Russian urban and professional romance. Russian everyday romance of the first half of the 19th century

Romance is a well-defined term. In Spain (the birthplace of this genre), this was the name given to a special kind of composition, intended mainly for solo performance to the sound accompaniment of a viola or guitar. At the heart of the romance, as a rule, lies a small lyrical poem of the love genre.

Origins of Russian romance

This genre was brought to Russia from France by aristocrats of the second half of XVIII century and was immediately adopted by the fertile soil of Soviet poetry. However, Russian romances, the list of which is known today to every lover of classical songs, began to emerge a little later, when the Spanish shell began to be filled with truly Russian feelings and melodies.

In fabric new song Traditions are organically intertwined folk art, which has so far been submitted exclusively by anonymous authors. The romances were re-sung, passing from mouth to mouth, the lines were altered and “polished”. To early XIX centuries, the first collectors of songs began to appear, driven by the idea of ​​​​preserving old Russian romances (their list by that time was already quite large).

Often these enthusiasts added to the collected texts, adding depth and poetic power to the lines. The collectors themselves were academically educated people, and therefore, going on folklore expeditions, they pursued not only aesthetic, but also scientific goals.

Genre evolution

Starting from the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, the artistic content of romance lyrics became more and more filled with deep personal feelings. The individual world of the hero received an opportunity for a bright, sincere expression. The combination of a high style with a simple and lively Russian vocabulary made the romance truly popular and accessible to both the nobleman and his peasant.

The vocal genre was finally reborn and to mid-nineteenth century has become an integral part secular evening within the framework of the "languid" beloved by all the young ladies home music making. The first romances also appeared. The list that made them song repertoire, contained more and more author's works.

The most famous in the first half of the 19th century were such famous composers as A. Alyabyev and A. Gurilev, who played an invaluable role in the development of Russian romance and its popularization.

Urban and gypsy romances

Urban romance absorbed the largest number folklore motifs Russia XIX-XX centuries. Being an author's song, in terms of the freedom of its existence, it resembled and differed in its characteristic features:

• the magic of details;
• well-defined images;
• stepped composition;
• powerful reflection of the protagonist;
• the image of ever-elusive love.

The characteristic features of urban romance from a musical point of view are the harmonic construction of the composition with minor tones, as well as its inherent sequence.

The gypsy romance was born as a tribute to Russian composers and poets in the manner of performance beloved by many of the same name. Its basis was the ordinary lyric song. However, the characteristic artistic turns and techniques that were in use among the gypsies fit into its texts and melody. To learn such a romance today is no wonder. Its main theme, as a rule, is a love experience in various gradations (from tenderness to carnal passion), and the most noticeable detail is “green eyes”.

Cruel and Cossack romances

There is no academic definition for these terms. However, their character traits fully described in the literature. A feature of a cruel romance is a very organic combination of the principles of a ballad, a lyrical song and a romance. To individual traits it is attributed to the abundance of the main plots, differing only in the causes of the tragedy. The result of the whole story is usually death in the form of murder, suicide, or from mental anguish.

Motherland Cossack romance is Don, who gave lovers of folk poetry legendary song unknown author"Spring will not come for me ...". History also does not know the exact authorship of most of the highly artistic works that can be described as "classical Russian romances." Their list includes such songs as: “Dear long”, “Only once”, “Oh, guitar friend”, “Come back”, “We only know each other” and others written in the first third of the 20th century.

Russian romances: a list and their authors

According to one of the main versions, Russian romances, the list of which was given above, belong to the most popular at the beginning last century songwriters: Boris Fomin, Samuil Pokrass, Yuliy Khaita and others.

The most devoted connoisseur of the classical romance in the 20th century was Valery Agafonov, who was the first to declare high value cultural baggage leaving the Soviet listener. Russian romances, the list of which was compiled by Agafonov, owed their revival on a new soil to their return to their homeland. legendary performers- Alexander Vertinsky and Alla Bayanova.

