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Culturology: Textbook for universities Apresyan Ruben Grantovich

6.7. Man is the creator of culture

AT real life people have to make different decisions, including non-standard ones, that is, not based on generally accepted norms of behavior. This process is called creativity. Any person in one way or another has creative abilities, i.e., the ability to develop new methods of activity, to acquire new knowledge, to formulate problems and cognize the unknown. However, what is new for an individual is not always new for the whole society. Genuine creativity in culture is determined by the fundamental novelty of the results obtained in terms of their historical significance.

Creativity has dual nature. On the one hand, the creative process can be seen as direct creative activity or creation of a fundamentally new on the other hand, how creative state, i.e. human readiness for creativity. For creative activity characteristic is the desire of a person to transform reality according to the standards of expediency, harmony, and perfection. These parameters of creativity are fixed in the structure of human consciousness at the level of a feeling of pleasure or displeasure, forming the psychological foundations of aesthetic activity. The aesthetic integrity of creativity forms the versatility of culture.

The creativity of culture is carried out under the influence external and internal factors. The development of culture is part of the history of society. Therefore, the origins of cultural creativity should be sought in development of material production and all spheres of social life. Another external factor – degree of integration given people in the global cultural process. The most important internal condition for the creation of culture is conformity of the individual to the tendencies of the social and cultural development at a particular historical stage. In this case, a person is obliged to develop adequate ideas about the cultural space in which he lives, as well as the skills of their situational application and transformation.

The ability to “create” the world is laid down and realized in the social and cultural practice of the individual, which means that it can be comprehended at various stages of its education. Education can contribute to the formation of not an "omnivorous" consumer, but creator of new cultural traditions. In this case, the role humanization of training programs - introducing into them ideas about artistic culture, philosophy, religion, sociology, ethnology, etc. For modern Russia in the context of the alienation of culture from the majority of the population, the destruction of communication processes, the depreciation of universal human norms of being, the commercialization of culture, such education is extremely relevant. The positive vector of informatization allows a person today to live in a variety of cultures, but he often remains exclusively a consumer mass culture. As a result, all positive forms of social and cultural activity lose their meaning. life goals and creativity. However, there remain those phenomena of human existence (sacredness, language, continuity, traditions, innovation, relations between the individual and society), which give the process of cultural creation the status of eternal.

The position of the individual in society from the point of view of the priority of the personal or collective also affects the process of cultural creation. The experience of history shows that collective forms of coexistence more often than personal ones limit the manifestation of the human principle in a person. What is human in man? This question was interestingly answered by a Catholic religious figure, philosopher, writer, publicist Romano Guardini(1885–1968). In his work “The End of Modern Times. An attempt to find one’s own place” (1950) from the correlation of the mass and the individual in culture, the author derived the concept of “human in a person” - not averageness, but the uniqueness and uniqueness of each individual.

On the creativity of cultural phenomena in modern conditions, the strongest influence is exerted by technologization of society. The impact of scientific and technological revolution is multifaceted and contradictory. The scientific and technological revolution has expanded the possibilities of familiarizing the broad masses with spiritual values (for example, through the mass media), and has made increased demands on education, the intellectual potential of the individual and society. At the same time, thanks to the development of transport and communications, the scientific and technological revolution increased the mobility of the population, intensified the processes of cultural exchange, internationalization public life and culture. These trends indicate participation in the work of world culture different cultures numerous nations and nationalities. This fact highlights the existence a single universal creative principle.

There are significant differences between creating metropolitan cultures and cultures of provincial towns. The center and the provinces are included in a single space of culture, but they have objective conditions for unequal cultural development. There is reason to talk about the features of cultural creativity in large regions of the world. Thus, Europe, creating its own cultural space, emphasized the mind, and the East - on the sensory perception of the world and intuition. Today, the boundaries between the cultures of East and West are thoroughly blurred, the exchange of spiritual values is quite intensive, although this does not always mean an understanding of the parties.

Mankind has created and is constantly re-creating culture, satisfying its own interests and needs. At the same time, the creativity of each individual person affects the lives of other people, therefore true cultural personality should be distinguished by high responsibility for the meaning and quality of the created values, for their use for the benefit, and not to the detriment of the mother culture and its bearer - the people. The success of cultural creativity as a whole depends on the ability of mankind to understand and use the laws according to which culture functions, synthesizing the experience of the past with the present and the trends of the future.

