Masterpieces of world culture. Architecture Message masterpieces of world culture

What is the difference between Malevich's Black Square and the red circle in green pea Vasya Vatnikov? I dare say nothing. True, any esthete will tell you (despite the fact that Malevich himself noted that his picture does not mean anything) about the deepest hidden meaning of the work. However, the same can be said about Vasya Vatnikov's red circle with green polka dots: the circle of peas symbolizes the vicious circle of being, and so on. So why is the price of two completely uninteresting paintings, other things being equal, so different? The answer to this question is to be found in the field of science known as Ethology rather than in art.

1. Aesthetic pleasure from the picture.

It is logical to assume that a painting, like any other product of creative self-expression, is designed to deliver aesthetic pleasure from the contemplation of a masterpiece, for which people supposedly pay millions. However, if you look deeper, it becomes clear that aesthetic pleasure is the last thing that affects the cost of the canvas. It doesn't count at all. After all, if the main value of a masterpiece lies in how it looks and, due to this, affects a person, then why do its copies cost a penny, unlike the original? Therefore, the masterpiece itself, the image itself - does not cost anything, it costs only the exclusivity of the canvas. Or is something lost when copying, which actually makes a masterpiece a masterpiece? Hardly, especially given today's copying technologies, as well as the high skill of artists (if we are talking about redrawing). There is only one conclusion: the price of a painting is generally not affected by what is commonly called artistic value. Artistic value is worth a penny. And here it is clearly a matter of exclusivity.

2. Is there any aesthetic pleasure from a masterpiece at all, and how strong is it?

Apparently, even the very aesthetic pleasure from all sorts of black squares, people also came up with themselves. An example of this is Van Gogh, who during his lifetime sold only one painting, and that one was bought from him out of pity. Why were his paintings of no interest to anyone during his lifetime? Probably because no one experienced pleasure, delight and admiration from his "skill". And no one saw the point in them, and if he was in them, then no one cared about it.

But suddenly, some time after his death, his paintings suddenly begin to deliver the strongest aesthetic pleasure to the broad masses, and acquire a certain deep meaning that millions of aesthetes admire. Somehow this is strange! How is it: at one point in time no one likes your paintings, but suddenly, as if by a wave magic wand, does the whole world fall in love with your paintings? By the way, this applies to most artists, there is even a saying: recognition comes to an artist after death. For some reason, great poets, like Pushkin and Vysotsky, and writers like Orwell and Bulgakov, it comes during their lifetime, but to great artists only after death. Something is not right here.

If you considered a certain girl scary 20 years ago, then she will be so for you today. He also enjoyed viewing pictures. The fact that at one time the artist’s paintings are not pleasing to the eye, and then abruptly begin to please, only confirms what was described in the paragraph above: the artistic value of the canvas is of no interest to anyone and does not play any role in the value of the painting, as well as in recognizing it as a masterpiece. Aesthetic pleasure in most cases is simply invented by the audience. The quality of the canvas can only be assessed professional artist, and this is a very limited category of the population, and certainly they are not buying such paintings for such money.

Mark Rothko, Orange, Red, Yellow. The price of the painting is 86.9 million dollars.

Received aesthetic pleasure from the picture? Even if they received; even if some super-complex drawing styles were used to create this Mui Ne, this cannot even cost thousands of dollars, no matter how deep, supposedly, the meaning is invested in it. The price of this painting is equal to the price of the materials spent on its creation + an extra charge for the work. True, with such work, it is clearly worth a penny. I have a painter in the entrance somehow slipshodly completed his work - the result was a reconstruction of Rothko's works. Only the painter is paid much less.

From the first two points, it turns out that neither the aesthetic pleasure of viewing the picture, nor the artistic value in the price formation play any role. For copies of paintings cost a penny. So, it's all about exclusivity and limited circulation - this is one and two - the point is whose brush the work belongs to. At the time of Van Gogh there was not a single worthy artist? Why is it that his paintings are worth millions, and the rest are not needed by anyone for nothing? Why in today's Russia, the paintings of Nikos Safronov cost thousands of times more than equally high-quality (and often more) works by thousands of other artists?

