Summary: The European south, the Ural-Volga region and the Eastern macroregion of Russia. Industry of southern Europe

Practical work number 9.

Theme "Comparative characteristics of the specialization of the industry of the European South and the Volga region"

Purpose: deepening knowledge on the geography of the regions of the Russian Federation; the formation of skills to compare the economies of the republics according to given characteristics, to isolate similarities and differences.

Task 1. Compare the branches of specialization of the European South and the Volga region. Fill in the table.

	European South	Volga region
1. Mechanical engineering: branches and centers
2.FEC: industries
3.APK: industries
4.Other industries.

Task 2. Make a conclusion about the similarities and differences in the branches of specialization of the regions.

Practical work number 10.

Topic: "Compilation of the characteristics of one of their TPK according to the plan."

Purpose: the formation of skills to compile a description of the TPK based on the integrated use of atlas maps, diagrams and the text of the textbook.

Equipment: atlas maps, account. pp. 322-325.

Exercise 1. To characterize the TPK located within the Eastern macro-region, and

complete the table.

TPK name	Natural resources	branches of specialization	produced products	problems and prospects tives of development.
1. Sayan 2. Norilsk 3. Bratsko-Ust-Ilimsky

Practical work number 11.

Theme "Designation on the contour map of the districts of the Belgorod region"

Purpose: formation of skills to work with a map of the administrative-territorial division of the region.

Task 1. Put all districts of the region and urban districts on the contour map.

Practical work number 12.

Topic “Determination by students according to statistical sources of population density in the Khabarovsk Territory. Comparison with national averages”

Purpose: to gain knowledge about the characteristics of the population of their area. About areas with the highest and lowest population density.

Progress.

1. Determine the population density for the entire territory.

2. Determine the population density for individual areas.

3. Identify areas with the highest and lowest population density, explain the reason

high and low density.

4. Compare the characteristics of the population of your region with the characteristics of the population of other regions

countries. Draw conclusions about the reasons for the difference.

Testing on the topic "Intersectoral complexes of Russia"

1. What factor can explain the location of skidder production in Petrozavodsk?

1) consumer 2) energy;

3) transport; 4) environmental.

2. The composition of the fuel industry includes:

1) oil industry; 2) oil, gas and coal;

3) oil, gas, electric power industry; 4) gas.

3. Forest surplus areas in Russia include:

1) European North and North Caucasus; 2) North Caucasus and Eastern Siberia;

3) Eastern Siberia and the European North; 4) The Volga region and the Far East.

4.sheep breeding - a branch of specialization:

1) Ryazan region 2) Dagestan;

3) Kurgan region 4) Murmansk region

5. Black Sea ports of Russia:

1) Odessa and Novorossiysk; 2) Novorossiysk and Tuapse;

3) Tuapse and the find; 4) Nakhodka and Murmansk.

6.Cherepovets Metallurgical Complex is located:

1) near the fuel base; 2)near raw materials;

3) at the intersection of the most important transport routes;

4) near the consumer.

7. The largest oil and gas basin in Russia:

1) Timan-Pechora; 2) Volga-Ural;

3) West Siberian; 4) Sakhalin.

8. The leading place in the production of metals is occupied by the metallurgical base:

1) Central; 2) Ural;

3) Siberian; 4) South.

9. Of the food industries, raw materials are oriented:

1) Fish and confectionery; 2) confectionery and sugar;

2) sugar and fish; 4) canning and pasta.

10. The main oil loading port of Russia:

1) Novorossiysk; 2) Arkhangelsk;

3) Vladivostok; 4) Murmansk.

11. In what area is the westernmost point of the country located?

1) Pskov; 2) Kaliningrad;

3) Murmansk; 4) Smolensk.

12. select cities - centers of material-intensive engineering:

1) Moscow, Novosibirsk; 2) Kemerovo, Nizhny Novgorod;

3) Smolensk, Yekaterinburg; 4) Samara, Moscow.

13.Main product of iron and steel industry:

1) Cast iron; 2) Cast iron and steel;

3) Cast iron, steel, rolled products; 4) steel and nickel.

14. What factors determine the development of the pulp and paper industry in the north of the European part of Russia?

1) raw materials; 2) environmental;

3) portability; 4) energy.

15. Heavy m / s is most developed in the Urals, Central Russia, Kuzbass due to:

1) high population density; 2) availability of raw material base;

3) qualified personnel; 4) developed transport network.

16. Brown coal is mined in pools:

1) Pechora and Moscow region; 2) Moscow region and Kansk-Achinsk;

3) Kansk-Achinsk and Pechora; 4) Kuzbass and Pechorsky.

17. Of the branches of the chemical industry, production is focused on raw materials:

1) potash fertilizers; 2) sulfuric acid;

3)nitrogen fertilizers;

18. Corn crops coincide with growing areas:

1) rye; 2) spring wheat;

3) winter wheat; 4) sugar beets.

19. The industries providing the agro-industrial complex include:

1) animal husbandry and production of agricultural machinery;

2) production of agricultural machinery and mineral fertilizers;

3) plant growing and animal husbandry.

20. The capital of the easternmost subject of the Russian Federation:

1) Magadan; 2) Vladivostok;

3) Anadyr; 4) Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

21. The main areas for the production of polymeric materials:

1) European North and Central, Russia; 2) the Volga region and the European North;

3) Central Russia and the Volga region; 4) The Volga region and the North Caucasus.

22. What cargo is more economical to transport by river transport:

1) meat, milk; 2) timber, coal, grain;

3) confectionery; 4) products of light industry.

23. Match:

Production is the main placement factor

1.automobile A.proximity of the consumer;

2. computers B. developed transport network;

3.skidders V.proximity of scientific centers.

24. Match:

Production Centers

1. Automotive industry A. Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, Vladimir;

B. Tolyatti, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk;

2. Traktor building V. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novorossiysk.

25. Match:

Products of the chemical industry Consumers

1.fuel, lubricating oils; A. mechanical engineering;

2. tires, rubber. plastics; B. transport;

B. light industry.

Evaluation criteria: Total - 25 points.

"5" - 23-25 ​​b.

"4" - 18-22 b

"3" - 11-17 b

"2" - up to 10 b

Test on the topic "European part of Russia"

Task 1. Describe the area according to the plan.

1.Main branches of specialization.

2.Problems of the region.

3. Territories favorable for human life.

4. Sanatorium-resort zones and recreational areas.

Fill in the table.

branches of specialization	living conditions	recreational areas	district problems
Northern region:

Task 2. Answer the questions.

1.KMA is ...

2. Karelia is ...

3. Cherepovets is ...

4. Solikamsk is ...

5. Murmansk is ...

6. Tolyatti is ...

7. Naberezhnye Chelny is ...

8. Vorkuta is ...

9. Plesetsk is ...

10. Kostomuksha is ...

11. Nizhny Tagil is ...

12. Ufa is ...

14. Rostov-on-Don is ...

15. Cheboksary is ...

16. Stary Oskol is ...

Task3. Define an economic region.

1.1) in the east of the district there are deposits of coal, oil and gas;

3) in the south of the district - an area that is famous for the production of butter;

4) there is an ice-free port in the north-west of the region.

2)APK is essential;

2) the area is poor in natural resources;

4) a significant part of the population lives in a millionaire city;

4. 1) the area is distinguished by the multinational composition of the population;

2) the population is distributed unevenly;

3) high density of the rural population;

4) agro-industrial complex and recreational economy - the leading sectors of the economy;

5. 1) rich mineral resources;

2) the metallurgical base is the oldest in the country;

4) the main problem is environmental.

6. 1) in the 18th century the area was a "wild field";

7. 1) the branch of specialization is precise and science-intensive m / s, chemical industry, textile.

2) ranks first in terms of population;

3) has a strong scientific base;

4) the area is poor in natural resources;

8. 1) has a coastal position;

2) rich in forest resources

3) poorly developed transport network;

4) the fishing industry is developed

9. 1) small hydroelectric power stations have been created on rapids;

10. 1) fertile soils;

2) water problem;

11. 1) the smallest in area;

12. 1) tidal power plant;

2) the outflow of the population;

4) in the south of the district there is a large metallurgical plant.

