Biography of Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy. Alexei Tolstoy: childhood, creativity, interesting facts from life

1. Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky(pseudonym - Anthony Pogorelsky; 1787-1836) - Russian writer, member Russian Academy(1829). Brother statesmen Counts L. A. and V. A. Perovsky, uncle Alexei Tolstoy and brothers Alexei and Vladimir Zhemchuzhnikov.
A prominent prose writer of the 1920s and 1930s, who published his works under the pseudonym "Antony Pogorelsky", cultivated in his nephew a love of art and encouraged his first literary experiments. ()

6. Manor "Pustynka"- not far from the Sablino station, on the right, high and steep bank of the Tosna River, there was once the Pustynka estate, bought in 1850 by the writer's mother Anna Alekseevna Tolstaya.
The Tolstoys built a stone manor house in the English Gothic style (architect V.Ya. Langvagen, designed by A.I. Stackenschneider). The ensemble also included an outbuilding for guests, an office, stables, a carriage house, etc., united by a unity of design. Many people often visited Tolstoy here. writers and scientists, including I.A. Goncharov, N.I. Kostomarov, I.S. Turgenev, A.A. Fet, Ya.P. Polonsky and many others. etc. After the death of Tolstoy in 1875, the estate passed into the possession of S.A. Khitrovo. In 1912, a fire destroyed almost all the buildings; Currently, two ponds and fragments of the park have been preserved. Modern address: Nikolskoye, Tosnensky district of Leningradskaya region (

Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy- a classic of Russian literature, one of our largest poets of the second half 19th century, a brilliant playwright, translator, creator of a magnificent love lyrics, a hitherto unsurpassed satirist poet who wrote his works both under his real name and under the name invented by Tolstoy together with the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers Kozma Prutkov; finally, Tolstoy is a classic of Russian "terrible literature", his stories "Ghoul" and "Ghoul's Family" are considered masterpieces of Russian mysticism. The works of A. K. Tolstoy are familiar to us from school. But little is known about the life of the writer himself, paradoxically. The fact is that most of the writer's archives perished in fires, and a significant part of the correspondence was destroyed after Tolstoy's death by his wife. Researchers of the writer's work had to restore the facts of his life literally bit by bit. And I must say that Alexei Konstantinovich lived a very interesting life. Shortly after his birth (August 24, 1817 in St. Petersburg), a break occurred in the Tolstoy family - mother Anna Alekseevna (nee Perovskaya, the illegitimate daughter of the all-powerful Count Razumovsky) took the six-week-old Alyosha and left for her estate. And she never returned to Count Konstantin Petrovich Tolstoy. Alyosha's tutor, who essentially replaced his father, was his mother's brother, the writer Aleksey Alekseevich Perovsky, better known by his pseudonym Anthony Pogorelsky. The famous fairy tale black hen, or Underground inhabitants» Pogorelsky wrote specifically for Alyosha Tolstoy. Fate itself, it seemed, favored Tolstoy - thanks to his involvement in two of the most influential noble families - Tolstoy and Razumovsky - and kinship with popular writer Pogorelsky he is still in childhood met Pushkin, during a trip with his mother and uncle to Germany - with Goethe, and a trip to Italy connected with an acquaintance with the great artist Karl Bryullov, who would later paint a portrait of the young Tolstoy. Tolstoy's playmate was the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Alexander II. There is a known case when, together with Alyosha and Alexander, Emperor Nicholas I himself played soldiers.

