Famous Spanish Writers. "Spanish literature is a single field

Book lovers will remember B. Perez Galdos and representatives of the “1898 generation” M. de Unamuno and R. M. del Valle Inclan, who worked at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. These authors created the basis for the development of Spanish literature throughout the last century.

Their influence is noticeable in modern Spanish literature. Modern literature refers to the period since the early 1970s. It was at this time that the processes began that formed the main trends in the development of the latest Spanish prose.

Features of the literary process of post-Franco Spain

Although Spanish literature is not very well known, Spain has always stood out for its passion for reading and love of books. This is evidenced by the fact that in Spain books were published frequently and in large editions, for example, in the 1960s, Spain ranked 6th in the world in terms of the number of published books.

Another prominent author who developed in post-Franco Spain was Manuel Rivas, whose work addresses the theme of the "Spanish countryside". However, it would be wrong to draw parallels with Russia and call Rivas the “Spanish Rasputin”, there are a lot of fantastic and mysterious things in his books, which brings him closer to the Colombian G. Garcia Marquez than to the Soviet “village people”.

Fashionable Spanish writers of our time: Carlos Ruiz Zafon and Arturo Perez-Reverte

Elements of magic and mysticism and semi-fantastic plots are characteristic of many modern Spanish authors. Here we can talk about the influence of the tradition of "magic realism" in the Spanish-language literature of Latin American fellow writers.

The works of Carlos Ruiz Safon and Arturo Perez-Reverte tend to mix realism, fantasy and mysticism, detective and historical novel. The authors gained wide popularity outside the Pyrenees, including in Russia. We can say that they are the most fashionable Spanish writers of our time.

By successfully capturing the demand of the modern reader and the market conditions, both writers were able to preserve the traditions of classical Spanish literature, creating deep and exciting works. Literary critics find common features in the work of A. Perez-Reverte and the classic of Spanish literature B. Perez Galdos. And K. Ruiz Safon was compared with G. Garcia Márquez and was even called the "Spanish Bulgakov" for the roll call of the motives of his novel "Angel's Game" with storylines"Masters and Margaritas".

Small islands of national literatures are barely visible today in the vast ocean of English-language literature. We bring to your attention a small list of contemporary Spanish writers whose books are read all over the world.

AT this moment, Javier Marias is considered not only the most outstanding Spanish writer, but also, perhaps, one of the greatest writers on a planetary scale. Winner of numerous national and European awards, he began to publish as a teenager, and by the age of sixty, many of his novels have become recognized masterpieces. It is possible that he will become the next Nobel laureate in literature. In any case, one of the members of the Nobel Committee has already strongly recommended a novel by Javier Marias for consideration for the award.

The famous journalist and writer creates a special, cozy and deep world in his works. Winner of several literary prizes and journalistic awards, Rosa Montero is one of the most famous women Spain. Only one novel by the writer has been translated into Russian. Behind the pseudo-detective plot, there is an amazing story that will appeal to all lovers of good literature.

Enrique Vila-Matas is another living classic of Spanish literature who has won the love and recognition of readers all over the world. He wrote his first novel while completing his military service. He tried to work as a film critic and screenwriter. He became famous for his ironic, abrupt style, in which the barrier between reality and fiction is extremely blurred. Winner of many Spanish and European literary prizes, including the Medici Prize, whose works have been translated into many languages. The novel is a real phantasmagoria in which main character finds itself thanks to the support of Salvador Dali and Graham Greene.

Ildefonso Falcones is a lawyer and writer. His first novel was published in 2006, when the writer was almost 50 years old. This historical novel is set in Barcelona in the 14th century, when Catalonia gained a lot of power in Europe. The novel immediately received awards in the writer's homeland, in Italy, France and Cuba. It has been translated into many languages, including Russian.

A writer and journalist, Antonio Muñoz Molina devoted his whole life to literary creativity and received wide international recognition. He has won a number of Spanish and international awards and prizes, twice National Award. Molina is a member of the Royal Spanish Academy. His most famous novel embodies the best of the Spanish literary tradition.