From the book Against the Impossible (collection of articles about culture) author Koltashov Vasily Georgievich

Creator and socialism. The collapse of the USSR was for many generations the collapse of hopes. However, the time of historical catastrophe has turned over a decade and a half of torment into an era of new hope. Transformed, growing out of the inevitability of the future, a just and free society.

From the book About Three Whales and Much More author Kabalevsky Dmitry Borisovich

MAN SINGING AND MAN TALKING

From the book Rastafarian Culture author Sosnovsky Nikolai

From the book Culturology: A Textbook for Universities author Apresyan Ruben Grantovich

6.8. Man as a product of culture Man creates culture, but the very formation of personality is the result of the cultural evolution of the individual. Man has been and remains the central figure of culture, for culture is the world of man. Being man-made, cultural

From the book Myths and Legends of China author Werner Edward

The Creator of the Universe The most remarkable figure in Chinese cosmogony is Pan-gu. It was he who brought the Universe out of Chaos and gave it certainty. He is said to have been a product of the original duality of nature, yin and yang (as they are called today), created

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From the book Russian Eros "Roman" Thoughts with Life author Gachev Georgy Dmitrievich

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From the book Anti-Semitism as a Law of Nature author Brushtein Mikhail

Nature = Creator In the Midrash (interpretations supplementing the Pentateuch of Moses) the course of his reflections is very poetically described. And Abraham saw the sun above the earth. Fascinated by the majestic view of the sun, its warmth and light, he offered prayerful praise to the sun all day long. When

From book ancient america: flight through time and space. Mesoamerica author Ershova Galina Gavrilovna

Milky Way: the creator of existence The main celestial landmark for the ancient Indian wise men was, as already mentioned, the Milky Way - this uneven luminous strip bright in the night sky, shaped like a reptile with an open mouth. The Milky Way was for the Maya

From the book Stories about Moscow and Muscovites at all times author Repin Leonid Borisovich

The creator of the palace remained unknown In the old days, Muscovites called this amazing house nothing more than a chest of drawers. It really looks like an old chest of drawers or a sideboard of carved wood. I grew up next to this chest of drawers. Only that one was almost black, made of bog oak. During the winter war

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From the book All the Secrets of the World by J. R. R. Tolkien. Symphony of Ilúvatar author Barkova Alexandra Leonidovna

Myth maker - scientist

From the book Metamorphoses in the space of culture author Svirida Inessa Ilyinichna

The Creator of the Myth - the Artist A commonplace is the assertion that modern novel, due to the continuity of tradition, is the direct heir heroic epic, in turn, having common ritual and mythological roots with a fairy tale. Being genetically related

From the book Handbook creative person author Volokitina Knyazhenika

Chapter 2 "Natural man" and "man playing" in the garden space In search of himself. - The unnaturalness of the "natural man". Ideal garden owner. – Naturalness, utopianism, theatricality. - Game and illusion. - Position. - The man in the garden

From the author's book

Chapter Three, in which we finally begin to live as a Creator! You should not endlessly promise yourself to start a new life on Monday. Start right now: Drink more water. And not at all because a person consists of it. Because the water will flush out all the toxins from your

ARTISTS

In this section, we will talk about representatives of the fine arts and composers. Artists and performing musicians will not be included here, although it is they who have been extraordinarily famous in recent decades and have become idols, if not idols, for tens of millions of people.

This phenomenon indicates a significant change in public consciousness in relation to art. In our time, it is becoming a kind of industry, a means of consumption and entertainment, making super profits and laundering money obtained by unclean ways. The widest spread of mass "pop culture" turns into a global disaster, pollution and degradation of the spiritual habitat of mankind.

The modern crisis of the arts is associated primarily with the introduction of technology into this area. Thanks to electronic means, it became possible to design paintings, compose musical compositions. But the main thing is not even that. Relying on mass production and profitability has a detrimental effect on creativity, for it forces the artist or composer to adapt to the tastes of mediocrity, to please customers.

In former times, the most important purpose of art was to raise the moral, spiritual, and intellectual level of people. “I aroused good feelings with my lyre,” Pushkin rightly asserted. This role has now been relegated to the background. Therefore, in particular, the creator-composer gives way to the performer, whose popularity largely depends on advertising and the primitive needs of the crowd.

The craft of the artist certainly deserves respect. It spiritualizes the works of playwrights and composers, addressed directly to the audience and listeners. And yet this creativity is of a special kind, one might say, secondary, depending primarily on the writer. The exceptions are those directors who have brought something new, original and fruitful to theatrical performances. But they also depend on the quality of the "primary products" this work. And if they please the audience with clever tricks, such skill turns into a disaster.

