Its name comes from lat. decoro - decorate, and the definition of "applied" contains the idea that it serves the practical needs of a person, while satisfying his basic aesthetic needs.

Decorative and applied art is not only the most ancient of the arts, but also one of the most modern, because until now the works folk craftsmen adorn everyday life.

Slide #3

Decorative and applied art is diverse. Every nation has its own species artistic crafts. It depended on what materials were available to people: wood, clay, metal, etc.

Let's get acquainted with some types arts and crafts our country.

Embroidery is the brightest, most diverse and fascinating look artistic creativity. In the old days, they embroidered on homespun fabric with counted and through seams. Today, cross-stitch, satin stitch, ribbons, and beads are widely used.

Slide #4

Knitting and lace making are ancient forms of art. You can knit on knitting needles and crochet from various yarns. They knit a wide variety of products: scarves, hats, scarves, mittens, socks, sweaters and other things. Pride of Russia - Orenburg down scarf. Down-knitting craft originated in the Orenburg region in the 18th century.

Lace is called "frozen colors of the northern winter."

Lace weaving began to be practiced in Russia in the 16th-17th centuries. The most famous lace craft is located in the Vologda region. Craftswomen weave products for home interior decoration - tablecloths, napkins, runners, and for fashionistas - blouses, collars, vests, scarves, etc.

Slide #5

Wood painting is an old Russian folk craft.

Khokhloma painting is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture. Your name Khokhloma craft received from the large trading village of Khokhloma in the Nizhny Novgorod province, to which wooden products were brought for sale from the nearby villages (in the village of Khokhloma, these products were never produced). For Khokhloma fishing is typical original technique coloring wood in a golden color without the use of gold.

AT Khokhloma painting three primary colors are used: red, black and gold , auxiliary colors used in small quantities are green and yellow. The painting is applied by masters with a brush by hand without preliminary marking.

Another type of painting on wood is Gorodets painting. Exists since mid-nineteenth in. near the town of Gorodets. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black stroke on a clean wooden background.

Compositions with horses, riders, trees and dogs still live in Gorodets murals. Fantasies on the theme of walks of gentlemen and ladies are varied, but horses are firmly preserved from traditional motifs. image of a horse represents the idea of ​​beauty and strength.

Slide #6

Hand-painted on batik fabric has long been known among the peoples of India, Indonesia and in translation means “a drop of wax”. In Russia, painting on fabric appeared quite recently, from the 20th century. and gained great popularity.

The technique is based on the use of a wax-based reserve composition, which is applied to the fabric with special tools, and then the paint corresponding to the fabric is applied.

Slide number 7

In Russia, manual carpet weaving is one of the leading artistic crafts of Dagestan. The art of carpet weaving came to us from the countries Arab world. Dagestan handmade carpets are worn national character and are highly valued as family heirlooms. Making a carpet or even a small piece of carpet is a very time-consuming process.

Slide #8

In the old days, fabric was made at home on looms with a simple linen weave (homespun fabric). Weaving with a more complex weave using colored threads was called patterned. Belts, ribbons, tracks, ribbons, clothing items were woven in this way.

Slide #9

The art of patchwork has been known to the peoples of the world for a long time.

In Russia, patchwork began to develop actively from the middle of the 19th century, when factory-made cotton fabrics became widespread.

Interest in this species decorative and applied art is growing steadily. More and more exhibitions of various levels are dedicated to the art of working with textile flaps. Festivals, competitions, master classes are held. In the city of Ivanovo, the All-Russian exhibition-competition "Patchwork Mosaic of Russia" is held every two years.

The inspiration for the collection of clothes for the games in Sochi was the image of a patchwork quilt.

When creating the collection, national ornaments of Russia were used, which, like particles of the most vivid impressions of the Games in Sochi, combined into a colorful and at the same time harmonious pattern on jackets and T-shirts.

Slide #10

The Kuban is a unique region, where for two centuries the elements of the traditional Eastern Ukrainian culture have been in close interaction with the elements of the South Russian culture.

