Literary arguments for the exam in the Russian language. Social inequality: causes, signs, examples

Two years ago, my students and I compiled these arguments for Option C.

1) What is the meaning of life?

1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin comes to mind in novel of the same name A.S. Pushkin. Bitter is the fate of the one who has not found his place in life! Onegin - gifted person, one of the best people that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:

Having lived without a goal, without labor

Until the age of twenty-six

Languishing in the idleness of leisure,

No service, no wife, no business

Couldn't do anything.

2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in "A Hero of Our Time" by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?

3. Throughout his life, Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to reflect on the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of L.N. Tolstoy's novel, we meet Pierre, who is fond of the ideas of Decembrism, protesting against the existing social system and fighting for fair life the very people of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, in this organic combination of the personal and the national, there is both the meaning of life and happiness.

2) Fathers and children. Upbringing.

1. It seems that Bazarov is a positive character in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”. Clever, bold, independent in judgment, an advanced person of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Eugene practically does not communicate with the elderly. How sad they are! And only to Odintsova did he say beautiful words about his parents, but the old people did not hear them themselves.

2. In general, the problem of "fathers" and "children" is typical for Russian literature. In the drama of A.N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”, it acquires a tragic sound, as young people who want to live with their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the house-building.

And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children in the person of Yevgeny Bazarov is already resolutely going his own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between the two generations are often painful.

3) Insolence. Rudeness. behavior in society.

1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “Undergrowth” speaks unforgivable, rude words. In the house of Mrs. Prostakova, rude abuse, beatings are a common occurrence. Here mother says to Pravdin: “... now I scold, now I fight; That's how the house holds up."

2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit". He is rude to dependent people, speaks grouchily, rudely, calls servants in every possible way, regardless of their age.

3. You can bring the image of the mayor from the comedy "The Government Inspector". positive example: A. Bolkonsky.

4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.

1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel "Crime and Punishment". It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, spiritual impasse that gave rise to the absurd theory of Raskolnikov. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, the poor are everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of children. To stand up for the disadvantaged - that's what ripens in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.

5) The problem of mercy.

1. It seems that from all the pages of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" destitute people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonya ... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person appeals to our mercy and compassion: "Love your neighbor …” The author believes that a person must find his way “to the realm of light and thought”. He believes that the time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.

2. In the preservation of compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin Dvor". In all degrading human dignity In trials, Matryona remains sincere, responsive, ready to help, able to rejoice in someone else's happiness. This is the image of the righteous, the keeper of spiritual values. This is without it, according to the proverb, "there is no village, city, all our land"

6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.

1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you experience horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the core would explode. Bolkonsky could not help it. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, be silent, hide from dangers. They die before others, because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.

7) The problem of happiness.

1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” brings us, readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in glory, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Prince Andrei before his death defines his state as “happiness”, which is in the intangible and external influences of the soul, - “the happiness of love” ... The hero seems to return to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural being.

2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Lead simple life and appreciate what you have. 4. Give back more. 5. Expect less.

8) My favorite work.

They say that every person in his life should raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in the spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the soul of a person that necessary moral foundation on which one can already build a temple of spirituality. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; the fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life”.

9) The theme of friendship.

Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are people of "crystal honest, crystal soul." They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the "marrow of the bones" of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate "carnival masks" high society, mutually complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. Heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their lives and friendship.

10) Faith in God. Christian motives.

1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “Man of God”, who in the cruel world has not lost his connection with God, the passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. AT scary world of the novel Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral light beam that warms the heart of a criminal. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So thought Dostoevsky, so Gumilyov later wrote:

2. The heroes of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya prodigal son- Rodion returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see "morning", and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Bible stories became the basis of the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:

There is God, there is the world, they live forever;

And the life of people is instantaneous and miserable,

But everything is contained by a person,

Who loves the world and believes in God.

11) Patriotism.

1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.

Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells the estate in order to equip the regiment. true patriots there were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov rushes to the front, because "the Fatherland is in danger." Russian peasants, dressed in soldier's overcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.

2. In Pushkin's poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His “Poltava”, “Boris Godunov”, all appeals to Peter the Great, “slanderers of Russia”, his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the strength of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.

12) Family.

We, readers, are especially sympathetic to the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", whose behavior shows high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The feeling of the family, which the Rostovs sacredly take in peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant during the Patriotic War of 1812.

13) Conscience.

1. Probably, we, readers, least of all expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during common tragedy conscience awakens in this tough man. This surprised Bezukhov. We, as it were, see Dolokhov from the other side, and one day we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, releases a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he will hardly speak when he sees Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.

2. Conscientious means decent, fair man endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. Unenviable is the fate of the one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism.

3. It seems to me that the issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And once Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all the debts of his father. This is usually done by people of honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.

4. The best features of Grinev from A.S. Pushkin's story “ Captain's daughter”, due to upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him to get out of difficult situations with honor. In the conditions of rebellion, the hero retains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself, he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.

14) Education. Its role in human life.

1. A.S. Griboyedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were struck by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the philosophical faculty, the natural-mathematical and law faculties) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German, spoke Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of the theater. He was one of the finest writers and diplomats.

2.M.Yu. Lermontov, we refer to the number of great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership considered his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished high level self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left a rich creative heritage to his descendants.

15) Officials. Power.

1.I.Krylov, N.V.Gogol, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and please their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. No wonder Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.

2. In the comedy "The Government Inspector", Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, depicted a vulgar society plunged into general deception. Officials are far from the people, they are busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a "disease". Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Strawberry and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves in front of the authorities, but they do not consider ordinary petitioners to be people.

3.Our society has moved to new round management, therefore, the order has changed in the country, the fight against corruption, checks are being carried out. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians an emptiness covered with indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.

16) Intelligence. Spirituality.

