Modern genres of music. Music genres (full list) Examples of various musical genres

We immediately warn you that it is very difficult to answer the question of what genres of music are in one article. Throughout the history of music, so many genres have accumulated that it is impossible to measure them with a yardstick: chorale, romance, cantata, waltz, symphony, ballet, opera, prelude, etc.

For more than a dozen years, musicologists have been “breaking spears” trying to classify musical genres (by the nature of the content, by functions, for example). But before dwelling on typology, let's clarify the very concept of genre.

What is a musical genre?

A genre is a kind of model to which specific music is related. It has certain conditions of execution, purpose, form and nature of the content. So, the goal of a lullaby is to calm the baby, so “swaying” intonations and a characteristic rhythm are typical for it; c - all expressive means of music are adapted to a clear step.

What are the genres of music: classification

The simplest classification of genres is according to the way of performance. These are two large groups:

• instrumental (march, waltz, etude, sonata, fugue, symphony)
• vocal genres (aria, song, romance, cantata, opera, musical).

Another typology of genres is related to the setting of the performance. It belongs to A. Sohor, a scientist who claims that the genres of music are:

• ritual and religious (psalms, mass, requiem) - they are characterized by generalized images, the dominance of the choral principle and the same mood among the majority of listeners;
• mass household (varieties of song, march and dance: polka, waltz, ragtime, ballad, anthem) - they are distinguished by a simple form and familiar intonations;
• concert genres (oratorio, sonata, quartet, symphony) - characteristic performance in a concert hall, lyrical tone as the author's self-expression;
• theatrical genres (musical, opera, ballet) - require action, plot and scenery.

In addition, the genre itself can be divided into other genres. Thus, opera-seria (“serious” opera) and opera-buffa (comic) are also genres. At the same time, there are several more varieties that also form new genres (lyric opera, epic opera, operetta, etc.)

Genre names

One can write a whole book about what are the names of genres of music and how they appear. The names can tell about the history of the genre: for example, the dance owes the name “kryzhachok” to the fact that the dancers were located in a cross (from the Belarusian “kryzh” - a cross). Nocturne ("night" - translated from French) was performed at night in the open air. Some names originate from the names of instruments (fanfare, musette), others from songs (Marseillaise, Kamarinskaya).

Often music gets the name of a genre when it is transferred to another environment: for example, folk dance - to ballet. But it also happens the other way around: the composer takes the theme “Seasons” and writes a work, and then this theme becomes a genre with a certain form (4 seasons as 4 parts) and the nature of the content.

Instead of a conclusion

Talking about what genres of music are, one cannot fail to mention a common mistake. This is a confusion in terms when such as classical, rock, jazz, hip-hop are called genres. Here it is important to remember that the genre is the scheme on the basis of which the works are created, and the style rather indicates the features of the musical language of creation.

The purpose of this article is to acquaint readers with various modern musical genres and the musical means that composers use when creating works within a certain style. The ability to navigate musical genres and subgenres is one of the first signs of professionalism, so this article will be of interest to all those who have already embarked on the path of improvement in the musical field.

Most critics divide modern music genres into three main areas: pop, rock and rap, which in turn are rooted in earlier styles and have spawned a large number of offshoots of their own.

Pop is contemporary popular music. It is a very broad term covering many genres such as disco, trance, house, techno, funk, new wave and others. Let's stop and look at the features of each of them.

• Disco. Not so long ago, it was the most popular genre of dance-pop music. It has an abundance of effects, the leading role of the rhythm section of drums and bass, as well as the secondary, background sound of strings and wind instruments.
• Trance. It belongs to one of the genres of electronic music and is notable for its high emotional impact on the listener. This effect is achieved through the use of sad, "cosmic" melodies.
• house. This is the name of dance, completely electronic music. The main and only instrument is a synthesizer. A distinctive feature of this genre is the presence of looped musical phrases and solo melodies. Effects are widely used.
• techno. In one phrase, you can say this: futuristic music of the big city. Techno features include fantastic melodies, a gloomy metal sound, "cold", devoid of emotional vocals.
• Funk. One of the dance genres, which is characterized by clearly defined percussionists dominating all other instruments, low melody, "sloppy" rhythm.
• New wave. A genre of popular music that has evolved from punk rock and uses the same musical medium.