Along with agriculture and cattle breeding, various trades and crafts played a certain role in the Cossack life and occupations: blacksmithing and pottery, woodworking, basket weaving, weaving, embroidery, artistic metal processing, manufacturing of leather and felt wool products.

Since the end of the 19th century, motives of Russian, Ukrainian and Caucasian traditions have dominated in the art of Kuban folk masters.

The art of artistic woodworking has a deep tradition in the Kuban and is currently being widely developed. Wooden utensils - barrels, buckets, troughs, bowls, spoons, mortars, stirrers and other items were made in all mountain and foothill villages rich in forests.

Slide #11

Pottery in the Kuban was widespread in places where there was clay suitable for making ceramics. Basically, they made simple dishes, unpretentious toys for children.

In the Kuban, potters enjoyed great honor and respect; songs, fairy tales, and proverbs were composed about them. The forms of Kuban ceramics are simple, the ornament is bright and floral. At present, the tradition of pottery is continued by ceramic workshops led by Viktor Turkov (Krasnodar), Anatoly Shtanko and Nikolai Nadtochiev (Labinsky District), Mikhail Chudny and Gennady Mashkarin (Slavyansk-on-Kuban) and other craftsmen.

Slide #12

The basket weaving was brought to the Kuban by the Black Sea Cossacks from Ukraine in late XVIII century. A significant part of household utensils - from vegetable baskets to wicker and outbuildings, residents of the Kuban villages made from vines. In basket weaving, along with willow, many other types of raw materials were used: reeds, straw, cereals.

Today, the masters of the Krasnodar experimental forestry worthily continue the traditions of the Kuban basket weaving. And in the village of Pashkovskaya lives a hereditary craftswoman from a Cossack family, Valentina Trofimovna Zhuk. Her baskets, boxes and even rings made of thin willow vines are taken with pleasure by tourists abroad, as an example of a truly Kuban decorative and applied folk craft.

Slide #13

Historically, in the Kuban, the most widespread forging - blacksmithing. Blacksmiths were the master craftsmen. Since the end of the 19th century, up to five forges have been working in each Kuban village. Everything necessary for the life of the villagers was made here - horseshoes, locks, tongs, chimneys for pipes, as well as interior items.

The Kuban people believed that a blacksmith could forge happiness for the young. And if he wants, he will bring misfortune. In ancient times, iron and products made from it were highly valued. Iron protected the hooves of horses, and the person who found the horseshoe was considered lucky.

Slide #14

The art of embroidery has always been appreciated in the Kuban. Embroidered patterns not only adorned clothes and household items made of fabric, but also served as amulets against evil forces. In every family, regardless of social status, women had to master various types of needlework: weaving and embroidery.

At present, the tradition of folk embroidery and weaving is continued by masters Galina Ruban from Krasnodar, Nina Maksimenko from Novokubansk and many others.

Slide #15

Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological

museum-reserve them. E.D. Felitsyna-one from the largest regional scientific and educational institutions of the country. The collections of its funds include more than 500 thousand monuments of history and culture. In November 1990, the museum was named after its founder E.D. Felicina.

Reference E. D. Felitsyn - historian, local historian, initiator of many useful deeds in public and cultural life both the Kuban region and the North Caucasus.

Slides #16-19 introduce students to museum exhibits that reflect various types of decorative and applied art of the Kuban.

slide number 20

It is not enough to be proud of the art of your people in the past, you must be a worthy successor to it best traditions. The Kuban is rich in craftsmen. Exhibitions that have now become traditional "Kuban craftsman", contribute to the further development of folk art of the region. interest in the most various types folk arts and crafts is constantly growing.

Report from the experience of the teacher Timkova I. V. on the topic: "Folk decorative and applied art of the Kuban as a means of aesthetic development of preschoolers."

Russian culture is unimaginable
without the folk art that reveals
the origins of the spiritual life of the Russian people,
clearly demonstrates its aesthetic
value, artistic taste and
is part of its history.

V. A. Sukhomlinsky.

Aesthetic education is a purposeful process of a creative person who is able to perceive, feel, evaluate beauty and create artistic values ​​(B. T. Likhachev).

