Names of Renaissance Artists. Renaissance

The undoubted achievement of the Renaissance was the geometrically correct construction of the picture. The artist built the image using the techniques he developed. The main thing for painters of that time was to observe the proportions of objects. Even nature fell under the mathematical methods of calculating the proportionality of the image with other objects in the picture.

In other words, artists in the Renaissance sought to convey an accurate image, for example, of a person against the backdrop of nature. If compared with modern methods of recreating a seen image on some kind of canvas, then, most likely, a photograph with subsequent adjustment will help to understand what the Renaissance artists were striving for.

Renaissance painters believed that they had the right to correct the flaws of nature, that is, if a person had ugly facial features, the artists corrected them in such a way that the face became sweet and attractive.

Leonardo da Vinci

The Renaissance became such thanks to many creative people who lived at that time. The world-famous Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519) created a huge number of masterpieces, the cost of which is estimated at millions of dollars, and connoisseurs of his art are ready to contemplate his paintings for a long time.

Leonardo began his studies in Florence. His first canvas, painted around 1478, is Benois Madonna. Then there were such creations as "Madonna in the Grotto", " Mona Lisa”, The Last Supper mentioned above and a host of other masterpieces written by the hand of a titan of the Renaissance.

The severity of geometric proportions and the exact reproduction of the anatomical structure of a person - this is what Leonard da Vinci's painting is characterized by. According to his convictions, the art of depicting certain images on canvas is a science, and not just some kind of hobby.

Rafael Santi

Raphael Santi (1483 - 1520) known in the art world as Raphael created his works in Italy. His paintings are imbued with lyricism and grace. Raphael is a representative of the Renaissance, who depicted a man and his being on earth, loved to paint the walls of the Vatican cathedrals.

The paintings betrayed the unity of the figures, the proportional correspondences of space and images, the euphony of color. The purity of the Virgin was the basis for many of Raphael's paintings. His very first image of the Mother of God is the Sistine Madonna, which was painted by a famous artist back in 1513. The portraits that were created by Raphael reflected the ideal human image.

Sandro Botticelli

Sandro Botticelli (1445 - 1510) is also a Renaissance painter. One of his first works was the painting "The Adoration of the Magi". Subtle poetry and dreaminess were his original manners in the field of transferring artistic images.

In the early 80s of the XV century, the great artist painted the walls of the Vatican Chapel. The frescoes made by him are still amazing.

Over time, his paintings became characterized by the calmness of the buildings of antiquity, the liveliness of the depicted characters, the harmony of images. In addition, Botticelli's fascination with drawings for famous literary works is known, which also added only glory to his work.

Michelangelo Buonarotti

Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564) was an Italian painter who also worked during the Renaissance. What only this person known to many of us did not do. And sculpture, and painting, and architecture, as well as poetry. Michelangelo, like Raphael and Botticelli, painted the walls of the temples of the Vatican. After all, only the most talented painters of those times were involved in such responsible work as drawing images on the walls of Catholic cathedrals. More than 600 square meters of the Sistine Chapel he had to cover with frescoes depicting various biblical scenes. The most famous work in this style is known to us as " Last Judgment". The meaning of the biblical story is expressed fully and clearly. Such accuracy in the transfer of images is characteristic of the entire work of Michelangelo.

The peoples of Europe sought to revive the treasures and traditions lost due to endless extermination wars. Wars took people off the face of the earth, and the great things that people created. The idea to revive high civilization ancient world brought to life philosophy, literature, music, the rise of the natural sciences and, most of all, the flourishing of art. The era demanded strong, educated people who were not afraid of any work. It was in their midst that the emergence of those few geniuses who are called the "titans of the Renaissance" became possible. The ones we only call by their first names.

The Renaissance was primarily Italian. Therefore, it is not surprising that it was in Italy that art during this period reached its highest rise and flourishing. It is here that there are dozens of names of titans, geniuses, great and simply talented artists.

MUSIC LEONARDO.

What a lucky man! many will say about him. He was endowed with rare health, handsome, tall, blue-eyed. In his youth he wore blond curls, with a proud stature reminiscent of Donatella's St. George. He possessed unheard of and courageous strength, masculine prowess. He sang wonderfully, in front of the audience he composed melodies and poems. played on any musical instrument Moreover, he created them himself.