Evaluation criteria:

Task 1 - 4b

Task 2. - 1 b. for the correct answer

Task 3. - 1 b. for the correct answer.

Total - 32 b.

"2" - less than 13 b.

Testing on the topic "Regions of Russia".

Purpose: to determine the level of knowledge on the topic "Regions of Russia"

Test check

1. With which state does Russia have a land border:

1) Bulgaria; 2) Romania; 3) Lithuania.

2. For the placement of enterprises of which industry, the consumer factor is of decisive importance:

1) precision engineering; 2) light industry:

3) non-ferrous metallurgy of light metals; 4) pulp and paper.

3. Enterprises of what industries are located nearby:

1) heavy m / s t ferrous metallurgy;

2) non-ferrous metallurgy and pulp and paper industry;

3) electric power industry and chemistry of organic synthesis;

4) all answers are correct;

4.What influences the placement of APC:

1) natural conditions of the territory; 2) location of the population and its labor skills;

3) industrial relations with other industries; 4) all of the above.

5. Most nuclear power plants were built in the European part of Russia, since in this territory:

1) high demand for electricity;

2) large deposits of uranium ores;

3) the transport network is developed; 4) high population density.

6. Which regions have a favorable EGP at the intersection of transport routes connecting the eastern and western parts of the country:

1) Eastern Siberia and the Far East; 2) Northwest and European North;

3) Ural and Volga region; 4) North Caucasus.

7. Which region is poor in natural resources:

1) Central Russia; 2) Eastern Siberia; 3) North Caucasus; 4) Ural.

8. Which region has good agro-climatic resources:

1) C. Chernozemny; 2) the Volga region; 3) North Caucasus; 4) all named.

9. What do the Central Chernozem region, the Volga region and the North Caucasus have in common:

1) good agro-climatic resources;

2) specialization in ferrous metallurgy;

3) the predominance of agriculture.

10. In which regions is the fuel industry an industry of specialization:

1) Ts.Chernozemny region; 2) Eastern Siberia; 3) the Volga region.

11. In which regions is the fuel industry an industry of specialization:

1) North Caucasus; 2) Western Siberia; 3) the Volga region; 4) in all named.

12. What do Western Siberia, the Volga region and the North Caucasus have in common:

1) specialization in ferrous metallurgy; 2) security with fuel and energy resources; 3) availability of forest resources.

13. In what regions is the forestry industry an industry of specialization:

1) North Caucasus; 2) European North; 3) the Volga region; 4) in all named.

14. In which regions is the chemical industry an industry of specialization:

1) Central Russia; 2) Ural; 3) the Volga region; 4) in all named.

15. What regions stand out for their developed hydroelectric power industry:

1) Ural; 2) Western Siberia; 3) the Volga region; 4) all named.

16. What do Eastern Siberia and the Volga region have in common:

1) the predominance of the rural population; 2) high population density;

3) developed hydroelectric power industry; 4) availability of forest resources.

17. Which region stands out for its developed mechanical engineering:

1) Ural; 2) the Volga region; 3) Central Russia; 4) all named.

18. In which regions is non-ferrous metallurgy an industry of specialization:

1) Ts.Chernozemny region; 2) Eastern Siberia; 3) the Volga region; 4) in all named.

19. What do the Urals, the European North and Eastern Siberia have in common:

1) position at the intersection of transport routes connecting the eastern and western parts;

2) the largest seaports of the country are located on their territory;

3) developed mechanical engineering; 4) specialization in non-ferrous metallurgy.

20. In which region is the food industry an industry of specialization:

1) C. Chernozemny; 2) the Volga region; 3) North Caucasus; 4) in all named.

21. In which region is light industry an industry of specialization:

1) Central Russia; 2) Far East; 3) Eastern Siberia; 4) in all named.

Evaluation criteria:

Total points - 21

Answers: 1-3; 2-2; 3-4; 5-1; 6-3; 7-1; 8-4; 9-1; 10-3; 11-4; 12-2; 13-2; 14-4; 15-3; 16-3; 17-4; 18-2; 19-4; 20-4; 21-1.

Course report ""Geography of Russia"

Purpose: testing knowledge throughout the course "Geography of Russia"

Ι. Test. 1 option.

1) Turkey; 2) Moldova; 3) Azerbaijan; 4) Sweden.

2. The largest share of the urban population is typical for:

1) Krasnodar Territory; 2) Murmansk region;

3) the Republic of Dagestan; 4) Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

3. The largest urban agglomeration in Russia is:

1) Samara; 2) Nizhny Novgorod;

3) St. Petersburg; 4) Moscow.

4. The main reserves of fuel resources are concentrated on:

1) Ural; 2) North Caucasus;

3) Western Siberia; 4) Far East.

1) North Ossetia - Alania; 2) Karelia;

3) Kabardino-Balkarian; 4) Tatarstan.

6. The largest deposits of diamonds and gold in Russia are located within ……. economic regions:

1) Northern and Central; 2) North - Caucasian and Volga;

3) East Siberian and Far East; 4) West Siberian and Ural.

7. The largest natural gas field in the Volga region ...

1) Orenburg; 2) Astrakhan; 3) Samara.

9. The largest city of the Ts.Chernozemny region is:

1) Rostov-on-Don; 2) Voronezh; 3) Belgorod.

10. The largest seaports of the Northern region are:

A) Arkhangelsk, Kandalaksha; 2) Murmansk, Arkhangelsk; 3) Salekhard, Dixon.

12. The main areas of non-ferrous metallurgy are:

1) Ural and Eastern Siberia; 2) Eastern Siberia and the Volga region;

3) the Volga region and the Far East.

Centers Specialization

1. Ukhta a) forest, pulp and paper;

2. Cherepovets b) oil refinery;

3. Murmansk c) ferrous metallurgy;

4. Arkhangelsk, Novodvinsk d) fish.

14. The only city where electric locomotives are produced:

15. The most powerful full cycle plant:

1) Novolipetsk; 2) Cherepovets; 3) Magnitogorsk; 4) Novokuznetsk.

17. The main factor in the placement of ferrous metallurgy is:

18. Zhiguli cars are produced by the plant:

1) in Naberezhnye Chelny; 2) in Nizhny Novgorod; 3) in Togliatti.

19. The main link in the agro-industrial complex is:

1) crop production; 2) animal husbandry; 3) agriculture.

20. The most important grain crop in Russia is:

1) buckwheat; 2) oats; 3) wheat.

21. In the Non-Black Earth region grow:

1) fiber flax; 2) sugar beets; 3) sunflower.

1) Arkhangelsk region; 2) Krasnodar Territory; 3) Republic of Dagestan; 4) Kursk region.

1. 1) in the east of the region there are deposits of coal, oil and gas;

2) there are large reserves of forest resources;

3) in the south of the district - an area that is famous for the production of butter;

4) there is an ice-free port in the north-west of the region.

2. 1) branch of specialization - hydropower;

2)APK is essential;

3) mechanical engineering specializes in the production of cars, trolleybuses, aircraft;

4) a large gas condensate field was discovered in the south of the region.

3. 1) the area has a profitable EGP;

2) the area is poor in natural resources;

3) the main industry is mechanical engineering;

4) a significant part of the population lives in a city with a millionaires;

4. 1) in the 18th century the area was the "Wild Field";

2) there is a large deposit of iron ore;

3) agro-industrial complex - a branch of specialization;

4) the problem of soil reclamation.

5.1) rich mineral resources;

2) the metallurgical base is the oldest in the country;

3) developed heavy engineering;

4) the main problem is environmental.

Each task is worth 1 point.

From 25 to 27 b. - 5

From 19 to 24 b. - four

From 12 to 18 b. - 3

Less than 11 b. - 2.

Ι. 1-3; 2-2; 3-4; 4-3; 5-4; 6-3; 7-2; 8-3; 9-2; 10-2; 11-3; 12 -1; 13: 1b, 2c, 3d, 4a;

14-4; 15-3; 16-4; 17-1; 18-3; 19-3; 20-3; 21-1; 22-2.

ΙΙ. 1. European North (Northern region);

2. Volga region;

3. Central;

4. Central Black Earth.

5. Ural.

Credit for the course "Geography of Russia", Grade 9

Ι. Test. Option 2.

