Fundamentals of oil painting. Oil paintings for beginners in stages

1. draw general contours so that they fit into canvas. Then draw the petals and leaves in detail. Please note that the approximate and more detailed outlines are written in different colors.

2. Designate paints general color scheme of petals and leaves.

3. Write the background compositions.

4. Using more colors, as well as mixing paint on canvas, give flowers and leaves extra shape and volume.

5. Accentuate highlights, midtones and shadows.

6. Small round tassel write down the smallest details.

Finished painting 255 x 215 mm

Hibiscus 510 x 510 mm

Flower written on an enlarged scale, and this is a very interesting task. Already the size of the flower attracts our attention. When we write flowers larger than in life size, then once again we are convinced that you need to look very carefully at the flower, noting all the subtleties of color and compositional solutions.

Buddley 510 x 405 mm

This is the flower that butterflies love. They were the center of the composition. First, flowers were painted for the background, then the paint dried up, and then the artist walked over them with a dry brush, softening their contours, achieving blur. The main thing is to wait until the paint dries a little: it should not be completely dry or still damp.

Still life

There are no special laws. The main thing is that the parts of the composition are balanced and look beautiful.
Here are some tips.

Don't clutter still life details. Don't write too much at the same time different colors. Try to pick them up in one color scheme. Flower stems should look as natural as possible.
Choose a vase that matches the flowers in shape and color. The vase must match the flowers correctly. Remember: if the vase is too exquisite, then attention will switch to it.

Provide strong single-sided illumination: this will create a spectacular contrast of light and shadow. Don't forget about proportions: the smaller the vase of flowers, the more background in your composition.

still life photo

1. Work with a pencil or small brush first. Apply light to the canvas approximate contours. At this stage, you must adjust the overall scale of the composition to the dimensions of your canvas.

2. Now very weakly draw the outlines of the flowers and leaves themselves. Don't detail your drawing.

3. Paint over the dark background, going around the outlines of the colors. Then paint over the table and vase, and finally the largest leaves.

4. Now paint the outlines of the flowers themselves. Work quickly and without details: now you need to decide on the approximate shape and color of the elements of the composition.

5. Paint over the central parts of the flowers and smaller leaves. Now the whole composition consists of color fragments.

6. By mixing paints directly on the canvas, lighten or darken certain areas. Apply small strokes of white paint to the illuminated areas, ultramarine strokes to the shaded areas. This is one of the advantages of oil painting: while the paint is still wet, we can change its tone as much as we like.

7. At this stage, you mix paints directly on the canvas, creating some tones off the palette. Experiment with different brushes trying to change the texture of the painting. First work on the smallest fragments, moving on to larger ones, adding details, and somewhere softening the tones with a dry brush. This is the stage at which your individual style is developed.

8. Finally, with a small round brush, paint in the details of small colors, adding small strokes on top of large ones. To be able to stop in time is as difficult as finding a place for the first stroke.

Sunflowers and rudbeckia 305 x 345 mm. This is the finished picture.

Anemones in a decanter 405 x 330 mm

The anemones pulsate with delicate, exquisite colors. The transparent glass decanter emphasizes the elegance of the composition: it should be remembered that water refracts the image of the stems. Of particular difficulty will be the writing of a transparent decanter - for this you need to carefully study all the reflections and chiaroscuro. To begin with, you can put a single flower in a decanter and copy all the tonal transitions, reducing them to simple forms if possible.

Daisies and shadows from them 405 x 330 mm

Both sides of the spectrum are included in the composition - warm (butterfly) and cold tones

Noel G. Painting Flowers in Oil

The greatest masterpieces were painted with oil paints, it was they who gave, and still give, their preference to the master of painting and famous artists. But working with such paints has its own unique features and peculiar differences in technique. Therefore, many novice artists have some difficulties in writing pictures. In this article we will try to figure out how to draw oil paints what they are, and also consider several techniques in oil painting.

In specialized stores, oil paints are presented in a large assortment, there are many brands under which such art products are sold. What is special about oil paints?