This term has other meanings, see Romance Romance in music is a vocal composition written on a short poem of lyrical content, mostly love. Contents 1 History of romance 2 Features of vocal romance ... Wikipedia

It is used in two meanings. 1. As applied to Spanish literature R. from the Old Castilian adjective "romance" "roman, vernacular" means folk poems lyrical epic character, performed independently or under ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

- (Spanish romance) chamber wok. piece for voice with instrumental accompaniment. The term R. originated in Spain and originally denoted a secular song in Spanish. (Romance) language, and not in Latin, adopted in the church. chants. ... ... Music Encyclopedia

Vasily Tropinin. "Guitarist" This term has other meanings, see Romance (meanings). Romance in music (Spanish ... Wikipedia

- (Spanish romance, from late Latin romanice, literally in Romance, that is, in Spanish) a chamber musical and poetic work for voice with instrumental accompaniment. The term "R." originated in Spain in the Middle Ages and originally ... ... Big soviet encyclopedia

- (fr.). Song, lyrical poem for singing with music; in music, it occupies a position between song and ballad, having more melodic fluidity than a song and less dramatic movement than a ballad. Dictionary foreign words included in… Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Romance of lovers ... Wikipedia

Romance The song of the Splin group from the album Reverse Chronicle of Events Released 2004 Recorded 2004 Genre Russian rock ... Wikipedia

Romance of lovers Genre melodrama Director Andrey Konchalovsky Scriptwriter Evgeny Grigoriev Starring ... Wikipedia

Books

• Russian romance, V. Rabinovich. Russian romance...
• Russian romance, . The collection, addressed to song lovers, includes more than two hundred romances by Russian classics, urban romances, folk songs- those that are passed down from generation to generation, as well as lyrical ...

Romance in music (Spanish romance, from late Latin romanice, literally - “in Romance”, that is, “in Spanish”) - a vocal composition written on a short poem of lyrical content, mainly love; chamber music and poetry for voice with instrumental accompaniment.

In the 18th century, "romance" was called vocal work on the French(albeit written by a Russian composer), and a work with a text in Russian - a "Russian song". "Romances" were also called poems by poets such as Sumarokov or Trediakovsky, in which folk melodious motifs sounded.

Romances are divided into:
Classical romance - written by professional composers.
Urban romance (household) - author's in the way of creation, but folklore in the way of being, the prototype of the Russian chanson.
gypsy romance
Cruel romance
Cossack romance - Cossack author's songs, on Cossack themes, originated on the Don. The ancestor of the "Cossack romance" is the song of an unknown author of the 19th century "Spring will not come for me ...".

The origins of the romance in Russia lie in the vocal chamber music XVIII century. Kant, aria, Russian song and, finally, romance - history is reflected in the very terminology lyrical work for voice with accompaniment.

Cantes are songs of the most varied content: viva cantes, healthy cantes, drinking, love, pastoral, comic. Among the authors of the cants were Antioch Kantemir, Mikhail Lomonosov, Alexander Sumarokov, Feofan Prokopovich. The most significant figure in this series was Vasily Trediakovsky, whose songs filled the manuscript collections of 1730-1750.

I'll start on the flute, poems are sad,
In vain to Russia through distant countries:
For all the day to me her kindness
There is a lot of hunting to think with the mind.

Mother Russia! My light is immeasurable!
Let me ask your faithful child,
Oh, how red you sit on the throne!
You are clear to the Russian sky, the sun!

Since the second half of the 18th century, Russian songs have replaced cants. In 1759 the first printed music collection- “Collection of various songs” by G. Teplov. The author of these songs, Grigory Nikolaevich Teplov (1711-1779), a prominent dignitary, senator, member of the Academy of Sciences, was well known in St. Petersburg as an amateur composer, violinist, harpsichordist and singer. It was a bold move to take the popular love poems that all lovers of poetry read and set them to music. Most of the songs were written to the verses of the brightest poet of that time - Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov. Teplov's collection quickly gained popularity, and all the musically educated young ladies sang the mournfully elegiac "My century has already passed like a drag" in the spirit of the French minuet. Sentimental poetry of the 18th century, in the spirit of the then fashionable "sensitivity", strove for simplicity, sincerity, sincerity of lyrical expression. She had a very strong influence folk songs. This is how the popular "Russian songs" of Ivan Dmitriev, Yuri Neledinsky-Meletsky appeared. Ivan Dmitriev’s song “The Dove Dove is Moaning” fascinated not only noble ladies, but also spread among the people. late XVIII in Russian musical and poetic lyrics, the term "romance" was established. In 1796, it was first used by Gavriil Derzhavin and Grigory Khovansky. At that time, poets, not composers, were considered the authors of romances. Their plots, vocabulary, figurative structure will be picked up by the future generation of Russian poetry. In Russian literature of romanticism song creativity Russian poets becomes very diverse both in content and in genre features. The “Russian song” is being replaced by the genre of “Russian song” - a kind of song-romance, focusing on the folklore tradition. The founder of this trend was Alexei Merzlyakov, a professor at St. Petersburg University. His most famous song is "Among the flat valley ..."

