INTRODUCTION

nickname nickname survey

In addition to the name with the surname, almost all of us have nicknames. Offensive, comic, sometimes which we simply ignore with a word - different.

Nicknames are the second personal name of a person, but it is given to him without registration in a legal document: birth certificate, passport.

A nickname is a kind of baptism, which is firmly established most often in a school environment, on the street, it can be very tenacious, if it sticks, it will accompany a person for a long time. Nicknames accompany some people all their lives: from school to old age. Nicknames or nicknames sometimes distinguish those named from others, as there may be people with the same surnames, names. We must not forget that nicknames most often have a negative connotation.

The tradition of giving nicknames is by no means new. For example, the Roman emperor Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. And for nothing in the world, we would not have remembered this magnificent name if those who knew Guy from the military camp, where he was given unprepossessing leather boots of the “caliga”, had not dubbed him simply “Caligula”. And Caligula - well, who doesn’t know him, the “bloodsucker”? And now, how many years have passed since then, and people still often call their friends, colleagues, classmates, neighbors and just acquaintances completely different from what is written in their passport. So to say: “You leave the full name for the housing offices, registry offices and passport offices, and we, don’t blame me, will figure out the nickname for you. With him it is easier, more accurate, and most often - to the bull's-eye.

Nicknames, nicknames and given names are widely spoken online and in real life. This topic generates a lot of reasoning and controversy.

Often, as a nickname, a person receives the name of some animal or bird. So in the nickname, the appearance of a person, his character or habits could be aptly noticed. One person for pugnacity could be called the Rooster, another for the long legs of the Crane, the third for the ability to always wriggle out, avoid punishment or danger as the Snake.

In ancient documents, sometimes you can find the most unusual nicknames. For example, in one of the documents there is an entry made in 1495. It mentions the peasant Ignatko, who bore the nickname ... Great Bast Shoes (the word great is used here in its old meaning of "big").

We are often interested in how nicknames are attached and for what. Nicknames they were, are and will exist.

Therefore, our study is devoted to the study of nicknames. The collection and classification of nicknames according to their origin is our research. Research was carried out in the Yenisei region: which of the inhabitants have nicknames, the reasons for their origin.

Thus, the generalization and structuring of work experience in the indicated areas is of significant value. This determines the relevance of this course work.

These positions made it possible to formulate the research problem: what are the features of the formation and use of nicknames / nicknames in the speech space of the city. Solving this problem was the goal of the study.

The object of the study is the speech space of the city, and the subject of the study is nicknames / nicknames in the speech space of the city.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

To analyze the concepts of "nickname" and "nickname" in the linguistic literature.

Identify the main features of nicknames / nicknames and offer their classification.

Compile a questionnaire for recipients on the subject of their use of nicknames in communication; conduct a survey.

Analyze questionnaires.

In our work, we are guided by the following methods: the method of collecting information (study of scientific literature), questioning, observation, analysis, comparison method, generalization method, structuring method.

The work consists of an introduction, 3 paragraphs, a list of references, a conclusion and an appendix.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the chosen research topic, forms the problem, the purpose of the study, identifies the object and subject, sets tasks and defines methods. pedagogical research.

In paragraph 1 "The concepts of "nickname" and "nickname" presents an analysis of the concepts and various interpretations to understand their essence.

In paragraph 2, "Classification of nicknames according to the signs of origin", the material is structured according to the signs of origin and the use of nicknames in communication.

In paragraph 3 "Analysis of questionnaires" the main criteria are identified and the results are structured.

In conclusion, the conclusions of the study are formulated.

The list of used literature includes 20 sources.

The application contains questionnaires and charts.

1. CONCEPTS "NAME" AND "NAME"

Each person has a personal name, patronymic and surname. In addition to the name, patronymic and surname, many people also have nicknames and nicknames.

In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov's nickname is defined as "a name given to a person for some feature, property". In the same dictionary, the concept of a nickname has two interpretations, the first is “the name of a pet”; the second is "nickname".

Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian language D.N. Ushakova explains the concept of a nickname as “a name, a name given to a pet” and as “a nickname, a nickname that is given to a person as a joke, a mockery”.

The concept of the nickname D.N. Ushakov defines it as "a name given to a person in addition to his name and containing an indication of some noticeable feature of the character, appearance, activity of this person" .

D.V. Dmitriev in the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language gives two formulations to the concept of a nickname. The first is “this is the name of a pet” and the second is “this is a playful, conspiratorial or slang name, nickname”.

Nickname D.V. Dmitriev interprets as “a name given to a person (in addition to the main name and surname), which comes mainly from some character trait, appearance, occupation or in consonance with the real name and surname” .

“A name given to a person as a joke, mockery, etc. Usually containing an indication of some noticeable feature of his character, appearance, activity, etc. ” ; ; . This definition of the concept of a nickname is given by three dictionaries. The Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by S.A. Kuznetsova, Dictionary of the Russian language, edited by A.P. Evgenieva and the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by T.F. Efremova. These dictionaries interpret the concept of a nickname as “the name of a pet”, as well as “a nickname given to a person as a joke, as a joke, for the purpose of conspiracy, etc.” ; ; .

On Wikipedia, the concepts of nickname and nickname are combined into one dictionary entry and are explained as “an unofficial name<#"justify">Nicknames derived from surnames.

The formation of nicknames from surnames mainly takes place at the level of teenage and youth environments.

Creation of nicknames by discarding family formants -ov, -ev, -in, -yn, -skiy, -evsky, -ovsky. This type of family nicknames makes up a significant part of the total number of nicknames of this kind.

Such nicknames are neutral, usually they are not offended, they are taken almost for granted.

Many nicknames that were formed by discarding formants from surnames that go back to non-Christian are not perceived as offensive. old Russian names and nicknames: Eagle (Orlov), Winter (Zimina), Falcon (Sokolov), Oak (Dubov), Wolf (Volkov), Dove (Golubev), Fur coat (Shubin), Kulesh (Kuleshov), Moroz (Morozov), Pop (Popov), Borsch (Borshchov, Borshchevsky).

However, many onomo-bases belong to the appellative vocabulary, which in cultural tradition of the Russian people has a correlation with certain cognitions, both positive and negative, that are well-established in the people's memory. In view of this, nicknames formed by cutting off family formants are divided into positive family nicknames and negative family nicknames.

Nicknames of a positive nature are not only not offensive, but most often the one to whom they are given is proud of them, because. this is facilitated by the idea of ​​this appellative, embedded both in the history and in the culture of the people, with which the nickname is correlated.

Nicknames of a positive nature include: Flower or Flower (Tsvetkova), Swan (Lebedeva), Birch (Berezina).

Nicknames of a negative nature, causing unwanted associations, can be quite offensive, especially since these surname nicknames can coincide with the actual nicknames that go back to the external or internal properties of a person. For example, Flea (Blokhin) - Flea ("black-haired, small, nimble person"), Kisel (Kiselev) - Kisel ("slur"), Moskal (Moskalev), Sadom (Sadomtsev), Badger(Barsukova).

History sometimes makes adjustments to the understanding of the word. For example, the nickname Komissar (Komissarov) sounds with a touch of negativity, although the surname goes back to a position that existed in Russia even before the revolution.

From the surnames belonging to the so-called "professional", nicknames of both a neutral and negative nature are formed.

The neutral ones, which do not cause offense, because they do not essentially differ in terms of semantics from the surnames themselves, include the nicknames Turner (Tokarev), Kuznets (Kuznetsov). The fact is that in some cases they can exist as non-standard surnames that have no formants, which is why these nicknames are perceived as surnames. However, some professions acquired this stage disdainful attitude towards them, have acquired a negative connotation, therefore, nicknames formed from surnames dating back to this profession can cause unwanted associations: Shepherd (Shepherds).

Nicknames formed from surnames by cutting off surname-forming formants are perceived as harmless if the etymology of the applative vocabulary that formed the basis of surnames is incomprehensible and obscure for modern speakers. The same should be said about the dialect words underlying the surnames: Yarets (Yartsev), Bushui (Bushuev). In this case, these nicknames are perceived as a set of sounds not associated with any specific meaning.

There are examples of homonymy at the level of appellatives that formed the basis of surnames and nicknames derived from them. As an illustration, we can cite the following pairs of family anthropolexemes and nicknames derived from these surnames: Pyatka (Pyatkin), Nemets (Nemtsov). The heel is part of the human leg and the heel is the fifth son of the parents; a German is a resident of Germany and a German is a mute, poorly speaking or silent person.

In addition to the above method of forming nicknames from family names, there is a second way, which consists in the fact that not only formants are truncated, but also suffixes related to the basis of those names and appellatives from which the surnames were formed. At the same time, 1) the shade of diminutiveness, petting disappears: Vasya (Vasyunin), Grisha (Grishanin); 2) the shade of officiality disappears: Borya (Borisov). In other words, these nicknames are essentially neutral. The same thing happens when nicknames are formed from surnames that go back to appellative vocabulary: the shade of diminutiveness disappears, which leads to the neutrality of the nickname - Glaz (Glazkov), Cheremukha (Cheryomushkin).

Quite common among young people (especially at school) is education from family nicknames by consonance. In this case, there are various types of options:

The surname and nickname are consonant in the initial sound complexes:

a) 4 sounds are consonant: Schumacher (Shumakov), Petrosyan (Petrukhin), Kopyto (Kopylov), McCloud (Maklakov);

b) 3 sounds are consonant: Nazim (Nazimov), Zema (Zemtsova), Belyash (Belimov), Hat (Shlyannikov), Myth (Miftakhov), Kuzya (Kuznetsov);

c) two sounds are consonant: Chuh (Churkov), Zhuchka (Zhunkevich).

The nickname is formed from the surname by partial replacement or insertion of sounds: Sher (Sharonov), Kuzen (Kuznetsov), Katyunya (Katnikova), Marusya (Marusova).

As can be seen from the examples, this type of nickname formation is marked by a kind of creativity.