The composition includes various pigments: mineral, organic, synthetic and earth. The same components are present in the composition of other types of paints, be it acrylic or watercolor.

Oil paints differ from others in the binding component - this is linseed oil. It is it that gives the brightness and saturation of the color, and it is because of it that such paints dry for a long time. But on the other hand, a fresh layer of oil applied to the canvas lends itself to change, that is, you can repeatedly adjust the drawing and apply new layers on top of the old ones.

Another feature of oil paints is that they are diluted not with water, but with a special solvent, which is also used as vegetable oil. Such a thinner is sold in art stores, as are the paints themselves.

What types are there?

In each specialized store you can find three types of paints:

• Highly artistic. These are paints that are purchased by professionals in their field. They consist only of high-quality components, therefore they have a high cost. But for a good picture, good paints are needed, which over time will not lose their luster and will not change color.

• Studio. They are in no less demand than the first option, they behave well on canvas. Suitable for both professional and beginner artists.

• Sketchy. They are more suitable for beginners in the art business, since for a low cost you can buy a sufficient amount of paints and choose your own application technique.

Manufacturers of oil paints are located in many countries of the world. Experienced artists have already chosen for themselves those options that are suitable for work. Many combine their kits from different companies, which is also acceptable.

Still oil paints are divided into transparent and opaque. The latter are denser in structure and therefore do not let light pass through them. Each package must have special markings. For example, the designation "*" indicates the durability and durability of paint on canvas. The more such symbols on the paint, the longer the finished canvases will last. Most the best paints are over 100 years old.

The symbol in the form of a filled black square means that the paint is not transparent, if it is half, then it is translucent.

Pigments that give the paint a particular color can be divided into organic and inorganic. The first type gives brighter shades, and the second natural colors. With a good ratio of pigments, manufacturers achieve beautiful and high-quality shades.

For the production of oil paints, imported linseed oil is usually used, since flax growing outside the territory Russian Federation, has unique properties due to which, artistic paints have their own unique qualities.

On the video: how to choose paints for oil painting.

About drawing techniques

Preparation for creativity does not take much time, especially since in modern art stores you can buy everything you need for work. Already stretched and primed canvases can be found in any size - from the smallest to the largest.

The picture painted with oil paints looks very impressive. The strokes applied by the artist look as if they are separate from each other. Many people think that oil painting is a fairly simple activity, but this is absolutely not the case. Let's try to figure out how to learn how to draw with oil paints.

Each master has his own drawing technique, which is distinguished by its own characteristics. The standard ones are:

• multilayer overlay;
• alla prima - one layer.

The execution of a multi-layer overlay is a very complex technique in which you need to be as careful as possible, knowing all the properties and characteristics of oil paints. It is necessary to work in the same style and not dilute the paint in order to finish the job faster. The diluted composition may appear on the canvas more matte and dull than the rest of the details. With this technique, not one or two tubes of paint will take the whole job.

When applying one layer, you must remember that the paint can shrink, and cracks will appear in the picture. Artists in this case let the first layer dry completely and paint the second one. Many craftsmen use this technique more often, since the material consumption is lower.

Basic Rules

So, we are learning to paint with oil. What rules must be followed:

1. A prerequisite for writing any picture is light. Only the right lighting can achieve the desired effect.
2. Artists start their work with an outline future picture. Charcoal works well for this. It can be easily wiped off with a rag and redraw the failed element. The lines that are drawn in charcoal must be fixed on the canvas.
3. In the picture, all the tones and shadows are obtained by constantly mixing colors. You need to clearly understand what colors need to be mixed in order to achieve one or another shade.
4. Masters begin to paint their picture with the brightest elements of the composition. That is, first you need to select the darkest element and the lightest. Then you can start all the other details.
5. Once the basic sketch is done, you can move on to drawing. But do not focus on one element. It is necessary to gradually engage the entire canvas.
6. Artists recommend taking white in much larger quantities than paints of other colors, as they are used more often.
7. The finished painting dries within three days, so you can make adjustments on the canvas the next day after the work is completed. The missing place can be removed with a spatula. This will not harm either the canvas or the whole picture as a whole. The work will remain the same.
8. For beginners and amateurs, enjoy professional paints disadvantageous, since beginners will mostly have sketches drawn.
9. For oil paints, it is necessary to prepare a special place for storage. What you need for painting (paints, brushes, canvas, palette) should be in one place, and they can be taken and used as soon as necessary.
10. After the canvas has completely dried, it is impossible to wipe the surface with a dirty cloth and touch it with your hands. It can hurt appearance general drawing.