1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is my favorite character who can be imitated by young men of our generation. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He has such character traits that make up spirituality, such as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the feat of the prince is not only the fact that he rushed with a banner to the enemy, but also the fact that he deliberately refused false values choosing compassion, kindness and love.

2. In the comedy "The Cherry Orchard" A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are not capable of work, do not read anything serious, they only talk about the sciences, but understand little in art. He believes that humanity should improve its strength, work hard, help the suffering, strive for moral purity.

3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? There is!"

17) Mother. Motherhood.

1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn recalled his mother, who sacrificed a lot for the sake of her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband's "White Guard", her father's "former wealth", she could not work in an institution where they paid well, although she knew foreign languages ​​very well, studied shorthand and typewriting. The great writer is grateful to his mother for the fact that she did everything to instill in him diverse interests, to give higher education. In his memory, his mother remained a model of universal moral values.

2. V.Ya. Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic glorification of a woman-mother. Such is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, of humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.

18) Labor is laziness.

Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains such passionate lines:

And the right place in life

Only to those whose days are in labor:

Only to the workers - glory,

Only to them - a wreath for centuries!

19) The theme of love.

Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul was enlightened. In the poem: "I loved you ..." the poet's feeling is disturbing, love has not cooled down yet, it lives in him. Bright sadness is caused by the unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:

I loved you silently, hopelessly,

Either shyness or jealousy torment ...

The nobility of the poet's feelings, colored with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, charmingly musically. This is the true power of love, which opposes vanity, indifference, dullness!

20) Purity of language.

1. Over its history, Russia has experienced three eras of clogging the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were more than three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the end of XX - beginning of XXI centuries, when we have witnessed the degradation of the language. What is worth only one phrase that sounds on television: “Do not slow down - snickers!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, an abundance of foreign words which displace beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.

2. Pushkin did not have a chance to save the Fatherland from enemies, but it was given to decorate, elevate and glorify his language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and "hit the hearts" of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God forbid you be loved to be different!

21) Nature. Ecology.

1. For the poetry of I. Bunin, a careful attitude to nature is characteristic, he worries about its preservation, for purity, therefore there are many bright, rich colors of love and hope in his lyrics. Nature feeds the poet with optimism, through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:

My spring will pass, and this day will pass,

But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes

Meanwhile, as the happiness of living forever will not die ...

In the poem "Forest Road" nature is a source of happiness and beauty for a person.

2. The book by V. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters "Dream of the White Mountains" and "King-Fish" describe the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His combat with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his reasoning about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is a part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.

3.Crash on nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - an accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in the history of mankind, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died a painful death. Chernobyl pollution continues to cause an increase in mortality among the population of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the consequences of radiation exposure. The accident at the nuclear power plant led to a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders ... People should remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, be aware of the danger of radiation and do everything so that such disasters never happen again.

22) The role of art.

My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Takho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on a person:

And you can live without Pushkin

And without the music of Mozart too -

Without everything that is spiritually dearer,

No doubt you can live.

Even better, calmer, easier

Without absurd passions and anxieties

And safer, of course,

But how to make this deadline? ..

23) About our smaller brothers.

1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me”, where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unneeded animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a domestic idol. He was joyfully worshiped by the whole family of the poetess. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, - “In response to all whom she has tamed”, she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers”, towards creatures that are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .

2. In many works of Jack London, man and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When you are the only representative of the human race for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and besides, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.

24) Motherland. Small Motherland.

Each of us has our own small homeland- the place from which our first perception of the world begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin has the most dear memories associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, a raspberry field, a birch grove, where he experienced "lake longing" and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of the oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet met in childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of the homeland”:

Weaved over the lake

Scarlet light of dawn...

25) Historical memory.

1.A. Tvardovsky wrote:

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,

But pain calls out to people.

Come on people never

Let's not forget about it.

2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of the experience does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must keep the peace so that the descendants live happily on earth:

I bequeath in that life

you happy to be

Thanks to them, the heroes of the war, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for the motherland.

26) The theme of beauty.

Sergei Yesenin in his lyrics sings of everything beautiful. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the motherland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth and the man on it!”

People will never be able to overcome the sense of beauty in themselves, because the world will not change endlessly, but there will always be something that pleases the eye and excites the soul. We freeze with delight, listening eternal music, born of inspiration, we admire nature, read poetry ... And we love, idolize, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.

27) Philistinism.

1.B satirical comedies"Bedbug" and "Bath" V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. In the future, there is no place for the protagonist of the play "The Bedbug". Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus, reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.

2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of a passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, the physical and spiritual "renunciation". The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of credit papers he with such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, extinguishing in him feelings of love and kindness.

28) Great people. Talent.

1. Omar Khayyam - great, brilliant educated person who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubaiyat is the story of the ascent of the poet's soul to the high truth of being. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, truly great person. He died, and in the "firmament" human spirit for almost a thousand years, his star has been shining, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not dim, but, on the contrary, becomes brighter:

Be I the Creator, the Ruler of heights,

Would incinerate the old firmament.

And I would pull on a new one, under which

Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry.

2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War, was awarded for the heroism shown in battles. For disapproving remarks about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in labor camps. In 1967, he sent to the Congress of Writers of the USSR open letter calling for an end to censorship. His, famous writer, were persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded Nobel Prize in the field of literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be a moral sermon. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, an ideologist, public figure who served the country honestly, selflessly. His the best works- this is the "Gulag Archipelago", "Matryonin Dvor", "Cancer Ward" ...

29) The problem of material support. Wealth.

The universal measure of all the values ​​of many people, unfortunately, have become in recent times money, passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it sounds.

For such as Chichikov in N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult at first to "curry favor", flatter, give bribes, be "pushed around" in order to "push around" themselves and take bribes, live luxuriously .

30) Freedom-Unfreedom.