3. Exclusivity of the canvas.

Man, as you know, is a social animal, and for all animals living together in a community, the issue of status plays an extremely important role, because. status determines how other members of the community will treat this individual. Every animal community uses a variety of tools to demonstrate status—genital size, tail size, mane size, roar volume, and more. Since a person has gone quite far from animals in terms of the complexity of the community in which he lives, then a person has much more tools for demonstrating status. Status is important in absolutely every social stratum of the population and in each of its groups, regardless of the number of individuals. Even people who verbally completely reject consumerism (suppose skinheads or punks) are completely dependent on this instinct. And status in the first place can be achieved precisely through consumption. For example, every skinhead of the 90s dreamed of reptiles with white laces - such an outfit demonstrated his high status among the primates around him. And for punks, measured by the steepness of the Iroquois - this feature of demonstrating status is generally removed from the wild like tracing paper.

For richer people, for example, expensive cars, yachts and airplanes serve to demonstrate their status. It is not enough for a very rich person to buy just a cool yacht - it must be the largest in the world. why does he need the largest private yacht in the world, most of whose functions he will not even use? The yacht is called just stand and show his status. Everything!

But the most expensive things in the world are exclusive or limited edition. For a very rich person, a Mercedes is no longer enough to demonstrate status, because. Many people have Mercedes. You could observe a simplified version of this mechanism on the example of the behavior of human females: how happy she is when she has acquired expensive, beautiful clothes, but how upset she is if suddenly her work colleague came in exactly the same blouse. She lost exclusivity, and with this loss she averaged out in status, which was the reason for grief. In order to avoid such incidents, a very rich person buys limited edition watches for crazy money, which in fact are no different from other cool watches, except for their exclusivity. Those. he pays for exclusivity. Rolex watches, for example, also serve this purpose. If rolexes are given away to everyone for free, then they will lose their value and become useless to anyone, just as Montana watches once became unnecessary.

Hence the scandals with Peskov's super-expensive watches. They use these blues as a means of demonstrating status. If Peskov's watches were released in an unlimited series, they would cost a thousand times cheaper. Artistic masterpieces are used in the same way. The main thing is not what is drawn - even if it is a frank bucket. The main thing is to have an exclusive that no one else has! Hence the high price for originals and low for copies. Peskov comes to visit the Patriarch, looks - and his watch is even cooler. What remains to be done by the unfortunate Peskov in his grief? Buy a painting for $50 million for your private collection. In this regard, art is the most effective method status demonstrations: the watch may be a limited edition, but someone in the world still has it. But no one has the original of such a picture. What is painted on it? Yes, hell will understand, the main thing is that only I have!

It is especially interesting that all those complex rules that a product must comply with are created by the experts themselves together with the manufacturers of the product and cannot be objectively assessed by the consumer. the functionality of such a product is a secondary criterion - remove the value contained on them in the form of trademarks from many exclusive products - and most of them immediately lose their high value.

It remains only to understand what criteria are used to select candidates for future masterpieces? Why exactly the dauber of Rothko, Lucho Fontano, Barnet Newmon, and not the painter from my entrance? Why Nikas Safronov and not an artist from the Arbat?

4. Exclusivity of the artist.

Consider the example of the same Rothko. When Rothko first started painting, there was no art market at all. These were the first post-war years, Europe lay in ruins, the early enthusiasm of the first patrons of the beginning of the century had already been washed away by the Great Depression, and American artists were left entirely to themselves - in a country that, for their reasons, had neither its own tradition, nor its own mythology, nor culture. No galleries, no curators, no collectors, no critics. It was impossible even to convincingly formulate what now needs to be written: the old paradigms have long departed, giving way to the European avant-garde, but the avant-garde has not been able to justify itself. And then Rothko appears with his freaking - the founder of the painting of the abstract field. What favorably distinguished Rothko from thousands of other artists, and NORMAL artists? He was the first to start exhibiting this here. Those. exclusive. Plus, the cost of paintings is affected by the tragedy of the artist's life. And Rothko cut his veins with a razor. Hence, years after his death, and the cost of paintings. It was exclusive in its specificity. Specificity not as an artist (his work to fine arts have nothing to do), but as a person.

You probably noticed that few people are interested in normal artists? The main hype around frankly traveled, such as Frida, Van Gogh, and so on.