Step by step painting with oil paints looks something like this.

How to draw your first paintings will be prompted by artists who can boast of a large number of canvases. There are certain painting techniques for oil painting on canvas. A novice artist needs to start working under the supervision of an experienced teacher. As soon as the written drawings begin to turn out, and your own methods are revealed, you can paint with oil yourself.

On what to write with oil paints and how to start drawing, sellers of art supply stores can also tell you. There are many schools where people of all ages learn to paint. Learn to draw only from good craftsmen painting!

Oil painting workshops (2 videos)

Paintings in stages (23 photos)

Now many people choose needlework as a hobby or various options artistic creativity. As the market is filled with mass-produced goods, the demand for handmade souvenirs is growing. Photographs or computer illustrations are printed multiple times. An exclusive thing you can create by learning how to write for beginners. It is quite possible even for a beginner to master this painting technique. So you will make a wonderful gift or decoration for the interior. Even if you try to repeat the same story twice exactly, you still won’t get a perfect copy. This determines the uniqueness of the original works of art.

Preparation of materials

To create oil paintings for beginners, you will need the following:

• base (canvas or fiberboard);
• paints;
• brushes;
• solvent (white spirit) and a small container for it;
• palette for mixing colors.

Professionals also use palette knives - special flexible metal spatulas with a wooden handle, which apply paint to the canvas. It is enough for a beginner to master the brushes. In addition, professionals paint pictures on an easel or a special sketchbook, if they go out to work in nature to paint pictures from life for novice artists - the plot is quite complicated. It is better to do them by imagination or using a photo. It will be easier.

From the point of view of professionals, it is more convenient to work on an easel, as it is easier to step back and evaluate the result from afar. In your first experience, you can practice on the surface of the table, although it is better to take some kind of plywood and put it on your knees or put it on a chair at an angle. Such a review of your work allows you to better assess its quality and notice errors in time. Although for the first experience it is worth doing it in a way that is convenient and comfortable for you, so as not to be distracted from the main thing.

Please note that paints are consumed unevenly, so for a beginner it is better to purchase them separately. The release form is offered in various sizes. White paint is the fastest to leave, but black paint is used in very small quantities. It makes sense to first decide on the plot, and then purchase paints of the appropriate shades. For you will need one set, and for a summer landscape - another. In order not to waste money on unnecessary colors, it is better to buy only the necessary ones in approximately the required amount. Although in fact all shades can be obtained with only three primary colors (yellow, red, blue), as well as white and black.

Which base to choose?

Traditionally, oil is painted on canvas, but for a beginner, this can be difficult, as the fabric needs to be stretched onto a stretcher and primed. However modern technologies progressed in this direction. In specialized stores, ready-made bases are sold, on which paint is immediately applied. They are not cheap, but they are just right for a beginner, as they greatly facilitate the work.

Another option is to use fiberboard. In the household of any man there are scraps of this material stored after repair work. It is easy to find it by asking friends, relatives or acquaintances. Someone has definitely used it and keeps leftovers in the pantry just in case.

The texture of the sides of fiberboard is different, one looks absolutely smooth, and the other is rough, vaguely resembling a woven structure. You can use both, but on a rough surface it is better to apply more layers of soil, otherwise the color may seem dull in the future, as the paint will, as it were, fall into the structure of such a "canvas".

If for the first time you decide to try the oil painting technique for beginners, you can use the finished fiberboard base with the primer already applied. They are also sold in specialized craft stores. It is better to take a small sheet size, not more than landscape. When you have gained some experience, you will acquire or prime yourself a format of any size.