Even more tangible elements verbal creativity, a kind of verbal game are observed in those cases when it is taken into account general character sound. In this case, metathesis can occur: Poker (Korchagin), Potato (Korotkov). Sometimes a nickname is created from the individual sounds that make up the surname: Eskimo (Akimova), Associate Professor (Dontsov) Vetchina (Vyachina).

The formation of family nicknames can be done with the help of suffixes. Suffixes, having their own meaning, bring this to the nickname, making it more expressively colored.

In surname suffixed nicknames, there is a relation of those who give nicknames to those to whom they are given.

So, for example, nicknames formed by diminutive suffixes naturally speak of the positive attitude of friends towards the person who received this nickname. We are talking about such formations as the Sun (Solntsev), Sukharik (Sukharebrik), Dubok (Dubovitsky).

It should be noted that this is noted at the level of both male and female nicknames: Gosling (Guseva), Chechka (Shchekina).

The suffix -ashk- makes out the nickname Kondrashka (Kondratiev), the suffix -yukh- is isolated in the nickname Matyukha (Matveev), they make nicknames too similar to abbreviated names, which, in principle, is adequate to the basics of surnames that go back to the personal names Kondraty and Matvey: Kondrashkin and Matyukhin.

Women's nicknames are more expressive. It is known that the suffix -ih-(a) is used to designate the naming of a woman by her husband (surname, name, profession, etc.). In view of the existing traditional model, nicknames, decorated with the suffix -ih-(a), are perceived somewhat negatively due to age discrepancy: Kvichikha (Kvitkovskaya), Pirozhikha (Pirogov), Chizhikha (Chizhikova). The most negative was the nickname Kabanikha (Kabanov) due to associations with the notorious Kabanikha from A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm".

In addition, the replacement of suffixes may entail a change in generating bases based on different metonymic transfers: Ovsyanka (Ovsyannikov). (The surname Ovsyannikov goes back to the name of a person according to the nature of his activity: oatmeal - "the one who sells oats, from which oatmeal can be cooked"). A similar thing is noted in the nickname Mill (Melnikova).

Sometimes the suffix changes the generating stems to such an extent that it is rather difficult to find any connections between them, except for consonance: Murka (Muravyov).

The influence of the gender factor is observed in the formation of male and female nicknames from the same surname: Malyutka (Malyutkina), Malyuta (Malyutkin); Baby (Malyshkina), Baby (Malyshkin). A male nickname, as can be seen from the example, is characterized by cutting off the suffix.

And in this type of family nicknames, a case was recorded when two nicknames are formed from one surname: Cooper, he is Big Bo, because "he is not only tall, but also fat" (Bondarenko).

A large number of family nicknames, formed by various kinds of rethinking, associations underlying them life experience.

So the school literature program undoubtedly helped in the creation of such nicknames as the Writer (Kuprin), Grishka (Melekhov). Cartoons prompted the appearance of a nickname like Dunno (Neznanova).

Sometimes an appellative is used as a nickname, which is part of the same lexical-semantic group as the appellative underlying the surname: Bulka (Khlebnikova); Steamboat (Korabelnikov).

Various kinds of associations underlie such nicknames as Murzik (Koshechkin), And-go-go (Konev).

Surname nicknames can be formed by adding stems and using abbreviations.

The addition of foundations in the formation of nicknames. It speaks of a rich creative beginning, which is clearly seen in the youth environment, especially among schoolchildren. It was they who got such a nickname as the Mongol-Tatars (Tatarnikov).

The design of nicknames according to the type of two-word combinations is observed in cases where a family nickname that coincides with a personal name evokes certain associative links, which make it possible to specify the nickname: Bogdan Titamir (Bogdanov).

The addition of the basics, which is widespread among the youth, has a peculiar variety, which consists in the fact that the nickname is formed by combining syllables or individual sound-letter combinations of the surname and name. These nicknames include Pops (Popova Svetlana), Kolyan (Konnikova Olga), Shakira (Shakunova Ira). For teacher nicknames, in addition to the surname and name, patronymic is used: Zena (Zemskikh Ekaterina Nikolaevna), Ninja (Nina Andreevna Zueva).

And yet, for teacher nicknames, abbreviations are a more popular way to create them: RAYA (Rychkov Alexey Yanovich), BES (Balobanova Elizaveta Sergeevna); SCRAP (Loskutnikova Olga Maksimovna).

All nicknames created by adding parts of surnames and names, as well as by abbreviations, do not at all represent a set of sounds, these are quite recognizable words. The creators of nicknames, apparently, are striving for this: after all, a simple set of sounds does not make sense, and therefore is not a word. That is why, when creating nicknames of this kind, phonetic changes such as metathesis and stunning of the final consonant can be used for the sole purpose of obtaining an easily recognizable word.

Nicknames derived from personal names.

It has already been said above that surname nicknames exist among the youth, because in the school team most often the treatment is at the level of surnames. And this, apparently, can explain the fact of the prevalence of nicknames formed from surnames. In addition, the foundations of family anthroponyms are very diverse both in genetic and semantic terms, because they go back both to proper names and nicknames, both to professions or activities, and to ethnicity, etc.

Personal names that appeared in Russia after the adoption of Christianity were unmotivated for Russians. In addition, the borrowed names fixed in the Russian traditional name-list are not numerous, which is why they are often repeated.

And yet, nicknames are also formed from personal names, and in almost the same ways as family names.

Most big number denominative nicknames gives the consonance of names and some appellatives. Moreover, in these denominative nicknames, the following subspecies can be distinguished:

traditional consonance at the level of coincidence of the diminutive form of the name Peter - Petya and the word Petya, which can be considered the nickname of a rooster, which is reflected in folklore: Petya the cockerel. From here Rooster (Peter);

appearance of rhymed teasers: Monkey (Yana), Piggy (Andryusha);

coincidence of the sound of the name and the appellative: Melon (Dina), Nightingale (Glory), Pakhan (Pavel), Vovan (Volodya);

permutation of sounds: Saiyan (Sanya)

consonance with appellatives of diminutive forms of the name: Leshy (Alexey - Lesha);

syllable doubling: lolo(Alyosha, Alena).

Except different kind consonances that cause all sorts of associations, rethinking plays a huge role in the formation of nominal nicknames, i.e. finding links between names and surnames, in which some similar features can be traced.

For example, Onegin (Eugene), Pushkin (Alexander Sergeevich), Gagarin (Yuri Nikolaevich), Klyuvdia (Claudia). The last nickname is based on the similar sound of the name Claudius and the duck Klyuvdia from the cartoon. Christie (Christina) - this nickname undoubtedly goes back to the consonance of the name Christina and the surname of the famous English writer Agatha Christie.

There are nicknames that require some explanation. So, for example, Kostya is called Mosol. The birth of such a nickname is based on the similarity of the sound of the personal name Kostya and the appellative bone, and a large bone is mosol.

Nicknames can also be formed from patronymics. The mathematics teacher, whom everyone is afraid of, was nicknamed Kondrashka, and not only because her patronymic is Kondratyevna, but also because, as the children say, from her look, “Kondrashka may be enough.”

Just as in family nicknames, in nouns there are those that are formed according to the type of abbreviations: DT (Diana Timofeevna), BroM (Bromelia Maksimovna).

There are also cases of adding parts of the name and patronymic: Tyson (Taisiya Alekseevna), VikSer (Viktor Sergeevich).

There is a single example of adding the initial parts of the names of two bosom friends: VasGen (Vasily and Genadiy).

Only at the level of nominatives are formations from the names of relatives noted. The boy, who looks like his grandfather, whom everyone loves, is called Tishanya (grandfather's name is Tikhon or Tishanya). The boy, sissy, sneak and crybaby, was named Lyudkin (mother's name is Lyudmila).

Nicknames that go back to appearance.

Nicknames that go back to appearance are some of the most ancient: on early stage development of mankind, they existed as names.

Nicknames given to a person in appearance are usually associated with a visual assessment of a person’s appearance, which, however, is derived only from the correspondence / non-compliance of a person’s external features with the standard that traditionally develops among any people over the long years of its cultural and historical development.

The height of a person and nicknames as his assessment.

The first thing that catches your eye when looking at a person is his height.

High growth in the Russian cultural tradition is one of those signs that are included in the ideal of a beautiful person. But if high growth exceeds the standard, attracts attention, then appraisal nicknames appear.

The environment of the older generation includes Dylda, Uncle Styopa, Kolomenskaya Verst.

In the youth environment, the male nickname Belfry (“well, just an endless guy”) and the female Ostrich and Heron are fixed.

However, most often in the seme structure of nicknames, in addition to the seme "high", other semes are added.

Such additional semes include the seme "thinness". Thin in Russian tradition means “sick”, “bad”, therefore the nicknames of tall and thin people are diverse. Tall, thin, clumsy men are called Wick, Dryn, Gloomy, Long, Dryshch, Noodles, Carnations, Nickname Wickcan be considered almost as traditional as Long. But Gloomy, Noodles, Gvozdok demand an explanation. Gloomy - "a tall, thin, clumsy young teacher, he walks as if he is embarrassed by his height, his thinness, he hardly smiles"; Noodles - "long, thin, like Rollton noodles"; Gvozdok is “long, thin, and his head is big, like a hat on a nail, but he is very charming, so he is not a nail, but a nail.”

Large, i.e. tall and large, strong, they call the Cabinet, Ambal, Elk, Elephant, which is becoming almost a tradition. A woman of large build, tall and full, may be called Bomba, Barrel.

Karkusha, given to a tall, thin girl, so swarthy and mannered, which made her look, according to her friends, to the famous television crow Karkusha.

Low, i.e. small stature, if it is significantly below the standard, also gives rise to nicknames that go back to all sorts of appellatives. Depending on the attitude towards people of small stature, which are expressed in the choice of appellative vocabulary underlying the nicknames, the latter can be either neutral or expressively colored. The fact that in the nickname, undoubtedly, the relation to the person is guessed, is evidenced by the fact of changing the plan of expression of the nickname as a kind of symbolic unit. A young man who, in elementary school, wore offensive nickname Shmakodyavka, in the senior classes they began to call Shmak, because he became more serious, gained the respect of his comrades, became, according to them, an adult, respectable.