Recognized and revered in Spain as a master of magical realism, Palma creates breathtaking stories that have found their fans all over the world. In Russia, they are looking forward to the translation of the final novel of the Victorian trilogy, which began with

Carlos Ruiz Safon needs no special introduction in Russia. His cycle "Cemetery of Forgotten Books" has firmly won the hearts of readers around the world. The first novel in the series became an international bestseller selling over 15 million copies.

I bring to your attention the second issue of the column "Magnificent Five". I continue the topic of literature and this time I will turn to the country of my scientific interest - Spain. The Spanish literary tradition is very rich and original, however, in the context of world literature, the names and works of Spanish authors are somewhat lost against the background of Russian, Anglo-American, German and French literature. It is the low fame of many worthy authors that prompts me to turn to this topic. To what extent the tradition of a particular country is represented in world culture, and why this happens is an interesting question, and I have already addressed it in one of my articles (

There is one outstanding Spanish author whose name is known to everyone. He became a kind of symbol not only of all Spanish literature, but also of the culture of this country, a spokesman for "Spanishness". This, of course, is about Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, the creator of Don Quixote, who became " in an eternal way"of world literature and a "typically Spanish" hero. Of course, in the history of Spanish literature there are still such world-famous names as, for example, Garcia Lorca and Lope de Vega. However, the authors named were poets and playwrights. I want to pay attention to the Spanish prose writers. Of course, the authors listed below were not limited to prose and many of them wrote both poetry and plays, but still the most significant and famous part of them creative heritage composed prose works. The selection includes outstanding Spanish writers, except for Cervantes, who, to one degree or another, can be attributed to the "classics of Spanish literature", and whose works have been translated into Russian.

Miguel de Unamuno (1864 - 1936)

The Spaniards themselves and connoisseurs of Spain joke that in the history of Spanish literature there are two great Miguels “Miguel de Unamuno and Miguel de Una Mano” De Una Mano - translated from Spanish means “one-armed”, a hint of the same Cervantes, who, as you know, lost hand in the battle of Lepanto. The parallel with Cervantes is not accidental here, and it is not just a play on words. Miguel Unamuno left his mark not only as a prose writer, but also as a philosopher. In his work, he often turned to the great Spanish image - Don Quixote. Connoisseurs of Spanish literature and philosophy know him as "the most important Quixoteist", one of the outstanding interpreters of the great image that made Quixote a Spanish religion and Don Quixote a Spanish Christ. The national and ideological crisis of Spain was depicted by the philosopher as “The path to the tomb of Don Quixote”. Unamuno also wrote an adaptation of the novel by the great Cervantes, The Life of Don Quixote and Sancho, Told and Interpreted by Miguel Unamuno. Of the philosophical works of Unamuno, the most famous is his essay "On tragic feeling life", where he expresses ideas close to the emerging existentialism. The thinker, considered the "progenitor of existentialism" Soren Kierkegaard, Unamuno calls "mi hermano dines" (my Danish brother).

Adaptation of the image of Don Quixote and philosophical works Unamuno's work is not limited, he left a fairly large literary heritage. His main works: "Fog", "Abel Sanchez", "Peace in the midst of war", "Love and Pedagogy", in them philosophical ideas Unamuno gain literary form. Literary lovers often draw parallels between national literary traditions. Parallel with Russian literature allows us to recall another spiritual hermano Miguel - hermano Teodoro (brother Fyodor). Of course, we are talking about Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. With some degree of conventionality, Unamuno can be called the "Spanish Dostoevsky". Parallels in the work and ideas of these two thinkers are seen by many philosophers and literary critics.