Since ancient times, art has had a utilitarian purpose. As evidenced by observations of the tribes, for them the primacy in music belonged not to the melody, but to the rhythm (an obvious analogy with the current "pop music"). This can be partly explained by the lack of appropriate technical means, more or less complex musical instruments.

In this respect, the fine arts had significant advantages. The true masters of painting and drawing were the primitive artists of the Cro-Magnon hunting tribes, who lived 30–10 millennia ago in Europe, Asia, and Africa. They created great art galleries» on rocks, cave walls; carved sometimes figurines of animals with amazing skill.

Not all works of that period are equally good, but often they demonstrate the observation, knowledge and skill of brilliant creators. The prevailing manner of images is realistic. Then there are separate symbolic images or even abstract compositions, decorative patterns.

According to some data, fine art originated even earlier, about a hundred thousand years ago, among the so-called Neanderthals. It was concrete, naturalistic. For example, the skin of a bear was placed on a clay or stone frame, imitating an animal (again, the analogy with modern subject “pop art” suggests itself, showing not so much the progress of avant-garde artists as their helplessness as creators).

If primitive art was, in essence, folk art, then with the advent of a class society, an elite direction began to take shape, serving the priestly and ruling classes. The surviving monuments of art of the ancient states of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, the New World, in some cases, are world masterpieces. The music of that time can be judged only indirectly, by the surviving images of musicians with their instruments, dancers.

A distinctive feature of ancient culture (partly medieval) is anonymity. We see, we understand that some works were created by outstanding masters, but it is impossible to recognize their names. Art in those days belonged either to the people or to those to whom it was specifically intended. The artist, the sculptor was treated as a craftsman. It is no coincidence that in Ancient Greece the word "technos" meant craft, art (something created by people, as opposed to natural).

In ancient Greece, apparently, for the first time they began to celebrate the authorship of works of art, primarily sculptors and architects. True, the paintings and mosaics of that period that have come down to us remain anonymous. Although there are descriptions of outstanding works!

One of the most famous Greek sculptors was Phidias (5th century BC). His life is covered with legends. It was said that rivals and envious people accused him of embezzlement of the gold allocated for the statue in Athens. The sculptor was allegedly expelled from the city, and he died in Olympia. His creations adorned a number of cities in Greece. He supervised the reconstruction of the Athenian Acropolis. Of the numerous creations of Phidias, only the marble statues of the Parthenon (Acropolis) have come down to us. He had a great influence on the development of classical art in Greece. The giant statue of Olympian Zeus he made - made of marble, ivory and gold - was recognized as one of the seven wonders of the world.

The works of the Athenian sculptor and architect Praxiteles (4th century BC) are known from the descriptions of Lucian, Pliny the Elder, as well as from wonderful marble copies (“Aphrodite of Cnidus”, “Olympian Hermes”, “Drunken Satyr”, “Apollo killing a lizard "). He came from a sculptor's family, and nothing reliable is known about his life.

Later authors of the II-III centuries AD - father and son Philostratus and Callistratus left detailed descriptions of paintings and sculptures, not always mentioning the creators of masterpieces (unless, of course, the creations were outstanding, which is not obvious). Let us pay attention to the beginning of Philostratus the Elder’s treatise “Pictures”: “He who does not love painting with all his heart, with all his soul, sins before the feeling of truthful visibility, sins before scientific knowledge, since it is also not alien to poets ... Speaking in an elevated style, because art is a revelation of the gods ... If anyone wants to know more precisely where art came from, let him know that imitation serves as its beginning ... ”Here, the descriptions of the paintings are poetic essays on one or another topic without credits. Callistratus talks about the "shrines of art" (in his words), belonging mainly to the work of Praxiteles, Lysippus; apparently, in antiquity, sculptors were honored more than artists.

In the Renaissance, at first, priority was also given to sculptors. In particular, Philippe Brunelleschi (1377–1446), a Florentine, made bas-reliefs and sculptures for temples, but he also became most famous as an architect, becoming the founder of Renaissance architecture. He was an outstanding engineer and wrote a scientific treatise on perspective ( feature of that era - universalism).

Even later, the individuality of musicians began to appear and be appreciated. The first in this series should be called Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) - Italian composer and a virtuoso violinist, son of the professional violinist Giovanni Baggista. Vivaldi studied with the composer Degrenzi. In 1703 he became a priest, and from 1714 he directed the orchestra and choir of the conservatory in Venice, as well as the court ensemble. His excellent The Four Seasons is an early piece of program music. In total, Vivaldi wrote 40 operas, many instrumental concertos and church compositions.