In 1834, Tolstoy was enrolled in the civil service as a "student" in the Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In December 1835, he passed exams at Moscow University to obtain a certificate for entry into the first category of civil service officials. public service Tolstoy is deeply disgusted, he wants to become a poet, writes poetry from the age of six, but does not find the strength to break with the service, fearing to upset his relatives. In 1836, Tolstoy took a four-month vacation to accompany the seriously ill Perovsky to Nice for treatment, but on the way, in a Warsaw hotel, Perovsky died. He leaves all his fortune to Alyosha. At the end of 1836, Tolstoy was transferred to the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was soon appointed to the Russian mission to the German Sejm in Frankfurt am Main. However, the service was essentially a mere formality, and although Tolstoy went to Frankfurt (where he first met Gogol), most of his time he, like any young socialite, spends in entertainment. In 1838 - 1839. Tolstoy lives abroad - in Germany, Italy, France. At the same time, he writes his first stories (on French) "The Family of the Ghoul" and "Meeting in Three Hundred Years", which will be published only after the death of the author. Apparently, the influence of Perovsky, one of the founders of Russian fantasy literature and Tolstoy's first stories are vivid examples of mysticism (by the way, the writer's interest in the other world will remain even in adulthood: it is known that he read books on spiritualism, attended sessions of the English spiritualist Hume who toured Russia). Returning to Russia, Tolstoy continues to live " social life”: hits on young ladies at St. Petersburg balls, spends money with chic, hunts in his estate Red Horn in the Chernigov province, which he inherited from Alexei Perovsky. Hunting becomes a passion for Tolstoy, he repeatedly went with a horn to a bear at the risk of his life. In general, Alexei Konstantinovich was distinguished by an amazing physical force- twisted silver forks and spoons with a screw, unbent horseshoes.

In 1841, Tolstoy made his literary debut - under the pseudonym Krasnorogsky, mystical tale"Ghoul", the first Russian work on a vampire theme. The story earned an approving review by Belinsky. In the 40s, Tolstoy began the novel "Prince Silver", creates many poems and ballads, but writes mostly "on the table". In 1850, Tolstoy, together with his cousin Alexei Zhemchuzhnikov, hiding behind the pseudonyms "Y" and "Z", sent the comedy in one act "Fantasy" for censorship. Although the censor made corrections to the work, on the whole he did not find anything reprehensible in it. The premiere of the play took place on January 8, 1851 at the Alexandrinsky Theater and ended in a huge scandal, after which the production was banned: the public did not understand the play’s innovation, the parody of absurd dialogues and monologues at all, Emperor Nicholas I, who was present at the premiere, left the hall without waiting for the end of the performance. In the same 1851, Alexei Tolstoy was granted the title of master of ceremonies of the court, and there is also major event in his personal life - the poet meets his future wife Sophia Miller. The feeling that has arisen for Miller inspires Tolstoy. Since 1854, he has been systematically publishing his poems, including under the name of Kozma Prutkov, a writer invented by him together with the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers. During Crimean War Tolstoy joined the army as a major, but did not participate in hostilities: he fell ill with typhus near Odessa and barely survived. After recovery, he participates in the coronation of Alexander II, on the day of the coronation celebrations, Tolstoy was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed adjutant wing to the emperor. Military service burdens Tolstoy and in 1861 he seeks his resignation. After his resignation, Tolstoy lived mainly on his estates Pustynka (near St. Petersburg) and Krasny Rog. Literary fame comes - his poems are a success. The poet is fascinated by Russian history - “ Time of Troubles"and the era of Ivan the Terrible - and he creates historical novel"Prince Silver" and "Dramatic Trilogy", but Tolstoy is especially interested in pre-Mongolian Russia, which he idealizes in many ballads and epics.

AT last years Tolstoy was seriously ill throughout his life. Finding no escape from terrible headaches, he begins to use morphine injections. Morphine addiction develops. On September 28 (October 10 according to the new style), 1875, Tolstoy dies in Krasny Rog from too much morphine.

From the works of Tolstoy, in addition to mystical prose (“Ghoul”, “Ghoul Family”, Meeting after three hundred years”, “Amena”), many poetic works include the poem “Dragon”, ballads and epics “The Tale of the King and the Monk ”, “Vikhor-horse”, “Wolves”, “Prince Rostislav”, “Sadko”, “Bogatyr”, “Potok-hero”, “Snake Tugarin”, dramatic poem “Don Juan”. Fantastic elements are present in some other works of the writer.

The surname Tolstoy in our view is closely associated with literary creativity, and this is no coincidence. In Russian prose and poetry there were as many as three famous author who wore it: Lev Nikolaevich, Alexei Konstantinovich and Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy. The works written by them are not connected in any way, but the authors themselves are united by blood relationship, although distant. All of them are representatives of a large noble branch. Tatyana Tolstaya, contemporary writer, by the way, also belongs to this genus. Although the most famous representative of this noble branch is, of course, Lev Nikolaevich, today we invite you to get acquainted with the work of Alexei Konstantinovich. The works of Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy also deserve close attention. However, this is a topic for a completely different article. So, for example, the namesake of the poet and writer of interest to us, Alexei Tolstoy, created works for children that are still very popular and fascinating to this day.