Ramon Maria del Valle Inclan (1866 - 1936)

Ramon Maria del Valle Inclan - a contemporary of Unamuno and his colleague in the "Generation of 98" This is a phenomenon in Spanish literature at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, which is worth writing about separately. The authors assigned to the generation were united by the feeling of the "acute historical crisis" of Spain. If, again, we try to describe the work of Valle-Inklan through parallels with Russian literature, we get an explosive mixture. His books are something between M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak (and I note that all three have double surnames). The language of Valle-Inklan's works cannot leave anyone indifferent; he wrote very figuratively. This author is an excellent stylist and in this he is similar to Mamin-Sibiryak. To translate Valya's works into Russian, you need to have considerable talent, so one cannot fail to note the translators of his novels and short stories into Russian, who perfectly conveyed the author's "authentic" style. With the second named Russian writer Valle-Inklan, again very conditionally, the satirical orientation of the works is related. His satire is not direct, very witty, one might even say subtle. Don Ramon himself called his works "esperpento" and is considered the founder of this peculiar phenomenon of Spanish literature. This word is translated as "nonsense". In the works of Valle-Inklan there is a certain "grotesqueness", "a combination of incongruous". With all this, the works are very cinematic, they have a lot of dialogues and quite “cinematic” images. The author had a great influence on the formation of the traditions of Spanish cinema, the best samples which will seem to the ordinary viewer of the era mass culture, to put it mildly, idiosyncratic. He was the favorite writer of the great cinematographer L. Bunuel, whose films were distinguished by the grotesque, improvisation and creative flight. This is characteristic of all Spanish cinema, recalling at least the relatively modern film “A Sad Trumpet Ballad” by Alex de la Iglesia. And the roots of this approach to creativity grow from the prose of the recognized classic of Spanish literature - Ramon Valle-Inclan. His most significant works translated into Russian are the cycle "Carlist Wars", "The Color of Holiness", "Tyrant Banderos".

Benito Perez Galdos (1843 - 1920)

Perhaps the main classic of Spanish literature of the XIX century. And here again there is a parallel. Perez Galdos is nothing less than the Spanish Leo Tolstoy. It is worth noting that these two authors are contemporaries who lived long life and created with different parties Europe". His "National Episodes", consisting of a cycle of works, only some of which have been translated into Russian, is a whole panorama of Spanish life and Spanish history, comparable in scope to Lev Nikolaevich's "War and Peace". Don Benito wrote more than 20 novels, the events described in them cover almost a whole century of Spanish history, from the invasion of Napoleon (the novel Trafalgar, for which he received comparison with Tolstoy) until the 70s of the XIX century, when Spain was proclaimed republic. Worthy of attention are also his novels such as "Dona Perfecta" and "Tristana". Pérez Galdos is a classic of Spanish critical realism, a true example of Spanish prose at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Juan Valera (1824 - 1905)

It just so happened that after the "golden age" of Cervantes, the next dawn Spanish culture happened in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century, and almost all the participants in this collection are representatives of the same era. The next one is Juan Valera, who, together with Perez Galdos, is one of the founders and main representatives of “classical realism”, also has a “Russian brother”. Western European critics, drawing a very conditional parallel, call Juan Valera the “Spanish Turgenev”, noting that in the “breadth of posing” social problems, Valera is inferior to the great Russian author, his work is more focused on personal experiences. However, the Spanish and Russian classics have in common "deep psychologism" and "poetic prose". Juan Valera's main book is Pepita Jimenez. Valera wrote it during the years of the "democratic six years" and the establishment of the first republic, when "a radical revolution set in motion and unsettled everything in Spain." The historical context, of course, left its mark on the author's work, reflected in the images of the characters, giving the book a light "didactic load", which Valera himself, however, denied.