Since the XII century, there was a rapid flowering of fine arts, so that many outstanding masters cannot be mentioned. They worked in different countries Europe, but constituted a single community; individual achievements were quickly adopted and brought to perfection. One of the great artists of those times was the Spaniard Velasquez (1599–1660), court painter, author of portraits and paintings of remarkable expressiveness on religious, mythological, and historical themes. His technique was magnificent, and the only thing that prevented him from being ranked among the greatest geniuses was the traditional nature of his works, the refinement and completeness of his craftsmanship - the very perfection that marks the crisis of style and the need to overcome the established canons.

Such arguments will seem unconvincing to many. For example, Salvador Dali, who will be mentioned separately, rightly considered Velasquez a greater master than himself (and he liked to call himself an unsurpassed genius, however, with a clarification - for this era of the decline of art). In general, judgments about artists, sculptors, composers are inevitably subjective, and nothing can be done about it.

Some outstanding artists will be mentioned in the "Universal Geniuses" section. These could include Dürer, Wagner, Dali, but nevertheless these people became famous as artists and composers.

I emphasize once again that the fine arts reached extraordinary heights even before the Renaissance, and even before antiquity. The anonymous masters created outstanding works, found expressive techniques, and perfected their technique. The craft reached the level of genuine art. And in those distant times, the individuality of the creator was manifested, although he himself remained nameless.

Finally, let's pay attention to one regularity. Before mid-nineteenth centuries, visible, visual works of painting, graphics, and sculpture excelled. From the middle of the 18th century, music became more and more significant (the period of “storm and onslaught”, revolutions), and at the beginning of the 20th century, fine art again came to the fore, a new phenomenon arose - cinema.

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Creativity of geniuses - milestones in the development of world culture, the pinnacle of its achievements at every stage of historical progress. This creativity embodied all the most valuable and significant, constituting the achievements of mankind in science and art, in thinking and practical activity. By their ideas, works, deeds, we judge what the people of this or that era aspired to, what their worldview was, what their goals, ideals, tastes, moral world. What they created gives a concentrated image of the era, integrally expressed in the work of one person, a living idea of historical time in all the richness of its various features. Thousands of pages of "Iliad" and "Odyssey" by Homer contain the whole world of early antiquity. The same can be said about the work of Marx, Aristotle, Ibn Sina, Shota Rustaveli, Hegel, Darwin, Tolstoy. “The secret of Russia is revealed in Dostoevsky,” N. Berdyaev wrote.

Made by geniuses with its depth and amazing perfection, and often its volume captures and amazes the imagination of mortals, it seems supernatural, a miracle. It is no coincidence that the tombstone on Raphael's grave contains the idea of a divine artist: "While he lived, the foremother of all things was afraid of being defeated, when he died, she was also afraid to die." Comparison of geniuses with the gods, and the perfection and beauty of their creations with the perfection of nature is a common occurrence in folk legends and narratives. Great craftsmen, skillful experts in their field have always enjoyed the great love of the people. At all times of civilization, they bowed before them, crowned them with laurel wreaths.

The depth and brilliance of their mind, the skill of their hands, the exclusivity of ideas and the artistry of their execution, inexhaustible energy, like an inaccessible ideal, attracted, attracted and disturbed people, kindled their imagination, forced them to think. But not only the height of thought, its unexpected turn, the perfection of its form and incomprehensible diligence aroused the interest of people.

They were also impressed by the boldness of ideas and the fearlessness of the deeds of great minds, their overthrow of dogmas and seemingly unshakable traditions, social taboos and indisputable authorities. Geniuses are often declared to be almost the culprits of all the ills of mankind, the founders of all pernicious ideas.

Interest in genius is not the usual manifestation of curiosity in unusual phenomenon. This is an expression of human admiration and pride for people who have reached the heights in creative activity and therefore serve as a brilliant example of the creative potential of man. Not everyone can be a genius. But everyone can find in it understandable, close - something universal that represents the highest color of nature. If the word Man sounds proud, then a man of genius is the pride of mankind. “Man has always been and will be the most curious phenomenon for man,” wrote Belinsky.

Today, when philosophers, psychologists, cybernetics, biologists, physicians think about the model of a person and try to construct it in order to create optimal opportunities for the development of his best qualities, genius, as one of the real models of his perfection, is becoming a subject of increasing interest.