Biography of Tolstoy Alexei Konstantinovich

Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy (years of life - 1817-1875) - poet, writer, playwright. He was born in St. Petersburg. He came from the Razumovsky family on the maternal side (his great-grandfather was the last hetman of Little Russia, and his grandfather, A.K. Razumovsky, was the Minister of Public Education under Tsar Alexander I). The father of the future writer is Count K. P. Tolstoy, with whom the mother broke up immediately after the birth of the boy. Alexei Konstantinovich was brought up under the guidance of his mother and her brother, A. A. Perovsky, a writer who encouraged the poetic experiments of young Tolstoy.

In 1834 he was accepted into the service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in the Moscow archive. After that he was in the diplomatic service. Tolstoy Alexei, whose works we will present to you below, received the title of chamber junker in 1843.

Fantastic stories and romantic prose

In the late 1830s and early 1840s, he created fantastic novels gravitating towards the Gothic novel, as well as romantic prose: "Meeting in Three Hundred Years", "Ghoul's Family". His first published work is the story "Ghoul", written in 1841, created under the pseudonym Krasnorogsky. Also in the 1840s, Alexei Konstantinovich began work on a historical novel called (finished in 1861), at the same time was created whole line lyrical ballads and poems that came out a little later (in the 1850s and 60s). Many works of Alexei Tolstoy gained great popularity. Their list is as follows: "Kurgan", "My Bells", "Prince Mikhailo Repnin", as well as "Vasily Shibanov", etc.

Collaboration in Sovremennik

In the early 1850s, Tolstoy became close to N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev and other writers. Since 1854, his literary parodies and poems have been published in Sovremennik. In collaboration with V. M. and A. M. Zhemchuzhnikovs (his cousins), satirical parody works were published under the pseudonym Kozma Prutkov in the Literary Jumble section of this journal. Creativity of this fictional author became a mirror of obsolete phenomena in literature and at the same time created a satirical picture of a bureaucrat claiming to be a legislator of artistic taste.

Tolstoy Alexei, whose works by that time were already numerous, having moved away from participation in Sovremennik, from 1857 began to be published in Russkaya Conversation, and later, in the 1860s and 70s, mainly in Vestnik Evropy, as well as "Russian Bulletin". At this time he defended the principles of the so-called " pure art", that is, independent of any political ideas, including "progressive".

In 1861, Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy, whose works are discussed in this article, finally quits the service, which was very burdensome for him, and completely focuses on literary work.

In 1862, his poem "Don Juan" was published, the next - "Prince Silver" (novel). In 1866, the first part of a large work, the historical trilogy The Death of Ivan the Terrible, was released, two years later, the second part, Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, and in 1870, the final part, Tsar Boris.

Lyrical legacy

Answering the question about what works Alexei Tolstoy wrote, one cannot fail to note his lyrics. In 1867, the first collection of poetry by this author appears. In the last ten years of his life, he wrote ballads (1868 - "The Serpent Tugarin", 1869 - "The Song of Harald and Yaroslavna", 1870 - "Roman Galitsky", 1871 - "Ilya Muromets", etc.). There were also political satires in verse ("History of the Russian State ...", published in 1883, "Popov's Dream" - in 1882, etc.), lyric poems and poems (1874 - "Portrait", 1875 - "Dragon" ).

General characteristics of creativity

The work of Alexei Konstantinovich is imbued with unity philosophical ideas, motives, lyrical emotions. One can note the interest in such problems as the philosophy of history, national antiquity, rejection of tsarist tyranny - these features of Tolstoy's work are reflected in many of his works related to various genres. The ideal device of the country, corresponding to the Russian national character, Alexei Konstantinovich considered ancient Novgorod and Kievan Rus. The way of life of Russia at that time seemed to him as follows: a high level of development various arts, importance such a cultural layer as the aristocracy, the prince's respect for the freedom and personal dignity of citizens, the simplicity of morals, the diversity and breadth of international relations, especially with Europe.

ballads

Depicting images Ancient Russia ballads are imbued with lyricism, they reflect the passionate dream of their creator of spiritual independence, as well as admiration for the heroic whole natures that Alexei Tolstoy portrayed in folk epic poetry. The works, the list of which is offered to you ("Matchmaking", "Ilya Muromets", "Kanut", "Alyosha Popovich" and other ballads) are marked by the fact that the images legendary heroes in them, plots of historical events illustrate the author's thought, embody his ideals (for example, Prince Vladimir of Kyiv). In their artistic means, they are close to some other lyrical poems by Alexei Konstantinovich ("You are my land ...", "If you love, so without reason", "Blagovest", etc.).