The neutral nicknames that are given to people for small stature include Malay, Malik, Malyan. Their internal form is quite transparent, the suffixes -IK and -YAN do not make any special adjustments to the content structure of nicknames, except for the fact that they introduce into the general meaning of these words an element of friendly attitude of those who gave these nicknames to those who who became their bearer. More expressive can be considered those nicknames in which there is a connection with appellatives: Philippok, Napoleon. Decl, Teletubby appear in the youth environment, and the last nickname is given to the girl.

Obvious negative should be considered those nicknames in which there is a connection with appellatives that traditionally have a negative assessment: morel, coccyx, kharchok, gasik. Young people are more inventive in giving nicknames, because in this case there is usually a well-visible and tangible creativity. Check (from a check, i.e. a quarter), Countryman (from the earth, i.e. "almost not towering above the ground"). Insect ("a very small young man"), Dwarf ("a very small girl").

In addition to the seme "small", other semes can be used as the basis for the formation of nicknames for people of small stature. Especially often the additional seme is "thinness, frailty". The old man (“a young man, small, thin, looks like an old man”), Kozyavka (“small, thin”), Kozyavochka (“small, thin, but beloved by everyone”). There is also a share of sympathy in the nickname Stoparik, which is given by men to a friend and only they use it. More offensive are the youth nicknames Pocket, Jerboa.

Small, fat ones are called Carlson, Sharok, Navel. Small, inconspicuous ones are given the nicknames Pupyr, Krop, Tonta, which are common among the youth. The nickname Mole also arose here.

Bloch's nickname is becoming traditional, which is given to both male and female representatives if they are small, black-haired, mobile. Small, with a big beard - Hottab (from Hottabych); small, hardworking - Ant; small, thickset - Komel; small, strong - Fungus. The last nickname belongs to a very pretty girl, according to friends. Baby - that's the name of a small, but very pretty, according to the neighbors, woman.

The seme "resemblance" in combination with the seme "small" is present in the nickname Fidelka ("he looks like Fidel Castro, but very small, therefore Fidelka"). But the nickname Winnie the Pooh arose due to the fact that the boy was small, fat, in addition, his name was Benjamin.

Teacher's nicknames may indicate the ingenuity of their wards: Titmouse - this is the name of the music teacher for her small stature and chirping voice; Atom is the nickname of a physics teacher, short in stature. Shavings is a little technology teacher and curly haired.

In the youth environment, the so-called "nicknames for two" are popular. For example, Small is the name of one of the brothers, whose height is average, the one who is two centimeters shorter is called Small. Elephant and Pug - a very tall guy, and his girlfriend is very small. One and a half - two friends, the growth of one approaches 2 meters, while the other does not exceed 1.5 meters.

There is enantiosemy: Small and Malysh, both nicknames of the bearer of almost two meters in height. This phenomenon occurs in any environment. In the youth environment, the nicknames Baby, Thumbelina, which refer to a tall, full guy, are noted.

Antonyms fat-thin as an assessment of a person.

Both excessive fullness and excessive thinness in the Russian tradition have always been considered a disadvantage not only of a person’s appearance, but also evidence of his ability to work. A fat person is not only not distinguished by beauty, but he is most likely a lazy, white-handed person. A thin person, apparently sick, which is also not conducive to working.

There are nicknames that do not require special explanation, because. they have become almost traditional in the nickname of people who are distinguished by their fullness. These are Kolobok, Donut, Puzan, Butuz, Belly, Fat, Fat. There are much fewer female nicknames of this type: Puffy, Fat Woman. Nicknames that completely coincide with the appellative vocabulary - Puzo, Salo, can cause and most often cause offense on the part of those to whom they are given. And not only because the appellatives to which these nicknames go back have a negative connotation, but they also testify to the contemptuous attitude towards them of those who give these nicknames. Gingerbread Man, Donut, Donut are associated with such appellatives, which in folk tradition are considered pleasant, giving joy and pleasure.

There are nicknames that are kind of synonyms for those already available in the folk tradition, familiar. This happens because the frequently used nickname seems to be semantically discolored, does not have the proper expression, which, of course, should be present at the level of nicknames. That is why, along with Butuz, male nicknames, Pups, Pupsik, common among the youth, appear. Puffy (“thick as a sumo wrestler”) and, accordingly, the metaphorical Wrestler, as well as the suffixed Pukhlik, appear in the same environment. The nicknames Forks, Watermelon, Baton, Jban are metaphorical, in which hidden comparisons are felt: “round, fat, with a big belly, real watermelon»; "white, thick, soft, like a loaf with round sides."

The gender fixedness of nicknames is not always associated with the gender category. So, the man's name is Pyatitonka, and the teacher, very plump and clumsy, the students called the Bus.

Sometimes nicknames are given according to some two signs that distinguish a given person, which is observed in any age environment: Borov (“fat, important guy”), Torpedo (“fat, but mobile guy”). Female nicknames are represented by the following: Piglet (" fat girl with a squeaky voice, like the cartoon character Piglet"); A cot ("a fat, clumsy woman"); Pelmen (“a full, slow girl who owes her nickname to her own father”).

As mentioned above, there are fewer nicknames for thin people, however, both in semantics and in expressive coloring, they are richer. The traditional Skeleton, Koschey exist along with such youth nicknames as Rusk, aka Drying; Hole (“the donut is round, and it is a donut hole”); Troph (short for dystrophic); Vermicelli, Ballerun ("a thin guy, and besides thin-legged"), Chakha ("stunted"). There are fewer female nicknames: Lace, Masyanya, Twenty (“thin, like a 20 cm board”).

There is also enantiosemy: Fat (thin). Nickname Thin - is worn by a girl of small stature whose weight is more than 90 kilograms.

Antonyms strong-weak as an assessment of a person.

Strong, healthy, strong in the minds of the Russian people was associated with a positive person, a real man, although the presence of strength alone without any positive qualities was by no means elevated to the rank of human, especially masculine virtues. A very small number of nicknames that were given to physically strong people were recorded, and they are based on almost two or more signs. For example, Merin, Boar (“strong, healthy, strong, hardy”); Loban ("strong, powerful"); Balu ("strong, kind"). Only one nickname belongs to a woman: Cyborg ("strong, huge, masculine"). Strength in the number of feminine virtues in the Russian tradition, as, indeed, in world culture, was not included and is not included. A strong, truly strong, woman is a violation of the generally accepted standard, hence this purely masculine nickname.

Nicknames, given weak people, they are built on the principle of enantiosemy: Farshneger (from Schwarzenegger); Stallone with Dining Room (by Sylvester Stallone).

Nicknames given to individual parts of the human body.

Tall - short, fat - thin, strong - weak - these signs that are the first to catch your eye are among the components of the general impression of a person. However, there are more detailed differences between one person and a number of others like him.

a) hair.

These detailed signs are materially expressed, for example, in the evaluation of many parts of the human body and, first of all, hair. Habitual to the eye and traditionally Russian is considered to be light brown. Such a hair color as red immediately catches the eye: a person who has such a hair color falls out of the Russian concept of beauty. Hence the nicknames: the traditional Redhead and various combinations of words, which include the word redhead as a mandatory component. Red AP (Alena Petrova girl's hair color is red).

Blond blondes are as rare as redheads. They get the nicknames Bely, Seryoga Bely, Squirrel, Blond, Gray-haired, Albino.

For his ash-colored hair, the young man received the nickname Gray. Apparently, because the boy had real light brown hair, they began to call him Rusak.

A case of enantiosemy is observed in the nickname Black, which was given to a blond man.

Nicknames are especially expressive, which are called people who change their natural hair, especially if this attempt ends in failure: Chernobyl (“the girl who made extravagant highlights”); Asphalt ("the blonde became a brunette"); Explosion ("girl after dyeing her hair in two colors"). The quality of hair, their density also serve as the basis for nicknames.

Despite the fact that curly fellows have always been the standard of beauty, judging by the songs, fairy tales, nevertheless, the largest number of nicknames refers to people who have curly hair. At the same time, the most varied appellatives are chosen: Pushkin, Baran, Baranchik, Byashka. Among the youth, nicknames such as Poodle, Fluffy, Dandelion are common.

Thick hair is the pride of the owner, but if it is unkempt, then he should wear very expressive, negatively colored nicknames, in which censure clearly sounds. These are Lokhmach, Barmaley, Tarzan, Okhlamon, Lokhudra.

Tousled short hair, standing on end, evokes the following associations, guessed in the nicknames: Hedgehog, Okunek, Chizh.

Lack of hair or very thin hair give rise to no less expressive and offensive nicknames: Shaved, Shank, Bald, Bald (“a woman has very sparse hair”), Vovka-curly. The last nickname is based on enantiosemy, because its bearer is bald.

b) head.

A small number of nicknames given by the size of the head and its shape have been found.

The size and shape of the head are determined according to a certain standard established by culture and tradition, based on the proportionality of the head and torso, head and height. If proportionality from the point of view of the visual is clearly violated, then people who have quite big head, acquire the nicknames Bobok, Head of cabbage, Tadpole, Globe.

Eyes that are too narrow for Russian "aesthetic" taste are evaluated as something that not only "deviates" from the standard, but is also associated with the concept of non-Russian. From here, the owners of narrow eyes are called by the following nicknames: Korean, Japanese, Chinese, Mongol, Kyrgyz.

Too much big eyes also attract attention. Hence the nicknames Eyed, Eyed. Bulging eyes allow you to give their owners the nickname Glaziha, Herring, Sharoloup. The latter is found among young people.

The unpleasant impression that a person who blinks too often causes is reflected in the nicknames Morgun, Morgunka.