Aesthetic education of children preschool age is characterized as a process of purposeful influence by means of art on a person, thanks to which the educators form artistic feelings and taste, interest in art, the ability to understand it, enjoy it, develop Creative skills. The value of aesthetic education lies in the fact that it makes the child more noble, positively affects his morality, elevates feelings, and decorates life.

As a means of aesthetic education, it is advisable to use folk arts and crafts, which has a strong aesthetic and emotional impact on a person, and also has great cognitive, developmental and educational opportunities. Folk art, national in content, can actively influence the spiritual development of the child, the formation of moral and patriotic feelings. The works of folk art reflect love for the native land, the ability to see and understand the world around. In the content of most folk works, much comes from nature - from the earth, forests, herbs, water and the sun, from all living things that a person loves and appreciates.

The important role of folk and arts and crafts in aesthetic education was noted by many domestic art critics, researchers of children's fine arts: A. P. Usova, T. S. Komarova, T. Ya. Shpikalova, N. B. Khalezova, T. N. Doronova , A. A. Griboskaya and others. They repeatedly noted that familiarization with the works of folk art induces in children new vivid figurative ideas about the Motherland, the Kuban, about its culture, contributes to the education of patriotic feelings, and introduces them to the world of beauty.

Decorativeness, expressiveness of color and plasticity, patterned ornamentation, a variety of textures of materials - these are the characteristic features of the works of folk applied art that are consonant with the aesthetic sense, perception and understanding of children.

Analyzing the peculiarities of children's perception of works of folk art, N. P. Sakulina notes: “Children of preschool age are close and understand many works of masters of decorative painting, carving, embroidery, the art of a toymaker is understandable. Young children perceive them deeper and more fully.

E. A. Flerina said: “The people in the toy give the child a simple, but genuine, first-class art. It is close and understandable to the child, as it is a truthful and cheerful art, it pleases the child, teaches him to see and understand the life around him.

In the process of various types of artistic and aesthetic activities in children, the development of moral and aesthetic qualities, artistic taste, and creative abilities is observed.

Decorative and applied art is perhaps one of the most ancient. Its name comes from lat. decoro - I decorate, and the definition "applied" contains the idea that it serves the practical needs of a person, while satisfying his basic aesthetic needs.

Arts and crafts is a kind visual arts meeting the everyday needs of a person and at the same time satisfying his aesthetic needs, bringing his beauty to life.

From time immemorial, a person has tried to decorate his home and he did this with the help of the material that was next to him, that is, under his hands - this is wood, clay, bone, etc.

Folk arts and crafts is not only the fruit of skill, the crafts of its creators, but also an integral part of their life, everyday life.

Introducing children to Russian folk arts and crafts, I rely on the principle of general didactics - connection with life, systematicity and consistency, individual approach in teaching and artistic development children, visibility.

In the classroom in the younger and middle group, introducing children to arts and crafts, I use fairy tales, riddles, songs, nursery rhymes. Folk poetic word like a spring, like a pure spring gushing from the bowels of the earth, to which generations fall, being filled with life-giving power. folk word conveys the past, the pace of the present and the future. After all, it is not in vain that maternal lullabies, fairy tales, nursery rhymes, fables, sayings, fables sound from generation to generation ... And they continue to live in villages and villages ancient rites, traditional holidays, festivities containing poems, songs, dances, game techniques, and most importantly - folk wisdom.

Songs, sayings, poems, nursery rhymes - wonderful speech material that I use in my work. On its basis, the child develops an understanding of the text, a situational connection arises between the semantic content and a specific action. The acquaintance of children with folklore is another hidden spring of the effective influence of folk poetry and creativity on the mental, cognitive and aesthetic development child.

In the senior and preparatory group for school, except for folklore I use pictures of Kuban folk painters, Kuban folk music, poems by Kuban poets, I introduce children to Kuban crafts.