I read E. Zamyatin's novel "We" in one breath. Here one can trace the idea of ​​what can happen to a person, society, when they, obeying an abstract idea, voluntarily renounce freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one's own "I".

31) The problem of time.

For a long creative life L.N. Tolstoy was constantly running out of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and .... created. He tried to be ahead of time, warning mankind against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy's work is still in demand all over the world: Anna Karenina, War and Peace, Kreutzer Sonata...

32) The theme of morality.

It seems to me that my soul is a flower that leads me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of a person is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:

And God is silent

For a grave sin

Because they doubted God

He punished everyone with love,

What would have learned to believe in agony.

33) Space theme.

Hypostasis of T.I. Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality, going out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the age of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of the cosmos. He instills in us a sense of the infinity of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this "cosmic feeling" like no other.

34) The theme of the capital is Moscow.

In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem "Over the blue of the groves near Moscow ....." the ringing of Moscow bells pours like a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother's milk, and passed it on to her own children:

And you do not know that the dawn in the Kremlin

Breathe easier than anywhere else on earth!

35) Love for the Motherland.

In the poems of S. Yesenin, we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin does not doubt the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will wake dormant Russia. Therefore, he created such works as "Transfiguration", "O Russia, flap your wings":

Oh Russia, flap your wings,

Put another support!

With other names

Another steppe rises.

36) The theme of the memory of the war.

1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into the bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror and senselessness, bitterness was clearly shown by Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace". The writer's favorite heroes realize the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who ended up on the throne as a result of palace coup. In contrast, he is shown the image of Kutuzov, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.

2. 68 years old great victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic, draws the attention of my generation to the distant front-line years, to the origins of courage and feat. Soviet soldier hero, liberator, humanist. When the cannons thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred for the enemy. And this contrast carried the highest justice, humanism. To the gold fund Soviet literature included such works created during the war years as "Russian Character" by A. Tolstoy, "The Science of Hate" by M. Sholokhov, "The Unsubdued" by B. Gorbaty ...

• The desire to be rich can push a person to commit
• For the sake of money, people are capable of betrayal
• A moral person does not live for the sake of a huge fortune, spiritual values ​​are important for him
• The thirst to be rich destroys a person's talent
• A great fortune does not always make a person happy.
• Money ruins a person
• Not everything in this world can be bought with money.
• Wealthy people are influential, respected in society
• A person who talks about the importance of charity should not be stingy himself.

Arguments

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". For the sake of money, Chichikov comes up with a whole scheme: he buys dead souls in order to later put them in a bank and get an impressive amount. Thirst for profit pushes a person to deception, the hero wants to reach his goal by any means. But Chichikov is not the only hero who is not indifferent to money. In extreme form, excessive thrift is manifested by Stepan Plyushkin, a fairly wealthy landowner. He walks to torn clothes, eats in the houses of his own peasants, while tons of bread just disappear from him. Plyushkin breaks off relations with all his relatives, including his own children, so that no one gets his money.

N.V. Gogol "Portrait". Talented artist Chartkov finds in a frame mysterious portrait bought by him by accident, a huge sum of money. This gives him the opportunity to dress well, change an apartment, buy everything necessary for creativity and place an advertisement for himself. At first, Chartkov wants to work, develop his talent, but in the end he is fond of painting the same type of portraits, embellishing reality, for money. He saves and saves money, which he has just an unthinkable amount. One day he sees the work of his old friend, who lived all his youth in poverty, but did not retreat from improving his talent. Chartkov understands that he has lost all his abilities, being carried away only by earnings. Black envy covers him: the artist begins to buy up everything in which talent is visible. He soon goes mad and dies. Money ruined both talent and Chartkov's life.

A.S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades". Poor, living on a salary, Hermann really wants to get rich. He knows the hobbies of rich young people who win and lose hundreds of rubles per evening. One day, a young man learns that the grandmother of Tomsky, his friend, allegedly owns the secret of three cards: the person who put them in a row will win. Hermann decides to find out the secret by any means. To do this, he uses the feelings of Lizaveta, the pupil of the old countess, to penetrate the mansion. Hermann unwittingly contributes to the death of the old woman by threatening her with an unloaded pistol. The countess comes to him in a dream and names three cards that will bring him good luck, but Hermann must never play again, and then take Lizaveta as his wife. But the hero is not happy, the desire to get money ruins him: Hermann wins two bets, and the third time he gets queen of spades very much like an old woman. The young man loses all his money, which causes him to go insane and subsequently die.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Pierre Bezukhov, one of the main characters of the famous epic novel, becomes the heir to a huge fortune. He has no craving for money, unlike Helen Kuragina, who only marries Pierre out of a desire to receive part of his inheritance. The hero wants real, clean, bright feelings. The desire of the Kuragins to get rich is alien to him. We see that for a person who recognizes high moral values, money is not the main wealth.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Poverty, terrible living conditions - all this pushes Rodion Raskolnikov to commit a crime. He is driven not only by the desire to test his theory, but also to help his mother and sister. Poverty breaks the life of Sonya Marmeladova: in order to somehow earn money, she goes on a yellow ticket. It is the lack of livelihood that drives people to commit immoral acts.

A.P. Chekhov "Gooseberry". Nikolay Ivanovich, brother Ivan Ivanovich, from his youth he wanted to buy himself at least some kind of estate, where gooseberries must be planted. All his life he only saved money: he saved, malnourished, for the sake of profit he married a rich widow. After some time, his wife, unable to bear such a life, died. Nikolai Ivanovich, without any remorse, gladly bought the long-awaited estate and planted gooseberries. Ivan Ivanovich realized that he was pleased with both the sour gooseberries and himself. A man saved up all his life for some low purpose and as a result did not see true human happiness, which does not consist in the possession of an estate and sour gooseberries. Money made him a callous, soulless person.