1. With which of the following states does Russia have a land border?

1) Armenia; 2) Switzerland; 3) India; 4) Kazakhstan.

2. Which subject of the Russian Federation has a long border with Finland?

1) Komi Republic; 2) Novgorod region; 3) Republic of Karelia.

3. Which of the following cities is the largest in terms of population?

1) Perm; 2) Tambov; 3) Norilsk; 4) Magadan.

4. In the Rostov region, the following is mined:

1) oil; 2) natural gas; 3) coal; 4) iron ore.

5. In which of the listed republics within the Russian Federation is the oil industry developed?

1) Republic of Kalmykia; 2) Karelia;

3) Kabardino-Balkarian; 4) Republic of Komi.

6. One of the branches of specialization of the East Siberian region is:

1) non-ferrous metallurgy; 2) food industry;

3) fishing industry; 4) cement industry.

7. The largest natural gas field in Western Siberia…

1) Urengoy; 2) Astrakhan; 3) Bearish.

8. Deposits of iron ore in the Central Chernozemny region are located in the following areas:

1) Kursk and Voronezh; 2) Voronezh and Lipetsk; 3) Belgorod and Kursk.

9. The largest city of the North-Western region is:

1) Pskov; 2) Novgorod; 3) St. Petersburg.

10. In which of the following cities are grain harvesters produced?

1) Samara; 2) Rostov-on-Don; 3) Astrakhan; 4) Orenburg.

11. The centers of passenger car building in Russia are:

1) Moscow, Zaporozhye; 2) Saratov, Novosibirsk;

3) Nizhny Novgorod, Togliatti; 4) Izhevsk, Miass.

12. The main areas of ferrous metallurgy are:

1) Ural and Ts.-Chernozemny region; 2) Northwestern region and the Volga region;

3) the Volga region and the Far East.

13. Establish a correspondence between the branches of specialization and their centers:

Centers Specialization

1. Lipetsk a) ferrous metallurgy;

2. Yakutsk b) nickel production;

3. Monchegorsk c) tractor building;

4. Petrozavodsk

14. Name the city where locomotives are produced:

1) Kolomna; 2) Moscow; 3) Rostov-on-Don; 4) Novocherkassk.

15. Chelyabinsk is the center of:

1) automotive industry; 2) tractor construction; 4) chemical industry.

16. The work of a metallurgical plant pollutes the environment least of all in:

1) Chelyabinsk; 2) Magnitogorsk; 3) Lipetsk; 4) Stary Oskol.

17. The main factor in the location of enterprises for the production of aluminum is:

1) raw materials; 2) fuel; 3) consumer; 4) energy.

18. What type of natural resources are forest resources?

1) inexhaustible; 2) exhaustible renewable; 3) exhaustible non-renewable.

19. The main direction of agriculture in the Central Black Earth region is:

1) flax growing; 2) sheep breeding; 3) beet growing; 4) viticulture and fruit growing.

20. A large rice growing area has been created:

1) in the Kuban; 2) in the south of Western Siberia; 3) in the Non-Black Earth region.

21. In the south of Western Siberia, the main grain crop is:

1) spring wheat; 2) rice; 3) barley; 4) corn.

22. Pasture sheep breeding is being developed by:

1) in the Non-Black Earth region; 2) on the Caspian lowland; 3) in the Northern Urals.

ΙΙ. Define the economic region from the description.

1. 1) small hydroelectric power stations have been created on rapids;

2) the mining industry is developed in the west of the region;

3) rivers are used for timber rafting;

4) diamond deposits were found.

2. 1) fertile soils;

2) water problem;

3) political instability;

4) the area has an excess of labor resources.

3. 1) the smallest in area;

2) there is a large seaport;

3) the problem is floods in the largest city;

4) is distinguished by high-tech and labor-intensive mechanical engineering.

4. 1) branch of specialization - hydropower;

2)APK is essential;

3) mechanical engineering specializes in the production of cars, trolleybuses, aircraft;

4) a large gas condensate field was discovered in the south of the region.

5. 1) tidal power plant;

2) the outflow of the population;

3) the presence of pulp and paper mills;

4) in the south of the district there is a large metallurgical plant.

The European South includes one economic region - the North Caucasus.

Economic and geographical position of the region

Natural resource potential

a) In terms of nature, the North Caucasus region is divided into two parts: flat and mountainous. - these are young mountains where the mountain-building process has not yet been completed, therefore the intrusion of magma gives deposits of non-ferrous metal ores, especially tungsten-molybdenum (Kabardino-Balkaria) and lead-zinc (Northern Caucasus). On the flat part of the region, coal is located in sedimentary covers.

AT agro-industrial complex , which accounts for about 50% of the region's products, all 3 links are developed. It produces 80% of the country's combine harvesters (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog), machines for growing grapes, tobacco and equipment for. Agriculture in the western part specializes in the cultivation of wheat (Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories), sunflower, tobacco, rice, sugar beet grapes (Lower Don). Of the industries here, meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding (on the waste of sugar production and grain) and poultry farming are developed. To the east, due to the great dryness, sugar beets are not grown, corn is grown less, pig breeding is replaced by sheep breeding (Dagestan plains). On the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus there is a subtropical economy where tea, tobacco, and citrus fruits are grown. The food industry is engaged in the processing of agricultural products. The branches of the food industry of the North Caucasian economic region are butter-making, sugar, fruit and vegetable canning, wine-making and many others.

For The region is characterized by the development of metal-intensive industries: the production of electric locomotives (Novocherkassk), power engineering (Volgodonsk, the Atommash plant). Favorable conditions for the development of these industries are determined by the proximity of the metallurgical base and convenient transport links.

Fuel and energy complex is provided with its own raw materials: in the Eastern Donbass (Rostov region) coal is mined, in the foothills of the Caucasus region - oil and gas. The rivers of the region have significant water resources.

The resort economy of the Black Sea coast (Sochi, Anapa, Tuapse) and the Stavropol Territory (Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Mineralnye Vody) acquires national importance.

In the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, there have long been artistic crafts.

Detailed solution section of the European South in geography simulator for grade 9 students, authors V.V. Nikolina 2016

• Gdz in Geography for grade 9 can be found

1. Study the “Reading the Map” section on p. 119-122 textbook. Write out phrases that characterize the features of the European South. Mountains and sea. Warm climate. Deposits of mineral waters.

2. Using the text of § 28-29 of the textbook, fill in the gaps in the sentences.

1) The structure of the European South includes the republics_ Adygeya, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia-Alania, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Chechnya, Crimea.

Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Rostov Region and the city of federal significance Sevastopol

2) The main minerals of the region are tungsten-molybdenum ores, lead-zinc, oil, gas, coal. (Mineral waters are not fossils, but a resource, recreational)

3) The only regions in Russia with a subtropical climate Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Crimea

4) The European South is the most multinational area

Russia. In addition to Russians, other peoples of the Indo-European language family live here - Ossetians, Turkic peoples of the Altai family Karachays, Balkars, Nogais, Kumyks, North Caucasian families - Adyghes, Circassians, Kabardians, Ingush, Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Laks, etc.

5) The largest city in the European South - Rostov-on-Don

3. Study Figure 22 on p. 121 textbooks. Find Black Sea port cities. The main port of Russia on the Black Sea is Novorossiysk (and Rostov-on-Don is the port of the Sea of ​​Azov).

4. Using the text of § 30 of the textbook, highlight the main stages in the development of the territory of the European South and the features of the development of its economy at each stage. Complete the task in the form of a table, diagram (optional).

6. Using the text of § 24, figure 17 on p. 105, the scheme of altitudinal zonation on p. 120 and figure 22 on p. 121 textbooks, compare the forests of the European North and the North Caucasus. Find out:

a) what area of ​​the districts is covered by forests; In the European North, everything except the tundra region and the Arctic deserts. In the European South, everything except the mountainous regions.

b) where the forests are located in these areas; Near the European North to the extreme north of the East European Plain Near the European South north of the Caucasus Mountains

c) what is their species composition; In the European North, pine and spruce, to a much lesser extent larch and Siberian pine - cedar. In the European South: spruce, fir, oak, beech, chestnut.

d) how forest resources are used in the economy of the regions, the country. Make a conclusion. _ In the European North, the use of taiga coniferous forests for timber harvesting and its processing. The European South has predominantly hardwood forests, point production, lack of large forestry and pulp and paper industries

7. On the contour map (p. 74 of the Appendix):

1) mark the borders of the European South with conventional signs;

2) sign the subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the European South;

3) draw the main landforms and minerals of the European South;

4) sign the names of the largest rivers of the European South;

5) designate major cities, ports.