Rock as an independent genre is rooted in the "black" American blues, which appeared in the 20-30s. Traditional blues consists of 12 measures, that is, sections of a composition consisting of several notes, the first of which has an accent or accent. To the main toolkit blues includes a double bass or bass that sets the rhythm, a solo guitar, drums, often keyboards and brass. To be quite precise, rock emerged from a branch of this genre - the guitar blues, which already has much less keyboards and brass instruments.

Appearance rock and rock and roll, concepts that are often equated with musicians such as Elvis Presley and the Beatles. The former can be called the popularizer of this genre, while the Beatles were the ones who turned rock into art.

Musically, rock has remained practically the same blues, but their semantic content is different: rock is the music of protest against society, power, or something else.

Rock has collected many subgenres, the main ones being soft rock, hard rock, pop rock, folk rock, punk rock, psychedelic rock, heavy metal and thrash.

• Hard rock. Literally, it translates as "heavy, hard." This style has such a name for a reason, because its sound corresponds to what it is called. Heaviness in hard rock is achieved through the dominant sound of a loud and powerful rhythm section over the rest of the instruments. In most cases, the drummers, bass or rhythm guitar are "weighted". Hard rock often uses Overdrive and Distortion effects.
• pop rock. Popular rock. This style is well balanced, using all sorts of effects and popular arrangements. Pop rock can be attributed to any rock music that is designed for a wide audience of listeners.
• folk rock. This is rock music with elements of folk music.
• Punk rock. This genre includes rough, often unprofessional, but expressive music, which is characterized by simple, unpretentious, but shocking melodies.
• Psychedelic rock. Complex, unconventional music, overflowing with various effects. This music has a high level of emotional impact on the listener.
• heavy metal called sharp metal music, which is often not harmonic. It is far from the usual standards.
• Thrash. This is a very hard genre, which is characterized by the complexity and continuity of melodies, as well as improvisation.

Rap how the genre evolved from dance music. Characteristic features: uneven rhythm, complex experiments with drummers, the presence of looped musical fragments. One of the main features of rap is the absence of vocals, which are replaced by recitative. Rap is read like poetry, not sung. The main instruments are drums and a complex bass, which often leads. Often rap musicians use the scratch effect - the squeak of vinyl records.

Most likely rap originated from reggae- a dance style that originated in Jamaica. These two styles have a lot in common: the same uneven, ragged rhythm, the presence of looped musical fragments, a complex drummer.

Music is constantly present in human life. Not a single solemn event can do without it, with its help people relax after a hard day's work. However, not everyone knows what kind of music is - we just like it.

About what are the directions in music, too, not everyone knows. Musical motifs are varied - from melodic sounding to hard, with a high tone. The music we have chosen brings peace and uplifts the mood. Listening to tunes is like art. It unites and connects together.

When it comes to what types of music there are, it is even difficult to imagine in what variety it is presented. Therefore, every person on Earth can choose the melody that most characterizes his human soul and character. So, today we will consider in as much detail as possible what musical directions are.

Style classification

There are many directions that allow you to individually select the repertoire of listening and performance. Music styles are as follows.

classical

Motives from the last century, descended from talented composers: Bach, Schubert, Tchaikovsky, Schmidt. Compositions are called classical, which are based on deep meaning and richness with perfection of form. Classical in the present period may refer to a work created in the distant past, but it may be present in modern compositions.

pop style

Music is popular among young people, as it has a cheerful motive, an uncomplicated plot. Designed for a special occasion where dancing is required.

Pop music is characterized by a moving rhythm, voice and text are accentuated in the overall composition. Often pop is created on the experiences of a love nature. Pop singers have many fans, thanks to which they remain in demand on the stage for a long time.

Hip-hop

The style consists of different musical directions, it is based on rap and R'n'B. Most suitable for performing such dance numbers as breakdance and graffiti. This direction of music is popular among teenagers who want to stand out among the crowd of their peers.