A genius will always be interesting because he solved ordinary and complex problems, private and universal, better, wiser, more productive; that he was often ahead of the epoch, was the first to comprehend the essence of changes and foresaw their development. This experience of geniuses is invaluable, their work is instructive for everyone. It is imperishable. “Memories of great people are as useful as their presence,” said Seneca.

Genius cannot be completely replaced anywhere - neither in science nor in art. True, the so-called "brain attacks" - a massive assault on a scientific problem by the forces of entire groups, laboratories - often speeds up the solution of very complex problems. To imagine that 10-15 writers compose "Hamlet" according to a given plot, and two dozen poets - "Faust" is super-naive.

Genius is the ability to show universalism in every responsible creative moment, to express "infinite in the finite", to direct all creative potential in a single direction at the right moment.

And if they succeed, then creations are born that humanity calls masterpieces that survive for centuries. And wherever these creations appear, people reverently think that they had the good fortune to touch the ingenious. This happiness is so complete, so great that there is simply nothing to compare with it.

Most recently, a large-scale cultural event "Night of the Arts" took place, in which the Central Library named after. A. S. Pushkin. On the eve of this action, as a rule, a lot of attention is paid to culture and art. In my opinion, one should talk about art and culture not only on the eve of some major dates and holidays, but also just like that, - says Yulia Novikova, librarian of the Popular Science Literature Department. – Today I propose to get to know not just talented people, but brilliant people who managed to leave an indelible mark both in science and in art at the same time.

Probably, for the majority, the very first association about a phenomenally brilliant person is associated with M.V. Lomonosov. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) - the banner of our culture, a living image of the glorious cultural past of the great Russian science. This is how S. I. Vavilov assessed the scientific heritage of the brilliant scientist. His name is inextricably linked with the development in our country of materialistic philosophy, physics and chemistry, chemical technology and instrumentation, mining technology, glass and ceramic production, optics and astronomy, geology and mineralogy, geography and navigation, history and economics, philology and poetry. It is difficult to name the direction of science and culture, which would not have been touched by his all-encompassing talent. M.V. Lomonosov, in the figurative expression of A. S. Pushkin, was "our first university." TodayLomonosov, who is often compared to Leonardo da Vinci and other titans of the Renaissance,turns 305 years old!

Russian Leonardo was born in 1711 in the Arkhangelsk province, not far from the town of Kholmogory, in the family of a Pomor peasant Vasily Dorofeevich Lomonosov.At one time, my father studied atMoscow for a priest, they had a library in the house, and the son inherited from father's passion for reading. Mikhailo received sufficient education for those places, and in 1730 he went to Moscow and entered Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Thoroughly mastered Latin and Greek languages, Lomonosov discovered the ancient and European culture. He studied so successfully at the academy that in 1735 his sent to St. Petersburg University, and in 1737 to Germany for studying mining, physics, chemistry, French, Italian and of English language. At the Universities of Marburg and Freiborg he mastered deep knowledge in these areas. To promote the development of domestic science, the emergence of Russian scientists, Lomonosov achieved the creation of the country's first Moscow the university that now bears his name.

The brilliant scientist was not only the founder of Russian science, but also a great poet-reformer. Odes, poems, letters of Lomonosov opened new era in Russian literature. From the school bench and for the rest of our lives, we remember the poetic lines that are included in the golden treasury of Russian poetry:

The sciences feed young men,

They give joy to the old,

AT happy life decorate,

Save in case of an accident.

We rightfully call him the founder of the modern Russian language.Lomonosov wrote a grammar of the Russian language ("Russian Grammar", 1755) and the first rhetoric in Russian. "Russian grammar" became the most popular study guide in the 18th century. Many Russian scientists were brought up on it.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov is also famous for his mosaic paintings, where his talent as an artist was fully embodied. Magnificent mosaics were created in the art workshop of Lomonosov: portraits of Peter I, Elizabeth, Catherine II and the grandiose mosaic canvas "Poltava battle".

Lomonosov also contributed to the development of national history. He is one of the first turned to the history of the formation of the ancient Russian state . The theory put forward by Lomonosov of the Slavic-Chudian origin of Ancient Russia was accepted by later historiography. His essay "Ancient Russian history"(1766) enjoyed great popularity not only in Russia, but also abroad, was translated into other languages.

Appointed in 1758 as head of the Geographical Department of the Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov directed all his efforts to compiling a new "Russian Atlas" based on accurate geographical data. To obtain information, Lomonosov develops the Geographic Inquiries questionnaire and seeks to send it to all the provinces of Russia. Lomonosov's active work was crowned with success - new, more advanced geographic Maps have been prepared and published.