Glasses that hide the eyes do not cause much ridicule, because they are currently worn by many. But if these glasses are of an unusual shape or give the face some expression that gives rise to certain associations, then the following nicknames appear: Botanist (“the boy studies well, began to wear glasses recently”), Zombie (“the girl wears round glasses”), Point (“ the girl wore glasses and came up with a nickname for herself”).

The most unpleasant and offensive are the nicknames associated with any eye defect, especially strabismus or the absence of one organ of vision. It is unethical to remind people once again of their physical handicap. Apparently, this is why the nicknames are obtained practically without any connotation. There is a direct statement of fact: Oblique, Oblique, Jamb, One-Eyed.

The complexion, its oval, any defects in the skin of the face - all this gives rise to rather expressive nicknames.

Owners of ruddy rounded or round cheeks are called Tomatoes or Tomatoes. Too pale and round face in the youth environment gives rise to the nicknames Casper, Chupa-Chups. Thick-cheeked are nicknamed Hamsters, Beavers.

The flat face is associated with the Pekingese dog breed.

The unusual oval of the face is fixed in the nicknames Square, Pot. Ferret is the name of someone who has too small facial features. Skin defects are noted in the nicknames Mole (“on the face near the nose there is a large mole, very ugly, similar to birthmark”), Vesnyanka (“a girl whose face is all freckled”).

Nicknames that are given to people by the shape of the nose are basically a comparison of this protruding part human face with the noses of any of the living beings or characters, for example, cartoons or books. Hence the metaphorical nature of many nicknames of this type: Hawk (“nose like a hawk”), Eagle (“nose like an eagle”), Pinocchio (“nose like Pinocchio”). The nickname Pyatak goes back to the shape of the nose, “similar to the tip of a pig, only larger, therefore Pyatak.

Nicknames that go back to the shape of the lips or to their size are almost single and are associated only with thick large lips: Guban, Gubasty. Isn’t this connected with the popular belief that the character is easy to determine by the lips: full lips are a sign of good character, thin lips- evil, but the overly thick lips belong to the lip slap.

Most of the nicknames that go back to the nature of the teeth correspond to large protruding front teeth. Almost all of them belong to the category of quite expressive, because they have parallels with well-known appellatives: Hare, Jerboa, Beaver, Rabbit. And as a generalized - Gnawing (from rodents). If a hare can be called a cowardly one, a jerboa - a good jumper, a beaver - a hardworking one, a rabbit - a fluffy one, then Gryzya corresponds only to large front teeth. The nickname, therefore, turns out to be more specific, more expressive and, therefore, offensive.

If the front teeth were not only protruding, but also crooked, then there is nothing to compare this with, hence the rather cruel nickname - Mutant.

There is a nickname given for large teeth - Glory-Tooth, as well as a nickname built according to the method of reduplication - Zubi-Tooth. The same nickname in the same youth environment was given to a young man with inserted front gold teeth, he is also the Golden Tooth.

g) jaw.

Too protruding jaw, of course, attracts attention and gives rise to the following nicknames: Retractable jaw, Retractable, Jaw. The last nickname, like the nicknames Nose, Tooth, i.e. nicknames coinciding with appellatives, it seems to us, are more expressive in view of the fact that they indicate that flaw in human appearance that should be paid attention to. A girl with a protruding jaw is called Przewalski's Horse.

h) facial hair.

The largest share of the nicknames of this plan falls on those who wear a mustache: Cockroach, (“he has a thin black mustache”), Mustache (“a young man who let go of his mustache”), Cat (“a mustache like a cat”), Beard is called a young man, contrary to fashion, who wore a beard, and a Goat - one who has a beard like a goat.

Now rarely does anyone let go of sideburns, but the one who wears them most often has the nickname Pushkin.

For a defect in the auricle, a person is called Kornouchim (“there is no lobe of the left ear”).

Three signs formed the basis of nicknames that go back to such a part of the human body as the neck: its length, thickness, any defects.

Only two nicknames correspond to the length of the neck: Goose, Giraffe. A person with a short neck is called Root.

l) skin color.

Dark skin color, given by nature, is rare among Russians. This deviation from the standard is marked by nicknames. Dark-skinned people are called Chocolate, Smoked.

m) posture.

Hook, Pepper ("like a pod of red hot pepper when it dries"), Bent - stooped people get such nicknames. A person with a hump is a hunchback.

All the nicknames that are associated with the peculiarities of people's hands are quite transparent, the signs underlying these nicknames are easily guessed: Left ("left-handed"), Cross-arm ("he broke his hand in childhood, which grew together incorrectly, crookedly"), Six-fingered, Stump (“missing two fingers on the left hand”).

Lameness, clubfoot - this is what they first of all pay attention to. Hence Lame, Lame. The last nickname is given to a girl who, after falling from a tree in childhood, was left with a slight limp. Per big size feet girl got the nickname forty-fifth, but for too thin legs her classmates nicknamed Goatlegs.

p) resemblance to someone.

A very large proportion of nicknames are those that are based on the outward resemblance of a person to someone from other people, from representatives of the animal world, from among cartoon characters.

The resemblance of people to someone is striking if there is at least one sign in their appearance, which in the people's memory is closely associated with any person (known to everyone or at least to a certain circle of people), animal, character.

Nicknames that go back to resemblance to some famous people are significant in volume, and the choice of those with whom they compare depends on many factors, including age. Lenin (“bald, burr”), Stalin (“similar in appearance”) Putin (“a young man whose speech is one to one similar to the president’s speech”).

The youth of the association has a slightly different plan: Shakira (“looks like”), Lolita (“looks like the singer Lolita, besides, she is fond of singing”); Jack Sparrow ("looks like actor Johnny Depp in this role"); Zhadi (“looks like the heroine of the Clone series”); Kri-Kri (“looks like the hero of the TV series Helen and the boys”).

Every nation, including the Russians, has its own traditionally established stereotypical image of a person of a different nationality. Finding any signs included in this stereotype is the reason for the appearance of the nicknames Gypsy (“dark-skinned, black-haired, curly”).

p) clothing, general impression.

“They meet by their clothes,” is what the people say. Clothing creates a general impression, which sometimes remains unchanged in the form of a person's predilection for a certain style, color, his commitment to fashion.

For the love of a certain style and color, the nicknames Striped, Matroskin were received. Classmates nicknamed the Armenian girl Wild Rose for her unchanging black clothes.

People, especially men, who strive to dress cleanly, as if with a needle, are called Fashionable, Fashion. Sloppy men are called Chukhan, Parshyn. Women, as creatures by nature who love to dress better, prettier, being sloppy, receive more expressive nicknames in which there is a clear condemnation: Anchutka, Pig.

Antonyms beautiful - ugly as an assessment of a person.

The popular concept of beauty is based on the postulate: a beautiful person can only be one who is beautiful internally, i.e. with soul. And yet, if a person is pleasing in appearance, his appearance caresses the eye, people try to note this in positive nicknames, colored with positive emotions, which most often refer to women. These nicknames are correlated for the most part with traditional appellatives, with which the beauty has been compared since ancient times: Chamomile, Birch, Gulyushka, Queen.

Madame is a nickname that depicts a middle-aged person. In the same age environment, the nickname King is noted, which refers to a man who has a good posture, neatly and even smartly dressed. In the youth environment, the nicknames given by girls to young people sound like Macho, Super. Very ugly young people are given the nicknames Zhenya-muzzle, Fantômas, Beauty, Mouse; .

Nicknames that go back to character traits.

Nicknames that go back to character traits differ from those that were given in appearance, in some ways. The visual type of nicknames often only states certain deviations from the standard; appellatives to which nicknames go back do not always have a negative connotation and therefore, by and large, do not cause offense in those to whom they were given. The exceptions are the nicknames of the visual type, which are associated with some kind of physical handicap, delivering grief to those who have them even without nicknames. In addition, nicknames of the same type that are given to those who try to change something in their appearance, but this attempt ends in failure, cause offense.

Nicknames that go back to character traits are mostly based not on a purely visual impression of a person, but on an assessment of his personality, his social valence. And nicknames of this kind should rather be attributed to nicknames-characteristics, which contain not only the desire to humiliate a person, but also indicate those negative traits his personality, so that a person, having received such an assessment, could overcome this shortcoming, so that people could determine by the nickname of a person with whom they are dealing.

In fact, each character trait has its opposite to the maximum, although sometimes there are so-called intermediate links.

Nicknames with the seme “quiet”: for example, the concept of “quiet, calm” can include both equanimity and unsociableness, secrecy, as well as weakness of character, dependence on others. And the concept of "restless" can automatically include cockiness, irascibility, absurdity, quarrelsomeness, mischief, i.e. all those traits that make the owners of such characters people in communication are not entirely pleasant. A calm person is called Kiryan (named after the hero of the film "Eternal Call"). calm person usually quiet, silent, often inconspicuous: Silent. Girls of this type are endowed with such nicknames as Tikhonya, Mouse. Quite often, calm people become unsociable: Savage, Biryuk, Gudok.

Nicknames with the seme "restless": if people with the above character traits create a comfortable situation in communication for those who are their communicative partners, then this cannot be said about those people who have a restless character, which undoubtedly creates significant inconvenience for those who come into contact with them.

Hot-tempered men are called Crazy, Fyrya (from snort), Bunya (from brawl, brawl). Female nicknames are mainly associated with the manifestation of such character traits as mischief and grumpiness. Mischievous (“a girl loves to talk and laugh”), Nesmeyana (“a girl who is difficult to make laugh”)

Nicknames with the seme "kind". Kindness is a character trait that from time immemorial has been considered a sign of a person who is good in all respects ( good fellow, good people, kind father, etc.).

Nicknames with the seme "evil". Evil, as you know, is the opposite of goodness, it is more multifaceted and many-sided, which is why the nicknames related to evil people significantly more than those that are united by the seme "kind". The most frequent nicknames of this type are nicknames that explicitly contain a sign of evil, traditionally associated with representatives of the animal world. These are Boar, Gyurza, Beast, Polkan, Barbos.