Camilo Jose Sela

Camilo José Cela (1916 - 2002) is the only representative of Spanish literature of the 20th century in our selection and the only prose writer from Spain who was awarded Nobel Prize(Received in 1989). For the sake of justice, it is worth saying that in the history of Spanish literature there are 5 Nobel laureates, but all the rest received the prize for their poetic creations. José Sela is an innovator who has become a classic, a man who reflected in his work the originality of both Spanish and all the latest Spanish-language literature. His work in many ways became a "new milestone" in the development of the tradition laid down by Valle-Inklan, inscribed in the context literary era new century. José Sela expressed "Spanish irrationality" in literature, feature Spanish culture, called “lo espa ñol”, which was reflected in the cinema by Buñuel, and in painting by Salvador Dali. The direction of his work is defined as "tragedy", characterized by an appeal to the "dark side of man", grotesque and deliberate rudeness. Sela caught and reworked in Spanish the latest trends in the European literary process, for the sake of the semantic and emotional load, he left the plot minor role, abandoned the classical narrative in the spirit of realism. One of his main works is considered to be "The Beehive". The author does not focus on such important details for realism as "time" and "place of action", giving these categories some new, metaphorical meaning, thus showing the "universality" of the stories he tells. The Beehive novel is densely populated with characters, which is consistent with the title. This is a very peculiar image of the "ebullency of life", behind which lies the tragedy of each specific fate. Also known are such works of the author as "The Family of Pascal Duarte" - the first work of the writer, published in 1942, and "Mazurka for Two Dead", which became one of the later ones. "Mazurka", written after the fall of the Frank dictatorship, which accounted for a significant part of creative way author. In the mid-70s, after the death of the dictator, seeing the crisis of the national literary tradition, which succumbed to the mass trends of "open" Europe, Jose Sela remarked: "It's amazing, but under Franco we wrote better than now."

Bonus- the selection did not include Miguel Delibes, certainly a worthy Spanish author, " modern classic”, whose name is the library in the Moscow branch of the Cervantes Institute. However, I will remind you that my selections are informative and are not intended to identify the “best of the best”. About the “third Miguel”, Delibes and his novel “The Heretic”, I already wrote earlier, in one of the previous articles, reflecting characteristics creativity of this author in the context of Spanish literature. In this article, I did not consider it necessary to repeat myself, drawing the reader's attention to other worthy names.

Spanish literature originates in the XII century, when it originated and finally took shape. Before that, the peoples who lived on the territory modern Spain, wrote and communicated exclusively in Latin. The entire history of this literature can be roughly divided into four periods. This is the period of origin, the period of prosperity, the period of decline and imitation and the period of rebirth.

"Song of My Sid"

One of the most ancient works of the Spaniards called "The Song of My Side" belongs to the period of the birth of Spanish literature. In him unknown author sings of the national hero named Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, who is known to many under the Arabic nickname Sid.

Presumably, it was written no later than 1200, but it has not survived in its entirety. At the same time, it is "The Song of My Sid" that is a classic example of the literature of that period. In it you can find patriotic motives, the heroes are pious, faithful and devoted to their king.

Literary critics noted that the language of the work itself is very rude and as simple as possible, but it is imbued with the spirit of heroism, draws bright picture life during the days of chivalry.

Spanish literature of the Renaissance

During this period, the Spaniards have a beneficial effect Italian masters. In poetry, Juan Boscan, who worked in the 16th century, occupies the leading role. He often turned to the traditions of Petrarch, enriching Spanish poetry with 10-syllable verse, sonnets and octaves. He often worked with antique subjects. For example, in the poem "Hero and Leander".

The religious epic in literature can be studied on the basis of the works of John of the Cross. He wrote treatises in prose under the titles "Dark Night of the Soul", " living flame love", "Climbing Mount Carmel".

The pastoral novel is very popular in the literature of the Spanish Renaissance. Prominent representatives of this trend are Gaspar Polo and Alonso Perez, who wrote a sequel to Montemayor's popular shepherd's novel Diana Enamorada, which for a long time remained a classic pastoral novel in Spain.

Renaissance literature in Spain is for many associated with the advent of the picaresque novel. His hallmarks become a realistic depiction of morals modern society as well as human characters. The founder of this genre in Spain is Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, who wrote the story "Lazarillo from Tormes".

A prominent representative of Spanish literature of this period is the playwright Lope de Vega, who was born in 1562. Before him, there were playwrights in Spain, but there was no national Spanish drama yet. It was de Vega who managed to create a classical Spanish theater, to become a vivid expression of the feelings and wishes of his people.