By the way, Van Gogh! In all his hard life, he never sold a single painting of his (more precisely, one, and even that one was bought out of pity). But still he continued to write and draw with the frenzy of a fanatic. And if he faced a dilemma - to starve or to draw, then he chose drawing ... In one of the psychoses, he even chopped off his ear. His biography clearly stands out from the background of many other contemporaries. He is an excellent candidate for celestial arts. He was raised, singled out from the mass of artists for his torment and passion for painting, and everything else for blurring the eyes and minds of the townsfolk.

Those. Roughly speaking, for a long time in the world of art there has been a circle of people who sell the townsfolk the status of a "masterpiece" in relation to almost any picture of any artist, and those townsfolk pay them money for this. In fact, it is not the paintings themselves that are worth the money, but the biographies of the selected artists. And one more nuance: future success the artist and the cost of his paintings is also affected by who will be the first to buy his painting. If a billionaire, then this automatically raises the status of the author and, accordingly, the cost of his paintings. An excellent example of this is Nikas Safronov.

5. The ingenuity of the artist, or competent marketing.

It is impossible to think of a more brilliant example than Nikas Safronov! most expensive picture this artist's "Dreams of Italy" is worth $106,000. There is nothing special in Safronov's paintings, such dreams of Italy - tens of thousands lie in the galleries. But only one is worth a hundred thousand dollars. Why? As I wrote in the last paragraph, one of the most important factors in the status of an artist's paintings is who owns his paintings. Safronov in the 90s worked in the theater of the authoritative show business figure Donatas Bonionis, through whom he had the opportunity to contact the stars Russian stage and famous politicians, who, taking the opportunity, gave self-portraits. So his paintings ended up in the homes of the elites. And so that they would be there for sure, he painted celebrities only as nobles, kings, etc.

And then it went like this: “Wow. A picture of some Safronov hangs at Pugacheva's house. Apparently he's cool. Find me his number - I’ll buy it too, ”the oligarch, or politician, admired. So Safronov became the "Great" artist.

You could observe the clearest example of such a feature during the exhibition of one artist in Moscow (I don’t remember who exactly). Everyone didn’t care about her from the high bell tower, when suddenly she was visited by ... Putin. The next day, a gigantic line of those wishing to join the high artistic value lined up at the gallery. It's just that Putin, with his campaign, showed a flock of primates that the exhibition of paintings by this artist is a status event, that's all.

6. Pictures and Stock Exchange

"Masterpieces" for their private owners, in addition to show-offs - the essence banknotes a very large (and, as the owner hopes, growing) denomination. This is a specific financial instrument in which money is invested when there is a lot of this extra money. For example, we can recall Japanese collectors who began to buy works of art and simply rare things around the world just when the CBA rate became obscenely low.

Well, you can trade them, like on the stock exchange: you buy a painting and wait for its price to grow. And how much it will increase depends on how much it and its author will be promoted, how much deep meaning invented for her. By the way, the price is growing not only because of the hard life of the author, as mentioned above, but also because of the difficult history of the painting itself. So, from time to time, some crazy people attack the paintings, dousing them with paint. In the same Louvre, this is already generally the norm. The paradox is that after such attacks, the paint is, of course, erased, but the paintings are rapidly growing in price, because they have such a history: they attacked the painting, doused it with paint, miraculously saved it. Personally, I am inclined to believe that such attacks are organized directly by the owners of the paintings (physical, or legal), so that this asset continues to grow in value.

If the unbelievable suddenly happens and the paintings begin to plummet in price, I assure you that all their owners will immediately forget about their unsurpassed historical value, and will maniacally begin to sell them, as happens with illiquid securities on the market.

I am in no way saying that any of these artists are bad: no, they are all talented in their own way. Even Nikas Safronov, who among experts is subjected to the most severe criticism. In any case, in my life I will not draw the way he draws. This is about something else. It's about the reasons for the inadequate cost of painting. And it seems to me that I described the whole process of price formation, and most importantly, the reasons that prompt the consumer to form such prices, more than convincingly! And the quality of the picture, its artistic value and aesthetic pleasure from contemplation have nothing to do with the cost. And if someone starts rubbing you about it, then he is just a starball.