Telling children about their native land, city, about their own house, I gave the idea that this is our small Motherland. That a house is not just a building, it is the dwelling of a person, his relatives and friends, the people dearest to him. The whole everyday life of a person takes place in the home from beginning to end. With great interest, the children looked at photographs and sketches of rural houses decorated with openwork wood carvings. All the details of the house were decorated with carvings - chapels, dormer windows and balconies, cornices, window and door frames, a porch with a canopy. Along the way, she explained to the children that the Kuban craftsmen - carvers - made products for the home from wood: furniture, jewelry, dishes, caskets and vases, etc.

After getting acquainted with the Kuban buildings, she introduced the children to the Housewarming holiday, explained how it differs from other holidays, what is customary to give in this case to the owners of the house. And the children's games immediately revived, they began to arrange a "housewarming" for the dolls and prepare gifts for them: they made furniture from different boxes, pasted applications - rugs, painted pictures to decorate the house. When the children began to make rugs, I talked about the Kuban masters of carpet weaving, about the features of the ornament and color scheme. To decorate doll houses, they began to make decorative panels from various scraps of fabric. Introduced the children to the patchwork technique. She explained why this type of decorative art was popular with us in the Kuban.

She also told the children that we in the Kuban used to like to arrange gatherings. They gathered in order to make work more fun, to help each other if necessary. She explained that they not only worked at the gatherings - they embroidered, knitted, spun. Joint work at gatherings has always been accompanied by singing, jokes, jokes, riddles, games ...

I pay special attention to the children that we live in the Kuban, and talented people have long lived here - the Kuban Cossacks - an economic and skilled people. They were engaged in various crafts: men were engaged in forging, wood and bone carving, pottery, chasing, basket weaving. Women spun, wove, sewed clothes, knitted and embroidered, painted dishes and household utensils. But most importantly, everyone was engaged in agriculture together - they grew bread, raised cattle, were engaged in gardening and horticulture.

Our countrymen have always been tireless workers. The Kuban land was famous for its craftsmen. Often the Cossacks owned several crafts.

Pottery in the Kuban.

Pottery production- a typical small-scale fishing in the Kuban. Every Kuban family had the necessary pottery: makitras, bowls, bowls, etc. In the work of the potter, a special place was occupied by the manufacture of jugs. The creation of this beautiful form was not available to everyone. For its manufacture required skill and skill. If the vessel breathes, keeping the water cool even in extreme heat, then the master has put a piece of his soul into simple dishes. Of the pottery, the most common was the "glechik" - a pot with a wide high neck. Milk and sour cream are stored in such dishes even today. In the Kuban, potters enjoyed great honor and respect; songs, fairy tales, and proverbs were composed about them. The forms of Kuban ceramics are simple, the ornament is bright and floral.

Among the immortal creations created by mankind throughout the history of its development and representing national pride, one of the first places belongs to the folk toy.

History studies folk toys The Kuban encounter more difficulties than the study of any other kind of arts and crafts in the region. This is explained not only by the fact that the toy of the Kuban, as in other places, was, first of all, a means of entertainment and amusement for children, did not represent material value in the peasant environment.

The life of a toy is short-lived, and therefore it is very difficult to find its old original samples. The development of toy production in different places of the Kuban region (for example, the villages of Poltava, Kholmskaya, Staroshcherbinovskaya, Batalpashinskaya) was associated primarily with the availability of an easily accessible raw material base - good red clay (less often gray, blue, white, yellow) and sand. As in many other regions of Russia, the manufacture of clay toys in the Kuban was ancillary to pottery. "Simple unpretentious toys for children" were molded to fill the place in the hearth between large vessels - makitras, glechiks, bowls, pots. In order to produce the maximum number of toys for sale in a short time, special methods of simple quick modeling have been developed. Folk craftsmen tried to fashion a figurine from one piece. Such the simplest trick molding and simple molding (tucks and dimples) did not affect the quality of a small thing. On the contrary, in her performance one could feel the knowledge of the natural qualities of the material, the careful attitude to it, the true feeling of plasticity and the taste of the master. Creating their images, the toys noticed and generalized typical features their characters, and such simple techniques were enough to create an expressive, somewhat humorous characterization of a bird or beast. Although, in someone's opinion, such clay toys were "primitive", undecorated, they were durable, funny and inexpensive. The most common and close to the Kuban masters were images of birds, ducks, "cockerels and lambs", "horses".

