Genres of narrative works. What is a genre in literature

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The question of a genre as a variety of one or another sphere of art is rather complicated. This term is found in music, painting, architecture, theater, cinema, and literature.

Determining the genre of a work is a task that not every student can handle. Why is genre division necessary? Where are the boundaries that separate the novel from the poem, and the story from the short story? Let's try to figure it out together.

Genre in literature - what is it

The word "genre" comes from the Latin genus ( kind, genus). Literary reference books report that:

A genre is a historically developed variety of literary works, united by a set of formal and meaningful features.

It can be seen from the definition that in the process of genre evolution it is important to highlight three points:

1. each genre of literature is formed over a long period of time (each of them has its own history);
2. the main reason for its appearance is the need to express new ideas in an original way (substantive criterion);
3. distinguish one type of work from another is helped by external signs: volume, plot, structure, composition (formal criterion).

All genres of literature can be represented like this:

These are three typology options that help to attribute the work to a particular genre.

The history of the emergence of genres of literature in Russia

The literature of European countries was formed according to the principle of moving from the general to the particular, from the anonymous to the author's. Artistic creativity both abroad and in Russia, it was fed by two sources:

1. spiritual culture, the center of which was monasteries;
2. folk speech.

If you look closely at the history of literature in Ancient Russia, one can notice how the chronicles, patericons, lives of saints and patristic writings are gradually being replaced by new forms of narration.

At the turn of the XIV-XV centuries, such genres ancient Russian literature , as a word, walking (an ancestor of the travel novel), (everyday "splinter" of a moral parable), heroic poem, spiritual verse. On the material of oral traditions, which stood out separately during the period of the collapse of the ancient myth into a fairy tale epic and a realistic military story.

Interacting with foreign written traditions, Russian literature is enriched new genre forms: novel, secular philosophical tale, author's fairy tale, and in the era of romanticism - a poem, lyric poem, a ballad.

The realistic canon brings to life a problematic novel, story, short story. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, genres with blurred boundaries again become popular: essay (), essay, short poem, symbolist. Old forms are filled with original meaning, they pass into each other, destroy the set standards.

Dramatic art has a powerful influence on the formation of the genre system. Set to theatricality changes the appearance of such genres familiar to the average reader as a poem, a story, a short story and even a small lyric poem (in the era of the “sixties” poets).

In modern literature, the genre canon remains open. There is a prospect of interaction not only within individual genres, but also within various kinds art. Every year a new genre appears in literature.

Literature on genera and species

The most popular classification breaks works "by gender" (all of its components are shown in the third column in the figure at the beginning of this publication).

To understand this genre classification, it is necessary to remember that literature, like music, is worth on the "three pillars". These whales, called genera, are in turn divided into species. For clarity, we present this structure in the form of a diagram:

1. The most ancient "whale" is considered epic. Its progenitor, which broke up into legend and legend.
2. appeared when humanity stepped over the stage of collective thinking and turned to the individual experiences of each member of the community. The nature of the lyrics personal experience author.
3. older than epic and lyrics. Its appearance is associated with the era of antiquity and the emergence of religious cults - mysteries. Drama has become the art of the streets, a means of releasing collective energy and influencing masses of people.

Epic genres and examples of such works

The largest the epic forms known to modern times are the epic and the epic novel. The ancestors of the epic can be considered a saga, common in the past among the peoples of Scandinavia, and a legend (for example, the Indian "Tale of Gilgamesh").

epic is a multi-volume narrative about the fate of several generations of heroes in historically established circumstances and enshrined in cultural tradition.

A rich socio-historical background is required, against which events unfold privacy heroes. For the epic, such features as the multicomponent plot, the connection between generations, the presence of heroes and anti-heroes are important.

Since it depicts large-scale events over the centuries, it rarely contains careful psychological portrayal, but epics created in the last few centuries combine these installations with achievements contemporary art. The Forsyte Saga by J. Galsworthy not only describes the history of several generations of the Forsyte family, but also gives subtle vivid images of individual characters.

Unlike the epic epic novel covers a shorter period of time (no more than a hundred years) and tells about 2-3 generations of heroes.

In Russia, this genre is represented by the novels "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy, " Quiet Don» M.A. Sholokhov, "Walking through the torments" by A.N. Tolstoy.

to medium forms epic include novel and short story.

The term " novel” comes from the word “Roman” (Roman) and is reminiscent of the ancient prose narrative that gave birth to this genre.

The Satyricon by Petronius is considered an example of an ancient novel. AT medieval Europe a picaresque novel is spreading. The era of sentimentalism gives the world a novel-journey. Realists develop the genre and fill it with classical content.