Rap was created by dark-skinned guys who prefer wide jeans with a low waist and massive sneakers. Such clothes allow you to move freely and create new dance improvisations. Rap is characterized by lyrics that reflect the life situation in the fight against injustice.

Rock music

This kind of style is characterized by high notes with complex text. The main difference from other areas of music is the clothes of the performers: sneakers, jeans, a T-shirt, a baseball cap (often black) with massive decorations in the form of a skull and crosses.

Rock style musicians almost always have tattoos or piercings. For the performance of rock, it is necessary that the group has a vociferous vocalist and people who know how to use electronic instruments. The emphasis of the rock direction is on the sound reproduction and the voice of the performer. The meaning of songs can be the most primitive or philosophically deep.

Electronic

Compositions are played on a special amplifying instrument - a synthesizer. Electronic guitars are included as an addition. Music of this direction conveys a synthesis of sounds that have different tonality.

The style is intended for use at discos, parties. Electronic music is played with the help of equipment, there is no live performance in it. Today, this direction serves to create remixes from well-known compositions of past years.

Jazz

It is performed on saxophone, trumpet and infrequently on piano, drums, guitar. Jazz is designed for a narrow audience of fans.

Blues

The reproduction is based on one instrument, to which others are tuned in order to give out a single sound of an improvisational nature as a whole.

Country

A musical direction that was taken from the North American people. This direction includes the folklore plot of Americans and cowboy epics of the Wild West. Playing country music is possible on the guitar, banjo, violin.

Alternative

This musical type of performance is based on subcultures of different countries. Style includes hip-hop, hardcore.

vocals

Performance by one soloist or a whole choir without musical accompaniment. It is also possible to sing to different types of instruments, ranging from the violin to the guitar. Vocals mean chamber performance, opera, in the choir.

Metal

Music played on percussion instruments that produce high-pitched sounds. It is often hard to listen to.

Performers of this style wear characteristic clothes and have a special appearance that emphasizes the individuality of the chosen genre. Intended for a specific audience.

new age

The style combines electronic and ethnic music. Such melodies have a relaxing effect, they cheer up, charge with positive. In the new age, performers turn to the theme of wildlife, national culture, self-knowledge. However, this music cannot be called religious - it has nothing to do with religion.

Punk

The musical direction was founded in the early 70s, and had a name - social and musical protest. The punk direction is the basis for the formation of such styles as hardcore, thrash and grunge.

Romance

Melodic sounding compositions with an intricate plot. Performed to piano accompaniment or violin. Romance is classified in such areas as ballads, elegies, barcarolles.

Russian bard song

The style consists of a set of chamber works, including romance and chanson. The bard direction often has a single theme of criminal meaning.

reggae

An Afro-Caribbean style played by a low baritone. The compositions are based on religious and philosophical teachings.

folk

Combines folk poetic folklore with dance rhythms. Performed in a choir. The meaning of this direction is to transfer the traditions of the ancestors to the modern people.

Chanson

In the modern world, it combines bard and thieves' songs.

Vanguard

A style of individual meaning that often consists of experimenting with musical directions.

Author's song

A musical style in which the performer plays along on the guitar. Compositions are also performed by author's, amateur. This song does not require prior vocal training.

instrumental

Compositions are created with the help of musical instruments without a solo performance.

Trance

Music that emits a range of sonic vibrations, ranging from softer tones to louder tones. The purpose of the musical direction of trance is to transmit sound at the "150 bpm" mark.

Having considered what formats of music exist, it can be noted that they are all somewhat similar, but in their distinctive features they have a different definition.

What are the styles of music? Musical style is a capacious and multifaceted concept. It can be defined as a figurative unity, a set of means of expressing artistic and ideological content through the language of music.

The concept of music style is so broad that its concretization itself suggests itself: this term refers both to various eras, genres, trends and schools, as well as to individual composers and even performers. Let's try to figure out what styles of music are.

Era style

The concept of the style of the era focuses on the historical aspect. There are many classifications, some of which distinguish the largest historical eras in the development of music (Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, Modernity, etc.), while others, on the contrary, split the history of music into relatively small periods previously identified by other art history disciplines (romanticism , impressionism, modernism, etc.).