Tolstoy's ballads, depicting the era of the strengthening of statehood in Russia, are permeated through and through with a dramatic beginning. Their plots are the events of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, whom the poet considered the most vivid exponent of the principle of absorption by the state of the individual and unlimited autocracy.

The "dramatic" ballads are more traditional in form than the "lyrical" ballads, which date mainly to the late 1860s and early 1870s. However, these works of Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy are marked by the fact that he acted as an original poet, capable of modifying the structure of the genre.

For example, in one of the ballads, "Vasily Shibanov", he revises the classic situation of a dispute with the king of a freedom-loving subject, which became widespread under the influence of the works of F. Schiller. Conveying how Kurbsky denounces Ivan the Terrible, Tolstoy in the participants of this dramatic conflict- rebellious boyar and tsar - emphasizes the common: ingratitude, inhumanity, pride. Aleksey Konstantinovich finds the readiness to suffer for the truth, the ability for self-sacrifice in common man, which is sacrificed to this dispute mighty of the world this. So, the slave takes over the king moral victory and restores by his feat the triumph of the true greatness of man over the imaginary. Like other "dramatic" ballads of this author, "Vasily Shibanov" in terms of its subject matter and the psychological complexity of the characters' images, as well as the creator's ethical approach to historical events draws close to the works of major genres, which were written by Alexei Tolstoy. We will now consider these works.

Novels of Tolstoy

Alexei Konstantinovich in his novel "Prince Silver" depicts violent clashes in an atmosphere of unbridled tyranny strong people and shows that arbitrariness has a detrimental effect on the personality of the monarch, as well as on his environment. In this work, it is noted that, moving away from the already corrupted court circle, sometimes even forced to hide from social oppression and persecution, gifted people belonging to various sectors of society nevertheless "make history", protect the country from the attack of external enemies, master and discover new lands (Ermak Timofeevich, Mitka, Ivan Koltso, Prince Serebryany, etc.). The style of this work is associated with the traditions of the story and the historical novel of the 1830s, including those coming from such stories by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol as "Taras Bulba" and "Terrible Revenge".

Dramaturgy

In the aforementioned dramatic trilogy, the author depicted Russian life at the end of the 16th century - the beginning of the 17th. And in these plays, the solution of various historical and philosophical problems is more important for him than the exact adherence to historical facts. Aleksey Konstantinovich depicts the tragedy of three reigns, three autocrats: Ivan the Terrible, obsessed with the idea that his power is of divine origin, the soft-hearted ruler Fedor and the wise Boris Godunov, "a brilliant ambitious man."

Tolstoy Alexey, whose works often depicted past eras, paid great attention to the creation of original, individual and vivid portraits. historical persons. His great achievement is the image of Tsar Fedor, which indicates that in the 1860s the writer mastered the principles of psychological realism. In 1898 Moscow art theater was opened by staging the tragedy of this author - "The King These are the main dramatic works Alexei Tolstoy. The list of them can be continued, since we have listed only the main ones.

political satire

Features of the historical outlook of Alexei Konstantinovich were reflected in his For example, behind such an anecdotal plot, which was in the work "Popov's Dream", the author's mockery of the liberals was hidden. In the poems "Against the current" or, for example, "Sometimes a merry May ..." and others, the controversy with the nihilists was reflected. In the "History of the State ..." Alexei Konstantinovich subjected historical phenomena to merciless ridicule, he believed that they interfered with the life of Russia.

intimate lyrics

Unlike ballads and dramaturgy, this author's intimate lyrics were alien to elation of tone. Sincere and simple lyrical works Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy. Many of them are, as it were, psychological poetic short stories ("That was in early spring", "In the midst of a noisy ball, by chance ...").

Music based on the works of Alexei Konstantinovich

Alexei Konstantinovich introduced elements of folk poetic style into his work, often his poems are close to the song. Many creations created by Alexei Tolstoy have been set to music. The works (the list includes more than 70 poems) became the basis for romances that were written to his words by P. I. Tchaikovsky, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, S. I. Taneev, M. P. Mussorgsky and others.