At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, the following types of novels:

1. philosophical;
2. psychological;
3. social;
4. intellectual;
5. historical;
6. love;
7. detective;
8. adventure novel.

There are many novels in the school curriculum. Giving examples, name the books of I.A. Goncharov "Ordinary History", "Oblomov", "Cliff", works by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Noble Nest”, “On the eve”, “Smoke”, “New”. The genre of "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot", "The Brothers Karamazov" by F. M. Dostoevsky is also a novel.

Tale does not affect the fate of generations, but has several storylines developing against the backdrop of a single historical event.

« captain's daughter» A. S. Pushkin and "Overcoat" N.V. Gogol. V.G. Belinsky spoke about the primacy of narrative literature in the culture of the 19th century.

Small epic forms(story, essay, short story, essay) have one storyline, a limited number of characters and are distinguished by a compressed volume.

For example, stories by A. Gaidar or Yu. Kazakov, short stories by E. Poe, essays by V.G. Korolenko or an essay by W. Wolf. Let's make a reservation, sometimes it "works" as a genre of scientific style or journalism, but it has artistic imagery.

Lyric genres

Large lyric forms represented by a poem and a wreath of sonnets. The first is more plot-driven, which makes it related to the epic. The second is static. In a wreath of sonnets, consisting of 15 14-verses, a theme is described and the author's impressions of it.

In Russia, poems have a socio-historical character. " Bronze Horseman"and" Poltava "A.S. Pushkin, "Mtsyri" by M.Yu. Lermontov, “Who is it good to live in Russia” N.A. Nekrasov, "Requiem" by A.A. Akhmatova - all these poems lyrically describe Russian life and national characters.

Small forms of lyrics numerous. This is a poem, ode, canzone, sonnet, epitaph, fable, madrigal, rondo, triolet. Some forms originated in medieval Europe (lyric poetry in Russia especially fell in love with the sonnet genre), some (for example, the ballad) became the legacy of German romantics.

Traditionally small Poetry works are usually divided into 3 types:

1. philosophical lyrics;
2. love lyrics;
3. landscape poetry.

AT recent times urban lyrics also stood out as a separate subspecies.

Dramatic genres

Drama gives us three classic genres:

1. comedy;
2. tragedy;
3. actual drama.

All three varieties performing arts originated in Ancient Greece.

Comedy originally associated with religious cults purification, mysteries, during which a carnival action unfolded on the streets. The sacrificial goat “comos”, later called the “scapegoat”, walking along the streets along with the artists, symbolized all human vices. According to the canon, they should be ridiculed by comedy.

Comedy is the genre of "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboedov and "Undergrowth" D.I. Fonvizin.

In the era of classicism, there were 2 types of comedy: comedy provisions and comedy characters. The first played with circumstances, gave one hero for another, had an unexpected denouement. The second brought the actors together in the face of an idea or task, giving rise to a theatrical conflict on which the intrigue rested.

If during a comedy the playwright expected the healing laughter of the crowd, then tragedy set out to evoke tears. It was bound to end in the death of the hero. Empathizing with the characters, the viewer or the cleansing.

Romeo and Juliet, as well as W. Shakespeare's Hamlet, were written in the tragedy genre.

Actually drama- this is the latest invention of dramaturgy, removing therapeutic tasks and making an installation for subtle psychologism, objectivity, play.

Definition of the genre of a literary work

How was the poem "Eugene Onegin" called a novel? Why did Gogol define the novel "Dead Souls" as a poem? And why is Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard a comedy? Genre designations are hints that there are right directions in the art world, but, fortunately, there are no forever beaten paths.

A little higher is a video that helps determine the genre of a literary work.

There are enough literary genres a large number of. Each of them differs in a set of formal and content properties inherent only to it. Even Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century BC. presented their first systematization. According to her, literary genres were a specific system that was fixed once and for all. The task of the author was only to find a correspondence between his work and the properties of the genre he had chosen. And over the next two millennia, any changes in the classification created by Aristotle were perceived as deviations from the standards. And only in late XVIII century, literary evolution and the associated disintegration of an entrenched genre system, as well as the influence of completely new cultural and social circumstances, nullified the influence of normative poetics and allowed literary thought develop, move forward and expand. The prevailing conditions were the reason that some genres simply sunk into oblivion, others were at the center of the literary process, and some began to appear. The results of this process (certainly not final) we can see today - many literary genres, differing in gender (epic, lyrical, dramatic), in content (comedy, tragedy, drama) and other criteria. In this article we will talk about what genres are in form.