A.P. Chekhov "Tears of a Crocodile". Arguing about the injustice of life, Polikarp Semenovich Iudin, the owner of a pawnshop, says that people do not want to somehow alleviate the fate of the poor, to do at least a simple good deed. His thoughts are interrupted by an aide who enters asking for an appraisal of the suit. When it comes to his own profit, Iudin immediately turns into a very stingy person: for an old woman's fur coat, worth at least five rubles, he says to give three; instead of seven rubles, he values ​​the suit at five. A person who thinks correctly is so driven by the desire for profit that he immediately forgets about his own thoughts.

I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco". Having earned enough money throughout his life, the San Francisco gentleman decides to travel with his family. Everywhere he is treated with respect, offered Better conditions residence, good food. But on Capri, the hero suddenly dies of a stroke. After that, neither he nor his family is respected anymore, because during his lifetime the Lord from San Francisco was so revered only because he was ready to pay well. Death does not take into account anyone, huge wealth is not a hindrance for her either.

Essay on text:

A.P. Chekhov is considered an unsurpassed master short story. But even in such a concise form, describing the event, at first glance, ordinary and meaningless, the writer touches on the most important issues of human existence. So it is in this story: the poor girl made the wrong entrance and became the object of interest of a bored official. But not her fate, but her own pastime, was more concerned with the “gracious sovereign”. Callousness, selfishness, soullessness - these are the qualities that A.P. Chekhov despises people of the upper class.

Views on the life of A.P. Chekhov has always been close and understandable to me, and the image of an official causes only disgust. He got into the personal life of the unfortunate interlocutor, turned her soul around - and put her out of the door. It was not in his power to get her a ticket - he would have given money for this very train! But no, without a twinge of conscience he made fun of the poverty and naivety of the petitioner, whose name he did not even remember and changed all the time.

The heroine of the story A.P. Chekhov reminded me of Larisa Ogudalova - main character plays by A.N. Ostrovsky "Dowry". The "brilliant master" Paratov turned the poor girl's head, but he was not going to marry her. Why does he need a dowry? You can only have fun with her, but you need to marry a "bride with gold mines." Larisa Paratov doesn’t care about the mental anguish, because he lives according to other principles: “I don’t know what “sorry” is. I’ll find a profit, so I’ll sell everything, anything. ” It turned out that for the mines and conscience, and love, and the soul sold.

In a poem by N.A. Nekrasov's "Reflections at the front door" also describes a picture of social inequality. For wealthy visitors to the door of the house influential official were always open, but the porter did not even let the poor peasant petitioners on the threshold. At this time, the happy owner of the chambers slept a serene sleep, because he did not care about the aspirations of the people. The poet bitterly states that "the happy are deaf to good." Alas, but it is.

Unfortunately, while there are rich and poor, in our society there will be a place for callousness, immorality, and soullessness. Only we must not forget that before God we are all equal, and good pays off a hundredfold. What about evil? Evil has not ennobled or made anyone happy yet.

Text by A.P. Chekhov:

(1) Deadly boredom was written on the well-fed, shiny face of the gracious sovereign. (2) He had just emerged from the arms of the afternoon Morpheus and did not know what to do. (3) I didn’t want to think or yawn ... (4) I got tired of reading back in time immemorial, it’s too early to go to the theater, I’m too lazy to ride ... (5) What to do? (6) What would be fun?

- (7) Some young lady came! Yegor reported.

- (8) He asks you!

- (9) A young lady? Um ... (10) Who is this?

(11) A pretty brunette quietly entered the office, dressed simply ... even very simply. (12) She entered and bowed.
- (13) Sorry, - she began with a trembling treble.
- (14) I, you know ... (15) I was told that you ... you can only be found at six o'clock ...

(16) I ... I ... the daughter of the court adviser Paltsev ...

- (17) Very nice! (18) How can I be useful? (19) Sit down, don't be shy!

- (20) I came to you with a request ... - the young lady continued, awkwardly sitting down and fiddling with her buttons with trembling hands. - (21) I came ... to ask you for a ticket for free travel to your homeland. (22) You, I heard, give ... (23) I want to go, but I have ... I'm not rich ... (24) I'm from St. Petersburg to Kursk ...

Hm ... (25) So, sir ... (26) Why do you need to go to Kursk? (27) 3 Is there something you don't like here?

- (28) No, I like it here. (29) I'm to my parents. (30) They haven’t had it for a long time ... (31) Mom, they write, is sick ...
- Hm ... (32) Do you serve here or study?

(33) And the young lady told where and with whom she served, how much she received a salary, how much work there was ...

- (34) They served ... (35) Yes, sir, it cannot be said that your salary was great ...

(36) It would be inhumane not to give you a free ticket ... Hm ... (37) Well, I suppose there is Cupid in Kursk, huh? (38) Amurashka ... (39) Groom? (40) Have you blushed? (41) Well, well! (42) It's a good thing. (43) Ride yourself. (44) It's time for you to get married ... (45) And who is he?

- (46) In officials.

- (47) It's a good thing. (48) Go to Kursk ... (49) They say that already a hundred miles from Kursk it smells of cabbage soup and cockroaches crawl ... (50) I suppose boredom in this Kursk? (51) Yes, you throw off your hat! (52) Yegor, give us tea!

(53) The young lady, who did not expect such a kind reception, beamed and described to the gracious sovereign all the Kursk entertainments ... (54) She said that she had an official brother, cousins-gymnasium students ... (55) Yegor served tea.

(56) The young lady timidly reached for a glass and, afraid of smacking, began to swallow silently ...

(57) The gracious sovereign looked at her and grinned ... (58) He no longer felt bored ... - (59) Is your fiancé handsome? - he asked. - (60) And how did you get along with him?