Sometimes nicknames explicitly express the sign that speaks of the "evil" behavior of a person: Shugay (“the one who drives everyone, scares”), Borzoi (“quick (borz) for reprisal”), Thunderstorm (“noise, rages, inspires fear”).

Nicknames with the seme “serious”: Muzhik (“so called by his mother when he was only 3 years old, for unusual thoughtfulness, responsibility; at school, the nickname was preserved for him”); Father (“the student was the oldest on the course, because he entered the institute after the army; he had more life experience, and everyone listened to his advice”).

Nicknames with the seme "frivolity". If childish frivolity, a somewhat light attitude to life is not considered a deviation from the norm of the hostel, then adult people who relate to life as easily as children are condemned as violators of the way of life. The nicknames given to "frivolous" adults basically contain different features.

The most common, generic, in fact, nickname can be considered Legkach, which undoubtedly contains condemnation for frivolity in everything.

Special condemnation, judging by the nicknames, deserves adults who easily look at life and their responsibility for something or someone.

Nicknames with the seme "cheerful". Cheerful man appreciated in any community of people for the ability to defuse the situation, create a festive atmosphere. And if a person is loved, then they give him nicknames corresponding to his inclinations: Cheerful; Laughing; Lark ("sings very well and loves to sing; constantly sings something"); Bayan (“a girl plays the button accordion at all family holidays”); artist(“she sings well, dances; where she is, there is always fun”).

Nicknames with the seme "cheerless". In the lexico-semantic group, which combines lexemes with the common seme "cheerless", it seems to us, one can include words that name such character traits as gloom, boredom, whining. All this constitutes, in our opinion, a kind of opposition to cheerfulness.

People who are tedious are badly tolerated in any team. They can poison any fun. Nudyak, Demagogue ("lover of long and tedious talk is called"). Burbur is the nickname of a person who not only tediously repeats the same thing, but also has a slurred diction.

Nicknames with the seme "smart". all recorded nicknames that have the seme “smart” in their seme structure refer to the assessment of the level of intelligence. There is the nickname Wise, in which, in addition to intellectual abilities, life experience is undoubtedly evaluated.

Basically, the assessment of the level of intelligence is due to the following associative links: Associate Professor; Academician.

Nicknames with the seme "stupid". Stupidity as a trait of a person's character is assessed very expressively, associative connections are so diverse that it suggests that this trait of a human character is more noticed and, naturally, condemned.

Bamboo (“his head is so empty that it rings like dry bamboo”); Windbag ("a young man who talks all sorts of nonsense off topic and out of place"); cormorant ("fat and stupid; one meal on my mind").

Nicknames with the seme "industrious". Hard work is such a character trait that is highly valued by the people.

Bee (“never sits idle”); Delyaga (“likes to work, but there must be some benefit for him at the same time”).

Nicknames with the seme "lazy". It would seem that such a character trait as laziness, which causes a fair negative attitude towards those people who have such a trait, should give rise to a large number of nicknames. Mozgach (“a person who every now and then thinks just not to work”), Cat (“loves to soak up, sleep”).

Nicknames with the seme "dexterous". Dexterity, speed, energy always cause a positive assessment. No wonder people say: dexterous in work.

Habitual, almost traditional, one can qualify the nicknames Shnyr, Shilo, Screw. This is what they say about people who are not only dexterous in work, but also restless: “he won’t sit still on the spot.”

Nicknames with the seme "slow". Among the elderly, they called kopush: Sack, Gradual. If the first nickname is easily guessed in such words as linger, linger, then the second nickname is built on the self-characteristic of a person: "I do not do everything at once, but gradually."

Barely (“a girl, she does everything slowly: she walks slowly, and speaks slowly, and eats slowly”), Brakes (“she is slow in business, takes a long time to make any decision”).

Nicknames with the seme “cunning”: Already, Fox, Serpent, Jew, and also Little Fox, referring to a female person and, thanks to the diminutive suffix -ENOK, which has an undoubtedly positive character.

If cunning borders on cunning, then appropriate associative links are selected with such appellatives, in the seme structure of which the seme “cunning” is singled out. Moreover, the choice of these appellatives is connected with experience and therefore varies among persons belonging to different age groups.

Nicknames with the seme "greedy". Greed as a character trait is undoubtedly one of the negative ones.

Nicknames Kurkul, Plyushkin can be qualified as traditional, the latter has several variations. The surname of Gogol's character from "Dead Souls" has turned from a proper name into a common noun.

Nicknames with the seme "arrogant". Ease of use is appreciated in any age environment. Arrogant people are ridiculed. Appellatives, with which the nicknames are associated, belong to the thematic groups "card game" or " titles of nobility". For example, King, Ace; Count, Baron. Probably, in the folk experience, in connection with these appellatives, the consciousness of the presence of something important was postponed, and important can be, in a certain context, synonymous with the word arrogant.

Nicknames with the theme "boastful". Khvastuns are popularly called Khvost, Shchukar, God (“he says that he can do everything, that he is omnipotent, like a god”). In the youth environment, this is Jin (“says that he can fulfill any desires, as long as someone only makes them”).

Nicknames given by demeanor, habits, favorite words, various cases or events from life.

The nicknames of this group are divided into 10 subgroups:

Nicknames given by the manner of conducting a conversation.

The communicative aspect consists in keeping the communicative ring closed. It is known that if any interference occurs, it may open and the dialogue will not take place.

Such features of the manner of conducting a conversation include the volume of the voice. Nicknames that characterize people with an excessively loud voice include Rupor (“a man speaks very loudly, drowning out his interlocutor”), Tryndychikha (“a voice like a character from a cartoon”). These nicknames are fixed in the older age group.

In the youth environment, the loudness of the voice is associated with a cry: Scream, Cri-cri. Both nicknames are given to girls with very loud voices, so loud that even against the background of loud music, loud laughter, which is typical of the youth environment in general, they seem to be screaming.

Various kinds of speech defects also make communication difficult, sometimes so much so that the interlocutor completely ceases to understand the person with whom he is talking. In the Russian tradition, the one who speaks incomprehensibly is called dumb. Silent (“the woman has such speech defects that it is difficult to understand her when she speaks”). Burr, Stutterer are the nicknames of people who burr and stutter, both of which refer to males and are common among older people. They also own the nicknames Syusyulevy, he is Syusya (“a man snuggles during a conversation”).

Those who like to speak without letting the interlocutor even insert a word are given nicknames of a traditional nature: Balabon, Govorun, Balabolka.

Nicknames given by the manner of walking. The manner of walking, gait can also give rise to nicknames. A particularly large number of nicknames account for the visual assessment of the manner of walking. These include the Bear ("clubfoot, hence the swaying gait, like that of a bear"); Penguin ("walks waddling"). In fact, there is no need to explain these nicknames, because the associations that underlie them and are associated with the peculiarities of the gait of representatives of the animal world.

The nicknames Winged are more expressive (“walks with his arms apart, as if he had wings, not hands”); Fashionable ("walks with his chest puffed out, as if showing off his figure").

Nicknames based on demeanor.

The natural behavior of a person, adequate to a certain situation, is the behavior that meets the standard. Any non-standard behavior is noticed and given an appropriate assessment. Fufel - this is the name of a person who behaves unnaturally, "actually." In the youth environment, he receives the nickname Pai (“a young man who is afraid of everything, a derivative of Pai girl”).

Unnatural, according to the creators of nicknames, is a female creature that behaves like a man. Schoolchildren call the girl Boy because "she behaves like a boy."

Nicknames given by favorite words.

For example, La-la (“a woman constantly repeats the phrase “no need to la-la” to the claims of her colleagues”); Fathers (“a woman so often sentences and does not notice it herself”); Cho (“repeats through the word”), Mamanya (“during all breaks, he ran along the corridor and shouted: “Mom!”); Aunt (“always and in everything refers to some aunt: “But aunt ...”).

Nicknames given by favorite pastime.

Nicknames can also be given to someone's favorite pastime. They are divided into two large groups, one of which contains those that express a positive attitude, and the second includes nicknames containing disapproval and sometimes mockery of those to whom these nicknames were given.

For example, Yashin (“plays football well, like Yashin”), Schumacher (“in the manner of driving on the roads”), Tsoi (“sings well”).

Nicknames given by favorite type of clothing.

preference for any certain type clothing catches the eye and can also serve as a specific, distinguishing feature of a person.

For example, Adidas (“the guy preferably wore clothes of this brand”); Popodia ("a girl who wears dresses and skirts to the floor"); Cabbage ("the guy earned this nickname for layering clothes").

Nicknames given by favorite food.

Basically, these are nicknames that came from families and picked up by relatives, acquaintances, friends. Almost all of them are consonant with appellatives: Cutlet, Sausage. Sometimes this is the common name of Slastena ("the boy loves everything tasty, sweet"). Fans of certain foods, speaking with delight about their favorite dishes, use diminutive forms, which are also preserved at the level of nicknames: Soup, Kashka.

Nicknames given by favorite songs and films.

Nicknames of this type are a repetition of the names of songs, films. For example, Zhanna (a song about a flight attendant named Zhanna), Student (“approaching the girls, the young man always sang the song “Student” by the group “Hands Up”). The young man was nicknamed Titanic for his love for this film.

Nicknames given for any dream.

Dreams can come true, or they can remain so. But they can also become nicknames that have both positive and negative connotations: Mechanic (“a young man from childhood dreamed of becoming a mechanic, and he became one”).

Unfulfilled dreams bring great sadness, and the reminder of them, reflected in the nicknames, hurts very painfully. Marusya (“the woman had two sons, she really wanted to have a daughter, but a son was born, and the neighbors began to call him Marusya”); Karina (“the woman wanted a daughter, she came up with a name for her - Karina, but a son was born named Nikolai, and the neighbors jokingly call Karina”).

Nicknames given for any cases or events in a person's life. This type of nicknames is quite common and multifaceted, based on those events or cases in the life of someone that are remembered for a long time and serve as distinguishing features that distinguish a person from a number of his kind.