For about 40 years he wrote new plays, enjoying great popularity all this time. In addition, he was incredibly prolific, writing more than two thousand plays, about 20 volumes of lyric poems, as well as quite a few poems. had a significant impact on the next generation of writers, not only Spanish but also Italian, and French playwrights. It is with his name that the heyday of Spanish drama is associated.

In his plays, the author touches on all sorts of topics - foreign and national history, socio-political, love dramas and historical chronicles. The historical layer occupies a separate place in his works. The plays of the playwright are constructed in such a way that certain random events constantly interfere with the development of the plot, which bring the drama of the work to the degree of tragedy. Romantic intrigue often helps to reveal the full power of the human instincts of the main characters, Lope de Vega demonstrates a variety of human characters, behaviors in society and the family, while not forgetting the religious and political ideas that dominate among his contemporaries.

Perhaps his most famous work is the comedy in three acts "Dog in the Manger". This is one of the most famous books of the golden age of Spanish literature. He wrote it in 1618. At the center of the story is a young widow from Naples named Diana. Teodoro's secretary takes over her heart. However, the situation is aggravated due to the fact that Teodoro himself sympathizes with her servant Marcela, they even have a wedding planned.

Diana unsuccessfully tries to cope with her feelings. Then she writes a letter to her chosen one on behalf of a fictitious Roman friend, in which she confesses her feelings and asks the young man to evaluate this text and rewrite it with her own hand. The man guesses about her true reasons while realizing that there is an abyss between them. Marcela is exhausted from jealousy, besides, Diana locks her in her bedchamber for several days.

Teodoro himself at this time is experiencing Hard times, the countess plays with him, first giving hope for a further relationship, and then pushing him away from her. As a result, Teodoro breaks up with Marcelo in order to take revenge on him, the girl brings her servant Fabio closer to her.

Teodoro at some point breaks down, splashing out on the countess all the emotions that he has accumulated during this time. The main thing he reproaches Diana is that she behaves like a dog in the manger. Diana slaps the young man, behind which lies real passion which she feels for the young man. This fascinating story still keeps the audience in suspense, the play is regularly performed on the stages of theaters around the world.

Calderon

Spanish literature of the 17th century is associated with the name of Calderon for many. He was not only a poet, but also a successful warrior and priest. No less popular than Lope de Vega.

He demonstrated a high level of his skill in the construction of the plot, as well as in various stage effects, which he actively used in his works.

Calderon, like Lope de Vega, wrote many plays - about 200, and was much more popular abroad than at home. Literary critics of that time put him on a par with Shakespeare. Some of his plays are still shown in Spanish theaters.

His works can be divided into three types. These are dramas of honor, they are dominated by baroque issues - religion, love and honor. The key conflict is often associated with the need to comply with them, even sacrificing human life. Although the action has been moved into the distant past, the author raises actual problems of his time. These are such dramas as "The Alcalde of Salamey", "The Painter of His Disgrace", "The Steadfast Prince".

Philosophical dramas, which were very popular in the Spanish literature of the 17th century, touch upon the fundamental questions of being, human suffering, and free will. At the same time, the action is transferred to countries exotic for Spain, such as Russia or Ireland, in order to emphasize the local and historical flavor. Among the examples are the works "Magician", "Life is a dream", "Purgatory of St. Patrick". Spanish literature about Russia was of interest to many of Calderon's contemporaries at that time, which is why he was so popular.

And finally, Calderon's comedies of intrigue are built according to classical canons. They have a fascinating, often love affair, initiated by women. You can often come across the "calderon move" that has become famous, when the key role is played by objects that happen to be with the heroes by chance, or letters that come to them by mistake.

Cervantes

The study of Spanish literature for beginner connoisseurs of literature should definitely begin with the famous novel by Miguel de Cervantes "Don Quixote". This is one of the most significant literary works in world history. The first part of this novel appeared in 1605. Initially, the work was conceived as a parody of chivalric romances. As a result, it became so popular that it was translated into all European languages.