9. In the rubric "What we know about the European South" on p. 118 of the textbook named objects that define the "face" of the European South. What else could you add about the Caucasus Mountains, the resort city of Sochi, Novorossiysk and Crimea?

Caucasus mountains. In antiquity they were called Colchis, in the mythology and epic of Ancient Greece they were known by the myth of Prometheus, who was chained in Colchis, and by the journey of the Argonauts for the Golden Fleece, which was also located there.

Sochi Sochi hosted the Winter Olympic Games and there are two foreign consulates: Armenia and Italy

Novorossiysk is a hero city with many monuments to sailors and naval battles, for example: the Malaya Zemlya and Death Valley memorial complexes, monuments to the exodus of the White Army, the sailors of the Black Sea, the naval glory of Russia.

Crimea The territory of modern Crimea was inhabited by the ancient Greeks, their colonies were founded here, the Greeks living in the territory of Crimea called themselves Pontic (the Pontic Sea is the Black Sea).

10. Imagine that you are a special correspondent for one of the Russian TV channels. Prepare a report on the recreational resources of the European South.

1) Think about what exactly you will talk about. M. Yu. Lermontov is a true connoisseur of the recreation of the Caucasus.

2) From the text of § 7, 28-30 of the textbook, write out the phrases and sentences that you will use in the report. Caucasus Nature Reserve, Sochi National Park, resort towns, ski resorts, tropical climate, mineral waters

3) Use the description of the Caucasian Mineral Waters from the story of M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time".

Here, on the waters, the air is very dangerous: how many beautiful young people I have seen, worthy of a better fate, and leaving here right down the aisle.

Nowhere do they drink so much Kakhetian wine and mineral water as here.

4) Make a short summary of the future report.

Lermontov's inspiration for the beauty of the Caucasus

Description through the image, life and travel of Pechorin of the recreational resources of the south of Russia in the 19th century.

Analysis of the Caucasian and marine poetry of Lermontov (When the yellowing field is agitated, Sail)

11. One of the main problems of the European South is the part-time employment of the young male population, whose share is significant here. The hardest thing is for the youth of villages and small towns, who are often unable to find a decent job. In your opinion, is it possible to solve the problem of employment of the young population if we provide for priority investments in those sectors of the economy in which it is possible to employ young people? Organize a discussion on this issue.

It is best to develop labor-intensive industries, it is there that young people can be employed and able to actively show their worth to other groups of the population. Labor-intensive production - production with a high share of labor costs in production costs. Labor-intensive industries are also distinguished by labor costs per unit of output. Labor-intensive industries include light industry, the production of chemical fibers, rubber, and instrument making.

12. The European South is the most difficult region in terms of socio-economic situation. The problems of this region are so serious that they require the mobilization of the resources of the entire country, the consistent policy of the state and the consolidation of public forces to ensure the peaceful development of the region. What measures do you think can relieve tension in this region? Discuss your proposed actions with your classmates.

Undoubtedly, today the North Caucasus is a strategically important region of the Russian Federation, the destabilization of the situation in which threatens not only interethnic peace and harmony here, but also the state-territorial integrity and security of all of Russia.

In my opinion, the emphasis in stabilizing the region should be placed on public institutions. Public institutions - public councils in municipalities and government bodies, the largest public organizations and public chambers, can provide serious support in a number of areas of regional development in close cooperation with the authorities. Considering that without the support of the public, many issues today cannot be resolved, we believe that it would be possible in this key region of Russia to form a model for more effective interaction between public institutions and authorities. Moreover, in the Caucasus, especially in Dagestan, in the so-called free societies, from ancient times there was a fairly effective practice of communal self-government, but it turned out to be somewhat deformed and even nullified during the reform of local self-government. Previously, all local issues were quite effectively resolved by “jamaats at the Godekan”, in other words, by the local population at their gatherings, but now the real activities of local “chiefs” often turn out to be “with seven seals” from the people. As a result, this contributes to abuses on their part and discontent of the local population. In our opinion, civil society resources should be developed as a priority, designed to strengthen public control over the spending of material resources and, in general, over the activities of government bodies. Otherwise, all the socio-economic assistance of the center may "disappear" to where it used to go mainly - to "feed" the materially wealthy clans, increasing the already socially dangerous gap between the poor masses and the wealthy handful of the population, which will certainly worsen even without the difficult socio-political situation in the region. With this in mind, we believe that the above measures will significantly increase the role of civil society institutions in stabilizing the situation and developing the North Caucasus region at the present stage, since economic, political, state-legal, social, moral and spiritual measures should be implemented comprehensively and only jointly implemented measures can be the most efficient.

14. It is known that many customs and traditions of peoples arise as a result of human adaptation to natural conditions. Nature has a direct impact on the system of housekeeping, on a person's ideas about the world, on life, clothing, food, housing and other ethnographic features. Under the influence of nature, the national character and values ​​of people are formed.

The European South is a region with special local customs and traditions. Prepare an abstract or oral communication (report), in which, using the example of one of the republics of the European South, try to reveal the features of the national traditions of the peoples living in it.

Culture and traditions of the peoples of Dagestan

In Dagestan since 2013 in cultural and leisure institutions within the framework of the development project of the Republic "Human capital" (subproject "Culture and traditions of the peoples of Dagestan") centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia are being created.

The work of the centers is aimed at the study and revival of national traditions, cultural cooperation. Regional and national features of folk art are being updated today. The manifestations of national consciousness are growing, including in the field of ethnoculture.

In Dagestan, this trend is connected, among other things, with the formation of centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia. Centers are an area where, in conditions of autonomous development, it is possible to preserve and develop not only a single cultural space, a separate nationality, but also deepen creative ties and cooperation between regions.

In all centers there are expositions of ethno-cultural heritage: household items and old household utensils; national costumes, musical instruments. Workshops on folk crafts are being created: tastar weaving, carpet weaving, wood carving, making musical instruments in the villages of Babayurt, Nizhnee Kazanishche, Vachi, Untsukul, Majalis, Urkarakh and others. Centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia in some villages of the Sergokalinsky, Levashinsky, Khunzakhsky districts and some others created kunatsky, where visitors are introduced to the ethnic culture of the peoples of Dagestan, national dishes are prepared.

The workers of the Center of the Tsuntinsky district restored an old women's didoy costume and unique headdresses. At the center, the folklore ensemble "Cesi" began to function again, in the repertoire of which there are original didoic dances and songs in the local dialect. The folklore ensemble "Darachchi" was created in the Center of the Novolaksky district; in the village of Majalis, the studio of folk-applied art "Kaitag embroidery" was opened and operates, where the traditions of ancient women's needlework are being revived.

The workers of the centers make efforts to preserve ethnic holidays and ceremonial rituals. With the support of the centers, the festival of the irrigation canal in Gumbetovsky, the winter ritual holiday "Urkhobay" in Charodinsky, the rite of harvest in Levashinsky, the bride's exit to the spring in Khunzakhsky are held; holidays of the meeting of spring "Novruz", "Ebeltsan", "Yaran-Suvar" in Tabasaran, Derbent, Khiva, "Intnil hykhyu" in Kulinsky, Laksky, Novolaksky, "Maslenitsa" in Kizlyar and Tarumovsky districts, the first furrow in different regions of Dagestan.

These examples are evidence that the cultural and educational activities of the centers are an open territory. In the centers, the interests of all municipal departments freely intersect, traditions continue and develop, new forms of work are tried.

From 2013 to 2015, the centers were opened in all municipalities. Work in this direction continues. To date, 52 municipal and about 200 settlement centers of the traditional culture of the peoples of Russia have been opened.