Far ahead modern science, Mikhail Vasilievich was the first scientist to guess that the surface of the Sun is a raging ocean of fire, in which even "stones boil like water", predicted the existence of Antarctica.

The views of the great scientist were far ahead of his time. Lomonosov put a lot of effort into the opening of the northern sea route. The result of hard work and huge research work was compiled by him detailed plan and the sailing route of the northern expedition. The scientist himself designed and manufactured many navigational instruments for equipping ships, for example, a marine barometer, a “night-sighting tube”. More than two centuries later, according to the drawing of Lomonosov, special night binoculars were created in the Soviet Union, which were used on ships during the Great Patriotic War.

Mikhail Vasilyevich was not only a successful scientist, but also a happy family man. As contemporaries note, he loved his wife Elizaveta Tsilch very much, admired her. im up to last day managed to maintain a close relationship. In marriage, their daughter Elena was born. Lomonosov was buried in St. Petersburg in the Necropolis of the 18th century.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - Italian genius . It is probably difficult to immediately say in what Leonardo da Vinci succeeded more: in science or art? Painter, sculptor and architect, natural scientist, writer and musician, inventor and mathematician, botanist and philosopher, bright representative the Renaissance.

Leonardo da Vinci spent his youth in Florence, where in those years all the intelligence of Italy was concentrated, so that, in addition to painting, Leonardo da Vinci had the opportunity to study drawing, chemistry, humanities. Here he learned some technical skills, learned to work with materials such as metal, leather and plaster, became interested in modeling and sculpture.

At the age of 20, in the Guild of St. Luke, Leonardo received the qualification of a master and became an apprentice in the workshop of Verrocchio.Verrocchio received another order, he needed the painting "The Baptism of Christ", the teacher instructed Leonardo to write one of the two angels. But when the master teacher compared the angel he painted with the work of da Vinci, he threw away his brush and never returned to painting. He realized that the student not only surpassed him, but a real genius was born.

Verrocchio

Later, Leonardo had to move to Milan, where he began to pay special attention to anatomy and architecture. He sketched several variants of the central-domed temple; got a human skull and made a discovery - the cranial sinuses. In the same Milan period, while working at the court, he became very interested in cooking and the art of table setting. In order to facilitate the work of cooks, Leonardo invented some culinary devices.

Although contemporaries rank Leonardo da Vinci among the great artists, he considered himself a scientific engineer. I drew quite slowly and did not devote much time to fine arts, because he was too fond of science.

You can list the inventions, creations, achievements of Leonardo da Vinci for a long time. Probably, in every section of the library fund, whether it be natural sciences, philosophy or technology, one can find an amazing book about Leonardo da Vinci.

For all his phenomenal genius, Leonardo da Vinci failed to start a family, and as for his relationship with the female sex, there is no reliable information on this matter.

Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (1833-1887) - a talented composer and famous chemist. His versatile and fruitful activity left a bright mark in the history of world culture.

“An original composer, one of the creators of Russian symphonism”, “a first-class chemist to whom chemistry owes a lot”, “the founder, guardian, champion of women's medical courses”, “support and friend of students” - these words belong to Borodin’s contemporaries. And contemporaries were L. N. Tolstoy, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, N. A. Nekrasov, I. E. Repin, D. I. Mendeleev, M. P. Mussorgsky and others.

Of course, not all spheres of application of Borodin's creative forces are equivalent. Borodin entered the history of world culture, first of all, as brilliant composer, participant " mighty handful”, the creator of the opera “Prince Igor” and the “Bogatyr” symphony, which established the epic trend in Russian music.

Borodin is no less famous as a chemist. In 1856, A.P. Borodin, under the guidance of the outstanding chemist N.N. Zinin, graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy with a certificate of merit. And three years later, in 1858, after successfully defending his doctoral dissertation "On the analogy of arsenic acid with phosphoric acid in chemical and toxicological relations," he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Scientific activity A.P. Borodina highly raised the authority of domestic chemistry.

Like the best, foremost representatives XIX century, Borodin did not close himself in the circle of only creative interests - whether it be art or science. As the greatest duty to society, he considered his work in the field of women's medical education, as well as in the work of the Russian Chemical Society, the Society of Russian Doctors and a number of others.

In family matters, Borodin's life was not as rosy as in art and creativity. Alexander Porfirievich married in the spring of 1963 Ekaterina Sergeevna Protopopova, but there were no children in the family. Borodin died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 53.