For the art of Leonardo da Vinci, contemporaries and descendants never found other definitions than "brilliant", "divine", "great". The same words refer to his scientific revelations: he invented a tank, an excavator, a helicopter, a submarine, a parachute, an automatic weapon, a diving helmet, an elevator, solved the most difficult problems of acoustics, botany, medicine, cosmography, created a round theater project, came up with a century earlier than Galileo, the clock pendulum, drew the current water skiing developed the theory of mechanics.

What a lucky man! - many will say about him and begin to remember his beloved princes and kings, who were looking for acquaintances with him, spectacles and holidays that he invented as an artist, playwright, actor, architect, and had fun on them like a child.

However, was the indefatigable long-liver Leonardo happy, whose every day gave people and the world providence and insight? He foresaw the terrible fate of his creations: the destruction of the "Last Supper", the shooting of the monument to Francesca Sforza, low trade and vile theft of his diaries, workbooks. Only sixteen paintings preserved to this day. Few sculptures. But a lot of drawings, encoded drawings: like the heroes of modern science fiction, he changed the detail in his design, as if so that the other could not use it.

Leonardo da Vinci worked in different types and genres of art, but painting brought him the greatest fame.

One of Leonardo's earliest paintings is Madonna with a Flower or Benois Madonna. Already here the artist appears as a true innovator. He transcends boundaries traditional plot and gives the image a broader, universal meaning, which are maternal joy and love. In this work, many features of the artist's art were clearly manifested: a clear composition of figures and volume of forms, a desire for conciseness and generalization, and psychological expressiveness.

The painting “Madonna Litta” was a continuation of the started topic, where another feature of the artist’s work was clearly manifested – the play on contrasts. The theme was completed with the painting “Madonna in the Grotto”, which marks the ideal compositional solution, thanks to which the depicted figures of the Madonna, Christ and angels merge with the landscape into a single whole, endowed with calm balance and harmony.

One of the pinnacles of Leonardo's work is the fresco " last supper» in the refectory of the monastery of Santa Maria Della Grazie. This work not only impresses general composition but also accuracy. Leonardo not only conveys psychological condition apostles, but does it at the moment when it reaches a critical point, turns into a psychological explosion and conflict. This explosion is caused by the words of Christ: "One of you will betray me." In this work, Leonardo made full use of the method of concrete juxtaposition of figures, thanks to which each character appears as a unique individuality and personality.

The second pinnacle of Leonard's work was famous portrait Mona Lisa, or "La Gioconda". This work marked the beginning of the genre psychological portrait in European art. When it was created Great master brilliantly used the entire arsenal of means artistic expressiveness: sharp contrasts and soft undertones, frozen immobility and general fluidity and variability, the subtlest psychological nuances and transitions. The whole genius of Leonardo lies in the amazingly lively look of Mona Lisa, her mysterious and enigmatic smile, mystical haze covering the landscape. This work is one of the rarest masterpieces of art.

Everyone who saw the Gioconda brought from the Louvre in Moscow remembers the minutes of their complete deafness near this small canvas, the tension of all the best in oneself. Gioconda seemed to be a "Martian", a representative of the unknown - it must be the future, and not the past of the human tribe, the embodiment of harmony, which the world has not tired of and will never tire of dreaming about.

There is much more to be said about him. Surprised that this is not fiction or fantasy. Here, for example, we can remember how he proposed to move the Cathedral of San Giovanni - such work amazes us, the inhabitants of the twentieth century.

Leonardo said: “A good artist must be able to paint two main things: a person and a representation of his soul. Or is it said about "Columbine" from the St. Petersburg Hermitage? Some researchers call it, and not the Louvre canvas, "La Gioconda".

The boy Nardo, that was his name in Vinci: the illegitimate son of a notary clerk, who considered birds and horses to be the best creatures on Earth. Beloved by all and lonely, bending steel swords and drawing hanged men. Inventor of the bridge across the Bosphorus and perfect city, more beautiful than those of Corbusier and Niemeyer. Singing in a soft baritone voice and making the Mona Lisa smile. In one of the last notebooks, this lucky man wrote: "It seemed to me that I was learning to live, but I was learning to die." However, he then summed it up: "A life well lived is a long life."

Is it possible to disagree with Leonardo?

SANDRO BOTTICELLI.

Sandro Botticelli was born in Florence in 1445 in the family of a leather tanner.

The first original work by Botticelli is considered to be The Adoration of the Magi (circa 1740), where the main property of his original manner, dreaminess and subtle poetry, has already fully affected. He was gifted with an innate sense of poetry, but a clear touch of contemplative sadness shone through him literally in everything. Even Saint Sebastian, tormented by the arrows of his tormentors, looks at him thoughtfully and detachedly.