A classic example of the style of the era is baroque music, the characteristic features of which are interest in the inner world of the individual, drama, contrasting images of the forces of nature, the development of opera and instrumental music (C. Monteverdi, A. Vivaldi, G.F. Handel).

genre style

Style reflects the specifics of the content, musical techniques and features of certain musical genres, which, in turn, can be classified according to different grounds.

Therefore, the concept of style is most acceptable for those in which the most common features are clearly expressed. This includes genres based on folk music (various ritual songs, folk dances), church chants, and romances.

If we take major works (opera, oratorio, symphony, etc.), then here the style of the genre is always clearly read, despite the fact that the styles of the era, trends and the author's style are superimposed on it.

But if the composer comes up with some new genre, then in this case it is difficult to immediately establish the features of the genre style - for this, time must pass, during which other works in the same genre will appear. So it was, for example, with Mendelssohn's "songs without words". Agree, a strange song without words, but after his 48 samples of plays in this genre, other composers began to boldly call their plays by the same name.

Music direction style

The style of the musical direction in many respects has something in common with the style of the era: after all, some directions are considered by musicologists as entire eras in music.

But there are also such directions for which it is possible to single out stylistic nuances peculiar only to them. These include the Viennese classical school (L. van Beethoven, J. Haydn, W. A. ​​Mozart). The classical direction is characterized by simplicity, expressiveness, rich harmonic language, detailed development of the theme.

Speaking about what styles of music are, one cannot pass by national characteristics.

national style

Folklore is the basis of the national musical style. Many great composers were inspired by folk melodies, weaving them into their creations. Some works even have appropriate titles (for example, Hungarian Rhapsodies by F. Liszt, "Hungarian Dances" by I. Brahms, "Norwegian Folk Songs and Dances for Piano" by E. Grieg, "Jota of Aragon" by M.I. Glinka). In others, folk motifs become leading themes (for example, “In the field a birch stood” in the finale of P. I. Tchaikovsky’s Fourth Symphony).

If we approach the question of what styles of music are, from the point of view of composer schools, individual composers and musicians, then several more musical styles can be distinguished.

Composers association style

If the composer school is characterized by a high degree of commonality of artistic techniques, then it is logical to single out the style inherent in this school.

We can talk about the styles of the polyphonic schools of the Renaissance, the styles of various Italian opera schools of the 17th century, or the styles of the instrumental schools of the 17th-18th centuries.

In Russian music of the 19th century, there was also a creative association of composers - the famous "Mighty Handful". The stylistic commonality among the composers included in this group was manifested in a single line of development, the choice of plots, and reliance on Russian musical folklore.

The style of an individual composer

Composer's style is a concept that is much easier to specify, because the work of any composer is limited to a relatively short time period and certain trends in the musical era. So, literally by the first bars you can recognize, for example, the music of Mozart or Rossini.

Naturally, a composer, like any person, changes throughout his life, and this leaves an imprint on the style of his work. But some stylistic features still remain unchanged, inherent only to him, are a kind of "calling card" of the author.

Performing style

Performing art is based on the individual style of performance of the musician, who interprets the composer's intention in his own way. The performing style is manifested in the emotional coloring of the performance of the works of one or another author.

Vivid examples here are those composers who were, in addition, virtuoso musicians. This is Niccolo Paganini, who amazed the audience with impeccable technique and unusual methods of playing the violin, and the brilliant pianist Sergei Rachmaninov, a true knight of music, who subordinated the melodic canvas to a strict rhythmic pattern.

Here are the styles of music. This list, of course, can be supplemented by classification on other grounds, since the world's musical heritage is large and diverse.

The textbook is intended for students and teachers of pedagogical colleges to be used in the lessons "Playing musical instruments". The manual includes theoretical material that introduces students to the main genres of music. The application contains musical material that can be used for listening and performance by students in the classroom.

Download:

Preview:

Music genres

Translated from French, the word genre means type, genus, manner. This word refers to the type of works that have their own distinctive features, content, form and purpose. To better understand what a genre is, let's turn to painting. You well know that if a person is depicted in a picture, this picture is called a portrait. If nature is depicted on the canvas, it is a landscape. The image of fruit, game is called a still life. Portrait, landscape and still life - genres in painting. In literature, this is a story, a novel, a short story, an essay.