Cervantes tells in an ironic way about the adventures of a cunning hidalgo who is trying to live according to the old knightly ways, although the world around him has fundamentally changed. Others make fun of him, but Don Quixote himself is not at all embarrassed, he, not paying attention to the opinions of others, leads. Only his servant Sancho Panso, who endures all the eccentricities of his master, remains faithful and devoted to him.

Cervantes is also known as the author of numerous short stories, which depict the absolute truth of life, imbued with a national graceful spirit. In his stories, he depicts the era as realistically as possible, striking the reader with a rich and vivid language. This is a prime example of Spanish classical literature.

Baroque

In the history of Spanish literature there was both a period of decline and imitation. It coincides with the era of the Spanish Baroque, which began at the end XVI century. It was then that the Gongrism school arose, named after its main and brightest representative, Luis Gongora.

The early works of this author are songs and romances written in folk spirit. In the later period of his work, he was distinguished by an intricate, pompous and sometimes artificial style, which saturated with a large number of metaphors and strange turns. Often his works were so complex in form that they were not accessible to every reader for understanding. main theme there was an idea of ​​the fragility and inconstancy of human existence in this world. These are the features characteristic of the Spanish Baroque.

He had many students and imitators, among whom we can mention Villamed, who, like the rest, main goal I set myself to repeat the style of the teacher as much as possible.

19th century literature

In the 19th century, Spanish literature flourished. At this time, the dominant pseudo-classicism was replaced by romanticism. One of the most prominent representatives of this era is Jose Mariano de Larra, who worked under the pseudonym Figaro. He had an incredibly bright satirical talent, which was combined with natural ingenuity and an inquisitive mind. He depicts the plagues and vices that reign in society, creating meaningful, but at the same time very short essays.

If we talk about the more serious dramatic Spanish literature of the 19th century, then it is necessary to mention Manuel Tamayo y Baus, who actually introduced a new genre - Spanish psychological and realistic drama, based on the best German examples. True, his works were practically not translated into Russian, so it is not easy for a domestic reader to evaluate his talent.

Prose writer Juan Valera stands out among the representatives of realism. A graduate of the Faculty of Law of the University of Granada, he held high positions in the diplomatic service, having traveled half the world for work. He finally returned to Spain after the revolution of 1868, holding a number of government positions up to the Minister of Education.

Valera made his debut in Spanish literature with a collection of heartfelt lyric poems, then wrote speeches and critical articles in which he depicted the current state of national literature. A notable phenomenon in his creative biography is the novel "Pepita Jimenez", after which he writes the works "Juanita Long", "Illusions of Doctor Faustino", which left a mark. During his travels around the world, Valera visited Russia, he left detailed notes about his trip.

If we talk about fiction writers in the Spanish literature of this period, then Benito Perez Galdos has an obvious primacy, whose novels were distinguished by a fresh look at ordinary things, realistic and unusually lively pictures that illustrated modern Spanish life.

20th century

Spanish literature of the 20th century plays a large role in public life. At the very beginning of the century, it was based on representatives of the "Generation of 98". This is the name of a group of Spanish writers who are experiencing an acute crisis due to the final collapse of the empire in 1898. Most of them by the beginning of the 20th century were from 35 to 45 years old.

Vicente Blasco Ibanez is considered one of the largest representatives of this trend. This is a famous social novelist, who in his work embodied the ideas of democratic criticism of the surrounding reality.

His novels are the most popular. In Spanish fiction, a special place is occupied by the work "The Cursed Farm". Events unfold in a small village near Valencia. In the center of the story is a landowner who earns money by usury, as well as his tenants.

The novel "In the Orange Orchards" shows the relationship between the young politician and lawyer Rafael Brull and the popular singer Leonora. Ibanez, as he often does in his works, describes several generations of one family, tells how its members climbed the career and status ladder. His heroes live in a religious and very conservative family, which is opposed by the doctor and intellectual Dr. Moreno, he is a Republican in his convictions.