In the late 1470s, Botticelli became close to the circle of the de facto ruler of Florence. Lorenzo Medici called the Magnificent. In the luxurious gardens of Lorenzo, a society of people gathered, probably the most enlightened and talented in Florence. There were philosophers, poets, musicians. An atmosphere of admiration for beauty reigned, and not only the beauty of art, but also the beauty of life was valued. prototype perfect art and ideal life antiquity was considered, perceived, however, through the prism of later philosophical layers. Without a doubt, under the influence of this atmosphere, the first big picture Botticelli "Primavera (Spring)". It is a dreamlike, exquisite, wonderfully beautiful allegory of the eternal cycle, constant update nature. It is permeated by the most complex and whimsical musical rhythm. The figure of Flora, decorated with flowers, dancing graces in the Garden of Eden, were images of beauty that had not yet been seen at that time and therefore made a particularly captivating impression. The young Botticelli immediately took a prominent place among the masters of his time.

It was the high reputation of the young painter that secured him an order for biblical frescoes for the Vatican Sistine Chapel, which he created in the early 1480s in Rome. He painted "Scenes from the Life of Moses", "The Punishment of Korah, Dathan and Aviron", showing amazing compositional skill. The classical calmness of the ancient buildings, against which Botticelli unfolded the action, contrasts sharply with the dramatic rhythm of the depicted characters and passions; the movement of human bodies is complex, intricate, saturated with explosive power; creates the impression of shaking harmony, defenselessness visible world before the rapid onslaught of time and human will. The frescoes of the Sistine Chapel for the first time expressed the deep anxiety that lived in the soul of Botticelli, which grew stronger over time. The amazing talent of Botticelli as a portrait painter was reflected in these frescoes: each of the many painted faces is completely original, unique and unforgettable ...

In the 1480s, returning to Florence, Botticelli continued to work tirelessly, but the serene clarity of the "Examples" was already far behind. In the middle of the decade he wrote his famous The Birth of Venus. Researchers note in later works masters of moralism, religious exaltation, unusual for him before.

Perhaps more significant than late painting, Botticelli's drawings of the 90s are illustrations for " Divine Comedy» Dante. He painted with obvious and undisguised delight; the visions of the great poet are lovingly and carefully conveyed by the perfection of the proportions of numerous figures, the thoughtful organization of space, the inexhaustible resourcefulness in the search for visual equivalents of the poetic word...

Despite any mental storms and crises Botticelli until the very end (he died in 1510) remained a great artist, master of his art. This is clearly evidenced by the noble sculpting of the face in the "Portrait young man”, an expressive characteristic of the model, leaving no doubt about its high human dignity, the solid drawing of the master and his benevolent glance.

The first forerunners of Renaissance art appeared in Italy in the 14th century. Artists of this time, Pietro Cavallini (1259-1344), Simone Martini (1284-1344) and (primarily) Giotto (1267-1337) when creating paintings of traditional religious subjects, they began to use new artistic techniques: building a three-dimensional composition, using the landscape in the background, which allowed them to make the images more realistic, lively. This sharply distinguished their work from the previous iconographic tradition, replete with conventions in the image.
The term is used to refer to their work. Proto-Renaissance (1300s - "Trecento") .

Giotto di Bondone (c. 1267-1337) - italian artist and a Proto-Renaissance architect. One of the key figures in the history of Western art. Having overcome the Byzantine icon-painting tradition, he became the true founder Italian school painting, designed absolutely new approach to the image of space. Giotto's works were inspired by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo.


Early Renaissance (1400s - "Quattrocento").

At the beginning of the 15th century Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), Florentine scholar and architect.
Brunelleschi wanted to make the perception of the terms and theaters reconstructed by him more visual and tried to create geometrically perspective pictures from his plans for a certain point of view. In these searches, direct perspective.

This allowed the artists to get perfect images of three-dimensional space on a flat canvas of the picture.

_________

Another important step towards the Renaissance was the emergence of non-religious, secular art. Portrait and landscape established themselves as independent genres. Even religious subjects acquired a different interpretation - Renaissance artists began to consider their characters as heroes with pronounced individual traits and human motivation.

Most famous artists this period - Masaccio (1401-1428), Masolino (1383-1440), Benozzo Gozzoli (1420-1497), Piero Della Francesco (1420-1492), Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), Giovanni Bellini (1430-1516), Antonello da Messina (1430-1479), Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449-1494), Sandro Botticelli (1447-1515).