You can immediately order a frame for your future picture. Decorated, any canvas looks elegant and finished. However, most often a baguette is selected by color, width to already finished work. This is also an interesting and creative process. When you see the same image in different frames, you will understand how different the impression the canvas makes. In a good frame, even oil paintings by novice artists look exquisite, and poor design can ruin a professional canvas. So this stage should also be treated very carefully.

If you still decide to prepare the WPV base yourself, a simple and cheap way is to use ordinary gelatin, you can add PVA glue to it to make the color white. Such primer should be applied in several layers with preliminary drying of the previous one. Three times will be enough. You should feel that the surface has become different. When the base is prepared, you can proceed to

Types of brushes

To work with oil, bristles or synthetics are used. Their villi are hard, elastic, and interact well with the composition of the paint. To get started, you can buy two or three pieces. Thin, for example No. 1, will be required to work out the details, wide ones are needed to complete large background surfaces in the case of a landscape - sky, grass, water, draperies in a still life. Do not use squirrel brushes for oil work. They will deteriorate. After each application, especially if you are going to take a long break from creative process Clean the tools thoroughly with solvent to prevent the paint from drying on them.

Oil paintings for beginners in stages

Given that you have prepared the materials and the base, creating a canvas, regardless of the plot, consists of the following steps:

1. Draw a line drawing on the canvas with a simple pencil or just paint.

2. Distribute shadows and highlights - the darkest and brightest parts of the image, respectively.

3. Complete the background and all large objects.

4. Draw small details.

Do not forget to constantly move away from the picture, evaluating the result from afar. In the process, try to mix various shades of colors on the palette. final touch there will be a framed picture.

Plots

To make simple oil paintings for beginners, choose the appropriate theme. The easiest way to make a still life, that is, a composition of household items, vases of flowers. If you work from nature, and you will need a lot of time for the first time, use objects that will not change in a week. You may have to do the painting in several steps, so when composing a still life for the subject of an oil painting for beginners, it is better not to use flowers. They may change color, wither, or new buds will open. The perception of the composition will change. It will be difficult for you. The easiest way is to work with a photo or copy an easy image you like. Do not take plots with a lot of details. It is very difficult to paint a portrait.

How to make a landscape?

If you want to decorate a wall with a nature view done by yourself, it is better to use the tutorial on how to paint oil paintings for beginners step by step. According to the prepared instructions, this is quite possible to do. The main thing is to understand what elements the image consists of, and it is better to start working from the background and the general space, moving sequentially to more small details located closer to the viewer.

Let's go to the open air

It is very pleasant to paint oil paintings in nature, but you need to work quickly, as the weather can deteriorate, and the sun is constantly moving, changing the direction of light and shadows. Beginning artists can use the camera to capture the initial one. If you get tired of working for a long time the first time, then you can finish the painting at home.

How to draw flowers?

If you want to decorate the interior of the room with an oil painting with a bouquet in a vase, it is better to choose asters as a first experience. Perfect fit. They are not difficult to make, as they are a simple elliptical shape, and small petals are easy to make in separate strokes in a circle. Daisies, sunflowers, lilacs, lupins, mimosa are also suitable - in a word, choose those that have inflorescences or individual elements of a simple, clear shape that can be created in one stroke, drawing a few details later. Your task is not to convey the photographic accuracy of the object, but to create a beautiful impression of what you see.

So, you have learned how to create oil paintings for beginners. Choose the plot you like, buy necessary materials and start an exciting creative process.

Have you been dreaming of trying to paint with oil paints for a long time, but don't know what you need for this? We've put together 28 tips to help beginners figure things out. We wish you inspiration!

1. The main set of oil paints consists of the following colors: crimson alizarin, yellow cadmium, yellow ocher, titanium white, cadmium red, ultramarine blue, martian black. From these shades it is possible to create any other color.

2. Buy white with a margin. When mixing paints, it will be used up very quickly.

3. For an enjoyable painting experience, spare no expense for quality oil paints and tools.

4. For the first drawing experience, it is enough to buy a couple of brushes different types. For example, you can purchase round, flat and bristle brushes in different sizes.