TOLSTOY Alexey Konstantinovich (August 24, 1817 - September 28, 1875), Russian prose writer, poet, playwright. He spent his childhood in the Chernihiv region. on the estate of his uncle Alexei Perovsky (known in literature under the pseudonym Anton Pogorelsky), who encouraged the literary interests that awakened early in the boy.

In 1834 Tolstoy passed the exam at the university and was enrolled as a "student" in the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1837 he was seconded to the Russian mission at the German Diet in Frankfurt am Main, in 1840 he returned to Russia and was appointed an official in the office of legislation.

For the first time in print, Tolstoy spoke with fantastic story"Ghoul". In the 1840s, Tolstoy wrote a lot, but published only one poem, yet the one written at that time appeared in print much later.

In the 1850s, Tolstoy, together with his cousins ​​Zhemchuzhnikov, created the image of Kozma Prutkov, on whose behalf they acted with literary parodies and satires. From 1854 Tolstoy's lyrical poems and Prutkov's satires began to appear in Sovremennik. These years were the most fruitful in the writer's work. Having retired in 1861, he lived in a village near St. Petersburg or in Chernigov province, occasionally visiting the capitals. Tolstoy's work is multi-genre. In 1867 the first collection of his poems was published. In the 60s he wrote the novel "Prince Silver", a dramatic trilogy: "The Death of Ivan the Terrible" (1866), "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" (1868) and "Tsar Boris" (1870), his highest artistic achievement; a number of ballads and satires.

In the last years of his life, Tolstoy suffered severely from a nerve disorder, relieving pain with morphine. He died in the estate of Krasny Rog in the Chernigov province.

Tolstoy's work, imbued with love for a healthy earthly life, Russian nature and homeland, reflected the movement of Russian literature from romanticism to realism, the achievements of which were reflected in the clarity and accuracy of the depiction of nature, in the fidelity and depth of the disclosure of spiritual experiences, in the satirical denunciation of serfdom.

K.P. Bryullov. Portrait of Count A.K. Tolstoy. 1836.

Tolstoy Alexei Konstantinovich (08/24/1817 - 09/28/1875), writer, poet, playwright. Born in St. Petersburg. On the maternal side, he came from the Razumovsky family (great-grandfather - the last Little Russian hetman Kirill Razumovsky; grandfather - Minister of Public Education under Alexander I - A. K. Razumovsky ). Father - gr. K. P. Tolstoy, with whom the mother divorced immediately after the birth of her son. He was brought up under the guidance of his mother and her brother, the writer A. A. Perovsky (see: A. Pogorelsky), who encouraged Tolstoy's early poetic experiments. In 1834 he entered the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Then he was in the diplomatic service. In 1843 he received the title of chamber junker. In the late 30s - n. 40s Tolstoy wrote fantastic novels in the style of the Gothic novel and romantic prose- "Ghoul Family" and "Meeting in Three Hundred Years" (in French). The first publication is the story "Ghoul" (1841, under the pseudonym Krasnorogsky). In the 1840s, Tolstoy began working on the historical novel The Silver Prince (completed in 1861), at the same time he created a number of ballads and lyrical poems that were published later (in the 1950s and 1960s); many of them gained wide popularity (“My Bells”, “You know the land where everything breathes in abundance”, “Where the vines bend over the pool”, “Kurgan”, “Vasily Shibanov”, “Prince Mikhailo Repnin”, etc.). In n. In the 1950s, Tolstoy became close friends with I. S. Turgenev, N. A. Nekrasov and other writers. Since 1854 he has been publishing poems and literary parodies in Sovremennik. In collaboration with his cousins ​​A. M. and V. M. Zhemchuzhnikov, in the Literary Jumble department of Sovremennik, in the Whistle, he published satirical and parody works signed by Kozma Prutkov; the work of the author they invented became a parodic mirror of obsolete literary phenomena and at the same time created a satirical type of bureaucrat claiming to be the legislator of artistic taste.