I had to dig and scan to show some of the masterpieces, stored mainly in the British Museum. These are miniatures from the manuscripts of the Herat and Tabriz workshops of the late 15th - early 16th century.

So, the time of the final split between Sunnis and Shiites. The time of the highest flourishing of the art of Persia, Afghanistan and Central Asia. In the center of the world - Herat (Afghanistan), a brilliant school of miniaturists gradually appears, at first strict and geometric, rather dry. Here is Ben Hur in the Black Palace:

But the real genius was famous artist Muslim world- Behzad

Behzad, Alexander (Macedonian) meets with a hermit:

The amazing brightness and boldness of color contrasts are combined with certain attempts to convey the realities of life:

Behzad, public bath scene:

and experiments that could lead to perspective:

But if he did not succeed in this, then he advanced the coloring powerfully:

In connection with the transfer of the capital, Behzad moved to Tabriz. Under his influence, the school of miniature that already existed there blossomed wildly. Artists are recognized by their favorite colors and techniques. Sultan Muhammad:

It is this miniature attributed to the legendary Aqa Mirak that impresses me the most. Rectangles nested into each other, with a decreasing ornament, and the final tree in the opening of the gazebo, even crossing the frame of the picture, is mesmerizing

Of course, the miniature flourished in other cities as well. And neighboring countries. Rate the combination of colors - Qazvin, thin. Sheikh Muhammad, "The poet Laghari and the obese nobleman", "Tuhfat-al-Ahrar"

Let's finish with this artist...

It remains to be said that in Russia there is one of the best collections of these manuscripts - the State. library to them. Saltykov-Shchedrin, St. Petersburg. However most of miniatures shown here - British Museum, London.

Art is almost as old as humanity itself, and countless unique works have been created over the centuries of our existence.

It would probably be too bold to make a list of the most outstanding masterpieces, because the criteria for evaluating creativity are too subjective. That is why our rating contains paintings and sculptures that are certainly the most recognizable in the world, which does not mean at all that they are somehow better than other brilliant works.
What creations are the most famous? Find out right now! Perhaps you are not familiar with everyone, and it's time to test your erudition and horizons.

25. Bathers by Paul Cézanne

This painting is considered a true masterpiece. contemporary art. "Bathers" is one of the most famous works Paul Cezanne. For the first time, the work was presented to the general public at an exhibition in 1906. Oil painting Cezanne paved the way for the artists of the future, allowing them to move away from traditional patterns, and built a bridge between post-impressionism and the art of the 20th century.

24. Discus Thrower by Miron

"Discobolus" - legendary greek statue, executed by the famous Greek sculptor Myron from Eleutherae (Eleutherae) in the period from about 460 to 450 BC. e. The Romans admired the work a lot, and they even made several copies of this sculpture before its original disappeared without a trace. Subsequently, "Discobolus" became a symbol of the Olympic Games.

23. Apollo and Daphne by Bernini

"Apollo and Daphne" is a sculpture in life size, created by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini around 1622-1625. The masterpiece depicts a half-naked woman trying to escape her pursuer. The sculpture clearly demonstrates the high skill of its creator, who recreated the climax famous history Ovid (Ovid) about Daphne and Phoebus (Daphna, Phoebus).

22. Night Watch by Rembrandt

A masterpiece by the internationally acclaimed Danish artist Rembrandt, The Night Watch is one of the most famous paintings XVII century. The work was completed in 1642 and commissioned to depict a group portrait of the rifle company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq and Lieutenant Willem van Ruytenburg (Frans Banning Cocq, Willem van Ruytenburgh). Today, the painting adorns the exhibition of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.

21. Massacre of the Innocents by Rubens

“The Massacre of the Innocents” is a picture that tells about the terrible order of the Jewish king Herod, by whose command all the babies of Bethlehem and its environs up to 2 years old were killed. The tyrant believed in the prediction that the day was coming when the King of Israel would remove him from the throne, and he hoped that his future rival would be among the children killed. A representative of the Flemish baroque, Rubens wrote two versions of the famous biblical story with a difference of 25 years. The first version of the picture is now in front of you, and it was painted between 1611 and 1612.