Another one famous book Ibanez "Reed and Silt" is a vivid story about three generations of fishermen who live and work on the shores of a small lake Albufera. It was her author himself who considered his best work. It depicts grandfather Paloma, the oldest fisherman in the entire village, who monitors the observance of professional traditions and in every possible way protects the honor of the family. His son Tono is a decent and hardworking man who leaves his father's profession in order to start cultivating the land and make money on it. And now his son, named Drone, is a loafer who is not capable of any work, but most spends time on parties and in entertainment establishments.

A real classic of Spanish literature in the 20th century is the work of the poet Federico Garcia Lorca. He has been described as a key figure in the "Generation of 27", which included Spanish writers and poets who considered themselves followers of the Spanish Baroque poet Luis de Gongora. In 1927 it was exactly 300 years since his death.

As a child, Lorca did not study well, but in the 1910s he began to show himself in local art communities. In 1918 he published his first collection of poetry entitled "Impressions and Landscapes", which immediately made him famous, although it did not bring much money.

In 1919, in Madrid, Lorca met the most significant artists of his time - the director and artist Salvador Dali. In the same period, he begins to write his first dramatic works.

As a result, he becomes a prominent figure among avant-garde artists, releasing poetry collections "Gypsy Romancero", in which he tries to mix the mythology of the gypsies with the everyday life around him.

For about a year, Lorca leaves for America, and when he returns, he finds the emerging Second Spanish Republic. Many call his work a real breakthrough in Spanish literature. The poet and playwright works a lot in the theater, creating his own famous plays"House of Bernard Alba", "Bloody Weddings" and "Yerma".

Starts in Spain Civil War in 1936. Lorca has sympathy for the left, so he is forced to leave the capital for Granada. But even there he is in danger. The poet is arrested and, according to the main version, shot the very next day. After his assassination, General Franco, who came to power, forbids all his work. Adapted literature in Spanish in Russia has long been studied precisely on the basis of the works of Lorca.

Another bright representative Literature of the XX century - writer and philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset. Popularity came to him in 1914, when he published his first work entitled "Reflections on Don Quixote". In his philosophical lectures, he adhered to the position of young intellectuals of his time, some researchers believe that it was his work that played a special role in the fall of the monarchy.

Among his most famous works are such as "The theme of our time", "Dehumanization of art". Formulating his key philosophical ideas, he insists that a person cannot consider himself in isolation from historical circumstances and the people around him.

Popularity outside of Spain came to him after the publication of the work "The Revolt of the Masses", in which he announces that the only existing reality is human being-with-things. Ortega was convinced that his conclusions anticipated many of the ideas of Martin Heidegger, which were set forth in 1927 in the work "Being and Time".

Ortega played a big role in the development of the Spanish philosophical school, being engaged in teaching activities. For example, the basis of the book "What is Philosophy" was his lectures given in 1929 at the University of Madrid.

In modern Spanish literature, the loudest and most famous name- Arturo Perez-Reverte. This is our contemporary, who is 66 years old. Since the early 1970s, he has worked as a war correspondent, covering conflicts in hot spots around the world.

He devoted his first novel entitled "The Hussar" to the times of the Napoleonic Wars. Real success came to him in 1990, when the novel The Flemish Board saw the light of day. This is a fascinating mixture of action-packed detective story and a fascinating book. During the restoration of a 15th-century painting, the main characters discover an inscription hidden from prying eyes. The painting depicts a chess position, analyzing the arrangement of pieces on it, the characters are trying to solve a mysterious murder that was committed in the 15th century.

In 1994, the novel was filmed by Jim McBride.

In 1993, Perez-Reverte wrote another of his famous works - this is the novel "Club Dumas, or the Shadow of Richelieu." The events in it are no less exciting. The action takes place in the world of books. All the heroes are book dealers, bibliophiles, bookbinders, or simply passionate lovers and fans of books. Among them are those who prefer "cloak and sword" novels, and those who love detective stories or works on demonology.

One of them is the bibliophile Varo Borja, who hires a specialist to compare three known copies of a unique edition called "The Book of the Nine Gates to the Realm of Shadows", which was published in 1666 by the little-known printer Aristide Torchia. Torquia was later accused of heresy by the Holy Inquisition and then burned at the stake. The circulation of the book was almost completely destroyed, only a few copies have survived to this day.