Moving away from participation in Sovremennik in 1857, Tolstoy began to publish in Russian Conversation, and in the 60s and 70s - ch. arr. in Russkiy Vestnik and Vestnik Evropy. During these years, he defended the principles of the so-called. "pure art", independent of political, including "progressive" ideas. In 1861 Tolstoy left the service, which he was very tired of, and focused on literary pursuits. He published the dramatic poem "Don Juan" (1862), the novel "Prince Silver" (1863), historical trilogy- the tragedies "The Death of Ivan the Terrible" (1866), "Tsar Fedor Ioannovich" (1868), "Tsar Boris" (1870). In 1867 the first collection of Tolstoy's poems was published. In the last decade he wrote ballads (“The Serpent Tugarin”, 1868, “The Song of Harald and Yaroslavna”, 1869, “Roman Galitsky”, 1870, “Ilya Muromets”, 1871, etc.), poetic political satires (“History of the Russian State from Gostomysl do Timashev", published 1883; "Popov's Dream", published 1882, etc.), poems ("Portrait", 1874; "Dragon", 1875), lyric poetry.

Tolstoy's work is imbued with a unity of motives, philosophical ideas, and lyrical emotions. Interest in national antiquity, problems of the philosophy of history, rejection of political tyranny, love of nature native land- these features of Tolstoy as a person and thinker are reflected in his works of all genres. perfect state structure, corresponding to the national character of the Russian people, he considered Kievan Rus and ancient Novgorod. High level art development, special meaning the cultural layer of the aristocracy, the simplicity of morals, the prince's respect for the personal dignity and freedom of citizens, the breadth and variety of international relations, especially relations with Europe - this was the way of life of Ancient Russia. Ballads depicting images of Ancient Russia are permeated with lyricism, they convey the poet's passionate dream of spiritual independence, admiration for the whole heroic natures captured by the folk epic poetry. In the ballads "Ilya Muromets", "Matchmaking", "Alyosha Popovich", "Kanut" and other images of legendary heroes and historical plots illustrate the author's thought, embody his ideal ideas (for example, Prince Vladimir of Kyiv). By system artistic means these ballads are close to some of Tolstoy's lyrical poems ("Blagovest", "If you love, so without reason", "You are my land, my dear land", etc.).

Tolstoy's ballads, depicting the era of the strengthening of Russian statehood, are permeated with a dramatic beginning. The plots of many of them were events from the history of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, who seemed to the poet the most vivid exponent of the principle of unlimited autocracy and the complete absorption of the individual by the state. "Dramatic" ballads are more traditional in form than "lyrical" ones, referring mainly to the 60s - n. 70s. However, in them Tolstoy showed himself as an original poet, modifying poetic structure genre. Thus, in the ballad "Vasily Shibanov" Tolstoy revises the heroic situation of a dispute between a freedom-loving subject and the tsar, which was recognized under the influence of the work of F. Schiller. Passing on the denunciation of Ivan the Terrible by Kurbsky, Tolstoy emphasizes in the participants in the dramatic conflict - the tsar and the rebellious boyar - common features: pride, inhumanity, ingratitude. The author sees the ability to self-sacrifice, the willingness to suffer for the words of truth in a simple person, whom the powerful of this world sacrifice to their dispute: an obscure slave wins a moral victory over the king and, with his feat, restores the triumph of truly human greatness over the imaginary. "Vasily Shibanov", like Tolstoy's other "dramatic" ballads, in its subject matter and the complexity of the psychological characteristics of the characters, in the poet's ethical approach to historical events, is adjacent to Tolstoy's works of major genres.

In the novel "Prince Silver" Tolstoy depicts violent clashes of strong people in an atmosphere of unbridled autocracy and shows the detrimental effect of arbitrariness on the personality of the monarch himself and his entourage. The novel shows how, moving away from the corrupt court circle, and sometimes hiding from persecution or social oppression, gifted people from different walks of life "make history", protect their homeland from the invasion of external enemies, discover and develop new lands (Prince Serebryany, Yermak Timofeevich, Ivan Koltso, Mitka and others). The style of the novel is associated with the traditions of the historical novel and the story of the 1930s, including the traditions coming from the stories of N.V. Gogol "Terrible Revenge" and "Taras Bulba".

In the dramatic trilogy, Tolstoy portrayed Russian life in the 16th - n. 17th century The solution of historical and philosophical problems in these plays is more important for him than the exact reproduction historical facts. He depicts the tragedy of three reigns, depicting three autocrats: Ivan the Terrible, obsessed with the idea of ​​​​the divine origin of his power, the soft-hearted Fyodor and the wise ruler - the "genius ambitious" Boris Godunov.