Music also has its own genres. Let's start with three musical genres: song, dance and march. A wonderful teacher and composer D.B. Kabalevsky compared them with three whales, on which all music rests.Song, dance and marchhave become part of our everyday life and have become so merged with it that sometimes we do not notice and do not perceive them as art. Which of us thought when listening to our mother's lullaby, walking in a sports formation, or dancing in a disco that a piece of music was being performed? Of course, no one. But they are always with us - song, dance and march.

In opera, in the symphony and in the choral cantata, in the piano sonata and in the string quartet, in ballet, in jazz, pop and folk music, in a word, in any field of musical art, the support of the "three whales" awaits us.

Song

Long before professional music appeared, folk songs faithfully and artistically reflected the typical features of the national character of a particular people.The birth of a song has long been associated with the life of people, their work, life. Song , like sobbing or laughter, reflects the state of the human soul, which is why they are so diverse and numerous. The peculiarity of the song is in the harmonious combination of words and music.

Very often, the definition of “folk” is added to the word “song”. Each folk song has a pronounced national flavor, because the peoples of all nations and all continents sing in their own way. hard to confuse Russian song from Georgian, Uzbek, Neapolitan or Negro.Like a precious stone, the song was passed from mouth to mouth from one generation to the next. Each performer brought something of his own, individual to it. Often, therefore, the same texts were sung in different villages with different tunes. There are various types of folk songs: labor, play, ritual, family and household, round dance, dance, lyrical, epic and many others.

Most often, the song is performed with the accompaniment of a musical instrument. Using folk themes, composers create new song genres, as well as monumental works: cantatas, oratorios, operas and operettas. The song organically entered symphonic music. And there are many such examples.

Dance - one of the oldest manifestations of folk art. AT

Rhythmic or smooth movement, people sought to convey their feelings

moods and thoughts. So ritual dances appeared, which became

an indispensable attribute of every holiday. Many peoples have kept

And up to our time. People dance, sometimes turning their dance into art

- ballet. They dance, participating in solemn ceremonies or having fun in

free evenings and holidays. Each nation has its own

National dance traditions with characteristic, inherent music.

french dance chimes (courante - “running”, “current”)

Of court origin, but quite fast, different

complex, intricate figures and their corresponding music.

A completely different dance sarabande - slow, majestic. He was born

in Spain and arose from a solemn mourning ceremony. This was reflected in

Name (sacra banda in Spanish - "holy procession").

Gigue - an old dance of English sailors, fast, cheerful,

laid-back. These four dances have long been united by composers

to suites.

Many wonderful dances have long existed in Poland. Most

Polonaise, mazurka, krakowyak became famous among them.

The oldest of them is polonaise . In the old days he was called the great or

walking dance. Its current name comes from the French

polonaise ("Polish"). Polonaise - a parade procession opened

court balls. In addition to the court, there was also a peasant

Polonaise, more calm and smooth. Favorite dance was

mazurka , more precisely - Mazury (from the name of one of the regions of Poland -

Mazovia). Folk mazurka with a cheerful, perky, sharply accented

A melody is a pair dance in which there are no pre-invented figures.

Third Dance - Krakowiak differs from the first two in a clear size.

All these dances are presented in the works of Chopin, We hear them in

Glinka's opera Ivan Susanin.

Polka dance belongs to another Slavic people - the Czechs.

Its name comes from the word pulka - "half", as they danced

his small steps. This is a lively, laid-back dance that

They dance in pairs in a circle. The most beloved of Czech dances, it sounds in

Smetana's opera The Bartered Bride.

An interesting fate of the Austrian peasant dance Lendler. Doubles

The circular dance, named after the Austrian region of Landl, is in

At the beginning of the 19th century, he migrated from villages to cities in Austria and Germany. His

began to dance at balls, and gradually it turned into a well-known and

everyone's favorite waltz.

In Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsodies" and Brahms's "Hungarian Dances"

characteristic melodic turns, sharp, rhythmic figures. They are

immediately recognizable by ear, reminiscent of the Hungarian folk dance chardashe.