Masaccio (1401-1428) - famous italian painter, the largest master of the Florentine school, a reformer of painting of the Quattrocento era.

Fresco. Miracle with the stater.

Painting. crucifixion.

Piero Della Francesco (1420-1492). The master's works are distinguished by majestic solemnity, nobility and harmony of images, generalization of forms, compositional balance, proportionality, accuracy of perspective constructions, soft gamma full of light.

Fresco. History of the Queen of Sheba. Church of San Francesco in Arezzo

Sandro Botticelli(1445-1510) - great Italian painter, representative of the Florentine school of painting.

Spring.

Birth of Venus.

High Renaissance ("Cinquecento").
The highest flowering of Renaissance art came for the first quarter of the 16th century.
Works Sansovino (1486-1570), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Rafael Santi (1483-1520), Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564), Giorgione (1476-1510), Titian (1477-1576), Antonio Correggio (1489-1534) constitute the golden fund of European art.

Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci (Florence) (1452-1519) - Italian artist (painter, sculptor, architect) and scientist (anatomist, naturalist), inventor, writer.

self-portrait

Lady with an ermine. 1490. Czartoryski Museum, Krakow

Mona Lisa (1503-1505/1506)

Leonardo da Vinci achieved great skill in the transfer of facial expressions of the face and body of a person, ways of transferring space, building a composition. At the same time, his works create a harmonious image of a person that meets humanistic ideals.

Madonna Litta. 1490-1491. Hermitage.

Madonna Benois (Madonna with a flower). 1478-1480

Madonna with a Carnation. 1478

During his life, Leonardo da Vinci made thousands of notes and drawings on anatomy, but did not publish his work. Making an autopsy of the bodies of people and animals, he accurately conveyed the structure of the skeleton and internal organs, including small parts. According to professor of clinical anatomy Peter Abrams, scientific work da Vinci was 300 years ahead of her time and in many ways surpassed the famous Grey's Anatomy.

List of inventions, both real and attributed to him:

parachute, toolescovo castle,bicycle, tankh, llight portable bridges for the army, pprojector, toatapult, robot, dvohlenz telescope.

Later, these innovations were developed Rafael Santi (1483-1520) - a great painter, graphic artist and architect, a representative of the Umbrian school.

Self-portrait. 1483

Michelangelo di Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni(1475-1564) - Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, thinker.

Paintings and sculptures by Michelangelo Buonarotti are full of heroic pathos and, at the same time, a tragic sense of the crisis of humanism. His paintings glorify the strength and power of man, the beauty of his body, while emphasizing his loneliness in the world.

The genius of Michelangelo left its mark not only on the art of the Renaissance, but also on the whole future world culture. His activities are mainly associated with two Italian cities - Florence and Rome.

However, the artist was able to realize his most grandiose plans precisely in painting, where he acted as a true innovator of color and form.
Commissioned by Pope Julius II, he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (1508-1512), representing the biblical story from the creation of the world to the Flood and including more than 300 figures. In 1534-1541 in the same Sistine Chapel for Pope Paul III, he performed a grandiose, full of drama fresco "The Last Judgment".
Sistine Chapel 3D.

The work of Giorgione and Titian is distinguished by an interest in the landscape, the poeticization of the plot. Both artists achieved great skill in the art of portraiture, with which they conveyed character and richness. inner world their characters.

Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco ( Giorgione) (1476 / 147-1510) - Italian artist, representative Venetian school painting.

Sleeping Venus. 1510

Judith. 1504

Titian Vecellio (1488 / 1490-1576) - Italian painter, the largest representative of the Venetian school of the High and Late Renaissance.

Titian painted pictures in biblical and mythological stories He became famous as a portrait painter. He was commissioned by kings and popes, cardinals, dukes and princes. Titian was not even thirty years old when he was recognized as the best painter in Venice.

Self-portrait. 1567

Venus Urbinskaya. 1538

Portrait of Tommaso Mosti. 1520

Late Renaissance.
After the sack of Rome by imperial troops in 1527 Italian Renaissance enters a period of crisis. Already in the work of the late Raphael, a new artistic line is outlined, called mannerism.
This era is characterized by overstretched and broken lines, elongated or even deformed figures, often naked, tension and unnatural poses, unusual or bizarre effects associated with size, lighting or perspective, the use of a caustic chromatic scale, overloaded composition, etc. The first masters mannerism Parmigianino , Pontormo , Bronzino- lived and worked at the court of the dukes of the Medici house in Florence. Later, Mannerist fashion spread throughout Italy and beyond.

Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola (Parmigianino - "inhabitant of Parma") (1503-1540,) Italian artist and engraver, representative of mannerism.

Self-portrait. 1540

Portrait of a woman. 1530.

Pontormo (1494-1557) - Italian painter, representative of the Florentine school, one of the founders of mannerism.


Mannerism was replaced by art in the 1590s baroque (transitional figures - Tintoretto and El Greco ).

Jacopo Robusti, better known as Tintoretto (1518 or 1519-1594) - painter of the Venetian school of the late Renaissance.

The Last Supper. 1592-1594. Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice.

El Greco ("Greek" Domenikos Theotokopoulos ) (1541—1614) - spanish artist. By origin - a Greek, a native of the island of Crete.
El Greco had no contemporary followers, and his genius was rediscovered nearly 300 years after his death.
El Greco studied in the workshop of Titian, but, however, his painting technique differs significantly from that of his teacher. The works of El Greco are characterized by speed and expressiveness of execution, which bring them closer to modern painting.

Christ on the cross. OK. 1577. Private collection.

Trinity. 1579 Prado.

The first forerunners of Renaissance art appeared in Italy in the 14th century. Artists of this time, Pietro Cavallini (1259-1344), Simone Martini (1284-1344) and (primarily) Giotto (1267-1337), when creating canvases of traditional religious themes, they began to use new artistic techniques: building a three-dimensional composition, using a landscape in the background, which allowed them to make images more realistic and lively. This sharply distinguished their work from the previous iconographic tradition, replete with conventions in the image.
The term is used to refer to their work. Proto-Renaissance (1300s - "Trecento") .

Giotto di Bondone (c. 1267-1337) - Italian painter and architect of the Proto-Renaissance era. One of the key figures in the history of Western art. Having overcome the Byzantine icon-painting tradition, he became the true founder of the Italian school of painting, developed a completely new approach to depicting space. Giotto's works were inspired by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo.


Early Renaissance (1400s - "Quattrocento").

At the beginning of the 15th century Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), Florentine scholar and architect.
Brunelleschi wanted to make the perception of the terms and theaters reconstructed by him more visual and tried to create geometrically perspective pictures from his plans for a certain point of view. In these searches, direct perspective.

This allowed the artists to get perfect images of three-dimensional space on a flat canvas of the picture.

_________

Another important step towards the Renaissance was the emergence of non-religious, secular art. Portrait and landscape established themselves as independent genres. Even religious subjects acquired a different interpretation - Renaissance artists began to consider their characters as heroes with pronounced individual traits and human motivation for actions.

The most famous artists of this period are Masaccio (1401-1428), Masolino (1383-1440), Benozzo Gozzoli (1420-1497), Piero Della Francesco (1420-1492), Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), Giovanni Bellini (1430-1516), Antonello da Messina (1430-1479), Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449-1494), Sandro Botticelli (1447-1515).

Masaccio (1401-1428) - the famous Italian painter, the largest master of the Florentine school, the reformer of painting of the Quattrocento era.

Fresco. Miracle with the stater.

Painting. crucifixion.

Piero Della Francesco (1420-1492). The master's works are distinguished by majestic solemnity, nobility and harmony of images, generalization of forms, compositional balance, proportionality, accuracy of perspective constructions, soft gamma full of light.

Fresco. History of the Queen of Sheba. Church of San Francesco in Arezzo

Sandro Botticelli(1445-1510) - great Italian painter, representative of the Florentine school of painting.

Spring.

Birth of Venus.

High Renaissance ("Cinquecento").
The highest flowering of Renaissance art came for the first quarter of the 16th century.
Works Sansovino (1486-1570), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Rafael Santi (1483-1520), Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564), Giorgione (1476-1510), Titian (1477-1576), Antonio Correggio (1489-1534) constitute the golden fund of European art.

Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci (Florence) (1452-1519) - Italian artist (painter, sculptor, architect) and scientist (anatomist, naturalist), inventor, writer.

self-portrait

Lady with an ermine. 1490. Czartoryski Museum, Krakow

Mona Lisa (1503-1505/1506)

Leonardo da Vinci achieved great skill in the transfer of facial expressions of the face and body of a person, ways of transferring space, building a composition. At the same time, his works create a harmonious image of a person that meets humanistic ideals.

Madonna Litta. 1490-1491. Hermitage.