5. You can use old rags and jars to clean your brushes.

6. It is not necessary to buy a palette for paint, it is enough to use a board or cardboard.

7. There is a rule in oil painting: thick to liquid. For the first layer, buy a solvent. Apply a thick layer on top of it.

8. Draw in a well lit area with natural light. Otherwise, the colors may then differ from those that they seemed in a specific light.

9. The easel is adjusted according to your height and position so that you can sit without discomfort and labor.

10. Oil paints are difficult to remove from fabric. So wear things that you don't mind.

11. To begin with, a pencil or charcoal sketch should be placed on the canvas. Build a composition.

12. To make the drawing realistic, determine where the light source will be. So you can easily depict darkened and illuminated areas, shadows, penumbra, highlights.

13. Light color is obtained by adding white color, shadow - by adding black.

14. To make the paint not so thick, mix it with turpentine or linseed oil. Add them to the paint slowly to get exactly the consistency you need.

15. Take your time to apply the second coat. Let the paint dry. Usually it is 3 days.

16. Learn to mix colors. Add layers of paint so that adjacent paints can be mixed with a flat brush. The smear should go in the direction of mixing.

17. To make frosting, you will need 1/3 linseed oil, turpentine and oil varnish. Mix them and you get a transparent color that can be mixed with other paints to make a glaze.

18. To create the effect of more transparent figure You can use a brush with natural bristles. Apply dots to the canvas with a brush at an angle of 90 degrees.

19. To create a thick layer of paint, use a palette knife. Smear the paint with a knife on the canvas. it the best remedy to convey movement and landscape drawing.

20. Paints dry for about 3 days. Take this time to critically evaluate the drawing. You can correct the picture or completely erase the details.

22. Clean brushes with turpentine and an old rag. Rub off the paint until the water runs off the brush and runs clear. If the paint dries on the brush, then the tool is unlikely to save anything.

23. Paintings take 3 or more months to dry. Until then, leave your creation in a well-ventilated place where no one will disturb the painting.

24. After your painting is dry, it should be varnished. You will protect your picture and colors from fading.

25. Avoid using Ivory Black for backgrounds as it takes a very long time to dry.

26. Linseed oil is not used for light colors. Otherwise, they will turn yellow.

27. In order to wipe the oil paint off your hands, use a different oil (baby or olive). Wipe off the paint with a cloth and do not wash your hands until you have completely wiped off the paint.

28. Apply colors to the intended places, and then mix them with a brush until you get a gradation that satisfies you.

Oil painting. Basics. Bill Martin's Lessons for Beginners.

There are things you need to know before you start painting in oils.
All paints are a mixture of dry pigment and liquid. In oil paints, the coloring pigment is mixed with linseed oil. Linseed oil is an oil that dries out in the process of air oxidation. It absorbs oxygen from the air and crystallizes the paint pigment permanently. Once the oil dries, it cannot be removed.
Oil paints are thick. They are produced in tubes. Paints are pressed onto a palette and mixed with a palette knife to obtain new shades. Then they are applied to a vertically positioned canvas with hard elastic brushes.
Oil paints dry very slowly. Usually you need to wait three days before putting on the next layer. Such long time drying is both an advantage and a disadvantage. The big advantage is that you will have time to think about what you have drawn. This is very useful when you make gradient transitions from one color to another. Or, if you are unhappy with how it turns out while the paint is still wet, you can scrape it off with a cloth, palette knife or rubber scraper, and redraw it.
The disadvantage is that if you put two different colors of wet paints side by side, they can mix with each other sloppily. The palette, brushes and damp cloth must be handled very carefully so as not to smear yourself, clothes, food and furniture.
You can work with paint up to 12 hours in a row, then you must leave the work to dry for three days, after which you can continue working. When the paints have dried, you can put new colors on top. A work can have many layers. Each subsequent layer must be the same thickness or thicker than the previous one, otherwise cracks will occur.
After the work has completely dried (three to six months), you need to apply protective layer damar varnish.

PICTURE.