Its name comes from the word csarda - "tavern", "tavern".

Hungarian taverns have long served as a kind of clubs, where

local residents gathered. In them or on the platform in front of them and

danced. Czardas emerged by the beginning of the 19th century, and not in the peasant

Wednesday, but in the city. This dance consists of two parts: slow,

pathetic and mobile, fire dance.

The city of Toronto is located in southern Italy. He gave the name

national dance tarantelle.

Spanish dances are very colorful. jota - favorite Spanish dance

The provinces of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia are characterized by a fast pace,

sharp rhythm, which is emphasized by the clicking of castanets. It's double

a dance performed to the guitar or mandolin. The peculiarity of jota

Glinka was captivated during his trip to Spain. His orchestral

"Aragonese Jota" is written on a genuine folk theme.

Another popular dance is bolero (in Spanish volar - "to fly")

more moderate, with a polonaise-like rhythm.

In Russia, purely instrumental dance music has not received such

widespread: Russians have long loved to sing, and all dances - and

quick merry dances, and smooth round dances - usually accompanied by

singing. The most popular perky dance in the 19th century"Lady" even

It got its name from the refrain of the song "Madame-lady". Among

dances of other peoples are known Ukrainian Cossack , fast, perky

Moldovian.

Caucasian dance gained immense popularity lezginka. Music

Lezginki - with a clear rhythm and energetic movements - attracted

to the attention of many composers. Stormy, full of elemental power and

passions lezginka sounds in the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by Glinka, in the ballet

"Gayane" Khachaturian.

March. The French word marche means "walking". In music, this is the name given to pieces written in a clear, energetic rhythm, to which it is convenient to march. Although the marches differ from each other, they have one thing in common: the march is always written in an even meter - two or four quarters, so that those walking do not go astray. But there are exceptions to every rule. Listen to A. Alexandrov's song to the verses of V. Lebedev - Kumach "Holy War". It is written in tripartite meter, and yet it is a real march, under which the soldiers went to the front. The march is an important organizing, unifying beginning. It is no coincidence that many revolutionary songs are written in the rhythm of a march. These are the famous Marseillaise, Internationale, Varshavyanka. The king of the march was called the Soviet composer I.O. Dunayevsky. He wrote many famous marches: "March of Enthusiasts", "March of Athletes", "Sports March". There are several types of marches: drill, counter, concert, funeral.

Chaikovsky. March of the wooden soldiers;
Doll Funeral ("Children's Album");
"Wedding March" by Mendelssohn;

Marches from operas: M. Glinka "Ruslan and Lyudmila";
G. Verdi "Aida"; Ch. Gounod "Faust";
F. Chopin. Sonata in B flat major;
L. Beethoven. Finale of the Fifth Symphony;
V. Agapkin. "Farewell Slav";
V. Alexandrov. "Holy war";
I. Dunayevsky. Motion picture march" Funny boys ".

Definition of a genre in works of classical music.

Musical genres also differ in the way they are performed. ATsymphonic musicit is a symphony, a concerto, a suite.

Symphony - a piece of music for orchestra, written in cyclic sonata form, the highest form of instrumental music.

Concert - a work for one or (rarely) several solo instruments and an orchestra, as well as a public performance of musical works.

Seasons Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi - the first four violin concertos from his eighth opus, which is a cycle of 12 concerts, one of his most famous works, also one of the most famous musical works in the Baroque style. Written in 1723, first published two years later. Each concert is dedicated to one season and consists of three parts corresponding to each month. The composer prefaced each of the concerts with a sonnet - a kind of literary program. It is assumed that the author of the poems is Vivaldi himself. It should be added that the paradigm of artistic thinking is not limited to a single meaning or plot, and involves secondary meanings, hints, symbols. The first illusion that arises is the four ages of a person, from birth to death (the final part contains an unambiguous allusion to the last circle of Dante's hell). The allusion to the four regions of Italy is just as open, according to the four cardinal points and the path of the sun across the sky. These are sunrise (east, Adriatic, Venice), noon (sleepy, hot south), magnificent sunset (Rome, Latium) and midnight (cold foothills of the Alps, with their frozen lakes). But in general, the content of the cycle is much richer, which was clear to any enlightened listener of that time. At the same time, Vivaldi reaches here the heights of genre and direct depiction, not shying away from humor: the music contains barking dogs, the buzzing of flies, the roar of a wounded beast, etc. All this, coupled with an impeccably beautiful form, led to the recognition of the cycle as an indisputable masterpiece .