Relevant work is underway to improve the material and technical base of the centers, purchase inventory, sound and lighting equipment, vehicles, etc. For these purposes, from the republican budget, each municipal center in 2014-2015. 1 million 400 thousand rubles were allocated. According to information from the districts, many centers have significantly improved their material and technical condition: they have acquired musical instruments (pandurs, agach-kumuzes, accordions, button accordions, tambourines, etc.), sound-amplifying equipment (microphones, speakers, etc.). Many centers have purchased sewing machines or looms, sewed national costumes for their creative teams.

In the centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia, artistic and creative projects are held for children and with the participation of children. Among them are “Golden Stars of the Caucasus”, “Little Highlanders”, “Peace Begins from Childhood”, “Enemzhaya”, “Serpentine of Friendship”, “Children of the Mountains”, “Golden Hands”, “We are for peace on the planet”, etc.

The centers pay attention to the development of children's artistic creativity, patriotic education. Sufficient experience in the patriotic education of adolescents and youth has been accumulated in many districts and cities (Levashinsky, Buynaksky, Kizlyarsky, Nogaisky, Tarumovsky, Babayurtovsky, Khunzakhsky districts, Makhachkala, Derbent, Kizilyurt, Buynaksk, Izberbash, Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk, Kizlyar, etc.), where, together with educational institutions, competitions of military-patriotic songs, meetings with veterans of the Great Patriotic War and local military events, youth competitions, holidays, festivals, theme evenings, etc. are held.

In order to promote a healthy lifestyle, it is practiced to hold various events, anti-drug youth actions with the involvement of law enforcement officers and drug control, medical workers, and clergy. Programs of this subject are broadcast on local television channels.

Centers today are one of the ways to preserve and develop folk art and cultural traditions. They create new folklore groups, which are sometimes the only environment for the existence of folk performing arts, the preservation of national instruments and costumes. About 100 folklore ensembles, folk vocal groups, consolidated folklore groups operate in the republic.

In all centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia there are talented performers of folk and modern national songs. Many of them have vocal and instrumental ensembles. In Akhtyn, Dokuzparinsky and Magaramkent regions, ensembles of ashugs, including family ones, successfully work.

Work is underway to open studios or circles for learning to play the saz, pandura, chungur, zurna, agach-kumuz and other musical instruments. Similar studios already exist in the centers of Magaramkent, Botlikh, Levashinsky, Suleiman-Stalsky, Dakhadaevsky, Kaytagsky, Sergokalinsky and some other districts. Ensembles of pandurists and zurnaches have been created in the centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia in the Levashinsky and Dakhadaevsky regions.

One of the tasks of the centers is to preserve and develop the traditions of family art. The Republican festival "Family of Dagestan" is held annually in the Sergokalinsky district with the support of the administration of the municipal district and gathers family ensembles from all over the Republic. They represent amateur family creativity in all genre diversity: folklore, instrumental performance, folk and pop vocals, choreographic art. Within the framework of the republican festival, also with the support of the heads of municipal districts in the centers of Akhtynsky, Babayurtovsky and Charodinsky districts, zonal festivals of family creative teams are held.

The general indicator of the work of the centers is the district, republican, regional festivals of folk art, which contribute to the self-integration of folk culture into the Russian ethnospace. Republican holidays of tightrope walkers, folk costumes, folklore traditions, national and performing arts have become traditional: "Paglaman" and the "Heritage" festival in the Kulinsky district; festivals "Poetry of folk costume", "Voice of the mountains", "Play, accordion!" in the Levashinsky district; holiday "Shori Niki" in Derbent; zurnachi festival in Dakhadaevsky district; holidays "Cossack Compound" and "Russian People" in the Kizlyar region; "Sevinj" and "Golden Autumn" in the Derbent region; festival "Glory to the Cossack" in Kizlyar; the festival "Avar Koisu - the River of Friendship" in the Shamil region, the republican projects "Novruz" and "Maslenitsa" and many others.

In 2015 as part of the celebration of the 2000th anniversary of the city of Derbent, the centers deployed the “Springs of Dagestan” courtyards, where they presented crafts, life, national clothes, musical instruments and folk performing arts, and national cuisine. The creative teams of the centers participated in the holidays of rope walkers "Pehlevany", a gala concert and other events.

The Calendar of events of the centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia was approved. Since 2014, with the support of the centers, a cultural and educational project has been carried out - "creative landing": meetings of state cultural institutions, creative unions, cultural and art workers with employees of municipal institutions, residents of cities and regions.

Together with the creative teams of the centers of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia, resonant international and all-Russian festivals and holidays "Tsamauri", "Cranes over Russia", "Highlanders", "Caspian - the shores of friendship", etc. are held.

2016 was the year of the VII International Festival of Folklore and Traditional Culture "Highlanders". Folklore ensembles "Ranranga" from Sri Lanka, "Alianza" from Mexico, "Omladina" from Slovakia and more than 40 creative groups from Dagestan took part in it. Within the framework of the festival, about a dozen different genres of artistic and creative projects were held: “Sing, ashug”, “Pakhlaman”, “Poetry of folk costume”, “Play, soul”, “Dagestan springs”, etc.

15. Practically in every house there are books “On Tasty and Healthy Food”, “Peculiarities of National Cuisine” and other publications dedicated to traditional national dishes. Find a recipe for Caucasian cuisine and cook this dish together with your parents. What products did you use? Did you like it? What are its features?

Ossetian pie. Ingredients: dough, Suluguni cheese, butter, fresh cabbage, herbs, hard cheese, walnuts. Delicious. Lots of cheese. So you need a lot of milk, where there is no dairy farming - this would not have been invented.

16. Is it true that the European South is the only region in Russia with a subtropical climate?

a) Yes; b) no.

17. Name the resources that are not of great importance for the development of the European South:

a) forest; b) recreational; c) fish; d) agroclimatic.

Answer: B, G.

18. Determine the republic that is not part of the European South: a) Adygea; b) Kalmykia; c) Dagestan; d) Ingushetia.

19. Establish a correspondence between the republic and its capital.

1. Dagestan. B. Makhachkala.

2. Ingushetia. V. Magas.

3. Adygea. G. Maikop

4. Kabardino-Balkaria. A. Nalchik.

Answer: 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A;

20. Determine the peoples living in the European South: a) Adyghe; b) Circassians; c) Yakuts; d) Kabardians.

Answer: A, B, D

21. Select statements that characterize the European South:

a) the most multinational region of Russia;

b) the most urbanized region of Russia;

c) the main branch of specialization of the European South is agro-industrial production;

d) the main wealth of the European South is oil and gas.

Answer: A, B

22. Choose the correct answer. The millionaire city of the European South is:

a) Novorossiysk; b) Kizlyar; c) Rostov-on-Don; d) Nevinnomyssk.

23. What are the numbers on the map of the cities of Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Nalchik, Makhachkala, Vladikavkaz, Grozny, Sochi, Stavropol?

1- Nalchik;

3- Makhachkala;

4- Krasnodar;

5- Terrible;

6- Stavropol;

7- Rostov-on-Don;

8- Vladikavkaz.

24. Name the leading industries of the European South:

a) food, forestry, engineering;

b) food, light, forest;

c) food, engineering, fuel;

d) food, light, mechanical engineering.

25. Establish a correspondence between the center of production and manufactured products.

1. Rostov-on-Don. A. Production of grain combines.

2. Novocherkassk. G. Production of electric locomotives.

3. Nevinnomyssk. B. Production of mineral fertilizers.

4. Taganrog. B. Steelmaking

Answer: 1-A, 2-D, 3-B, 4-C

26. Choose the correct answers. Agriculture in the European South specializes in the production of:

a) corn b) sugar beet; c) sunflower; d) oats

on the topic: "The European South, the Ural-Volga Region and the Eastern Macroregion of Russia"

EUROPEAN SOUTH

The European South is the most multinational region of Russia: 42 peoples live here, speaking more than 100 dialects.

Multinationality is a consequence of the complex and long history of the formation of the region. Long before our era, the Scythians roamed its plains. At different times, Greeks and Huns, Mongols and Cumans, Circassians and Alans, Khazars and bridges lived here. The Slavs, who live mainly in the plains, appeared in the North Caucasus in the 9th century. n. e. They founded the large city of Taman here. The national composition is especially diverse in the mountains, which served as a natural boundary between individual ethnic groups.