(61) The young lady embarrassingly answered both questions. (62) She trustingly moved towards the gracious sovereign and, smiling, told how suitors wooed her here in St. Petersburg and how she refused them ... (63) She ended up taking a letter from her parents out of her pocket and read it to the gracious sovereign. (64) Eight o'clock struck.
- (65) And your father has good handwriting ... (66) With what squiggles he writes! (67) Hehe...
:
(68) But, however, I have to go ... (69) It has already begun in the theater ... (70) Goodbye, Marya Efimovna!
- (71) So can I hope? - asked the young lady, rising.
- (72) What for?
- (73) That you will give me a free ticket ...

- (74) Ticket?.. (75) Um... (76) I don't have tickets! (77) You must be mistaken, madam ...

(78) Heh heh heh ... (79) You got to the wrong place, to the wrong entrance ... some kind of railway worker lives next to me, and I serve in a bank, sir! (80) Egor, tell me to lay it down! (81) Farewell, Marya Semyonovna! (82) Very glad... very glad...

(83) The young lady got dressed and went out ... (84) At the other entrance she was told that he had left at half past seven for Moscow.

(1) Deadly boredom was written on the well-fed, shiny face of the gracious sovereign. (2) He had just emerged from the arms of the afternoon Morpheus and did not know what to do. (3) I didn’t want to think or yawn ... (4) I got tired of reading back in time immemorial, it’s too early to go to the theater, I’m too lazy to ride ... (5) What to do? (6) What would be fun?

- (7) Some young lady came! Yegor reported. -
(8) Asks you!

- (9) A young lady? Um... (10) Who is this?

(11) A pretty brunette quietly entered the office, dressed simply ... even very simply. (12) She entered and bowed.

- (13) Sorry, - she began with a trembling treble. -
(14) I, you know ... (15) I was told that you ... you can be

become only at six o'clock ... (16) I ... I ... the daughter of the court adviser Paltsev ...

- (17) Very nice! (18) How can I be useful?
(19) Sit down, don't be shy!

- (20) I came to you with a request ... - the young lady continued, awkwardly sitting down and fiddling with her buttons with trembling hands. - (21) I came ... to ask you for a ticket for free travel to your homeland. (22) You, I heard, give ... (23) I want to go, but I have ... I'm not rich ... (24) I'm from St. Petersburg to Kursk ...

Hm ... (25) So, sir ... (26) Why do you need to go to Kursk? (27) 3 Is there something you don't like here?

- (28) No, I like it here. (29) I'm to my parents. (ZO) They haven’t had it for a long time ... (31) Mom, they write, is sick ...

Um ... (32) Do you serve or study here?

(33) And the young lady told where and with whom she served, how much she received a salary, how much work there was ...

- (34) They served ... (35) Yes, sir, it’s impossible to say that your
the salary was great ... (It would be humane not to give
you a free ticket ... Hm ... (37) Well, I suppose in Kursk
and there is a cupid, huh? (38) Amurashka ... (39) Groom?
(40) Have you blushed? (41) Well, well! (42) It's a good thing.
(43) Ride yourself. (44) It's time for you to get married ... (45) And who is he?

- (46) In officials.

- (47) It's a good thing. (48) Go to Kursk ... (49) They say that already a hundred miles from Kursk it smells of cabbage soup and cockroaches crawl ... (50) I suppose boredom in this Kursk? (51) Yes, you throw off your hat! (52) Yegor, give us tea!

(53) The young lady, who did not expect such a kind reception, beamed and described to the gracious sovereign all the Kursk entertainments ... (54) She said that she had an official brother, cousins-gymnasium students ... (55) Yegor served tea.

(bb) The young lady timidly reached for a glass and, afraid to smack, began to swallow silently ... (57) The gracious sovereign looked at her and grinned ... (58) He no longer felt bored ...

- (59) Is your fiancé handsome? - he asked. - (60) A
how did you get along with him?

(61) The young lady embarrassingly answered both questions. (62) She trustingly moved towards the gracious sovereign and, smiling, told how here, in St. Petersburg, suitors wooed her and how she refused them ... (bZ) She ended up taking a letter from her parents out of her pocket and read it to the gracious sovereign. (64) Eight o'clock struck.

- (65) And your father has good handwriting ... (66) With what squiggles he writes! (67) Hehe ... (68) But, however, I have to go ... (69) It has already begun in the theater ... (70) Goodbye, Marya Efimovna!

- (71) So can I hope? - asked the young lady, rising.

- (72) What for?

- (73) That you will give me a free ticket ...

- (74) Ticket?.. (75) Um... (76) I don't have tickets! (77) You must have been mistaken, madam ... (78) Hehehehe ... (79) You got to the wrong place, to the wrong entrance ... some kind of railroad worker, and I work in a bank, sir! (80) Egor, tell me to lay it down! (81) Farewell, Marya Semyonovna! (82) Very glad... very glad...

(83) The young lady got dressed and went out ... (84) At the other entrance

she was told that he left at half past seven for Moscow.

(According to A. Chekhov)

The writing

A.P. Chekhov is considered consummate master short story. But even in such a concise form, describing the event, at first glance, ordinary and meaningless, the writer touches on the most important issues of human existence. So it is in this story: the poor girl made the wrong entrance and became the object of interest of a bored official. But not her fate, but her own pastime, was more concerned with the “gracious sovereign”. Callousness

selfishness, soullessness - these are the qualities that A.P. Chekhov despises people of the upper class.

Views on the life of A.P. Chekhov has always been close and understandable to me, and the image of an official causes only disgust. He got into the personal life of the unfortunate interlocutor, turned her soul around - and put her out of the door. It was not in his power to get her a ticket - he would have given money for this very train! But no, without a twinge of conscience he made fun of the poverty and naivety of the petitioner, whose name he did not even remember and changed all the time.