Borja confesses that he studied the interrogations of the printer, from which it follows that there is another copy of this book, hidden in a secret place. This fact haunts the main character. He wants, by all means, to find out which of the three copies is real.

This task, simple at first glance, turns into big trouble for the researcher. Someone is after him, killing everyone he meets or crosses paths in any way. At the end of the work, most of the mysteries receive a very unexpected explanation. It is not possible to explain in a rational way only the main riddle. The only conclusion that suggests itself to the reader, based on hints and circumstantial evidence scattered by the author throughout the novel, is incredible and fantastic.

This novel has also been filmed. The film was directed by the legendary Roman Polanski and starred Johnny Depp, Lena Olin and Emmanuel Seigner.

There is also a whole cycle of works that glorified Perez-Reverte. These are historical adventure novels from the Adventures of Captain Alatriste series. In 1996, the series was opened by the work "Captain Alatriste", followed by "Pure Blood", "Spanish Fury", "King's Gold", "Cavalier in a yellow tunic", "Corsairs of the Levant", "Bridge of Assassins".

Spanish is one of the most widely used languages ​​in the world, and the official language of international organizations. This article lists some of the world famous Spanish writers.
Spanish literature includes prose, novels, and poetry. Many countries were Spanish colonies. Thus, Spanish literature is very diverse due to historical and geographical heterogeneity. Below are a few famous writers of Spanish origin who left their mark on the world through their works.

Miguel Hernandez (1910-1942).

Miguel Hernandez was a poet and playwright whose poetry reflected the beauty of his native country of Spain. He was born into a peasant family and had no special education. However, he was an avid reader of classical poetry and prose written by Miguel de Cervantes, Gongora, Ruben Dario, and Rafael Alberti. In order to pursue a career in literature, he decided to go to Madrid in 1931. In 1933, at the age of 23, his first book of poems, The Connoisseur of the Moon, was published. The language and style of his poetry reflected the style of his favorite authors. In 1936, he published a series of poems called "The Unquenchable Ray". By this time he was recognized in literary circles.

Camilo José Sela (1916-2002).

Camilo José Sela was born on May 11, 1916, in Galicia, northwestern Spain. His mother was English by birth and his father was Spanish. He belonged to the upper middle class with aristocratic roots. Camilo was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his literary activity in 1989. Although he studied medicine, his main interest was in literature. In 1942 he published his first literary work known as the "Family of Pascual Duarte". This work of his brought him instant fame, and he devoted his time entirely to literature.

Arturo Pérez Reverte (1951).

Arturo Pérez Reverte is one of the contemporary Spanish writers who wrote many novels in English language. Arturo began his career as a journalist and war correspondent in African countries for the Pueblo national newspaper. He also worked as a war correspondent for Spanish national television. Many of his novels have been filmed. Between 1996 and 1999, he wrote a famous series of novels based on fictional character Captain Alatriste. Some of his famous novels include The Fencing Master, The Seville Communion, The Hussar, and The Dumas Club.

And with bel Allende (1942)

Although Isabel Allende was born in Lima, Peru, she was raised in Chile. She currently resides in California after she was forced to leave Chile in 1973. Allende is one of the most famous, contemporary literary figures from Latin America. She is the niece of the late Chilean President Salvador Allende. As an author, she writes on sensitive issues such as social and political conditions in Chile. One of her books, "House of Spirits" was filmed. This book is the saga of three generations of the Trueba family. Her other works include: "Love and Darkness", "The Infinite Plan", "Aphrodite", "Paula" and others.

Mario Vargas Llosa (1936).

Mario Vargas Llosa is one of the biggest contemporary writers of all times, who is the author of many articles, essays, plays and novels. He was born in Peru on March 28, 1936. Many of his works have been translated into various languages. He has been awarded many literary prizes for his work. His notable works include: "The City and the Dogs", "The Green House" and "Conversation in the Cathedral".

All these famous Spanish writers have left their mark on the world. They proved that the power of the word cannot be underestimated.

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