How Small child he uttered some words, both relatives and friends remember, hence very inoffensive nicknames that return a person to childhood: Kleka (“this is how he pronounced the word “godmother” in childhood); Dyukha (“this is how Andryukha pronounces his name”); Lyaleka ("that's how Valerka pronounced his name"); Mekhenya (“I said mekhenya, instead I’m tiddly”); Khaev (“this is how he pronounced the word cows in childhood: “Baba, they drive haev”); Lipochka (“in childhood, instead of handkerchiefs, he said lipochka”).

Also, for example, Duda (“a young man from excitement said duda instead”); Rama ("wrote in elementary school instead of his name Roma rama").

Thus, nicknames that go back to some events or incidents in someone's life are given either by turning an appellative into a nickname, or by finding various kinds of associations. Similar is revealed at the level of different age groups.

Nicknames, data by occupation

Directly by the name of the profession or occupation, the following nicknames are formed: Beekeeper, Bochar, Brigadier, Taxi Driver, Dogman (“engaged in breeding dogs for sale”).

The words naming professions and marked as stylistically colored are marked as nicknames: Vodila (“driver”).

The name can also be a nickname former family activities: Boatswain ("served as a boatswain in the Navy"), Tankman ("served in the tank troops"), Parachutist ("served in the Airborne Forces").

If in the formation of nicknames there are various kinds of transfers (metaphorical, metonymic), then in such nicknames an expressive connotation appears, giving them a positive, but most often a negative meaning. Thus, the assessment of a person by the nature of his activity becomes on the value scale much lower than that which was noted in the nicknames that coincide with the name of the profession or occupation.

On the basis of metonymic transfer, the following nicknames are formed: Rasp (“carpenter”; rasp is a carpentry tool); Meeting ("worked as a bartender in the cafe" Meeting ").

Nicknames have an ironic connotation, in which there is some ironic or even dismissive assessment of a person by the nature of his activity. For example, the Judge (“worked in court at the checkpoint”); Boss ("worked as the boss's personal chauffeur").

Hereditary nicknames, family nicknames

The most common is the transition of the nickname through the male line. For example: Midshipman (“the father was a sailor, he was nicknamed Midshipman; now this nickname is worn by the son”); daden(“The father bore this nickname, then the eldest son, then the youngest. No one remembers how and from what it was formed”).

A female nickname is noted, which goes back to the father's nickname: Kalachikha ("father worked at a bakery as a baker and his name was Kalach"). The nickname, as is clear from the example, is formalized in this case with a suffix traditionally used in Russian to designate females by occupation or husband's nickname or surname.

Family nicknames are divided into: nicknames given to all members of the family as a whole, and nicknames given to husband and wife, and not extended to children; nicknames used within the family.

The following nicknames can be attributed to the first group: Soft (“the whole family, both adults and children, are very full”); Young (“that was the name of all family members because their family was the youngest in the company of friends”); Makartsy (“all family members are called Makartsy after their grandfather Makar, who was very respected”).

There are nicknames that are given only to the husband and wife, and they can be given to the husband and wife at the same time. For example, Bunnies (“they called each other Bunnies”); Zhurka and Zhuzha (“husband and wife of Zhurikhina, a very friendly couple”).

Women's nicknames can be formed from the husband's profession, which, in principle, is traditional for the Russian onomastic system: Husband - Mentosaurus, wife - Mentosaurus.

QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS

nickname nickname survey

Based on the results of the survey, 36 questionnaires were received with answers, according to which diagrams were compiled. Diagrams are presented in the appendix.

Analyzing the results of the questionnaires, we found that if earlier nicknames were given by the name or profession of an ancestor and were inherited, now most nicknames are given from surnames and first names.

Thus, among the respondents there were 8 family nicknames, for example, Sukharik, Nazim, Karas, Golub (formed by discarding family formants); Lavra, Mukha (by truncation of the surname). And 6 nominative nicknames, for example, Yusya, Kasya (coincidence of the sound of the name and the appellative); Dan, Wit (traditional consonance at the level of coincidence of the diminutive form of the name); Anna-Boris (adding parts of the name and patronymic).

In second place are nicknames given by appearance. Among them are nicknames formed according to the criterion of growth, fullness-thinness, hair color, manner of dressing, for example, Giraffe, Thin, Ginger, Heel, Tsoki-tsoki.

Then follow with an equal number two groups of nicknames: nicknames given by behavior and nicknames formed from some act.

Among the behavioral nicknames, three nicknames were recorded: Fly is the bearer of this nickname and has a manner of speaking quickly and tries to do everything in life. The nicknames of the Sun and the Sun belong to the girls who received them for their cheerful disposition.

Nicknames formed by an act, for example, Diamond Eye, Bombard, Strength belong to young people. The last bearer of the nickname received from the neighbors, whom he helped to remove large stones from the yard.

A separate group included profiles of people who do not have nicknames - 26% of the respondents.

It is interesting how and when nicknames appear for carriers. To do this, the questionnaire included the question “when did you get a nickname?”.

Of the 36 respondents, 15 people noted that the nickname was assigned to them at school or in school years.

Seven people got a nickname in their student days, four noted, they have had a nickname since childhood and received it in the family circle. And only four people answered that they got the nickname at a more conscious age.

As a rule, nicknames are given at school or student environment by friends and classmates. Nicknames are created by schoolchildren very actively, which is largely due to the psychological properties of children. transitional age- the desire for an unusual, new, which is manifested in the speech behavior of adolescents and young people.

The next criterion that we considered was “did your nickname change?”. According to the answers, out of 36 respondents, 6 people changed their nickname, so the girl with the nickname Karas after she got married received a nickname by the name of her husband Noga; a young man at school was more often called Kalancha in physical education, tk. was the highest in the class student years nicknamed Giraffe.

It often happens that a person, regardless of age, social status, receives a nickname that is offensive, which one simply does not want to hear, and especially in relation to oneself. Having asked this question, the questionnaire included the question “Do you consider your nickname offensive?”.

Of all the questionnaires, there were only two, where the respondents noted that “yes”, we consider the nickname offensive.

When communicating with relatives, friends or just friends, do we address them by name or nickname? Exploring this aspect, we found that 25 people refer to friends / girlfriends by nickname. In communication with relatives, 11 out of 36 people use nicknames and 8 people in communication with colleagues call them by their nickname. Among the 36 respondents, only 9 people do not use nicknames at all in their speech.

To identify understanding of the concept of a nickname, the question was included in the questionnaire: “finish the sentence “I think that a nickname is ...””.

1) evidence of the bad manners of the person who calls another not by name.

) evidence of disrespect for the one addressed.

) evidence that a person is popular in a team (group, class, company).

) is normal and should not be ignored.

Three people who answered that they think “A nickname is evidence of the bad manners of a person who calls another by name” are employees of the education sector.

Of the 36 respondents, 7 people noted that "A nickname is evidence of disrespect for the person they are addressing", this group includes people from various fields of activity.

“Evidence that a person is popular in a team (group, class, company)” was noted by only two people who are employees of the education sector.

The last item “A nickname is a normal phenomenon, you should not pay attention to it” collected the largest number of responses - 24 people.

Also in the questionnaire it was proposed to answer the question "Do you need nicknames?". The answers to this question were rather dry “yes” or “no”, but there were also very interesting ones that attracted attention: “it’s hard to answer, because every person goes through it”, “depending on what age”, “yes, they sometimes reflect the true personality of a person, help him express himself.

CONCLUSION

At the preparatory stage of the course work, my supervisor and I set a goal - what are the features of the formation and use of nicknames / nicknames in the speech space of the city.

The concepts of "nickname" and "nickname" are interpreted by many linguists. The concept of nickname has two formulations. First, the name (name) given to the pet. And secondly, a nickname (nickname), which is given to any person as a joke, a mockery.

A nickname is a name given to a person in addition to his name and containing an indication of some noticeable feature of the character, appearance, activity of this person.

The concept of "nickname" was formed from the words Kli ´ h, kli ´ kat, and the concept of "nickname" was formed from the words to nickname, nickname. After analyzing the concepts of "nickname" and "nickname" in the linguistic literature. We concluded that the concepts of nickname and nickname are synonymous, because have the same semantic meaning and can be used interchangeably in speech.

When analyzing the concepts of "nickname" and "nickname", signs were derived, on the basis of which the classification of nicknames was compiled. The classification consists of seven main groups: nicknames derived from surnames; nicknames formed from personal names; nicknames that go back to appearance; nicknames that go back to character traits; nicknames given by demeanor, habits, favorite words, various occasions or life events; nicknames given by occupation; hereditary nicknames, family nicknames. The classification provides a detailed description of each group and attached examples according to the characteristics by which nicknames are formed.

For practical research, a questionnaire was compiled for recipients on the subject of their use of nicknames in communication. The questionnaire contains questions such as "Do you have a nickname?"; “when did you get it?”; “In connection with what it appeared to you?” etc. Then a survey was conducted, it was attended by 36 people.

The data obtained were analyzed, structured and written and quantitative conclusions were drawn up, which are presented in this course work.

I am very glad that I chose this particular topic of the course work, and that such an experienced leader worked with me. I am very satisfied with the work done.

List of used literature

1. Large explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Ch. ed. S.A. Kuznetsov. - St. Petersburg: "Norint", 2000. - 1536 p.

Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Ch. ed. D.N. Ushakov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2008. - 1268 p.

Gogol, N.V. Dead Souls: A Poem. M.: Enlightenment, 1982. - 254 p.

Dal, V.I. Dictionary of the living Great Russian language: In 4 vols. - M.: Russian language, 2003. - T. 2. - 779 p.

Dal, V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: In 4 volumes. - M.: Russian language, 2003. - T. 3. - 555 p.

Dmitriev, D.V. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / D.V. Dmitrieva, M.O. Mikhailov. - M.: GRANTA-plus, 2003. - 714 p.

Evgeniev, A.P. Dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 volumes. T. 2. - M .: Russian language, 2001. - 736 p.