Madonna Benois (Madonna with a flower). 1478-1480

Madonna with a Carnation. 1478

During his life, Leonardo da Vinci made thousands of notes and drawings on anatomy, but did not publish his work. Making an autopsy of the bodies of people and animals, he accurately conveyed the structure of the skeleton and internal organs, including small details. According to professor of clinical anatomy Peter Abrams, da Vinci's scientific work was 300 years ahead of its time and in many ways surpassed the famous Grey's Anatomy.

List of inventions, both real and attributed to him:

parachute, toolescovo castle,bicycle, tankh, llight portable bridges for the army, pprojector, toatapult, robot, dvohlenz telescope.

Later, these innovations were developed Rafael Santi (1483-1520) - a great painter, graphic artist and architect, a representative of the Umbrian school.

Self-portrait. 1483

Michelangelo di Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni(1475-1564) - Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, thinker.

Paintings and sculptures by Michelangelo Buonarotti are full of heroic pathos and, at the same time, a tragic sense of the crisis of humanism. His paintings glorify the strength and power of man, the beauty of his body, while emphasizing his loneliness in the world.

The genius of Michelangelo left an imprint not only on the art of the Renaissance, but also on all subsequent world culture. His activities are mainly associated with two Italian cities - Florence and Rome.

However, the artist was able to realize his most grandiose plans precisely in painting, where he acted as a true innovator of color and form.
Commissioned by Pope Julius II, he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (1508-1512), representing the biblical story from the creation of the world to the Flood and including more than 300 figures. In 1534-1541, in the same Sistine Chapel for Pope Paul III, he performed the grandiose, dramatic fresco The Last Judgment.
Sistine Chapel 3D.

The work of Giorgione and Titian is distinguished by an interest in the landscape, the poeticization of the plot. Both artists achieved great skill in the art of portraiture, with the help of which they conveyed the character and rich inner world of their characters.

Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco ( Giorgione) (1476 / 147-1510) - Italian artist, representative of the Venetian school of painting.

Sleeping Venus. 1510

Judith. 1504

Titian Vecellio (1488 / 1490-1576) - Italian painter, the largest representative of the Venetian school of the High and Late Renaissance.

Titian painted pictures on biblical and mythological subjects, he became famous as a portrait painter. He was commissioned by kings and popes, cardinals, dukes and princes. Titian was not even thirty years old when he was recognized as the best painter in Venice.

Self-portrait. 1567

Venus Urbinskaya. 1538

Portrait of Tommaso Mosti. 1520

Late Renaissance.
After the sack of Rome by imperial troops in 1527, the Italian Renaissance entered a period of crisis. Already in the work of the late Raphael, a new artistic line is outlined, called mannerism.
This era is characterized by overstretched and broken lines, elongated or even deformed figures, often naked, tension and unnatural poses, unusual or bizarre effects associated with size, lighting or perspective, the use of a caustic chromatic scale, overloaded composition, etc. The first masters mannerism Parmigianino , Pontormo , Bronzino- lived and worked at the court of the dukes of the Medici house in Florence. Later, Mannerist fashion spread throughout Italy and beyond.

Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola (Parmigianino - "inhabitant of Parma") (1503-1540,) Italian artist and engraver, representative of mannerism.

Self-portrait. 1540

Portrait of a woman. 1530.

Pontormo (1494-1557) - Italian painter, representative of the Florentine school, one of the founders of mannerism.


Mannerism was replaced by art in the 1590s baroque (transitional figures - Tintoretto and El Greco ).

Jacopo Robusti, better known as Tintoretto (1518 or 1519-1594) - painter of the Venetian school of the late Renaissance.

The Last Supper. 1592-1594. Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice.

El Greco ("Greek" Domenikos Theotokopoulos ) (1541-1614) - Spanish artist. By origin - a Greek, a native of the island of Crete.
El Greco had no contemporary followers, and his genius was rediscovered nearly 300 years after his death.
El Greco studied in the workshop of Titian, but, however, his painting technique differs significantly from that of his teacher. The works of El Greco are characterized by speed and expressiveness of execution, which bring them closer to modern painting.

Christ on the cross. OK. 1577. Private collection.

Trinity. 1579 Prado.

Characteristic features in the art of the Renaissance

Perspective. To add three-dimensional depth and space into their work, Renaissance artists borrowed and greatly expanded the concepts of linear perspective, horizon line, and vanishing point.

§ Linear perspective. Painting with linear perspective is like looking out the window and painting exactly what you see on the window pane. Objects in the picture began to have their own dimensions, depending on the distance. Those that were farther from the viewer, decreased, and vice versa.