Naturally, the region includes two different types of territories - the plains of the Don and Ciscaucasia basins and the Caucasus itself, its foothill and mountainous parts.

The Caucasus belongs to the young mountains of the Cenozoic folding era. The process of mountain building is still ongoing here, as evidenced by fairly frequent earthquakes. In the mountains, there are large reserves of tungsten-molybdenum ores, and the deposits of lead-zinc ores being developed near Vladikavkaz are already heavily depleted.

Oil and gas fields have been discovered on the sedimentary rocks of the Ciscaucasian trough. Oil fields arose at the beginning of the 20th century. near Grozny and Maykop. Gas production (mainly in the Stavropol Territory) began in the post-war period. The eastern wing of coal deposits of Donbass of rather high quality enters the territory of the region. Coal lies in deep and thin layers, so its extraction is expensive. The water resources of mountain rivers and geothermal sources are significant. Own energy resources ensure the operation of thermal power plants (on gas, oil products, coal), hydroelectric power plants (on mountain rivers); Rostov NPP was built.

The climate of the Caucasus is extremely favorable for agriculture and recreation, and the diversity of landscapes enhances their specialization. Most of the flat territory is located in the steppe zone, which to the east passes into the semi-deserts of the Caspian Sea. The slopes of the Caucasus Mountains up to a height of 2000 m are covered with forests, and the Black Sea coast is close to areas of subtropical climate.

The main specialization of the region's economy is the agro-industrial complex, which provides 50% of the products of the European South.

Agriculture is very diverse. The basis of crop production is grain crops: winter wheat (Kuban-Priazovsky plains, Stavropol, Salsky steppes), corn for grain (Stavropol, foothill and mountainous regions), rice (valleys of the Kuban, Don and other rivers).

Agriculture in the North Caucasus is zonal: in the west of the region, wheat, corn, rice, sugar beet, and sunflower are grown; meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding (on the waste of sugar production) are developed here; in the east of Stavropol, due to greater dryness, pig breeding is replaced by sheep breeding; pasture sheep breeding is developed in the Caspian region; Of particular importance is fine-wool sheep breeding (Rostov region, Stavropol, the plains of Dagestan), in the foothill zone - horticulture, viticulture, vegetable growing; on the Black Sea coast - citrus fruits, tobacco, grapes. Krasnodar Territory is a region of tea growing.

In the European South, there are almost all industries that process agricultural raw materials: meat, butter, butter, sugar, confectionery, fruit and vegetable canning, flour milling, starch processing, winemaking and many others.

On the basis of its own metallurgical base (Eastern Donbass), metal-intensive machine building and the chemical industry are developing in the region. In Volgodonsk, the center of domestic nuclear engineering "Atommash" was built, in Novocherkassk most of the Russian electric locomotives are produced. The instrument and machine tool industry, agricultural engineering, and the production of equipment for the processing industries of the food industry are well developed. The North Caucasus produces 80% of the country's combine harvesters (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog), machines for cultivating grapes.

In the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, the lack of agricultural land has long contributed to the development of various artistic crafts.

The most important for Russia are the resorts of the North Caucasus: the sources of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (30% of the reserves of therapeutic mud and mineral waters of the country are concentrated here), the Black Sea cities of Sochi, Anapa and Gelendzhik, skiing and mountaineering tourist areas of the Caucasus Mountains. Now the medical and resort institutions of the North Caucasus can simultaneously receive 400 thousand people. Half of this potential falls on the Krasnodar Territory, and x / 3 - on the Stavropol Territory.

URAL-VOLGA REGION

The region includes two economic regions - the Urals and the Volga region, united not only by the unity of their geographical location, but also by close economic ties.

The total area of ​​the region is 1360 thousand km 2 (8% of the country's territory), the population is 37 million people. (25% of the population of Russia). With significant internal differences between these regions, they also have common features that unite the territories included in the region: an advantageous geographical position; richness, diversity and complementarity of natural resources; originality and power of the economy; the complexity of social and environmental problems.

The Ural-Volga region links together the two parts of Russia, ensuring their economic integrity, and performs a transport and distribution function between the Western and Eastern subregions. The region was formed along two main axes stretched from north to south - the Volga River and the Ural Mountains, giving it a peculiar shape. The Ural-Volga region is a place where: two parts of the world meet; various parts of the earth's crust; various landforms; several climatic regions and natural zones.

The Ural-Volga region has a variety of minerals: within the sedimentary cover of the Russian Plain and in the Cis-Ural foredeep - oil and gas (the second most important province after Western Siberia), deposits of potash and table salts (1st place in Russia), in Ural mountains - deposits of copper, iron, titanium, tungsten, nickel-cobalt, lead-zinc ores, bauxite, asbestos, graphite, Ural gems (jasper, malachite, amethyst). At present, many deposits of ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals have been exhausted. The Ural-Volga region is rich in water resources (Volga, Kama, Belaya, Emba), but they are extremely unevenly distributed and heavily polluted. The Urals, unlike the Volga region, is rich in forest resources. The agro-climatic potential of the Volga region is much higher than that of the Urals. The natural conditions of the Volga region contributed to the development of agriculture. It accounts for 1/5 of the agricultural land and 1/4 of the pastures of Russia; in terms of agricultural production, it ranks second (after the North Caucasus).

Due to the border position between the two parts of the world, the population of the Ural-Volga region was formed in a very peculiar way. Today the Ural-Volga region is one of the most multinational regions of Russia. The population density in the region is 3 times higher than the national one. The main part is concentrated along the Volga and the Ural Range. The largest cities are located here, in which 74% of the population of the region lives. While possessing sufficiently highly qualified personnel, the region at the same time experiences a shortage of labor resources.

The Urals - the "supporting edge of the state", by the middle of the 18th century. 2/3 of ferrous metals and 90% of Russia's copper were smelted here. The Urals was the largest metallurgical region in the world.

The Volga region became an industrial region during the Soviet period, first during the birth and development of the "second Baku", then during the Great Patriotic War, when more than 300 industrial enterprises were relocated here.

The benefits of the region's EGP have led to the rapid development of the military-industrial complex here. Starting from the end of the 40s, closed cities of various specializations began to appear in the Urals, primarily involved in the production of nuclear weapons. The development of the military-industrial complex has further exacerbated the environmental problems of the Ural-Volga region; some territories were exposed to radioactive contamination.

The Ural and Volga regions in terms of industrial production occupy the 2nd and 3rd places in the country, respectively. Along with the extractive industries, the region has developed leading inter-industry complexes: machine-building, structural materials, fuel and energy and agro-industrial.

Mechanical engineering is concentrated in the largest industrial hubs - Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Samara, Saratov. The Volga region has long been rightfully called the “automotive workshop” of the country. It produces 71% of cars and 17% of trucks in Russia. The largest plants are VAZ (Togliatti), UAZ (Ulyanovsk), KAMAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny). In Engels there is a plant for the production of trolleybuses. In the Urals, the automotive industry is developed in Izhevsk (IZH), Miass, Novouralsk (Urals).

The Volga region is one of the main regions of Russia for the production of aerospace equipment. Aircraft are built in Kazan, Samara, Saratov. Center for helicopter construction - Kazan, ballistic missiles - Ulyanovsk. In the Urals, all other branches of the military-industrial complex, except for aircraft construction, are represented: a tank plant (Nizhny Tagil), factories for infantry fighting vehicles (Kurgan), self-propelled artillery mounts (Yekaterinburg), small arms (Izhevsk).

The civil engineering industry of the Ural-Volga region produces metallurgical and mining equipment, drilling rigs, equipment for chemical plants, turbines and generators (Uralmash, Uralkhimmash, Uralelektrotyazhmash in Yekaterinburg, plants in Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Volgograd, Saratov, Kazan). Tractor building (Volgograd, Chelyabinsk), shipbuilding (Volgograd), production of machine tools and equipment are also developed here.

The leading role in the development of a complex of structural materials is played by the chemical industry, represented by all branches. Large chemical complexes have formed on various local and imported resources.

For the mining and chemical industry, sulfur is mined (Samara region) and salts (Baskunchak). The processing of local and West Siberian oil in Nizhnekamsk, Samara and other hubs serves as the basis for organic synthesis chemistry, polymers, "fine chemistry", rubber and polyethylene, fertilizers and film, rubber products and household chemicals. A large gas chemical complex is being created on the basis of the Astrakhan gas condensate field.