Suite - a work for one or two instruments from several heterogeneous pieces connected by a common idea.

In chamber musicgenres: trio, quartet, sonata, prelude.

Trio (from Latin tria - "three") - a musical ensemble of three musicians-performers, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Quartet - musical ensembleof four performing musicians, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Sonata - a musical work of three or four parts of different tempo and character.

Prelude (from Latin - before and game) - a short piece of music that does not have a strict form.

In vocal music- romance, oratorio, cantata.

Romance - a vocal composition written on a short poem of lyrical content, mostly love; chamber music and poetry for voice with instrumental accompaniment.

Oratorio - major piece of music for choir, soloists and orchestra. In the past, oratorios were written only on subjects from the Holy Scriptures. It differs from the opera by the absence of stage action, and from the cantata by the larger size and branching of the plot.

Cantata (Italian cantata, from Latin сantare - to sing ) is a vocal and instrumental work for soloists, choir and orchestra.

To musical and theatrical genresinclude opera, operetta and ballet.

Opera - a work for the theater, which is performed by artists - singers and an orchestra. In this musical genre, poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dances, painting, scenery and costumes are merged into a single whole.

The literary basis of the opera is the libretto. Often the basis of the libretto is some kind of literary or dramatic work. For example, the opera The Stone Guest by Dargomyzhsky was written to the full text of Pushkin's Little Tragedy. But usually the libretto is reworked, as the text should be concise and concise.

Almost every opera begins with an overture - a symphonic introduction, which in general terms acquaints the listener with the content of the entire action.

The music in the opera reveals the innermost feelings of the characters, their character,

talks about their thoughts. In dramatic performances, this is conveyed in

actors' monologues. In the opera, the role of a monologue is played by an aria (translated from

Italian - "song"). Arias are characterized by a wide chant. To more

Fully show the hero, several of his arias are introduced into the opera. In the opera P.I.

Tchaikovsky "Eugene Onegin" Lensky performs the aria "Where, where have you gone", which shows his emotional experiences, excitement,

uncertainty about the future. Arioso Lensky "I love you, Olga" -

A small aria of free construction of a lyrical character.

Another important component of opera is ensembles. During the simultaneous

Singing several soloists, we not only hear the voice of each

The performer, but we also feel the beauty of such a joint sound.

The largest ensemble, without which not a single opera can do, is the choir.

The orchestra plays an important role in the opera. He not only accompanies the entire opera,

but also is a kind of protagonist, since the music performed by

Orchestra, reveals the idea of ​​the work, reveals thoughts, feelings,

the relationship of the characters, determines the dramatic development of the plot.

An important component of the opera are dance scenes. In the opera M.I.

Glinka "Ivan Susanin" the second act is almost entirely built on

dancing. This is a peculiar characteristic of an arrogant, self-confident

the victory of the Polish gentry. That's why they dance polonaise at this ball,

Krakowiak, mazurka, presented by the composer not folk, but

Knightly dances.

Operetta (from Italian operetta, literally a small opera) -

Theatrical performance in which individual musical numbers

Alternate with dialogue without music. Operettas are written in

comic plot , musical numbers in them are shorter opera houses, in general

the music of the operetta is light, popular, but inherits

directly the traditions of academic music.

Ballet (from Italian ballo - dancing) - a kind of stage performance arts;

performance, the content of which is embodied in musical

choreographic patterns. Most often, ballet is based on

a certain plot, dramatic design, libretto, but there are also

plotless ballets. The main types of dance in ballet

are classical and characteristic dance. An important role here

Pantomime plays, with the help of which the actors convey the feelings of the characters, their

"conversation" among themselves, the essence of what is happening. In contemporary ballet

Elements of gymnastics and acrobatics are also widely used. Ballet

requires endurance and endurance from any person involved in it.