The heroine of the story A.P. Chekhova reminded me of Larisa Ogudalova - the main character of the play by A.N. Ostrovsky "Dowry". The "brilliant master" Paratov turned the poor girl's head, but he was not going to marry her. Why does he need a dowry? You can only have fun with her, but you need to marry a "bride with gold mines." Larisa Paratov doesn’t care about the mental anguish, because he lives according to other principles: “I don’t know what “sorry” is. I’ll find a profit, so I’ll sell everything, anything. ” It turned out that for the mines and conscience, and love, and the soul sold.

In a poem by N.A. Nekrasov's "Reflections at the front door" also describes a picture of social inequality. For rich visitors, the doors of the house of an influential official were always open, but the doorman did not even let the poor petitioners-peasants on the threshold. At this time, the happy owner of the chambers slept a serene sleep, because he did not care about the aspirations of the people. The poet bitterly states that "the happy are deaf to good." Alas, but it is.

Unfortunately, while there are rich and poor, in our society there is a place for callousness, immorality, and soullessness. Only we must not forget that before God we are all equal, and good pays off a hundredfold. What about evil? And evil has not yet ennobled anyone or made anyone happy.

The problem of the deep content of A.P. Chekhov

(1) Chekhov's plays do not immediately reveal their poetic significance. (2) After reading them, you say to yourself: “Good, but ... nothing special, nothing stunning. (C) Everything is as it should be. (4) Familiar ... true ... not new.

(b) Often the first acquaintance with his works is disappointing. (b) It seems that there is nothing to tell about them after reading. (7) Plot, plot? .. (8) They can be summarized in a nutshell. (9) Roles? (Y) There are many good ones, but there are no winning ones, for which the actor will chase for the role of good roles (there is one). (I) Most of them are small roles, "without a thread" (i.e. in one sheet that does not require threads for stitching). (12) Individual words of the play, scene are remembered.

(13) But it is strange: the more you give free rein to memory, the more you want to think about the play. (14) Some places make her, through internal communication, remember others, still the best places and finally about the whole work. (15) You re-read it again and again - and you feel deep deposits inside.

(16) I had to play the same role in Chekhov’s plays several hundred times, but I don’t remember a performance during which new sensations would not be revealed in my soul, and in the work itself new depths or subtleties that I had not noticed before .

(17) Chekhov is inexhaustible, because, despite the everyday life that he supposedly always depicts, he always speaks, in his main spiritual leitmotif, not about the accidental, not about the particular, but about the Human with a capital letter. (18) That's why his dream is about future life on earth - not small, not philistine, not narrow, but on the contrary -

wide, large, ideal, which, probably, will remain unrealizable, which must be strived for, but which cannot be achieved.

(19) Chekhov's dreams of a future life speak of a high culture of the spirit, of the World Soul, of that Man who needs not "three arshins of earth", but the whole Earth, about a new beautiful life, for the creation of which we need another two hundred, three hundred, a thousand years to work, toil, to suffer. (20) All this is from the realm of the eternal, which cannot be treated without excitement.

(K.S. Stanislavsky)

The writing

A.P. Chekhov during his lifetime got largest number criticism of critics that his works are shallow, philistine, unpromising. However, time has shown something completely different: despite their seeming simplicity, Chekhov's works touch upon the deepest aspects of our life. Probably, K. Stanislavsky was one of the first to notice this. This is exactly what he says in the article, a fragment of which is presented above. Famous theatrical figure raises the problem of the correct attitude of readers to the work of A.P. Chekhov. He says that one cannot accuse a playwright of "everyday life", one must think, empathize, as actors do on stage in Chekhov's performances, then open Big world Chekhov's dream

I think that we are simply obliged to listen to the opinion of K. Stanislavsky, because who, if not him, knows all the subtleties of dramatic art, and even more so - Chekhov's.

In the Moscow art theater were delivered Chekhov's plays"The Cherry Orchard", "Uncle Vanya", "The Seagull", and the freedom-loving bird depicted on the stage curtain became calling card Moscow Art Theater. But back to Chekhov. In the comedy "The Cherry Orchard" at first glance

there is nothing comedic: Ranevskaya lost her estate due to debts, her children Varya and Anya were left homeless, The Cherry Orchard the newly minted businessman Lopakhin, whose father was a serf in the same estate, was cut down and sold to summer residents for plots. But Chekhov stubbornly calls this work a comedy, thereby emphasizing that each of his heroes “breaks a comedy” in front of another: Lopakhin in front of Ranevskaya, Ranevskaya in front of his daughters, Trofimov in front of Anya. And in this breakdown, Russia really perishes with its secrets of dried cherries, the fanatical devotion of Firs, and Gaev's ineptitude. Chekhov, along with the heroes, longs for the passing away, painfully experiences the present and sincerely believes that the future will be bright and beautiful. And we believe him in this.

In another play by A.P. Chekhov's "Three Sisters" is also, as it were, two worlds: superficial - everyday and deep - internal. In an ordinary city for two hundred years, people "eat, drink, sleep ...", sometimes out of boredom they entertain themselves with gossip. But the Prozorov sisters - Olga, Masha and Irina - wanted to break this eternal cycle of boredom in nature. To do this, they certainly had to go to Moscow. And what? It turned out that they are not free birds, but the same boring people who surrounded them. Philistinism and vulgarity were close to them too. A.P. Chekhov in the play portrayed not just three sisters, it’s all of us: we want to be special, not like others, but we lack perseverance in achieving the goal, we don’t believe in our own strength, we rely on chance ... As a result, not only the best motives perish but also intelligence, talent.

Plays by A.P. Chekhov is called psychological, and this is true. The psychology of the human soul is so deeply considered in them that the writer's books can be safely called a manual on psychology. Of course, you have to grow up to them, and this explains the fact that Chekhov is the favorite writer of adult readers. But I don't mind my growing up starting with A.P. Chekhov.