The Urals produce 15% of the chemical products and 12% of the country's timber industry. Ural is one of the country's main suppliers of mineral fertilizers, primarily potash fertilizers (Berezniki, Solikamsk). In the district there are also enterprises of the soda industry (Berezniki, Sterlitamak), coke (Berezniki, Gubakha), oil (Ufa, Salavat, Sterlitamak, Tuimazy, Perm), gas (Orenburg) and wood chemistry. In the timber industry of the region, the leading role belongs to pulp and paper production, concentrated in the Perm (Solikamsk, Krasnokamsk, Perm, Krasnovishersk) and Sverdlovsk (Turinsk, Novaya Lyalya) regions.

The oldest branch of the Ural region is metallurgy. It arose due to the huge reserves of various high-quality ores, forests (charcoal), and the presence of water. The Ural metallurgical base is one of the largest in Russia (Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Serov, Alapaevsk). Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by the extraction of ores and the smelting of almost all types of non-ferrous metals available in Russia: copper (Krasnouralsk, Revda, Verkhnyaya Pyshma), nickel (Rezh), zinc (Chelyabinsk), aluminum (Krasnoturinsk, Kamensk-Uralsky), chromium, titanium, magnesium. The share of metallurgy accounts for 20% of all industrial emissions into the atmosphere and wastewater.

The industries of the Ural-Volga region are extremely energy-intensive, and although the region specializes in electricity production, it is still not enough. The creation of a powerful energy system became possible thanks to the construction of a cascade of the Volga HPPs (Nizhnekamskaya, Volzhskaya, Saratovskaya, Volgogradskaya), on the Ural rivers (Botkinskaya, Kamskaya, Pavlovskaya). The energy problems of the region were also solved through the creation of powerful thermal power plants - GRES (mainly on the coals of Kuzbass and the Ekibastuz basin and own oil and gas) - Zainskaya, Reftinskaya, Iriklinskaya, Permskaya, Yuzhnouralskaya and others; nuclear power plants were built (Balakovskaya, Dmitrovgradskaya, Beloyarskaya).

The agro-industrial complex of the Volga region is of national importance. Almost 20% of grain is grown here, x / 3 of tomatoes, 3 / 4 of watermelons. The district ranks first in the country in the production of meat, flour, cereals, salt. The food industry also plays a leading role, especially the flour and cereal industry, which is concentrated in large transport hubs. In the Lower Volga region, the fishing industry is of significant importance: fishing for sturgeon, pike perch, bream, carp, and harvesting caviar.

The Volga region is one of the popular recreational areas; cruises along the main street of Russia - the Volga with visits to the most interesting cultural and historical centers are especially attractive.

EASTERN MACROREGION

The Eastern macroregion is the largest part of Russia in terms of area, it accounts for 75% of the territory (12.8 million km 2) of the country. The zone of the North includes x / 2 of Western Siberia, 2 / 3 of Eastern Siberia and 3 / 4 of the Far East, therefore the region is poorly populated, only 22% of the population (32 million people) live here, about the same as in the Ural-Volga region.

The geographical position of the region is influenced by the extreme remoteness from the main industrialized territory of Russia and wide external relations with foreign countries - Mongolia, China, NIS, Japan and the USA.

The Eastern macro-region is a pantry of Russia's natural resources. In its northern part, 80% of energy resources (including 85% of water resources) and timber, 75% of all fresh water reserves, the main diamond and gold mining, the largest reserves of chemical raw materials, ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated. Western Siberia accounts for 60% of peat reserves, it provides 70% of the oil produced and 90% of Russia's gas. The southern strip has favorable agro-climatic and soil resources for agriculture. The seas of the region are rich in fish and seafood, the fishing of sea animals is developed, and furs are mined in the forests. Many areas are of recreational value.

The bulk of the population is concentrated in the south, along the Trans-Siberian Railway. More than 200 cities are located here, including millionaire cities - Novosibirsk (1.4 million people), Omsk (1.2 million people). In the north, the settlements are mostly focal in nature.

In economic terms, the Eastern macro-region is focused on raw materials and energy-intensive industries. The territorial structure of the economy is formed on the basis of large deposits of minerals and centers of their primary processing, along the main railway lines. The basis of the industrial

production is made up of scientific centers and centers of the military-industrial complex - Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok. The leading role in the economy of the region is played by the largest territorial production complexes (TPCs).

WESTERN SIBERIA

The West Siberian TPK, which has been formed since the 1970s on the basis of oil production in the Sredneobskaya part of the region (Samotlorskoye, Fedorovskoye, Ust-Balykskoye) and gas production in the north (Urengoy, Zapolyarnoye, Yamburg). The pipeline system transports oil and gas predominantly to the west, but also to the south and east. The largest cities: Omsk - a transport hub, a center for defense and precision engineering, petrochemical and food industries; Tomsk is a center of precision engineering, petrochemical and woodworking industries; Tyumen is the organizational center of the West Siberian TPK.

The Kuznetsk-Altai TPK specializes in the extraction of coal in Kuzbass and the development of ores in Gornaya Shoriya. The largest center of metallurgy is Novokuznetsk, where, next to the Kuznetsk Combine, built in the 1930s, the West Siberian Plant, ferroalloy plants, and an aluminum plant grew up.

Non-ferrous metallurgy centers: Belovo (zinc smelting from local polymetallic ores) and Novosibirsk (production of tin and alloys based on Far Eastern concentrates).

Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are used in mechanical engineering. In Kuzbass, metal-intensive engineering manufactures mining and metallurgical equipment. Machine tool building, instrument making and power engineering are developed in Novosibirsk, precision - in Tomsk, agricultural - in Rubtsovsk, Barnaul and Novosibirsk. Large defense plants are located in Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk.

On the basis of Kuznetsk coals, powerful thermal power engineering and chemistry have developed. Yuzhnokuzbasskaya TPP (coal-fired), Surgutskaya GRES-1 and 2 (oil-fired) and Novosibirskaya HPP are combined into a power system with power plants in Eastern Siberia. On the basis of coking coal in Kuzbass and natural gas (in Kemerovo), a chemical industry was created, in Novosibirsk (production of mineral fertilizers), in Barnaul (production of chemical fiber, rubber products, pharmaceutical products). Large-scale chemical production facilities are being created at the Tobolsk and Tomsk combines, gas chemical complexes in Surgut and Novy Urengoy.

The largest centers of the timber industry have developed at the intersection of waterways with railways - Tomsk, Omsk, Biysk. Light industry (cotton, woolen, sheepskin and fur, leather and footwear) and food (flour-grinding, meat, sugar) industries have been greatly developed in many cities of the region.

EASTERN SIBERIA

The main branch of specialization is non-ferrous metallurgy: the production of aluminum (about 3/4 of the all-Russian) at the largest plants located near the largest hydroelectric power plants - sources of cheap energy (Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Shelekhov), copper and nickel (Norilsk, Udokan).

A powerful mining industry is developed in the region: coal mining (Kansko-Achinsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo, Tunguska basins, Norilsk), iron ore (Angaro-Ilimsk deposit), development of tin, polymetallic, molybdenum, uranium and other ores, gold and diamonds.

The chemical-forestry complex is represented by logging, woodworking (the largest centers are Lesosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk) and pulp and paper production, focused on cheap energy from hydroelectric power plants (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Baikalsk, Selenginsk). Based on the use of cheap energy, products of oil refining, sawmilling, coal, table and potash salts, the chemical industry is developed. The range of manufactured products is very wide: from chemical fibers and synthetic rubber, tires and rubber products to pharmaceuticals. Centers of the chemical industry: Krasnoyarsk, Angarsk, Usolye-Sibirskoe.

The mechanical engineering of the region produces equipment for the mining industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (Abakan, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Cheremkhovo), freight cars (Abakan), grain harvesters (Krasnoyarsk), instruments and much more. Mechanical engineering is also developed in the military-industrial complex, the largest center of which is Krasnoyarsk.