20. Campbell - Beef Onion Soup by Warhol

Painted by American artist Andy Warhol in 1962, Campbell's Onion Soup with Beef is one of the most famous examples of contemporary art. In his work, Warhol masterfully demonstrated the monotony of the advertising industry by reproducing many copies of the same product on his giant canvas. Warhol also said that he ate these soups every day for 20 years. Perhaps that is why the can of onion soup became the object of his famous work.

19. Starry Night by Van Gogh

Oil painting " Starlight Night"is by the Danish post-impressionist Vincent van Gogh, who completed this legendary work in 1889. The artist was inspired to write the picture, looking at the night sky through the window of his room in the Saint-Paul hospital, the city of Saint-Remy, Southern France (Saint-Paul Asylum, Saint-Remy). It was there that the famous creator at one time sought rest from the emotional suffering that haunted him until the end of his days.

18. Rock paintings of Chauvet cave

The drawings discovered in the south of France in the Chauvet cave are one of the most famous and best preserved prehistoric masterpieces of world art. The age of these works is approximately 30,000 - 33,000 years. The walls of the cave are masterfully depicted with hundreds of prehistoric animals, including bears, mammoths, cave lions, panthers and hyenas.

17. Kiss by Rodin

The Kiss is a marble statue created by the eminent French sculptor Auguste Rodin in 1889. The plot of the masterpiece was inspired by the author sad story Paolo and Francesca, characters from the legendary work of Dante Alighieri "The Divine Comedy" (Paolo, Francesca, Dante Alighieri). The lovers were killed by Francesca's husband, who suddenly caught the young people when the boy and girl, enchanted by each other, exchanged their first kiss.

16. Manneken Pis, author unknown

"Manneken Pis" or "Manneken Pis" is a small bronze sculpture that has become a real attraction of the fountain in the center of Brussels. The original authorship of the work is unknown, but in 1619 it was finalized by the Belgian sculptor Jerome Duquesnoy. Business card of the city, "Manneken Pis" was supposedly installed in memory of the events of the Grimbergen War, during which, according to one version, a pissing baby urinated on soldiers, and according to another, he extinguished enemy ammunition that threatened to destroy the whole city. On holidays, the sculpture is dressed up in themed costumes.

15. The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali

Painted in 1931 by the famous Spanish artist Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory is one of the most recognizable masterpieces of Surrealist art in the history of painting. The work depicts a gloomy Sandy shore strewn with melting clocks. For such an unusual plot, Dali was inspired by the theory of relativity of Albert Einstein.

14. Pieta or Lamentation of Christ by Michelangelo

"Pieta" - famous sculpture Renaissance, created by the Florentine creator Michelangelo in the period from 1498 to 1500. The work describes a biblical scene - Mary holds in her arms the body of Jesus taken down from the cross. Now the sculpture is in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. Pieta is the only work by Michelangelo that he signed.

13. Water Lilies by Claude Monet

"Water Lilies" is a whole series of approximately 250 oil paintings, and the authorship of which belongs to the world famous French impressionist Claude Monet. The collection of these works is recognized as one of the most outstanding achievements art of the early 20th century. If you place all the paintings together, it creates the illusion of an endless landscape filled with water lilies, trees and clouds reflected in the water.

12. Scream by Edvard Munch

The Scream is an iconic masterpiece by the Norwegian Expressionist Edvard Munch. He wrote 4 different versions of this story between 1893 and 1910. The famous work of the artist was inspired by the real experiences of the author associated with a walk in nature, during which Munch was abandoned by his companions (they are also depicted in the picture in the background).

11. Moai, author unknown

Moai statues are massive stone monoliths discovered on Easter Island in pacific ocean, Western Polynesia. The statues are also known as Easter Island Heads, but in fact they all have bodies hidden underground. Moai statues date back to around 1400-1650 and were supposedly carved from stone by aborigines who once lived on the island of Rapa Nui (Rapa Nui, the local name for Easter Island). In total, about 1000 such gigantic masterpieces antiquities. The mystery of their movement around the island is still unsolved, and the heaviest figure weighs about 82 tons.