§ Skyline. This is a line at the distance at which objects shrink to a point as thick as this line.

§ Vanishing point. This is the point at which parallel lines as if converge far in the distance, often on the horizon line. This effect can be observed if you stand on the railroad tracks and look at the rails that go to yes. l.

Shadows and light. Artists played with interest in how light falls on objects and creates shadows. Shadows and light could be used to draw attention to a particular point in a painting.

Emotions. Renaissance artists wanted the viewer, looking at the work, to feel something, to experience an emotional experience. It was a form of visual rhetoric where the viewer felt inspired to become better at something.

Realism and naturalism. In addition to perspective, the artists sought to make objects, especially people, look more realistic. They studied human anatomy, measured proportions and searched for the ideal human form. The people looked real and showed genuine emotion, allowing the viewer to make inferences about what the people depicted were thinking and feeling.

The era of "Renaissance" is divided into 4 stages:

Proto-Renaissance (2nd half of the 13th century - 14th century)

Early Renaissance (early 15th - late 15th century)

High Renaissance (late 15th - first 20 years of the 16th century)

Late Renaissance (mid-16th - 1590s)

Proto-Renaissance

The proto-Renaissance is closely connected with the Middle Ages, in fact, it appeared in the Late Middle Ages, with Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic traditions, this period was the forerunner of the Renaissance. It is divided into two sub-periods: before the death of Giotto di Bondone and after (1337). Italian artist and architect, founder of the Proto-Renaissance era. One of the key figures in the history of Western art. Having overcome the Byzantine icon-painting tradition, he became the true founder of the Italian school of painting, developed a completely new approach to depicting space. Giotto's works were inspired by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo. The central figure of painting was Giotto. Renaissance artists considered him a reformer of painting. Giotto outlined the path along which its development went: filling religious forms with secular content, a gradual transition from planar images to three-dimensional and relief images, an increase in realism, introduced a plastic volume of figures into painting, depicted an interior in painting.

At the end of the 13th century, the main temple building, the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, was erected in Florence, the author was Arnolfo di Cambio, then Giotto continued the work.

The most important discoveries, the brightest masters live and work in the first period. The second segment is connected with the plague epidemic that hit Italy.

The art of the proto-Renaissance first manifested itself in sculpture (Niccolò and Giovanni Pisano, Arnolfo di Cambio, Andrea Pisano). Painting is represented by two art schools: Florence and Siena.

Early Renaissance

The period of the so-called Early Renaissance"covers the time in Italy from 1420 to 1500. During these eighty years, art has not yet completely renounced the traditions of the recent past (the Middle Ages), but is trying to mix into them elements borrowed from classical antiquity. Only later, under the influence of more and more changing conditions of life and culture, do artists completely abandon the medieval foundations and boldly use models. ancient art, both in the general concept of his works, and in their details.

While art in Italy was already resolutely following the path of imitation of classical antiquity, in other countries it long held on to traditions. gothic style. North of the Alps, as well as in Spain, the Renaissance comes only at the end of the 15th century, and its early period lasts until about the middle of the next century.

Artists of the Early Renaissance

One of the first and most brilliant representatives of this period is considered to be Masaccio (Masaccio Tommaso Di Giovanni Di Simone Cassai), the famous Italian painter, the greatest master of the Florentine school, the reformer of painting of the Quattrocento era.

With his work, he contributed to the transition from Gothic to a new art, glorifying the greatness of man and his world. Masaccio's contribution to art was renewed in 1988 when his main creation - Frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel in Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence- have been restored to their original form.

- Resurrection of the son of Theophilus, Masaccio and Filippino Lippi

- Adoration of the Magi

- Miracle with stater

Other important representatives of this period were Sandro Botticelli. great Italian Renaissance painter, representative of the Florentine school of painting.

- Birth of Venus

- Venus and Mars

- Spring

- Adoration of the Magi

High Renaissance

The third period of the Renaissance - the time of the most magnificent development of his style - is commonly called the "High Renaissance". It extends into Italy from approximately 1500 to 1527. At this time, the center of influence Italian art from Florence moves to Rome, thanks to the accession to the papal throne of Julius II - an ambitious, courageous, enterprising man who attracted him to his court best artists Italy, which occupied them with numerous and important works and gave others an example of love for art. Under this Pope and under his immediate successors, Rome becomes, as it were, the new Athens of the time of Pericles: many monumental buildings are built in it, magnificent sculptural works are created, frescoes and paintings are painted, which are still considered the pearls of painting; at the same time, all three branches of art harmoniously go hand in hand, helping one another and mutually acting on each other. Antiquity is now being studied more thoroughly, reproduced with greater rigor and consistency; tranquility and dignity replace the playful beauty that was the aspiration of the preceding period; reminiscences of the medieval completely disappear, and a completely classical imprint falls on all works of art. But imitation of the ancients does not stifle their independence in the artists, and with great resourcefulness and liveliness of imagination they freely process and apply to their work what they consider appropriate to borrow for themselves from ancient Greco-Roman art.