Evgeniev, A.P. Dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 volumes. T. 3. - M .: Russian language, 2001. - 752 p.

Efremova, T.F. New dictionary of the Russian language. Explanatory derivational. In 2 vols. T. 1. - M .: Russian language, 2000. - 1209 p.

Efremova, T.F. New dictionary of the Russian language. Explanatory derivational. In 2 vols. T. 2. - M .: Russian language, 2000. - 1088 p.

Ozhegov, S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. - M.: Azbukovnik, 2000. - 940 p.

Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI - XVII centuries: Issue 7. / Ch. ed. F.P. Owl. - M.: "Nauka", 1980. - 404 p.

Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. In 2 vols. T. 2. / Ch. ed. A.P. Evgeniev. - Leningrad: Nauka Publishing House, 1971. - 856 p.

Dictionary of the modern Russian language. In 17 t. T 5. / Ch. ed. N.V. Medvedev. - Leningrad: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1956. - 1920 p.

Dictionary of the modern Russian language. In 17 t. T 11. / Ch. ed. N.V. Medvedev. - Leningrad: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1956. - 1844 p.

Wikipedia. Free Encyclopedia [Electronic resource] ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname. 04/15/2012. 13:56.

17. Kulko, V.A. What's in my nickname for you. / V.A. Kulko, A.S. Didychenko, [Electronic resource]<#"justify">Application

Last name, first name, patronymic, age

____________________________________________________________

Social status(Education)

Need to mark

Average total? Specialized secondary

Average total complete? Higher

Primary vocational

Other ___________________________________________

Field of activity ___________________________

Do you have a nickname? Name it. ___________

When did you get it? (at school, before school, etc.) Who gave you your nickname? ___________________________________________________________

In connection with what it appeared to you?

Need to mark

Formed from a surname? given by behavior

Formed from the name? given by appearance

Given by deed

Have you changed your nickname? __________

Do you find it offensive? ________________

Do you use nicknames in your speech?

Need to mark

I never use because there is a name for it

I use it only if the person doesn't mind

I use it even if the person doesn't like it

I don't care, never thought about it

In what situations do you use nicknames?

Need to mark

Anytime and anywhere? In family

With friends? Not using

Other __________________________________________

Who do you use nicknames for?

Brother, sister? friend, girlfriend

Mom, dad, grandma, grandpa? teacher

Colleague? other

____________________________________________________

Complete the sentence "I think a nickname is..."

Need to mark

Evidence of the bad manners of the person who calls another by name

Evidence of disrespect for the one addressed? evidence that a person is popular in a team (group, class, company)? normal, should not be ignored

Are nicknames necessary? ___________________

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There are many reasons why you might want a nickname for yourself. For example, if you have a long, boring or compound name. Maybe you need a nickname to distinguish yourself from several other people in your social circle with the same name as you. After all, you just might not like your name! Some people even tend to start a new life with a new nickname. And whatever your reasons for coming up with a nickname for yourself, it can be a very, very difficult task for you to complete this task. Fortunately, we are here and we can help you.

Steps

Name based nicknames

Use one or two of the first syllables of your name. Very often, nicknames are obtained from names cut off in this way. This is the simplest option, but it's fine if you're starting a new page in the book of your life and want to do it under a new name. It will be easier if the new nickname sounds similar to the old one - so at least you don’t have to constantly ask old acquaintances to start calling you in a new way. There are three main approaches to creating a nickname from a given name:

• Just remove at least one syllable from the end of the name. On Russian names, this does not work very well, but on English and Spanish names it does. See for yourself: "Jon" from "Jonathan", "Bea" from "Beatriz", "Sam" from "Samantha" or "Samuel", "Jess" from "Jessica", "Santi" from "Santiago". Let's say change Alexander on the Alex.
• Another option is to add "-ie," "i" or "y" to the shortened version of your name ("and" for Russian names, respectively). If your name anyway consists of one syllable, then add an additional sound to it. Such nicknames are more common in children, although they are not uncommon for adults. Examples: "Charlie" from "Charles", "Susi" from Susana", "Jenny" from "Jennifer" Sometimes you need to add an extra consonant to make your new nickname sound right: "Winnie" from "Winifred", "Patti" " from "Patricia", "Danny" from "Daniel". Make traditional changes, such as Konstantin in Kostya or barbarian in Varya.
• Add a letter that is sometimes not pronounced. In English it can be "e". This approach is kind of like a shortening of the name ("Mike" from "Michael"), but sometimes it can even completely change the sound of the name ("Kate" from "Kathleen").

1. Use other syllables of your name. The rules above will work with both the middle and last syllables of the name. Yes, yes, you can abbreviate names both from the beginning and from the end: "Valentina" can be abbreviated as "Valya" and "Tina", "Tony" from "Anthony", "Tina" from "Christina". Classic examples (from of English language), where only the last syllable of the name is used: "Beth" from "Elizabeth" and "Rick" or "Ricky" from "Frederick".

   • Similarly, you can come up with a completely unusual nickname for yourself - for example, from "Patrick" you can get "Trick", and not the usual "Pat".

2. Use diminutive forms of your name. This moment depends entirely on the language you speak, but there is a chance that you will still have a choice!

   More wit. You can turn "Katya" into "Catastrophe," for that matter! Use alliteration when your nickname is the first consonant of your first or last name, or choose a word that rhymes with your first or last name.

Other sources of inspiration

Come up with a nickname from personal qualities. Many nicknames are based on something that makes a person unique: a runner might be nicknamed "Legs", a proud New Yorker living far from New York might be nicknamed NYC(NIK''), and a solid A student can be called "Professor".

Come up with a nickname based on a joke that only "their own" can understand. This is one of the best sources of nicknames, but you need to be careful with this. Such "general" jokes can be a very rich source for nicknames, but you can't force them to just appear. You should just cross your fingers and wait for them. If you already have such jokes in your mind, try to draw nicknames from them.

Use online resources. There are many online surveys and nickname generators that can suggest potential nicknames based on your personality and your name. This can be a good source of inspiration if you can't seem to come up with a good nickname.

Oleg and Valentina Svetovid are mystics, experts in esotericism and occultism, authors of 14 books.

Here you can get advice on your problem, find useful information and buy our books.

On our site you will receive high-quality information and professional help!

Nicknames and nicknames

Nickname (nickname)- This is the informal name of a person, which reflects the noticeable qualities of his character or appearance.

The nickname can be given at school, at work, at home or among friends.

Nicknames are offensive and inoffensive, pleasant and unpleasant. Some nicknames stick very strongly to a person and haunt him throughout his life.

Nickname types:

Home (family)

By appearance

By character trait

Place of birth (or place of fame)

By type of activity (profession)

Home nicknames

Home (family) nicknames reflect the attitude towards a particular person. They are gentle or playful.

A husband calls his wife a goat, a fish, a bird, a bunny, a squirrel, a sparrow, a mouse, a light bulb, a pumpkin, an asterisk, a candy, etc.

A wife calls her husband a cat, a hedgehog, a fox, a sun, a bear cub, a hamster, a bunny, etc.

A gentle nickname adds a certain kind of energy to the relationship of the spouses and brings them closer.

Nicknames for looks

Historical nicknames: Philip the Handsome, Charles II the Bald.

Household nicknames: donut, kalancha, kolobok, fat man, donut, red, freckled, hunchbacked, poodle, curly, toptygin, gnome.

Nicknames based on personality traits

Historical nicknames: Richard the Lionheart, Ivan the Terrible, Yaroslav the Wise.

Household nicknames: mitrofanushka, file, bulldozer, gray, rusty, blotter, hairpin, splinter, button, penny.

Nicknames based on place of birth (or place of fame)

Historical nicknames: Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Theophan the Greek, Niccolo Pisano, Thomas Aquinas.

Household nicknames: Siberian, Ural.

Nicknames by type of activity (profession)

Foka of all trades of the dock, Sonya the golden pen, Ivan Telecentre, philologist, rescuer, tanker, Binom Newton (nickname of the mathematics teacher).

Our A new book"Name Energy"

Oleg and Valentina Svetovid

Our address Email: [email protected]

At the time of writing and publication of each of our articles, nothing of the kind is freely available on the Internet. Any of our information products is ours. intellectual property and protected by the Law of the Russian Federation.

Any copying of our materials and their publication on the Internet or in other media without indicating our name is a violation of copyright and is punishable by the Law of the Russian Federation.

When reprinting any site materials, a link to the authors and the site - Oleg and Valentina Svetovid - required.

Attention!

Sites and blogs have appeared on the Internet that are not our official sites, but use our name. Be careful. Fraudsters use our name, our email addresses for their mailing lists, information from our books and our websites. Using our name, they drag people into various magical forums and deceive (give advice and recommendations that can harm, or extort money for holding magical rituals, making amulets and teaching magic).

On our sites, we do not provide links to magical forums or sites of magical healers. We do not participate in any forums. We do not give consultations by phone, we do not have time for this.

Note! We are not engaged in healing and magic, we do not make or sell talismans and amulets. We do not engage in magical and healing practices at all, we have not offered and do not offer such services.

The only direction of our work is correspondence consultations in writing, learning through an esoteric club and writing books.

Sometimes people write to us that on some sites they saw information that we allegedly deceived someone - they took money for healing sessions or making amulets. We officially declare that this is slander, not true. In all our lives, we have never deceived anyone. On the pages of our site, in the materials of the club, we always write that you need to be an honest decent person. For us, an honest name is not an empty phrase.

People who write slander about us are guided by the basest motives - envy, greed, they have black souls. The time has come when slander pays well. Now many are ready to sell their homeland for three kopecks, and it is even easier to engage in slandering decent people. People who write slander do not understand that they are seriously worsening their karma, worsening their fate and the fate of their loved ones. It is pointless to talk with such people about conscience, about faith in God. They do not believe in God, because a believer will never make a deal with his conscience, he will never engage in deceit, slander, and fraud.