The genre of Russian song reached its peak in the work of A. Koltsov and N. Tsyganov. Many wrote music to the poems of A. Koltsov famous composers- M. Glinka, A. Gurilev, M. Balakirev, A. Dargomyzhsky ... The name of Nikolai Tsyganov is not as well known as the name of Koltsov, but his song-romance “Do not sew me, mother, a red sundress ...” (music by A. Varlamov ) gained worldwide fame. "Russian Song" is a peculiar, but not the only type of vocal lyrics of the 19th century. Already in the first half of the decade, ballads, elegiac romances, freedom-loving songs, hussar songs appeared. Pushkin had a particularly profound influence on Russian music. His poetry gave impetus to the development of romance lyrics. In the work of the young Glinka, Pushkin's poetry for the first time received perfect expression. Romance is becoming a truly major artistic phenomenon. And Glinka's romance "Do not tempt me unnecessarily ..." (1825) to the words of E. Boratynsky became the first masterpiece of the romance-elegy genre, the composer's all-Russian fame began with it. It was Pushkin's favorite romance. Fifteen years later, another brilliant romance will follow - "Doubt". Pushkin's poem "I remember wonderful moment... "became the basis of the romance, connecting the poet, composer and Anna and Ekaterina Kern. Together with Pushkin's line, the romance acquired depth, brightness of colors, perfection. It was in the Pushkin era that a number of talented composers-romantics were put forward: A. Alyabyev ("The Nightingale", "Ah, if I had known before .."), A. Varlamov (" Red sundress”, “What has become foggy, the dawn is clear ...”), A. Gurilev (“Sarafanchik”, “The bell rattles monotonously ...”), Verstovsky and others. Photographs (from left to right): A.S. Pushkin, M. Glinka, E. Boratynsky, A. Varlamov, A. Alyabyev, Verstovsky, A. Gurilev / Along with the chamber-vocal classics in the XIX century, there was also household romance designed for amateur singers. Since the middle of the century, the areas of classical romance and everyday romance have been separated. The first, created mainly by classical composers (P. Tchaikovsky, S. Rakhmaninov, M. Balakirev, M. Borodin, S. Dargomyzhsky, etc.) to the verses of major poets, was performed by masters vocal art, the second, as a rule, arose in cooperation with little famous poets and amateur musicians and became the property of mass music-making. The genre of romance had a huge influence on the work of gypsies. The ancestor of the professional performance of gypsies in Russia was the famous choir of Count A.G. Orlov-Chesmensky, assembled in 1744 and led for many years by the Sokolov dynasty:

Sokolovsky choir at "Yar"
Was once famous.
Sokolovskaya guitar
It's still ringing in my ears.