At present, the tradition of pottery is continued by ceramic workshops led by Alexei Maksimenko (village of Kholmskaya, Abinsky district), Viktor Turkov (city of Krasnodar), Anatoly Shtanko and Nikolai Nadtochiev (Labinsky district) and other craftsmen.

Vine weaving.

One of the oldest folk crafts of the Eastern Slavs is basket weaving. It was brought to the Kuban by the Black Sea Cossacks from Ukraine at the end of the 18th century. A significant part of household utensils - from vegetable baskets to wicker and outbuildings, residents of the Kuban villages made from a vine.

From the rods of willow, reeds, willow, reeds weaved various things for everyday life: cradles, tables, chairs, baskets, baskets, wattle. Purses were woven from corn leaves, bryl (hats with wide brim) were made from straw. In the markets of the Kuban, you can buy products for every taste: bread bins, whatnots, furniture sets, decorative panels.

Today, the masters of the Krasnodar experimental forestry worthily continue the traditions of the Kuban basket weaving. And in the village of Pashkovskaya lives a hereditary craftswoman from a Cossack family, Valentina Trofimovna Zhuk. Her baskets, baskets, boxes and even rings made of thin willow vines are gladly taken abroad by tourists as an example of a truly Kuban arts and crafts folk craft.

Kuban forging.

Historically, blacksmithing was the most widespread in the Kuban. Every sixth Cossack was a professional blacksmith. Up to five forges worked in each Kuban village. They knew how to forge their horses, carts, weapons, household utensils. Axes, horseshoes, pitchforks, shovels were forged in the stanitsa forges. The mastery of artistic forging also deserves mention. In the Kuban, it was called that - "forging". Kuban blacksmiths created real works of art from metal: forged overwing umbrellas - “peaks”, lattices for windows, doors, balconies, front stairs, fences, weather vanes. They even developed their own original ornament and created a wonderful ensemble of metal lace in the villages and cities of the Kuban. At the beginning of the twentieth century, about 500 craftsmen lived in Yekaterinodar. There were several types of Kuban forging ornament: plant type, geometric, zoomorphic. The vegetable type is characterized by leaves, clusters, stems, cereals, flowers. geometric type- geometric figures. The zoomorphic type is characterized by images of birds, dragons, seahorses.

Masterpieces of the blacksmith craft of that time are found on the buildings of the 19th century in the cities and villages of the Kuban. Modern Kuban blacksmiths and metal designers Mikhail Skvortsov from the village of Mezmay in the Apsheron region, Krasnodar residents Mikhail Smaglyuk, Sergey Zubarev, Grigory Amiyan, and Anatoly Turukin from the village of Novotitarovskaya in the Dinsk region, and many other craftsmen make a huge contribution to further development folk craft.

Patchwork creativity.

Patchwork has existed for as long as sewing and working with fabric. The main reason for the emergence and existence of patchwork sewing was an economical attitude to the available material. Women carefully preserved everything, even the smallest scraps of chintz and other fabrics left after cutting and sewing clothes, and, having collected a sufficient amount, sewed patchwork quilts from them. A skilled craftswoman carefully selects the shreds by color, creating a mosaic pattern. Scraps of fabric have a significant expressive feature - this is a pattern on a colored background of fabric. The inner drawing of each piece gives it depth and expressiveness. The combination of colors allows you to achieve an artistic effect.

Weaving and embroidery.