A complex pattern is quickly lost when applying oil paints, so it is better to indicate the pattern simple figures and contour lines. The drawing can be done directly on the canvas, or it can be prepared in advance and transferred to the canvas.
When applying the drawing directly to the canvas, it is better to use diluted paint. Since it's already paint, you don't have to isolate it from subsequent coats.
You can also use charcoal. The charcoal charge will need to be isolated from the next layers with a fixer. Soft charcoal is easier to fix with fixer than pressed charcoal.
The drawing can also be applied with a pencil to the canvas. Then also fix with a fixer. The sharp tip of the pencil can make cracks in the primer layer, so you can additionally apply another transparent layer of primer. If you have applied another coat of primer, no fixer is required.

In the photo: a spray can with a fixer, in a box - carbon paper.
It is better to prepare a drawing for transferring through carbon paper on thin tracing paper, then it will be easier to translate it. Attach the drawing to the canvas. Translate it with carbon paper. Outline your drawing with carbon paper underneath. Take advantage of this ballpoint pen contrasting color to see which areas you have already translated and to control the thickness of the lines. The applied pattern must also be fixed with a fixative or a thin glazing layer of a transparent primer.

TRANSITION FROM ONE COLOR TO ANOTHER

Consider a graduated transition from one color to another. Oil paints, because they take time to dry, allow you to move them around on the canvas while they are still wet. That is why it is much easier to make smooth color gradations with oil than with other paints. This can be done with any brush. But flat brushes are best, and round ones are worst. For small and large stretch marks, the same principles work.


Paints are mixed on a palette and applied to their intended places on the canvas. Then the brush is moved back and forth in a crosswise manner between two gradations of color until a result that satisfies you is obtained. Then parallel strokes are carried out for the final processing of the site. Work with a clean brush from dark to medium, and then again with a clean brush from light to medium.


(A) In this example, the brush strokes are ALWAYS perpendicular to the highlight. Moving the brush in a circle, we try to make strokes perpendicular to the highlight, respectively, we get the shape of strokes of a twisted brush.
(C) Depending on the location of the primary colors of the stretch, an idea is created of the plane in which the surface is located. Notice how the shades are positioned to represent a flat surface (left) and a curved surface (right).

WE CREATE FORMS

All forms are created from five basic forms. These shapes are: ball, cone, cylinder, cube and torus (donut, bagel). Parts of these shapes form any objects that we see. Imagine half a cylinder on a cube - and you get the shape of an American mailbox. A half ball and a cone will give you the shape of a teardrop, a fir tree is a cone, an oak is a hemisphere (half a ball), and a cylindrical mug usually has a handle in the form of a half torus (donut).


Chiaroscuro creates a form. Each of these shapes has well-defined locations of light and shadows. The sphere is characterized by a sickle and ovals. The cones have a triangular illuminated part and everything else is in the shade. Cubes and flat surfaces contain stretch marks (gradient transition of light into shadow).
The cylinders are made up of strips. Thor - from crescents and stripes.
Concave versions of these shapes have the same chiaroscuro, but without reflexes.
If you learn how to draw these five shapes, you can draw anything.

The sphere (sphere) is defined by crescents and ovals. Balls are painted with crescent-shaped and twisted brush strokes.


The cones are made up of triangles of light and shadow. Cones write with triangular brush strokes.


The cylinders are made up of strips of light and shadow. Cylinders write with parallel brush strokes.

Cubes and any flat surfaces follow the same rules. Graduated transition from light to shadow. If the depicted surface is parallel to the canvas, then it is depicted in one even tone. A cube is a combination of intersecting planes. Each side of the cube contains a chiaroscuro stretch. The cube is drawn with parallel brush strokes.

The torus contains aspects of the other two figures. It has bands of light and shadow like a cylinder in the center and crescents like a sphere around the edges. Thor is written using twisted strokes and crescent strokes.


Here you can see that to convey the shape of the object, you need to use light and shadow, and not contour lines. Light can confuse you, so first try to see the shape of the object, and only then - how exactly the light falls on this shape.