The problem of the occult sciences

(1) Pseudoscience is closely related to the so-called occult science. (2) Occult science admits existence in space or in man himself hidden forces understandable only to the elite. (H) At first, alchemy, astrology, palmistry entered the occult system, later parapsychology, Philippine healing, the effects of AAP (anomalous atmospheric phenomena) and other events were added here.

(4) Some scientists, without wasting long words, take out the named series of classes and everything that is connected (or seems to be connected) with occult hobbies, in the section of pseudo-teachings, calling for them to tightly block access to science. (5) Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without initiating a special “examination”, declare one thing to be a lie and the other to be true. (6) Moreover, to prohibit any topics just because someone considers them parascience.

(7) Of course, it is pointless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism just grows up near strange phenomena, far from clear to science, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The ban on experiment, on observation, on search only warms up the situation, breeds rumors and conjectures. (10) It is precisely on the basis of new results that we are trying to “control” physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements. (I) Let the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling "space saucers", skin vision not be confirmed, their study will help not only to remove the hype, but also to explain other phenomena, which means to deepen our understanding of the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shy away from the mysterious, fencing it off with concrete prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, under one condition ...

(15) It is known that many major naturalists brought to different time tribute to the occult. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was intensively cultivated as a completely decent occupation, and therefore many scientists joined it. (17) From the depths of history comes a passion for alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of ​​telepathic communication was in the field of attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the Rebus magazine, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter. (20) So great scientists were captured by great occult passions. (21) But will the tongue turn to call them false scientists?

(22) None of them deceived or fabricated facts, none suffered from scientific fanaticism that could lead to pseudoscientific claims. (23) "Demarcation" runs along the edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) An honest researcher, just a decent person who maintains decency in the affairs of science, cannot, no matter what he does, be among the pseudoscientists. (25) He lacks well-known qualities for this, but there are plenty of those that protect against the temptation of cheap fame.

(According to A. Sukhotin)

The writing

There are many things in our world that cannot be explained from the point of view of science. And the stronger the ban on surveillance paranormal activity the more interesting they are. And when you still manage to get closer to the solution of what seemed impossible and unknown, the most important thing is not to violate the moral and ethical laws. The problem of their observance is mentioned in the text by A. Sukhotin. The author states: "Honest

a researcher, just a decent person who maintains integrity in the affairs of science, cannot, no matter what he does, turn out to be in the ranks of pseudoscientists.

I fully agree with the opinion of the publicist. In no case should one speculate on moral and ethical standards in the pursuit of cheap popularity, since this will not lead to anything good. And there is a lot of evidence for this in our literature.

M.A. Bulgakov in the story "Fatal Eggs" just describes the consequences of careless interference with the laws of nature. “Paper from the Kremlin” allowed the head of the “Krasny Luch” state farm A. Rokku “to raise chicken breeding in the country” to expropriate from Professor Persikov the “ray of life” invented by him in the form of three chambers to increase the cage. But instead of chickens, the Moscow region was flooded with giant pythons and crocodiles, accidentally bred by Rokk instead of chickens. Wishing not to lose the face of the head of the demonstrative state farm, Alexander Semenovich violated all sorts of moral laws, for which he was severely punished. However, like the eccentric Professor Persikov. Salvation came from nature itself - in August the frost suddenly hit 18 degrees, and the reptiles died out. So M.A. Bulgakov once again says that nature is wise and everything in it is arranged correctly, even if we cannot describe everything from the point of view of science.

Of course, if we talk about violation moral and ethical standards scientists, it is impossible not to recall the novel by A. Belyaev "The Head of Professor Dowell". In pursuit of his own fame, Kern, taking advantage of Dowell's asthma attack, deprived his head of the body, and then, passing an electric current through the professor's head, mixing irritants with nutrient solutions, forced Dowell to cooperate. Using someone else's knowledge, Kern sews the head of the singer Briquet to the body of Angelica Guy. However, this experiment ends in failure, and the exposed Kern commits suicide. Goodies of this novel - the doctor Marie Laurent and Professor Dowell - these are

honest researchers, about whom A. Sukhotin just said that they have qualities "which protect against the temptation of cheap fame."

Summing up the above, I would like to note only one thing: no matter what a person does, he must be morally stable and not chase after cheap fame, distorting scientific facts. Alas, this glory is groundless and fleeting, because it is easy to debunk it with the help of true scientific knowledge.

Text from the exam

(1) Deadly boredom was written on the well-fed, shiny face of the gracious sovereign. (2) He had just emerged from the arms of the afternoon Morpheus and did not know what to do. (3) I didn’t want to think or yawn ... (4) I got tired of reading back in time immemorial, it’s too early to go to the theater, I’m too lazy to ride ... (5) What to do? (6) What would be fun?

- (7) Some young lady came! Yegor reported.

- (8) He asks you!

- (9) A young lady? Hm ... (10) Who is this?

(11) A pretty brunette quietly entered the office, dressed simply ... even very simply. (12) She entered and bowed.
- (13) Sorry, - she began with a trembling treble.
- (14) I, you know ... (15) I was told that you ... you can only be found at six o'clock ...

(16) I ... I ... the daughter of the court adviser Paltsev ...

- (17) Very nice! (18) How can I be useful? (19) Sit down, don't be shy!

- (20) I came to you with a request ... - the young lady continued, awkwardly sitting down and fiddling with her buttons with trembling hands. - (21) I came ... to ask you for a ticket for free travel to your homeland. (22) You, I heard, give ... (23) I want to go, but I have ... I’m not rich ... (24) I’m from St. Petersburg to Kursk ...

- Hm ... (25) So, sir ... (26) Why do you need to go to Kursk? (27) 3 Is there something you don't like here?

- (28) No, I like it here. (29) I'm to my parents. (30) They haven’t had it for a long time ... (31) Mom, they write, is sick ...
- Um ... (32) Do you serve or study here?