Embroidery is the main type of folk art of the Slavic population of the Kuban. In the Kuban, clothes, towels, tablecloths, valances, napkins were decorated with embroidery. Already at the age of 7 - 9, in a Cossack family, girls were accustomed to weaving and spinning. Until adulthood, they managed to prepare a dowry for themselves from several tens of meters of linen. There should have been at least 12 embroidered towels. At the wedding, the bride presented the groom's relatives with products of her own work. Before the wedding, they arranged an exhibition of the dowry, which was supposed to testify to the skill and diligence of the bride. The raw materials for weaving were mainly hemp and sheep's wool. The inability to weave was considered a great disadvantage in women. Weaving looms, spinning wheels, combs, barrels for bleaching canvas were obligatory items of the Kuban dwelling. Canvases were woven not only for themselves, but also for sale. Our ancestors were farmers, so the fertility of the Earth was depicted on embroideries. In the form of a rhombus, a circle, a rosette, the sun was depicted - a symbol of warmth and life. The most common elements of the ornament: rhombuses, oblique crosses, octagonal stars, rosettes. The most ancient color combination is white and red. Red is a symbol of fertility. Dyes were made from natural material. Threads for embroidery were dyed with red berry juice. Folk embroidery in the Kuban is dominated by an ornament with lush flowers and berries. characteristic feature is a symmetrical pattern. On ritual towels there is an ornament with the text of proverbs, sayings, prayers. Most of the embroidered products are cross-stitched, less often - satin stitch.

At present, the tradition of folk embroidery and weaving is continued by masters Mikhailova Tatyana Vyacheslavovna, Galina Ruban from Krasnodar, Nina Maksimenko from Novokubansk, Irina Chuprina from the village of Azovskaya in the Seversky district, Irina and Alexander Kicha from the village of Mezmai in the Apsheron district and many others.

Woodcarving.

The art of artistic processing of wood has a deep tradition in the Kuban and is currently being widely developed. The forest wealth of the Kuban has long made wood the most accessible and favorite material in folk crafts: cart, wheel, convoy, trough, riveting and others. Wooden utensils - barrels, buckets, troughs, bowls, spoons, mortars, stirrers and other items were made in all mountain and foothill villages rich in forests. From wood, the Cossacks liked to make furniture, carved mirrors, window frames, wooden carved parasols, chests with paintings.

The carvers did their work with soul, trying to keep a piece of nature in the house. From household items, the carvers gradually moved on to the manufacture of various works of art. They began to make toys for children - figurines of various animals, musical instruments- pipes and whistles, as well as wooden sculptures.

Leather processing.

Leather processing was also one of the most common types of crafts - this is the manufacture of belts, shoes, saddles. The composition of the men's suit included boots and leggings. Festive shoes were boots. One of the indicators of wealthy Kuban was boots made of chrome and pebbled leather.

Olga Viktorovna, a resident of the city of Yeisk Gorb, is the only female saddler in the Krasnodar Territory. It's amazing how this petite energetic girl copes with the completely unfeminine craft of making saddlery and saddlery. In addition to harness for horses, Olga makes accessories for women, covers for a wide range of items, sheaths and holsters, belts and wristlets, bags and clothing items from thinner and softer leather. This is not a complete range of products offered.

Petrikovskaya painting.

Petrykivka painting originated on the whitewashed wall of a Ukrainian hut-hut. The paint manufacturing technology was simple and at the same time unique - egg yolk mixed with juice. Naturally, such paint is not durable and had to be repainted once a year or for holidays. But in a private competition for the best painting of your hut, it was no longer enough just to repaint or draw the same pattern - it must be made even more beautiful, more exclusive ... So, out of love common people to the beautiful, this separate type of fine art in terms of the technique of execution and the history of development, Petrikovskaya painting, arose. Many years have passed since the first Cossack hut of the settlement of the glorious Cossack Petrik was painted, the first seeds of a new folk art were sown. It is believed that it was from him that the name Petrikovka came from, where the famous Petrikovskaya painting was subsequently born and nurtured by the forces of the Petrikovka Folk Art Center

Painting is a guardian of one's land, which accompanies us now just as it did thousands of years before. Petrikovskaya painting is a natural continuation of the development of the painting culture as such, which embodies the entire centuries-old experience of the Slavic and many other peoples who lived on these lands side by side with our ancestors.