10. Thinker, by Rodin

The Thinker is the most famous work of the French sculptor Auguste Rodin. The author completed his masterpiece in 1880 and originally called the sculpture "The Poet". The statue was part of a composition called "The Gates of Hell" and personified Dante Alighieri himself, the author of the famous " Divine Comedy". According to Rodin's original idea, Alighieri leans over the circles of Hell, reflecting on his work. Subsequently, the sculptor rethought the character and made him a universal image of the creator.

9. Guernica by Pablo Picasso

An oil painting the size of an entire fresco, Guernica is one of the most famous works eminent Spanish artist Pablo Picasso. The black and white painting is Picasso's reaction to the Nazi bombardment of the Basque town of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. The masterpiece demonstrates all the tragedy, the horrors of war and the suffering of all innocent citizens in the face of just a few characters.

8. The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci

You can admire this picture today while visiting the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie (Santa Maria delle Grazie) in Milan. Legendary painting by Leonardo da Vinci, " The Last Supper" - one of the most famous masterpieces in the world. The artist worked on this fresco from 1494 to 1498, and depicted on it the famous biblical scene of the last supper of Jesus Christ surrounded by his disciples, which is described in detail in the Gospel of John.

7. Statue of Liberty by Eiffel, Bartholdi

The iconic sculpture is located on New York's Liberty Island and was once a gift of friendship between the peoples of France and the United States. Today, the Statue of Liberty is considered an international symbol of freedom and democracy. The author of the composition was the French sculptor Bartholdi, and it was designed and built by the architect Gustav Eiffel. The gift was presented on October 28, 1886.

6. Hermes with the baby Dionysus or Hermes Olympus, by Praxiteles (Praxiteles)

Hermes with the Infant Dionysus is an ancient Greek sculpture discovered during an 1877 excavation in the middle of the ruins of a temple of the goddess Hera in Greece. Right hand Hermes is lost, but archaeologists believe that according to the plot, the god of trade and athletes kept vine showing it to the infant Dionysus, god of wine, orgies and religious ecstasy.

5. Creation of Adam by Michelangelo

The Creation of Adam is one of Michelangelo's most famous frescoes. It was created in the period from 1508 to 1512 and is considered the most popular composition of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, a cult Catholic center located in the Vatican. The painting illustrates the moment biblical creation the first person in history described in the book of Genesis in the Old Testament.

4. Venus de Milo, or Aphrodite from the island of Milos

"Venus de Milo" was born approximately between 130 and 100 BC and is one of the most famous ancient Greek sculptures. The marble statue was discovered in 1820 on the island of Milos (Milo), which is part of the Cyclades Archipelago in the Aegean Sea. The identity of the heroine has not yet been definitely established, but the researchers suggest that the author of the masterpiece carved Aphrodite out of stone, Greek goddess love and beauty, which was often depicted as half-naked. Although there is a version that the statue is molded in the image of the sea goddess Amphitrite, who was especially revered on the island where the artifact was found.

3. The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli

"The Birth of Venus" - work Italian artist Sandro Botticelli, painted between 1482 and 1485, and is considered one of the most famous and valuable masterpieces of art in the world. The painting illustrates a scene from Ovid's famous poem Metamorphoses, in which the goddess Venus first comes ashore from the sea foam. The work is on display at the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.

2. David by Michelangelo

The legendary sculpture of the Renaissance was created between 1501 and 1504 by the brilliant creator Michelangelo. To date, "David" is considered the most famous statue in the world. This delightful masterpiece is the biblical hero David etched in stone. Artists and sculptors of the past traditionally depicted David during the battle, the victor over the formidable Goliath, a warlike husband and hero, but Michelangelo chose for his work the image of a charming young man who had not yet learned the art of war and murder.

1. Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci

Perhaps some of the works from this list were unknown to you, but Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is known to everyone. It is the most famous, most talked about, most celebrated and most visited painting in the world. The ingenious master wrote it in 1503-1506, and Lisa Gherardini, the wife of the silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo, posed for the canvas (Lisa Gherardini, Francesco del Giocondo). Famous for its enigmatic facial expression, the Mona Lisa is the pride of the Louvre, the oldest and richest museum in France and the world.