(33) And the young lady told where and with whom she served, how much she received a salary, how much work there was ...

- (34) They served ... (35) Yes, sir, it cannot be said that your salary was great ...

(36) It would be inhumane not to give you a free ticket ... Hm ... (37) Well, I suppose there is Cupid in Kursk, huh? (38) Amurashka ... (39) Groom? (40) Have you blushed? (41) Well, well! (42) It's a good thing. (43) Ride yourself. (44) It's time for you to get married ... (45) And who is he?

- (46) In officials.

- (47) It's a good thing. (48) Go to Kursk ... (49) They say that already a hundred miles from Kursk it smells of cabbage soup and cockroaches crawl ... (50) I suppose boredom in this Kursk? (51) Yes, you throw off your hat! (52) Yegor, give us tea!

(53) The young lady, who did not expect such an affectionate reception, beamed and described to the gracious sovereign all the Kursk entertainments ... (54) She said that she had an official brother, cousins-gymnasium students ... (55) Yegor served tea.

(56) The young lady timidly reached for a glass and, afraid of smacking, began to swallow silently ...

(57) The gracious sovereign looked at her and grinned ... (58) He no longer felt bored ... - (59) Is your fiancé handsome? - he asked. - (60) And how did you get along with him?

(61) The young lady embarrassingly answered both questions. (62) She trustingly moved towards the gracious sovereign and, smiling, told how suitors wooed her here in St. Petersburg and how she refused them ... (63) She ended up taking a letter from her parents from her pocket and read it to the gracious sovereign. (64) Eight o'clock struck.
- (65) And your father has good handwriting ... (66) With what squiggles he writes! (67) Hehe...
:
(68) But, however, I have to go ... (69) It has already begun in the theater ... (70) Farewell, Marya Efimovna!
- (71) So can I hope? - asked the young lady, rising.
- (72) What for?
- (73) That you will give me a free ticket ...

- (74) Ticket?.. (75) Um... (76) I don't have tickets! (77) You must be mistaken, madam ...

(78) Heh heh heh ... (79) You got to the wrong place, to the wrong entrance ... some kind of railway worker lives next to me, and I serve in a bank, sir! (80) Egor, tell me to lay it down! (81) Farewell, Marya Semyonovna! (82) Very glad ... very glad ...

(83) The young lady got dressed and went out ... (84) At the other entrance, she was told that he had left at half past seven for Moscow.

(According to A.P. Chekhov)

Introduction

In life, we often encounter injustice, with a dismissive attitude of people who have some kind of power over others. People who are financially secure do not understand the poor, do not consider it necessary to take into account their opinion, simply do not perceive them as equals. Simple, "little" people become the subject of ridicule and insults from those in power.

Comment

The presented text raises the topic of relationships between people of different classes - a young poor girl asking for money, and a bored "gracious sovereign" who does not know what to do with himself in the coming day.

The girl needs to urgently go home, and she, having heard somewhere that the master is distributing free tickets to all those in need, came to him for help. He elicits all the details of her personal life, the reasons why she is in such a hurry to Kursk. The “young lady”, in her naivety, shares her hopes and dreams, rejoicing at such a warm welcome. However, in the end it turns out that she made the wrong entrance, and the “gracious sovereign” just talked to her out of boredom.

Instead of somehow helping the interlocutor, he leaves away. She acted as a kind of toy for a bank employee, and he is not at all worried about her future fate.

Soon the girl learns that the railroad worker from the neighboring entrance is no longer at home. So she remains with nothing.

topic, problem, idea

In Russian literature, the theme of the little man has become a classic. Writers-satirists, denouncing imperfections, thought a lot about this. social order our Motherland. A.P. was no exception. Chekhov, who thought a lot about public order, examined close up many images typical of his time - officials of various ranks, landowners, peasants, poor people, beggars.

The text poses the problem of social inequality, in other words, the problem of a small person.

Author's position

Chekhov clearly has a negative attitude towards the "gracious sovereign." This can be seen already from the first phrase of the text, which speaks of "a well-fed, shiny physiognomy." The girl, on the contrary, evokes sympathy from the author. Her descriptions are pleasant, without caricature: "a pretty brunette", "pulling her buttons with trembling hands." We can say that Chekhov is on the side of the "little people" who are afraid of everything in life, and condemns the inhumanity of the highest circles.

own position

I really want to agree with the author, because, knowing all the life difficulties of a young brunette, a bank employee could at least give her money, if it didn’t work out with a ticket. The trouble is that rich people are looking for benefits only for themselves in everything, and the environment does not bother them. They seem to be dead inside. Chekhov, in my opinion, by raising this problem, wants to stir up society, to force people of high rank to look at themselves from the outside.

Arguments and examples

The literature has repeatedly raised the topic of social inequality, the relationship of the poor with the rich, people without rights with people of high status.

F.M. Dostoevsky in the novel "Crime and Punishment" presents a gallery of people who are below the poverty line. The main plot action is tied just in the collision of a poor student and an old money-lender who profits from the misfortunes of other poor people.

Poverty brings Raskolnikov to thoughts of murder. By this action, he seems to be trying to prove to himself that he is not simple " small man", which is not able to influence anything, and "having the right" - who decides the fate of people.

I think that such a terrible act of Raskolnikov was initially caused by his desire to save the people around him from social injustice in the person of the money-lender.

Many examples and real life. According to statistics, more than half of the population of Russia lives in very difficult living conditions, often without work, without money and, in fact, without rights. Remember how many homeless people froze on the street last winter, how many sick grandparents live in landfills. The worst thing is that it is very difficult for them to get out of poverty, because the rest do not respect them, they consider them people without a future.

Conclusion

Unfortunately, while people in society are divided into poor and rich, while social inequality flourishes, in our society there is a place for callousness, immorality, indifference. However, I would like to believe that people will become kinder and more tolerant of each other, because we are all equal before God!