The repertoire of such choirs initially consisted mainly of Russian folk songs and romances. Pushkin and Tolstoy, Fet and Ostrovsky, Leskov and Turgenev, Herzen and Kuprin were admirers of gypsy singing. The most famous gypsy singer in late XIX century was Varvara Panina. In 1895, the composer Caesar Cui wrote a book-study "Russian Romance", in which he summed up the romance work of Russian composers from Glinka, Dargomyzhsky and composers " mighty handful» until the end of the 19th century. The beginning of the 20th century was marked by the growth of technical achievements. Gramophones and records contribute to the popularization of the romance. Romance becomes more of a performing art than a compositional and poetic art. Thanks to the surviving recordings, we can hear the voices of the stars of urban romance - Anastasia Vyaltseva, Nadezhda Plevitskaya, Mikhail Vavich, Natalia Tamara. Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin was rightfully considered the most brilliant performer of Russian romances. Many everyday romances and songs of that time seem to be divided into two emotional streams: with on the one hand - unrestrained fun, daring, on the other hand - disappointment, breakdown, mental suffering. Let us recall the romance "Coachman, do not drive horses ..." (Y. Feldman - N. Ritter), written in 1915. Until now, these heartfelt lines filled with longing, despair, bitterness. But through the sadness, notes of some kind of intoxication with suffering break through, the rhythm of the movement captures and takes the listener into a fast bewitching dance. Sometimes the fate of the authors of romances was akin to the elements of their favorite genre. Everyone knows the romance "Chrysanthemums have faded ...", but only performers and lovers of Russian romance know the name of the composer who created this masterpiece, Nikolai Kharito. His fate could become the theme of the most cruel romance. Among the performers of the Russian romance of the early 20th century, it stands out for its special creative manner Alexander Vertinsky. The romance in his interpretation is a whole performance. He performed mostly songs and romances. own composition in a unique authorial manner, but also endowed well-known romances with a special sad lyrical meaning (Pierrot's mask). Through the ostentatious irony and exaltation of the performance, an acute longing for sincere human communication, disinterested relationships and deep feelings was conveyed. The most popular romances in the 20-30s of the 20th century were the romances of Boris Fomin. Among them are such masterpieces as "Only once in a life there is a meeting", "Eh, friend-guitar", "Your eyes are green" and, of course, "Dear long". Among his romances, there were practically no unsuccessful ones. That is not why they are still popular. In the 30s, romance enters the rhythm of tango, which provokes its even greater popularity. With the help of radio and gramophone, romance enters every home. Their inner space absorbed the great energy and skill of the performers, as well as the spirit of the times. The voices of Ivan Kozlovsky, Sergey Lemeshev, Claudia Shulzhenko, Isabella Yuryeva, Vadim Kozin sound in every house. In cinema, romance serves as an element of stylization for any era (“A Dog in the Manger”, “Spanish romances” by G. Gladkov), a designation of a certain cultural layer (“Days of the Turbins”, a romance “Fragrant clusters of white acacia”), expresses the lyrical state of modern heroes (" different fates”, romance by Roshchin, “Irony of Fate”, romances by M. Tariverdiev and others. Music for theatrical performances written for the same purpose. The most famous are theatrical romances: “You will wake me up at dawn” and “White Rosehip” by A. Rybnikov from the play “Juno” and “Maybe”. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, composers turned to romance traditions and intonations in different musical directions: theater and film music, lyrical pop music, author's song, rock music. Music for theatrical productions is written with the same goals. In cinema, the genre of "film romance" is developing. Famous movies: Cruel romance”,“ Prison Romance ”,“ City Romance ”,“ Railway Romance ”,“ New Russian Romance ”.The international competition for young performers of Russian romance“ Romansiada ”was first organized and held in 1997. The idea of ​​the competition - an appeal to the Russian romance as an alternative to the aggressive dominance of pop culture - was born in the newspaper "Trud". The competition is held annually from September to December, ending with a final and a gala concert in the Hall of Columns, historically associated with the development of the Russian romance genre. Artistic director"Romansiades" Honored Art Worker of the Russian Federation Galina Preobrazhenskaya.

From the history of the most famous romances.

"In the Moonlight"(also called "Bell" and "Din-ding-ding") - a romance related to the so-called coachmen's songs, the poet and musician Yevgeny Dmitrievich Yuryev.

Evgeny Dmitrievich Yuryev (1882-1911) - Russian poet and composer, author of several romances, including: "The Bell", "Hey, driver, drive to the Yar", "Why love, why suffer," and others. fifteen romances by E. D. Yuriev, composed by him in the period 1894-1906 to his own words and music, as well as eleven romances and songs, including “gypsy” (that is, similar to a gypsy romance) to his words, set to music by other composers, including A. N. Chernyavsky. Information about the biography of E. D. Yuryev was almost not preserved. Soon after the October Revolution new government declared the romance a "bourgeois relic" that interferes with building a bright future, where there is no place for any love experiences. And in Russian culture for several decades, he was forgotten.

It was only in the second half of the 1950s that romance as a genre was "rehabilitated" and gradually began to return to Soviet listeners.
The romance “In the Moonlight” (also known as “Ding-Ding-Ding” and “The Bell”) continues the coachman theme in Russian song culture, begun by the romance “Here the daring troika rushes ...” in 1828, when Alexei Nikolayevich Verstovsky set to music an excerpt about the coachman from a poem by Fyodor Glinka. In general, little is known about the history of the creation of the romance, it was simply composed - that's it.

In the moonlight the snow is silver,

The bell is ringing
This call, this call
He speaks about love.
AT moonlight early spring
I remember meeting, my friend, with you.