Petrykivka painting at the beginning of the 19th century spread to household utensils - dishes, tables, chests, chaises. Demand creates supply, and painting became an occupation for entire families who sold their work in the bazaar. Petrykivka at that time was a large shopping center and the works of rural artists gained well-deserved popularity in other regions of Ukraine. The increased demand for Petrikovskaya painting, in particular for drawings, caused a natural desire not only to satisfy it, but also applied higher requirements to the very technique of performing Petrikovskaya painting and to the artistic level of the drawings themselves - drawings.

The occupation of "Petrikovskaya painting" gradually became the lot of the most qualified folk craftsmen who chose drawing as a profession. And by the beginning of the 20th century, household decor had firmly established itself as an original genre of folk art.

Folk Art Center united in its ranks the most experienced artists and honored masters of folk art of Ukraine, united by the idea of ​​revival and development cultural heritage. We create a unique, time-tested flavor that is both amulet ohm for your home. When decorating your house, apartment and other premises where people live or work,PETRIKOVSKAYA PAINTINGthe general design of the room is changing in the direction of comfort and home warmth, which has a positive effect on the overall atmosphere and on the relationship between people.

Today, 45 craftsmen work only according to their own ideas and sketches. The works of Nina Turchin, Valentina Deka, Kateryna Timoshenko, Andrey Pikush are in the greatest demand.

Currently, there is a museum of folk art in Petrikovka, its exposition includes many masterpieces of ethnic painting - these are paintings, painted household items, jewelry. There are also workshops here, where you can not only watch how artists work, but also try to learn how to draw something in the Petrikov style.

Masters living nearby.

1. Mikhailova Tatyana Vyacheslavovna- a craftswoman of traditional Kuban cross-stitch embroidery. Her collection includes more than twenty works with pictorial subjects and Orthodox churches.
2. Shaposhnikova Alexandra Alexandrovna- A crochet maker. And what can she not do! Surprisingly beautiful napkins, tablecloths, bedspreads, valances, baskets decorate her house.
3. Semyonov Alexander Semyonovich- a craftsman of weaving traditional Kuban fishing tackle.
4. Savostin Vasily Kirillovich- Wood carver.
5. Domanov Ivan Stepanovich- master of weaving.
6. Gorb Olga Viktorovna- the only woman saddler in the Krasnodar Territory.
7. Maria Stupina- young master of Petrikovskaya painting

Children's school of traditional folk crafts of the Kuban.

DSHI pos. Mezmay began her activities as part of the Regional Children's Experimental secondary school Folk Art of the Kuban Cossack Choir in 2001, as a department of folk arts and crafts. Since January 2005, the school has been operating in the status of an independent municipal educational institution additional education children.

When the school was created, the main aspect in organizing the work of the institution was the conviction of the need to combine the issues of theoretical study of folk art and creative artistic practice. The fundamental position is the introduction of folk arts and crafts, the traditional culture of the Kuban, as backbone components in the existing system of additional art education(DShI and DKhSh).

The School of Crafts of Kuban teaches the basics of the mineral extraction tax not only to children countryside, where it is located, but also cooperates with other educational institutions of the aesthetic cycle, as well as all interested parties in terms of familiarization with the traditional culture of the Kuban.

At present, it is necessary not only to carefully preserve national identity folk art and its traditional means, but also creative development best traditions, giving them viability in modern conditions.

Folk art, folk traditions- the source is pure and eternal. Whatever the people express themselves in - in dance, song, in skillful handicrafts of masters, one thing is clear - it comes from the heart. And the soul folk goodness and beautiful!

Today our Kuban — it is a modern prosperous region looking to the future. The appearance of cities and villages is changing, but they are rooted in the distant past. As a result of our work, we were able to make sure that the traditional Cossack craft has not been forgotten. It lives and pleases the eye and soul of man. We can look deep into the centuries and visit its origins. Moreover, get acquainted with the Kuban craftsmen who keep the secrets and secrets of craftsmanship.

The culture of the small Motherland is rich.
In front of you is the dwelling of the ancestors - a hut,
Turluchnaya, and the roof - with reeds,
The blizzards didn't care for its residents.