Creativity of the three great Italian masters marks the pinnacle of the Renaissance, this is Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci great Italian Renaissance painter, representative of the Florentine school of painting. Italian artist (painter, sculptor, architect) and scientist (anatomist, naturalist), inventor, writer, musician, one of the largest representatives of art High Renaissance, prime example"universal man"

The Last Supper

Mona Lisa,

-Vitruvian Man ,

- Madonna Litta

- Madonna in the rocks

-Madonna with a spindle

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Michelangelo di Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni. Italian sculptor, painter, architect [⇨], poet [⇨], thinker [⇨]. . One of major masters Renaissance [ ⇨ ] and early Baroque. His works were considered the highest achievements of Renaissance art during the life of the master himself. Michelangelo lived for almost 89 years, a whole era, from the period of the High Renaissance to the origins of the Counter-Reformation. During this period, thirteen Popes were replaced - he carried out orders for nine of them.

Creation of Adam

Last Judgment

and Raphael Santi (1483-1520). great Italian painter, graphic artist and architect, representative of the Umbrian school.

- Athenian school

-Sistine Madonna

- Transformation

- Wonderful gardener

Late Renaissance

The Late Renaissance in Italy covers the period from the 1530s to the 1590s-1620s. AT Southern Europe The Counter-Reformation triumphed counter-reformation(lat. Contrareformation; from contra- against and reformatio- transformation, reformation) - a Catholic church-political movement in Europe in the middle of the 16th-17th centuries, directed against the Reformation and aimed at restoring the position and prestige of the Roman Catholic Church.), which was wary of any free thought, including chanting human body and the resurrection of the ideals of antiquity as cornerstones Renaissance ideology. Worldview contradictions and a general feeling of crisis resulted in Florence in the "nervous" art of far-fetched colors and broken lines - mannerism. In Parma, where Correggio worked, Mannerism reached only after the death of the artist in 1534. The artistic traditions of Venice had their own logic of development; until the end of the 1570s, Palladio worked there (real name Andrea di Pietro). great Italian architect of the late Renaissance and Mannerism.( Mannerism(from Italian maniera, manner) - Western European literary and artistic style of the 16th - first third of the 17th century. It is characterized by the loss of Renaissance harmony between the physical and spiritual, nature and man.) The founder of Palladianism ( Palladianism or Palladian architecture - early form classicism, which grew out of the ideas Italian architect Andrea Palladio (1508-1580). The style is based on strict adherence to symmetry, taking into account the perspective and borrowing the principles of classical temple architecture. Ancient Greece and Rome.) and classicism. Probably the most influential architect in history.

First independent work Andrea Palladio, as a talented designer and gifted architect, is the Basilica in Vicenza, in which his original inimitable talent manifested itself.

Among the country houses, the most outstanding creation of the master is the Villa Rotunda. Andrea Palladio built it in Vicenza for a retired Vatican official. It is notable for being the first secular building of the Renaissance, erected in the form of an ancient temple.

Another example is the Palazzo Chiericati, which is unusual in that the first floor of the building was almost entirely given over to public use, which was consistent with the requirements of the city authorities of those times.

Among the famous urban constructions of Palladio, one should definitely mention the Olimpico Theatre, designed in the style of an amphitheatre.

Titian ( Titian Vecellio) Italian painter, the largest representative of the Venetian school of the High and Late Renaissance. The name of Titian is on a par with such Renaissance artists as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael. Titian painted pictures on biblical and mythological subjects, he became famous as a portrait painter. He was commissioned by kings and popes, cardinals, dukes and princes. Titian was not even thirty years old when he was recognized as the best painter in Venice.

From his place of birth (Pieve di Cadore in the province of Belluno, Republic of Venice), he is sometimes referred to as da cadore; also known as Titian the Divine.

- Ascension of the Virgin Mary

- Bacchus and Ariadne

- Diana and Actaeon

- Venus Urbino

- Abduction of Europa

whose work had little in common with crisis phenomena in the art of Florence and Rome.