There are a lot of scammers, pseudo-magicians, charlatans, envious people, people without conscience and honor, hungry for money. The police and other regulatory agencies are not yet able to cope with the increasing influx of "Cheat for profit" insanity.

So please be careful!

Sincerely, Oleg and Valentina Svetovid

Our official websites are:

Love spell and its consequences - www.privorotway.ru

Also our blogs:

A person likes to give names to everything in order to orient himself in his surroundings. complex world. Sometimes these names are funny, but surprisingly accurate, and therefore memorable. Very often this happens with nicknames or nicknames that we give to our acquaintances, friends or four-legged friends - pets. Why is this happening? Why do people give someone nicknames? How do you get a variety of funny nicknames? You will find answers to these and other questions in the article.

Name and nickname

Each person at birth receives a name, and in some cultures - even several. Names have meanings. For example: Andrey - "courageous", Olesya - "protector", Alsou - "rosy-cheeked", Damir - "persistent". Ancient beliefs say that the name of a person determines his character and destiny.

However, in reality it is impossible to predict whether the name given at birth will correspond to the personal qualities or appearance of the person to whom it was given. So, the “courageous” Andrey may turn out to be indecisive and timid, and the “pink-cheeked” Alsou is naturally pale-skinned.

For this reason, many people get nicknames in the social circle where they constantly rotate: friends, classmates and classmates, colleagues. People with a certain temperament simply love to come up with funny nicknames for friends, relatives and just acquaintances. Sometimes it happens that what is given to a person reflects his essence than the name and surname. But more often than not, nicknames are given as a joke, and then they stick. Usually for a while, and sometimes - for life.

Where do nicknames come from?

The tradition of having several names was and still is among the Indians, as well as among the Spaniards and the Portuguese. The latter even have polysyllabic surnames taken from their father and mother. In ancient times, representatives of many peoples believed that several names provide a person not only with protection from evil forces, but also with opportunities for "manoeuvre" in life. Any of the names given to him will surely suit his character or appearance. Thus, one name or surname was constantly used, while others remained "in reserve".

Ancient people also willingly used nicknames. They believed that knowing someone's real name could harm that person, put a spell on him. Therefore, the real name was carefully hidden, second and third names were used, and even nicknames. They were formed in accordance with the characteristics of a particular person (appearance, character, skills) or based on his type of activity. It is known that many modern surnames are modified nicknames of ancestors.

When a person changes his name

Since the name has always been considered the fate of a person, the change of name means the desire to change one's destiny. For example, if a person wants to start life anew, he will take one of his “spare” names (if second and third names are given in his culture) or he will come up with a more suitable one himself. When they leave for the monastery, they also take a new name, choosing it from the list of names of saints. When a person is engaged in creative or public activities (actor, writer, blogger, musician, politician), he often also takes a pseudonym for himself in order to stand out from the crowd, and in addition, to distinguish between public and private life.

Why are they nicknamed

It is difficult to say whether our ancestors had a tradition of inventing funny nicknames for friends. Perhaps they did something funny, but by accident. However, this usually happens in our days, with modern nicknames.

Most often, nicknames are given to distinguish one person from another. Most likely, this is how the first nicknames were formed. For example, there are many people around named Stepan, Marya, Ivan, etc. And if you call them “Ivan the blacksmith”, “Mary the beauty”, “Stepan the merry fellow”, then it immediately becomes clear what specific person we are talking about. Such nicknames usually featured occupation, appearance, character or origin.

In our time, such "distinguishing" nicknames are often formed from the real name or surname of a person: Sergey - Gray, Gorokhov - Peas, Kuznetsov - Blacksmith, etc.

Very often the nickname given to a person others, it is a mirror that reflects the attitude of a given society (friends, colleagues, fellow students) towards him. Affectionate and funny nicknames indicate acceptance and respect, offensive nicknames - about problems in relationships.

Children's and adult funny nicknames

The tradition of coming up with funny nicknames for people is especially common in school age. Children are not only more observant than adults, but also much more straightforward, so nicknames arise quickly and are often invented by everyone in a row: both to each other and to adults. In the latter case, the nickname from its "carrier", of course, is hidden.

What are funny nicknames for boys:

• Pate;
• Caramba;
• Nail Puller;
• Lyalya, Katya, Olesya and similar girlish names;
• Goblin.

What are funny nicknames for girls:

• Chupacabra;
• Bleak;
• Vasya, Tolyan, Vitya and similar boyish names;
• Currency (on behalf of Valya);
• Torpedo.

Teachers' nicknames often reflect their attitudes and attitudes. For example: Sinister, Corrosion (the brain eats away). And there are affectionate nicknames that testify to good attitude: Anastasia Petrovna - Nastyushka. Very often, schoolchildren give nicknames to teachers just as a joke, based on the first name, patronymic or last name. So, Vera Andreevna becomes "Veranda", Natalya Fedorovna - "Nafanya", a teacher named Venediktov gets the nickname "Broom" and so on.

But it often happens that children grow up, and the desire to come up with nicknames does not disappear from them. Only the place of the school collective is occupied by the worker. According to opinion polls, more than half of people come up with nicknames for their bosses and colleagues. Most often this is done for entertainment and "conspiracy". At the same time, few people are offended by the invented nickname, mostly adults treat this with humor.

friendly nicknames

In permanent companies, they often come up with funny nicknames for friends. Thus, a certain common spirit, a special atmosphere of a separate circle of communication is emphasized. Often the nickname is given not on some basis, but in spite of it. For example, a very thin person will be called Zhirtrest or Fat Man, a tall one - Dwarf or Thumbelina, a sharp-tempered one - Good-natured or Fairy, and a bald one - Curly. In such cases, the funny effect of the nickname is achieved precisely because of its inconsistency with reality.

It happens that a nickname “sticks” to a person so successfully that friends generally stop calling him something else, and he himself, getting to know someone in an informal setting, also introduces himself as his nickname. often occur funny cases when someone's nickname is very reminiscent of the real name (Fedya, Vitya, Chris, Margo), and then it turns out that the person is actually called quite differently, but they called him (her) so because of the surname or a long-standing, already forgotten incident . The funniest nicknames are usually not invented on purpose, but are obtained quite by accident, during some memorable event or unexpected “insight”.

Funny nicknames for pets

People come up with nicknames when they want to highlight someone or show their attitude. This applies equally to friends and acquaintances, and to four-legged pets.

Of course, it is easier for dogs and cats to choose a nickname than to choose a name for a person. The yard dog Tuzik or the cat Fluff can go well with their nicknames, but most often the owners want to pick up a beautiful and beautiful pet. Especially if the dog or cat is thoroughbred - then human, often even foreign names are used most often: Styopa, Max, Charlie, Sabrina, Marseille and so on.

What are cats called

Funny nicknames for cats and cats are usually given by owners with a good imagination, and often nicknames are born "in honor" of food products, for example: Baton, Cheburek, Bun, Korzhik, Coconut, Squash and others. Often animals are named after famous people or characters: Pegasus, Terminator, Mila Jovovich, Uma Thurman. The appearance of a pet can also become a reason for getting a funny nickname: a cat of an unusual color White Tail, a shaggy cat Chuchundra or a sphinx cat named Rough. There are also such funny nicknames for cats that are invented simply as something original and convenient: Leska, Evrik, Maruska, Count de Lyaluska (or shortly - Lyalchik).

What are the dogs called

Most owners carefully choose nicknames for dogs. funny options usually invented by those people for whom their barking pets are family members, and not exhibitors or watchdogs. This is how Kefirchik, Belyash, Tube, Bucks, Cola, Barmaley, Ghoul, Meatball and other strange but funny dog ​​nicknames appear. Sometimes the nickname is funny because of its game in contrast with the appearance of the animal: Doberman Pushok, Rottweiler Phil, Dachshund Domna.

In such funny, but for the most part affectionate names revealed loving attitude owner to his pet, even if he is not always well behaved.

A nickname or nickname is, first of all, a way to highlight. If someone gets a funny nickname, this is a sign of a special relationship. funny dogs, funny nicknames people - all this is a kind of sign of interest and friendship. This is how we show that our two-legged or four-legged friends are really important to us.

Nicknames, nicknames and given names are widely spoken online and in real life. This topic generates a lot of reasoning and controversy. Let's see why young people often use nicknames, and adults - names?

Origin of nicknames

Let's start with the question: "Where do the various nicknames and nicknames come from and what do they mean?". Initially, the current surnames originated from nicknames, since people had to somehow distinguish one Vasily from another, they called one “Vasily the blacksmith” and the other “Vasily the plowman”.

These nicknames showed the importance, the need for a person, spoke about his professionalism and did not imply anything insulting and offensive, which cannot be said about the current nicknames and nicknames.

Nicknames for boys and girls

Young people do not always, of course, but often come up with nicknames for their peers in order to humiliate or insult them. If an adult wants to offend someone, he, as a rule, chooses other methods, since in an adult social environment they simply will not understand him, and he will only humiliate himself.

Other reasons for the emergence of nicknames and nicknames are appearance, physique, height, facial expressions and clothing. From here let's go popular nicknames, indicating the external shortcomings of the child, for example, "bespectacled" or "fat". Adults try to stand out less from the masses, in contrast to younger generation, so nicknames on these grounds they appear less often.

funny nicknames

Many nicknames and nicknames seem ridiculous from the outside. It's funny because someone is called, for example, "porcupine" if he once came to school with uncombed long hair. However, funny nicknames are funny only to others, but not to the person who was given this nickname. Remember this and try to respect others.

Thieves nicknames

An attempt to stand out from the crowd by inventing a thieves (zone) nickname is not the best option. In general, imitation of thieves and other "authorities" will not lead to anything good.

Nicknames and nicknames for people

Nicknames and nicknames are designed to escape from reality, from their real name. However, each name is unique and sounds different to different people. Dmitry and Mitya, Sasha and Shurik, Volodya and Vovan will be completely different people. Use names instead of nicknames more often, and you will feel the energy of the name!

Leave your nicknames in the comments, check it out!!!