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The buildings in El Giza, with their grandiosity and apparent uselessness, amazed the imagination already in antiquity, which best conveys Arabic proverb: "Everything in the world is afraid of time, but time is afraid of the pyramids." EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS - the tombs of the Egyptian pharaohs. The largest of them are the pyramids of Cheops, Khafre and Mikerin in El Giza in ancient times were considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World.




HANGING GARDENS OF SEMIRAMIS - gardens in the palace of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II (c. BC), which he ordered to break for his beloved wife, the Median princess. The gardens were located on a wide four-tiered tower. The terrace platforms were built of stone slabs covered with a layer of reeds and filled with asphalt. Next came the laying of two rows of bricks fastened with plaster and lead slabs, which did not let water into the lower floors of the garden. All this complex structure was covered with a thick layer fertile land, which allowed planting the largest trees here. The tiers rose in ledges, connected by wide stairs with slabs of pink and white flowers. Every day, thousands of slaves pumped water from deep wells to the top into numerous canals, from where it flowed down to the lower terraces. The murmur of water, the shade and coolness among the trees seemed a miracle.








OLYMPIAN ZEUS - a statue of Zeus by the Greek sculptor Phidias. The statue was placed in the cult center of the Olympic sanctuary - the temple of Zeus, in sacred grove Altise. The exposed parts of the body were lined with ivory plates, the robes were cast in gold, and the base of the sculpture was wooden. The height of the statue reached approx. 17 m. If the god "rose", his height would far exceed the height of the temple itself. In his hand, the Thunderer held a statue of Nike (a symbol of victory). The throne of Zeus was also made of gold and ivory. The back, armrests and foot were decorated with ivory reliefs, golden images of the gods and goddesses of Olympus. The lower walls of the throne were covered with drawings of Panen, his legs with images of dancing Nik. Zeus's feet, shod in golden sandals, rested on a bench decorated with golden lions. In front of the pedestal of the statue, the floor was paved with dark blue Eleusinian stone, a pool carved into it for olive oil was supposed to keep the ivory from drying out. The light that penetrated the doors of the dark temple, reflected from the smooth surface of the liquid in the pool, fell on the golden clothes of Zeus and illuminated his head; it seemed to those who entered that the radiance emanated from the very face of the deity.





MAUSOLEUM IN HALICARNASS - the tomb of King Mausolus of Caria (died in 353 BC). The mausoleum was famous not only for the grandeur of its architecture, but also for the collection of sculptures the base of the pyramid, on which rested a Greek-type temple and another pyramid, adorned with reliefs with scenes of Amazonomachy by the most famous sculptors of the 4th century BC. BC e. Leochar, Skopas, Briaxis and Timothy. The almost untouched mausoleum stood for about a year in the middle of the deserted city until the 15th century, when it was dismantled by the crusaders, who reinforced it with slabs of their stronghold on the Aegean Sea, the castle of St. Petra (modern Bodrum in Turkey). It was within the walls of the fortress and the surrounding houses that in 1857 the English archaeologist C. T. Newton discovered relief slabs from the basement of the tomb (now in the British Museum in London and the Archaeological Museum in Istanbul), statues of Mausolus and his wife Artemisia (who continued after death king, the construction of their common tomb) and a colossal chariot that crowned the entire structure.




TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS (Artemision) in Ephesus - one of the most famous and revered centers of pilgrimage ancient world. The temple of the goddess was built in the 6th century. BC e. architect Hersiphron of Knossos. During one of the sieges, the inhabitants of Ephesus stretched a rope from the temple to the city, thereby turning it into an inviolable sanctuary. The glory of Artemision was so great that people from all over the Greek ecumene placed their savings in it. July 21, 356 BC e. temple of Artemis of Ephesus, main shrine Greeks of Asia Minor, was burned by Herostratus. When Alexander the Great approached the city 25 years later, he wished to restore the temple in all its splendor. The architect Alexandra Deinocrates, who supervised the work, retained his previous plan, only raised the building to a higher stepped base. The temple occupied a huge area of ​​110 x 55 m, the height of the Corinthian columns (there were 127), a double row surrounding the structure, was also grandiose about 18 m; the roof of Artemision was covered with marble tiles. One of the sights of the building were 36 columns, decorated at the base with reliefs almost in human height.