Lewis Carroll (1832-1898) was a mathematician with a childish soul. Already with young years L. Carroll demonstrated his outstanding mathematical abilities. L. Carroll, after graduating from school, entered the prestigious college of Oxford University, won a scholarship, received first-class honors, and already as a young man was appointed lecturer in mathematics at Oxford. Carroll spent a lot of time research work in mathematics: he published Analytical Analysis of the Fifth Book of Euclid, Abstracts on Algebraic Planimetry, Elementary Guide to the Theory of Determinants, Euclid and His Modern Rivals, as well as Mathematical Curiosities and Symbolic Logic.

However, as is often the case in the history of science, for a long time it was believed that Carroll's mathematical legacy was insignificant, since. based on only a few textbooks; but in recent times more and more attention is drawn to the mathematical discoveries of the author, previously unclaimed. Many of Lewis's achievements in mathematical logic were far ahead of their time. Carroll developed a graphical method for solving logical tasks- more convenient than the notorious Euler or Venn method. Carroll's ability to solve the so-called sorites (litter in Greek for "heap") was compared with art - logical problems represented by a chain of syllogisms, in which the conclusion of one syllogism serves as the premise of another.

An interesting fact is that L. Carroll signed his mathematical works with his real name Charles Dodgson, and only literary samples -alias. As we remember, the most famous works Carroll are his "Alice in Wonderland", "Alice Through the Looking-Glass", but few people know that the author devoted many of his mathematical research to children. So, in the collection for children "Logic Game", the author developed a strategy for playing "Fifteen", and also presented great amount logical tasks, for example: inscribe in a given triangle such a hexagon so that its opposite sides are equal and parallel, three of them lie on the sides of the triangle, and the diagonals intersect at given point inside the triangle.

Despite the fact that L. Carroll managed to achieve heights both in science and in art, nothing was achieved in his personal life. L. Carroll died at the age of 65, never having connected his life with a single woman.

Friends, I invite you to remember more outstanding geniuses science and talented people at the same time and tell about them briefly in the comments!

And also I remind you that in the department of popular science literature Central Library them. A.S. Pushkin is hosting an exhibition of the same name, which presents amazing books about named geniuses. We are waiting for you during library opening hours!

Read more - after all, there is no such thing as too much knowledge!

Yulia Novikova, Librarian of the Department of Popular Scientific Literature

For Europeans, the period of the dark Middle Ages ended, followed by the Renaissance. It allowed to revive the almost disappeared heritage of Antiquity and create great works of art. An important role in the development of mankind was played by the scientists of the Renaissance.

Paradigm

The crisis and the destruction of Byzantium led to the appearance in Europe of thousands of Christian emigrants who brought books with them. In these manuscripts were collected knowledge of the ancient period, half-forgotten in the west of the continent. They became the basis of humanism, which put man, his ideas and the desire for freedom at the forefront. Over time, in cities where the role of bankers, artisans, merchants and artisans increased, secular centers of science and education began to appear, which not only were not under the rule of the Catholic Church, but often fought against its dictates.

Painting by Giotto (Renaissance)

Artists in the Middle Ages created works of predominantly religious content. In particular, for a long time the main genre of painting was icon painting. The first who decided to display on his canvases ordinary people, and also to abandon the canonical manner of writing inherent in the Byzantine school, was Giotto di Bondone, who is considered the pioneer of the Proto-Renaissance. On the frescoes of the church of San Francesco, located in the city of Assisi, he used the play of chiaroscuro and moved away from the generally accepted compositional structure. However, Giotto's main masterpiece was the painting of the Arena Chapel in Padua. Interestingly, immediately after this order, the artist was called to decorate the city hall. In working on one of the paintings, in order to achieve the greatest reliability in the image of the "heavenly sign", Giotto consulted with the astronomer Pietro d'Abano. Thus, thanks to this artist, painting ceased to depict people, objects and natural phenomena according to certain canons and became more realistic.

Leonardo da Vinci

Many figures of the Renaissance had a versatile talent. However, none of them can be compared in its versatility with Leonardo da Vinci. He distinguished himself as an outstanding painter, architect, sculptor, anatomist, naturalist and engineer.

In 1466, Leonardo da Vinci went to study in Florence, where, in addition to painting, he studied chemistry and drawing, and also acquired skills in working with metal, leather and plaster.

Already the first picturesque canvases of the artist singled him out among his comrades in the shop. During his long, at that time, 68-year life, Leonardo da Vinci created such masterpieces as Mona Lisa, John the Baptist, Lady with an Ermine, The Last Supper, etc.