Tolstoy attached particular importance to the creation of individual, original and bright characters historical persons. A major achievement was the image of Tsar Fedor, testifying to the writer's assimilation of the principles of psychological realism in the 60s. The Moscow Art Theater was opened in 1898 by staging the tragedy Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich.

Features of Tolstoy's historical thinking also affected political satires. Behind the anecdotal plot of "Popov's Dream" was hidden the poet's caustic mockery of the liberals. The controversy with the nihilists was reflected in the poems "Sometimes a merry May ...", "Against the Current", etc. In "The History of the Russian State from Gostomysl to Timashev" Tolstoy mercilessly ridiculed historical phenomena that, as he believed, interfered with life national Russia. Intimate lyrics of Tolstoy, in contrast to his dramaturgy and ballads, are alien to the elation of tone. His lyrical poems are simple and sincere. Many of them are, as it were, psychological short stories in verse (“In the midst of a noisy ball, by chance ...”, “That was in early spring”). Tolstoy introduced elements of a folk poetic style into his lyrics; his poems are often close to songs. More than 70 poems by Tolstoy have been set to music by Russian composers; romances based on his words were written by N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. I. Tchaikovsky, M. P. Mussorgsky, S. I. Taneev and others.

Tolstoy, Alexey Konstantinovich- Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy. TOLSTOY Alexei Konstantinovich (1817-75), count, Russian writer. Fantastic stories in the style of the Gothic novel (“Ghoul”, 1841). Ballads, historical novel Prince Silver (published in 1863); in… … Illustrated encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1817 75), Russian. poet. The angry, protesting intonations of L.'s lyrics are not characteristic of T., but L.'s poems of the romance type, imbued with elegiac, are close to him. sadness according to their own motives and style, they to some extent anticipate the lyrics of A. Tolstoy (in L ... Lermontov Encyclopedia

Tolstoy Alexey Konstantinovich- (18171875), count, writer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1873). Born in St. Petersburg. He lived in St. Petersburg from the winter of 182526, in 182930 with V. A. and A. A. Perovsky (mother’s brothers). From the second half of the 30s. was on ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"

Graf, Russian writer. In 1836 he passed the exam for the course of the verbal department at Moscow University. From 1834 he served in the Moscow archive of the Ministry ... ... Big soviet encyclopedia

- (1817 75) count, Russian writer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1873). Ballads, satirical poems, the historical novel Prince Serebryany (published in 1863), the dramatic trilogy The Death of Ivan the Terrible (1866), Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (1868) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1817 1875), count, writer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1873). Born in St. Petersburg. Lived in St. Petersburg from the winter of 1825 26, in 1829 30 with V. A. and A. A. Perovsky (mother’s brothers). From the second half of the 30s. was at the diplomatic and ... ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)

- (1817 1875), count, Russian writer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1873). Ballads, satirical poems, the historical novel "Prince Silver" (1863), the dramatic trilogy "The Death of Ivan the Terrible" (1866), "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" (1868) and ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Tolstoy (Count Alexei Konstantinovich) famous poet and playwright. Born on August 24, 1817 in St. Petersburg. His mother, the beautiful Anna Alekseevna Perovskaya, a pupil of Count A.K. Razumovsky, married in 1816 an elderly widower count ... ... Biographical Dictionary

TOLSTOY Alexey Konstantinovich- (18171875), count, Russian writer. Lyrics, including “My Bells” (1840s, publ. 1854), “In the middle of a noisy ball, by chance” (1851, publ. 1856), “Not the wind blowing from a height” (185152, publ. 1858), “If you love, then without reason” ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1817 1875), Russian poet and writer. Born August 24, 1817 in Saint Petersburg. A personal friend of Alexander II, he refused the offer to become an aide-de-camp of the tsar and was content with the honorary position of manager of the court hunting. Most of all…… Collier Encyclopedia

Books

• Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy. Collected works in 5 volumes (set of 5 books), Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy. Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817-1875) - a classic of Russian literature. The range of genres in which A. K. Tolstoy wrote is unusually wide: from vivid satire ("Kozma Prutkov") to deep ...
• Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy and Russian Literature of His Time, Alexey Vladimirovich Fedorov. The monograph is dedicated to the work of the classic of Russian literature, Count Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy. His works are considered in a wide context domestic literature 50s -…