FAROS LIGHTHOUSE (Lighthouse of Alexandria) - a lighthouse on the eastern shore of about. Pharos within the boundaries of Alexandria, the Hellenistic capital of Egypt. The builder of this miracle of technology, the first and only colossal lighthouse in the entire Greek world, was Sostratus of Cnidus. Travelers who saw the lighthouse wrote about the cunningly arranged statues that adorned the lighthouse tower: one of them always pointed to the sun along its entire path and lowered its hand down when it set, the other beat every hour day and night, the third one could find out the direction wind. The amazing building stood until the 14th century, but even in its already badly destroyed form, its height was approx. 30 m. At present, only the base of the lighthouse has been preserved, entirely built into a medieval fortress (now the base of the Egyptian fleet).








COLOSS OF RHODES - a giant statue of Helios by the sculptor Hares on the island of Rhodes. The statue of the god towered right at the entrance to the harbor of Rhodes and was visible to swimmers already from the neighboring islands, the height of the statue was approx. 35 m, i.e., almost three times higher than The Bronze Horseman in St. Petersburg. At the base, the statue was made of clay with a metal frame, finished with bronze sheets on top. To work on the image of the god directly at the site of its installation, Chares used a cunning technique: with the gradual elevation of the sculpture, the earthen hill around it also rose; the hill was subsequently torn down, and the statue in its entirety was revealed to the astonished inhabitants of the island. It took 500 talents of bronze and 300 talents of iron to make a grandiose monument (about 13 and about 8 tons, respectively). "Bronze Horseman"








"The Eighth Wonder of the World" The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang - this, of course, is the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang Emperor Qin ShihuanThe most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shihuan The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin ShihuanThe most important thing in this wonder of the world is Of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang The Eighth Wonder of the World is located in the center of China. The exposition of this wonder of the world is located in the northern spurs of Mount Lishan east of the city of Xi'an and consists of funeral statues of warriors and horses from the tomb of Qin Shi Huang. This is by no means ordinary museum exposition, for the ensemble consists of three huge crypts. The total exhibition area is more than 20 thousand square meters. In three crypts there are more than seven thousand figures, more than two hundred chariots and great amount bronze weapons. The museum was created during excavations, that is, directly at the place where the burial was discovered. The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang, who managed to unite the disparate principalities of China into a single state more than two thousand years ago. The perspicacious lord, trying to get into immortality during his lifetime, began to build for himself a huge tomb near the city of Chang'an in western China, and it later became a tomb in which funeral statues of warriors and horses were found. Twenty years ago, this ancient monument was included by UNESCO in the Catalog of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.




Masterpieces of world culture through the eyes of a general from the poem " Railway". - I was recently in the walls of the Vatican, I wandered around the Colosseum for two nights, I saw St. Stephen in Vienna, What ... did the people create all this? Excuse me for this impudent laugh, Your logic is a bit wild. Or is Apollo Belvedere for you Worse than an oven pot? Here are your people, these terms and baths, A miracle of art - he pulled everything away! .. -Your Slav, Anglo-Saxon and German Do not create - destroy the master, Barbarians! A wild crowd of drunkards!




1. Vatican. The Vatican is a grandiose architectural complex, where temples, palaces and fortifications are combined with works of garden and park art. The solemn entrance to the Vatican is St. Peter's Square framed by colonnades. The colonnades lead to St. Peter's Cathedral, the largest Catholic church in the world. In the palaces of the Vatican are located worldwide famous museums antique sculpture, and in the Vatican gardens the casino of Pius V and the building of the Vatican Pinakothek, where works of Italian painting of the XIV-XVII centuries are collected.






4. Apollo Belvedere. Statue of Apollo marble Roman copy of a bronze original by the ancient Greek sculptor Leocharus (c. BC, Pio-Clementino Museum, Vatican). The name comes from the Belvedere Palace in the Vatican where the statue is on display. For a long time it was considered the pinnacle of Greek art.











Electronic resources: Big Encyclopedia Cyril and Methodius. DVD-ROM. - M.: LLC Cyril and Methodius, CD Global Deejays / SoundofSanFrancisco (Progress) mp3.