COLOR MATCHING


The rainbow gives us examples of the pure colors that surround us in the world. The colors of the rainbow, in order: red-violet, red, red-orange, orange, yellow-orange, yellow, yellow-green, green, blue-green, blue-violet, violet. When these colors are framed in a circle, we get a "color wheel". Color circle - necessary thing when matching colors.


The circle is positioned so that yellow, the brightest light color, turned out to be at the top, and purple, the darkest, was at the bottom. From top to bottom, on the right, are yellow-orange, orange, red-orange, red and red-violet. These colors are called warm.
From top to bottom, on the left side, are yellow-green, green, blue-green, blue and blue-violet. These colors are called cool.

Additional colors.


Any TWO colors opposite each other in color wheel are called COMPLEMENTARY colors. Red and green are complementary colors to each other, as they are located opposite each other on the color wheel. Yellow and purple are also complementary to each other. Yellow-green and red-violet are complementary colors. Complementary colors placed side by side on the canvas reinforce each other. Complementary colors when mixed on the palette neutralize each other. On this plate, complementary colors are at opposite ends of the scale opposite each other. If we move towards the middle on this scale, we will end up with a neutral gray color, the least saturated of all.

All colors have shades. Pure spectral colors in this picture are marked with letters.
So, how do we choose colors, keeping all of the above in mind?
We only need to answer these three questions.
1. What color will the color we need come from, where is this color located on the color wheel? (meaning the spectral color).
2. How intense is it? (the more we add an additional color to the color, the less saturated the color we need becomes).
3. Hue (how dark or light it will be).

Here's how it all works.


Paints are sorted by color on the palette.


We select the color, like a brown leaf.
The spectral color will be red-violet. White is added to match the hue. Yellow-green, complementary to red-violet, is added to reduce its saturation.


We select the color of the green leaf.
Spectral green. Cadmium green is ours base color. It contains a bit of yellowness, so we reduce its saturation with red-violet (quinacridone pink). Yellow-green and red-violet are complementary colors to each other.
White is added to refine the shade.


We select the color of the silver electrical tape.
The spectral color is blue. White is added to clarify the tonal saturation. Orange, complementary to blue, we add and get gray.


We select the color of a three-dimensional object. A piece of soap.


Let's pick the middle one first. The spectral color is yellow-orange. A very small amount of additional blue-violet is added to reduce the intensity of the color. And a little bit of white.


To get light areas of our soap, add white to the resulting color of the middle. To get the color of the shadow, add another blue-violet to the color of the middle.


So, the colors of the soap are selected. Usually, to get the color of the shadow on the subject, you need to add an additional color to the main color of the subject. For darker shadows, use the main color of the subject, but with less white. In some cases, adding an extra color doesn't darken the color enough, that's when we add some black.

SHADOWS

Shadows create light. Shadows fall into three categories. The first is the shaded part of the subject, known simply as the SHADOW. The second is a falling shadow from an object, which is formed by the fact that the object obscures the light from the light source. The third category is the shadow of neighboring objects.


The shadow part of an object is a darker, less saturated version of its base color.
Direct light produces dark shadows. Diffused light produces less intense blurry shadows.
Reflected light in the shadow (reflex).


Light falling on an object from its environment is called reflected light or reflex. The color of the objects that surround our object significantly affects the reflected light. See the green reflected light in the left ball? Notice the reflected red in the middle ball. The color of the environment is an integral part of all shadows.


The light and shade saturation of the surrounding objects also affects the reflected light. The first ball just hangs in the air. The second ball also reflects the white surface. The third ball reflects a black surface. The light and shade saturation of surrounding objects is also an integral part of the shadows.

Falling shadows.

A drop shadow is always characterized by being darkest and most focused at the source of the shadow (the subject). Drop shadows are written in a darker, less intense color than the color of the surface they fall on.


The drop shadow color always contains complementary color to the color of the lighting and the complementary color to the color of the surface on which the shadow lies.
See the blue tint in the shadow of the subject that is illuminated by the orange light? And an orange tint in the shadow of an object lit in blue. In the shadow of an object illuminated with red light, there is a tint of green. And notice the red-purple hue of the shadow cast by the object illuminated by the yellow-green light.
Drop shadows are about shape and texture.