Agriculture in Eastern Siberia is aimed at meeting the needs of the population of the region, specializing in grain farming and meat and dairy cattle breeding. Sheep breeding is developed in the Chita region, Buryatia and Tuva. Of the branches of the food industry, meat (Abakan) and milk-canning (Kansk, Shushenskoye) industries are of great importance. Light industry is represented by leather (Chita, Ulan-Ude), footwear (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kyzyl), fur (Krasnoyarsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita), textile enterprises of woolen fabrics (Ulan-Ude, Chernogorek, Chita, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk). ).

FAR EAST

The Far East differs in natural respect from Siberia. The large area of ​​the region and its length from north to south for more than 5 thousand km explain the existing differences in the nature and economic development of its southern and northern parts. In the south of the region there is the border of Russia with China and North Korea. In the north, the region is washed by the seas of the Arctic Ocean, and in the east - by the Pacific Ocean. The territory of the Far East combines vast plains (Zeysko-Bureinskaya, Prikhankayskaya, Nizhneamurskaya, Kolyma) and the largest mountain systems and ranges (Sikhote-Alin, Bureinsky, Sredinny, Chersky, Verkhoyansky), Koryak and Kolyma highlands.

The climate of the region is characterized by large differences in the northern and southern parts. Within Yakutia there is a cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere (Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon), in the southeast - areas of monsoon climate. The Far East has a rich hydrographic network; it is a land of diverse natural landscapes, stretching from the Arctic desert zone in the north to the Ussuri taiga in the south, where the flora of the subtropical zone (lemongrass, bamboo) is represented in the forests. Over 40% of the region's territory is covered with forests.

The natural resources of the region are large and varied. The Far East accounts for the bulk of the gold, diamonds, tin ores mined in the country, a significant part of tungsten, antimony, as well as mercury, phlogopite mica, and fluorspar. Large reserves of hard and brown coal, oil, gas, iron ore, numerous deposits of graphite, phosphorites and other minerals have been explored. In the vast shelf zone, in addition to oil and gas, deposits of iron, manganese, magnesium, and titanomagnetite sands have been explored.

The population of the Far East as a whole is characterized by relative youth and the smallest proportion of older ages. Until the beginning of the 1990s, the population grew rapidly, so among the current residents of the district there is a large proportion of those born outside its borders: from 30-40% in the southern part to 60-70% in the northern part. The population density of the northern and southern parts also differs significantly.

The southern part of the Far East, along which the Trans-Siberian Railway passes, is the most developed and populated. Natural conditions are favorable for human life. More than 2/3 of the region's population is concentrated here with a maximum density in Primorsky Krai - 14 people / km 2, that is, even higher than the average Russian one - 7.5 people / km 2.

The connection of the northern part of the Far East with the main territory of Russia is carried out only by sea and by air, the inhabitants consider themselves living on the island. This is the only region of Russia where maritime transport plays the main role in intra-regional transportation. The population density is almost 100 times less than in the south. Only the south of Sakhalin and the region of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky are relatively densely populated.

The main branches of specialization of the Far East: mining, non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and metalworking, fuel and energy industries, food and light industries.

The mining industry is represented by the extraction of gold and diamonds (Yakutia), non-ferrous metallurgy - by the extraction and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores (tin, lead, mercury, zinc, tungsten).

The basis of the fishing industry (more than 1 / 2 of Russian fishing and processing of fish and seafood) is ocean fishing, which involves a fish processing and transport-refrigeration fleet. A powerful fish processing industry has been created - fleet bases, fishing ports, ship repair plants. The championship in catching and processing fish belongs to the Nakhodka and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky complexes.

Of the branches of the forest industry in the Far East, sawmilling has received great development in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, the Amur and Sakhalin Regions. Prospects for the development of the forest complex are associated with the creation of industries for the deep chemical-mechanical processing of wood.

To the most developed industries mechanical engineering include shipbuilding and ship repair, the electrical industry, agricultural engineering, the production of equipment and machinery for the mining, timber processing and fishing industries. Main centers: Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Vladivostok. In mechanical engineering, it is planned to change the specialization of a number of enterprises in accordance with the needs of the region.

developed in the Far East Agriculture, focused on the production of meat and dairy products, vegetables, potatoes. Oats, buckwheat, rice are grown from cereals. The Far East is the main area for soybean production, reindeer breeding, fur farming, and hunting.

The main task for the Eastern macro-region is the intensive development of processing industries.

The European South is the most multinational region of Russia: 42 peoples live here, speaking more than 100 dialects.

Multinationality is a consequence of the complex and long history of the formation of the region. Long before our era, the Scythians roamed its plains. At different times, Greeks and Huns, Mongols and Cumans, Circassians and Alans, Khazars and bridges lived here. The Slavs, who live mainly in the plains, appeared in the North Caucasus in the 9th century. n. e. They founded the large city of Taman here. The national composition is especially diverse in the mountains, which served as a natural boundary between individual ethnic groups.

In terms of nature, the region includes two different types of territories - the plains of the Don basin and Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus proper, its foothill and mountainous parts.

The Caucasus belongs to the young mountains of the Cenozoic folding era. The process of mountain building is still ongoing here, as evidenced by fairly frequent earthquakes. In the mountains, there are large reserves of tungsten-molybdenum ores, and the deposits of lead-zinc ores being developed near Vladikavkaz are already heavily depleted.

Oil and gas fields have been discovered on the sedimentary rocks of the Ciscaucasian trough. Oil fields arose at the beginning of the 20th century. near Grozny and Maykop. Gas production (mainly in the Stavropol Territory) began in the post-war period. The eastern wing of coal deposits of Donbass of rather high quality enters the territory of the region. Coal lies in deep and thin layers, so its extraction is expensive. The water resources of mountain rivers and geothermal sources are significant. Own energy resources ensure the operation of thermal power plants (on gas, oil products, coal), hydroelectric power plants (on mountain rivers); Rostov NPP was built.

The climate of the Caucasus is extremely favorable for agriculture and recreation, and the diversity of landscapes enhances their specialization. Most of the flat territory is located in the steppe zone, which to the east passes into the semi-deserts of the Caspian Sea. The slopes of the Caucasus Mountains up to a height of 2000 m are covered with forests, and the Black Sea coast is close to areas of subtropical climate.

The main specialization of the region's economy is the agro-industrial complex, which provides 50% of the products of the European South.

Agriculture is very diverse. The basis of crop production is grain crops: winter wheat (Kuban-Priazovsky plains, Stavropol, Salsky steppes), corn for grain (Stavropol, foothill and mountainous regions), rice (valleys of the Kuban, Don and other rivers).

Agriculture in the North Caucasus is zonal: in the west of the region, wheat, corn, rice, sugar beet, and sunflower are grown; meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding (on the waste of sugar production) are developed here; in the east of Stavropol, due to greater dryness, pig breeding is replaced by sheep breeding; pasture sheep breeding is developed in the Caspian region; Of particular importance is fine-wool sheep breeding (Rostov region, Stavropol, the plains of Dagestan), in the foothill zone - horticulture, viticulture, and vegetable growing; on the Black Sea coast - citrus fruits, tobacco, grapes. Krasnodar Territory is a region of tea growing.

In the European South, there are almost all industries that process agricultural raw materials: meat, butter, butter, sugar, confectionery, fruit and vegetable canning, flour milling, starch processing, winemaking and many others.

On the basis of its own metallurgical base (Eastern Donbass), metal-intensive machine building and the chemical industry are developing in the region. In Volgodonsk, the center of domestic nuclear engineering "Atommash" was built, in Novocherkassk most of the Russian electric locomotives are produced. The instrument and machine tool industry, agricultural engineering, and the production of equipment for the processing industries of the food industry are well developed. The North Caucasus produces 80% of the country's combine harvesters (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog), machines for cultivating grapes.

In the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, the lack of agricultural land has long contributed to the development of various artistic crafts.

The most important for Russia are the resorts of the North Caucasus: the sources of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (30% of the reserves of therapeutic mud and mineral waters of the country are concentrated here), the Black Sea cities of Sochi, Anapa and Gelendzhik, skiing and mountaineering tourist areas of the Caucasus Mountains. Now the medical and resort institutions of the North Caucasus can simultaneously receive 400 thousand people. Half of this potential falls on the Krasnodar Territory, and x / 3 - on the Stavropol Territory.