Ding-ding-ding, ding-ding-ding
The bell rang
This call, this call
Sang sweetly about love.
I remember the guests in a noisy crowd,
Sweet face with a white veil.

Ding-ding-ding, ding-ding-ding
The clinking of glasses is noisy,
With a young wife
My opponent is standing.
In the moonlight, the snow is silver,
Along the road, the trio rushes.

Ding-ding-ding, ding-ding-ding
The bell is ringing
This call, this call
He speaks about love.

http://lilitochka.ru/viewtopic.php?id=2599

Its main characteristics and components, as well as the history of origin and development old genre. The role of Mikhail Glinka in the development of Russian romance.

A wonderful lyrical performance accompanied by live music has always touched the hearts of listeners and connoisseurs of the classics. It's amazing how such a short musical creation can touch the most distant strings of our soul. Romance is an amazing combination of poetry and music that has found many admirers. In the melodic-poetic genre, three varieties are distinguished: barcarolle (rhythmic song), elegy (song-reflection), ballad (story song).

Romance is an old genre

Its history goes back to the Middle Ages. The term “romance” itself originated in medieval Spain. During that period of history, a genre of secular songs appeared, usually these were poems by famous poets of the Romantic era, set to music and conveying deep feelings. By the way, today the words “romance” and “song” are identical in many languages.

Over time, this one gained such popularity that single works began to be combined into whole vocal cycles. It is symbolic that the first such cycle was created by the genius of world music and the father of the classics - Beethoven. His idea was picked up and continued no less famous musicians such as Brahms, Schumann and Schubert.

The main characteristics of the romance

A romance is a musical poem similar to a song. But still there are significant differences in the construction of the work. For example, there is absolutely no chorus in it, or, as it is also called, a refrain. Although practice shows that there are exceptions to the rules. Interestingly, the romance is usually performed solo, less often by a duet, and almost never by a chorus.

special hallmark this genre is its semantic load. His lines always carry a certain story that is close to both the author and his listeners. It can be an autobiographical story about an unhappy love story, or the author's reflections on one or another life theme. Romance is not exclusively a melancholic genre. There are many examples of satirical and hilarious verse narratives set to music.

A bit about Russian romance

After a while, with the appearance in the houses wealthy people musical instruments, the romance also seeped into Russian culture. Perhaps this was inspired by the spirit of romanticism that pervaded the entire early nineteenth century. He was very to the taste of the demanding public, and he was instantly picked up by such composers as Varlamov ("Don't wake her at dawn"), Gurilev ("The bell sounds monotonously"), Alyabyev ("The Nightingale"). Some of them considered it necessary to introduce the spirit of freedom and cheerfulness into the Russian romance and at the same time allowed the performer to demonstrate his vocal skills. The accompaniment here is just a background, but organically connected with the poetic basis.

Sadly, but Soviet era his cultural development stopped, as severe censorship believed that the ideology propagated in romances had a detrimental effect on the working Soviet person. Old romances were not welcomed, their subject matter was considered "decadent". The trend was patriotic, folk and humorous songs with a simple melody.

Nevertheless, romances in some of their forms, for example, "urban", continued to exist, passed from mouth to mouth. ordinary people. It was thanks to them that over time the long-awaited revival of this genre took place, which took place approximately in the seventies.

Russian composer Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka

An invaluable contribution to the history of Russian romance was made by Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka. He is known to have written over eighty works. different directions. Glinka's romances are unique masterpieces, the creation of which is only possible for such talented and gifted individuals as Mikhail Ivanovich. His favorite romances were based on the poems of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. He always appreciated good poetry and realized that a real romance cannot exist without it.

Most significant work- opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" based on poem of the same name Pushkin, which did not receive universal recognition, but revealed the full potential of the composer. And Glinka's famous romances to the verses of the great Russian poet - "I remember a wonderful moment", "I'm here, Inezilla", "Health Cup", "For health, Mary".

To date, fans worldwide known genre there are millions. Thanks to the love and support of the public, he does not stand still, but develops and moves forward every day. Of course, no matter how much time passes, the romance will remain one of the leading and major areas chamber music.

An increasing number of people find in it something close to themselves, some kind of outlet in their experiences and problems. It is comforting to know that the romance has not faded into the background over time, it remains a favorite genre of vocals.