Drop shadows describe the environment of an object. On the left, the wall is defined by the falling shadow of the glass. On the right, the shadow indicates the presence of a mound.


The edges of the shadow determine the texture of the surface that the shadow falls on.
Grass on the left and mud with rocks on the right.

Drop shadows in direct and diffused light.




Direct light (left) usually comes from a single light source, such as the sun or a spotlight. It gives high contrast and rich dark drop shadows.
Diffused light is usually obtained from several light sources. It gives low contrast and fuzzy drop shadows.


Objects with little or no drop shadow are ALWAYS in ambient light, where they appear flatter and less textured.

Shadows from neighboring objects.


These are the dark shadows we see where objects touch each other. The dark line around the closed door, the dark line under the coffee mug, the dark line between tightly clenched fingers - this is the shadow from neighboring objects.
It is relatively independent of the direction of illumination. These shadows in the shadows are usually the darkest places in the drawing.


The narrow dark strip under the cylinder on the left tells us that the objects are separated. The cylinder on the right is connected to its base.

CONTRAST

Let's use light and shadow together.

Contrast is the ratio of the lightest and darkest part of an object or its surroundings.

Tone scale.

Left is high contrast, right is low contrast.

When objects have high contrast, they appear closer to us. When the contrast is less, objects appear farther away from us. Those rocks in the distance seem to us located farther from us, their contrast is lower than the contrast of the rock closest to us.


The gradual saturation of objects with contrast makes them visually closer to us.


The distance can be determined from the contrast of the falling shadow and its surroundings.

Low contrast


Objects in ambient light have the lowest contrast.


Objects without a drop shadow are always in ambient light. If an object has a medium to dark tonal range, it should have a drop shadow.


If the object has a tonal transition from medium to light, then it will appear as if in a haze or fog.

CONTRAST CREATES A TYPE OF LIGHT. High contrast corresponds to bright lighting. Low contrast corresponds to ambient light, far distance, and haziness.

TEXTURE

Texture helps define what you see.

Best of all, the texture is visible when the light passes into the shadow. On smooth objects, flare is a distorted display of the light source itself. The sharper the focus of this reflection, the smoother the surface of the object. Glass bottle has a smoother surface than aluminum, which in turn is smoother than candle wax. We know how these objects focus the highlight on themselves.

On objects without bright highlights, the texture is visible well and is determined by the transition from light to shadow.

These ten objects are arranged in order of their degree of texture.
Notice where your eye is immediately looking to appreciate the texture of an object.

We look at the transition of light into shadow to determine how textured an object is.

Texture in diffused light.

On the left - direct light, on the right - diffused.

Objects in direct light appear more textured than objects in ambient light.
The log and towel appear softer and smoother in diffused light. Objects appear less textured in ambient light because the transition from light to shadow takes longer.

GLAZING / GLAZING LAYERS

Glazing layers are applied over the dried paint.

Transparent layers of oil paint are called glazing. Translucent - these are layers of glazing. To obtain a glaze, the paint is diluted in a ratio of 1/3 Dammar varnish, 1/3 turpentine and 1/3 linseed oil. Glaze is a thin transparent layer of paint that is placed on another dried layer to get a shade of the third color. For example, if you put diluted quinacridone pink (clear color) on blue, you get purple. If you glaze exactly the same color, then you will strengthen it. Falling shadows on complex textures are often glazed. Glazing slightly darkens the color. (See the lesson "Paints" about transparency and haze).

This is glazing.

For example, the shell of a beetle needs to be greened.

Glazing liquid is mixed on a palette with cyan green (transparent color) until the desired degree of transparency is achieved.

Then the mixture is applied with a kolinsky brush to the drawing in a horizontal position. We leave to dry overnight. When using glazing, you can change the color of the drawing without changing the direction of the strokes of paint on the main layer.

Glazing is obtained by using a diluted matte color over the dried color of another paint. The glaze layer does not change color and is a translucent layer.

The paint is also mixed on a palette with a mixture for glazing and applied to a horizontal surface with a kolinsky brush.