Like other prominent figures of the Renaissance, the artist was interested in science and engineering. In particular, it is known that the wheeled pistol lock invented by him was used until the 19th century. In addition, Leonardo da Vinci created drawings of a parachute, an aircraft, a searchlight, a spotting scope with two lenses, etc.

Michelangelo

When the question of what the Renaissance figures gave to the world is discussed, the list of their achievements necessarily contains the works of this outstanding architect, artist and sculptor.

Among the most famous creations of Michelangelo Buonarroti are the frescoes of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the statue of David, the sculpture of Bacchus, the marble statue of the Madonna of Bruges, the painting "The Torment of St. Anthony" and many other masterpieces of world art.

Rafael Santi

The artist was born in 1483 and lived only 37 years. However, the great legacy of Rafael Santi puts him in the first lines of any symbolic rating of "Outstanding Figures of the Renaissance."

Among the artist's masterpieces are "The Coronation of Mary" for the Oddi altar, "Portrait of Pietro Bembo", "Lady with a Unicorn", numerous frescoes commissioned for Stanza della Senyatura, etc.

The pinnacle of Raphael's work is considered " Sistine Madonna”, created for the altar of the church of the monastery of St. Sixtus in Piacenza. This picture makes an unforgettable impression on anyone who sees it, since Mary depicted in it in an incomprehensible way combines the earthly and heavenly essences of the Mother of God.

Albrecht Dürer

Famous figures of the Renaissance were not only Italians. Among them is the German painter and engraver Albrecht Dürer, who was born in Nuremberg in 1471. His most significant works are the "Landauer Altarpiece", a self-portrait (1500), the painting "Feast of the Rose Wreaths", three "Master Engravings". The latter are considered masterpieces graphic art all times and peoples.

Titian

The great figures of the Renaissance in the field of painting have left us images of their most famous contemporaries. One of the leading portrait painters of this period European art was Titian, who came from known kind Vecellio. He immortalized on canvas Federico Gonzaga, Charles V, Clarissa Strozzi, Pietro Aretino, architect Giulio Romano and many others. In addition, his brushes belong to canvases on subjects from ancient mythology. How highly the artist was valued by his contemporaries is evidenced by the fact that once the brush that fell from the hands of Titian was hurried to pick up the emperor Charles V. The monarch explained his act by saying that serving such a master is an honor for anyone.

Sandro Botticelli

The artist was born in 1445. Initially, he was going to become a jeweler, but then he got into the workshop of Andrea Verrocchio, from whom Leonardo da Vinci once studied. Along with works of religious themes, the artist created several paintings of secular content. The masterpieces of Botticelli include the paintings "The Birth of Venus", "Spring", "Pallas and the Centaur" and many others.

Dante Alighieri

The great figures of the Renaissance left their indelible mark on world literature. One of the most prominent poets of this period is Dante Alighieri, who was born in 1265 in Florence. At the age of 37, he was expelled from his hometown because of his political views and wandered until the last years of his life.

As a child, Dante fell in love with his peer Beatrice Portinari. Growing up, the girl married another and died at the age of 24. Beatrice became the poet's muse, and it was to her that he dedicated his works, including the story "New Life". In 1306, Dante begins to create his "Divine Comedy", on which he has been working for almost 15 years. In it, he exposes the vices of Italian society, the crimes of popes and cardinals, and places his Beatrice in "paradise".

William Shakespeare

Although the ideas of the Renaissance reached the British Isles with some delay, outstanding works of art were also created there.

In particular, one of the most famous playwrights in the history of mankind, William Shakespeare, worked in England. For more than 500 years, his plays have not left the theater stage in all corners of the planet. He wrote the tragedy "Othello", "Romeo and Juliet", "Hamlet", "Macbeth", as well as the comedies "Twelfth Night", "Much Ado About Nothing" and many others. In addition, Shakespeare is known for his sonnets dedicated to the mysterious Swarthy Lady.

Leon Battista Alberti

The Renaissance also contributed to a change in the appearance of European cities. During this period, great architectural masterpieces were created, including the Roman Cathedral of St. Peter, the Laurentian stairs, Florence Cathedral, etc. Along with Michelangelo, the well-known scientist Leon Battista Alberti is among the famous architects of the Renaissance. He made a huge contribution to architecture, the theory of art and literature. The sphere of his interests also included the problems of pedagogy and ethics, mathematics and cartography. He created one of the first scientific papers on architecture, entitled "Ten Books on Architecture". This work had a huge impact for future generations of his colleagues.

Now you know the most famous cultural figures of the Renaissance, thanks to whom human civilization entered a new round of its development.

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