Literary genres by form

In form, literary genres are as follows: essay, epic, epic, sketch, novel, short story (novella), play, story, essay, opus, ode and visions. Below is a detailed description of each of them.

Essay

An essay is a prose essay characterized by a small volume and free composition. It is recognized to reflect the personal impressions or thoughts of the author on any occasion, but is not obliged to give an exhaustive answer to the question posed or to fully disclose the topic. The style of the essay is characterized by associativity, aphorism, figurativeness and maximum proximity to the reader. Some researchers classify essays as fiction. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the essay as a genre dominated French and English journalism. And in the 20th century, the essay was recognized and actively used by the world's largest philosophers, prose writers and poets.

epic

The epic is a heroic narrative about the events of the past, reflecting the life of the people and representing the epic reality of heroes-heroes. Usually, the epic tells about a person, about the events in which he took part, about how he behaved and what he felt, and also talks about his attitude to the world around him and the phenomena in it. The ancient Greek folk poems-songs are considered to be the ancestors of the epic.

epic

Epics are large works of an epic nature and similar to them. The epic, as a rule, is expressed in two forms: it can be either a story about significant historical events in prose or verse, or a long story about something that includes descriptions of various events. The epic owes its emergence as a literary genre to the epic songs composed in honor of the exploits of various heroes. It is worth noting that it stands out and special kind epics - the so-called "moral epic", excellent in its prosaic orientation and description of the comic state of any national society.

Sketch

A sketch is a short play, the main characters of which are two (sometimes three) characters. AT most the sketch is distributed on the stage in the form of sketch shows, which are several comedy miniatures (“sketches”) up to 10 minutes each. Most of all, sketch shows are popular on television, especially in the US and the UK. However, a small number of such humorous television programs are also in Russian air(“Our Russia”, “Give Youth!” and others).

Novel

Romance is special literary genre, which is distinguished by a detailed narrative about the life and development of the main characters (or one character) in the most non-standard and critical periods of their lives. The variety of novels is so great that there are many independent branches of this genre. Novels are psychological, moral, chivalric, classical Chinese, French, Spanish, American, English, German, Russian and others.

Story

A short story (also known as a short story) is the main genre in short narrative prose and is smaller in volume than a novel or short story. The roots of the novel go back to folklore genres(oral retellings, legends and parables). The story is characterized by the presence of a small number of characters and one storyline. Often the stories of one author make up a cycle of stories. The authors themselves are often referred to as novelists, and collections of stories are often referred to as novelistics.

Play

The play is the name dramatic works, which are intended for stage performance, as well as radio and television performances. Usually the structure of the play includes monologues and dialogues of the characters and various author's notes indicating the places where the events take place, and sometimes describing the interiors of the premises, appearance characters, their characters, manners, etc. In most cases, the play is preceded by a list of characters and their characteristics. The play consists of several acts, including smaller parts - pictures, episodes, actions.

Tale

The story is a literary genre of prose character. It does not have any specific volume, but is located between the novel and the short story (short story), which it was considered to be until the 19th century. The plot of the story is most often chronological - reflects the natural course of life, has no intrigue, focuses on the main character and the features of his nature. Moreover, there is only one storyline. AT foreign literature the term "story" itself is synonymous with the term "short novel".

Feature article

An essay is considered to be a small artistic description the totality of any phenomena of reality, comprehended by the author. The basis of the essay is almost always a direct study by the author of the object of his observation. Therefore, the main feature is "writing from nature." It is important to say that if fiction can play the leading role in other literary genres, it is practically absent in the essay. Essays are of several types: portrait (about the personality of the hero and his inner world), problematic (about a specific problem), travel (about travel and wanderings) and historical (about historical events).

Opus

An opus in its broadest sense is any piece of music (instrumental, folk) characterized by internal completeness, motivation of the whole, individualization of form and content, in which the personality of the author is clearly traced. In the literary sense, an opus is any literary work or treatise any author.

Oh yeah

Oh yeah - lyrical genre, expressed in the form of a solemn poem dedicated to a certain hero or event, or separate work the same direction. Initially (in Ancient Greece), any poetic lyrics (even choral singing) accompanying the music. But since the Renaissance, odes began to be called pompous lyrical works, in which samples of antiquity serve as a guide.

visions

Visions belong to the genre of medieval (Hebrew, Gnostic, Muslim, Old Russian, etc.) literature. In the center of the narrative is usually a "clairvoyant", and the content is saturated with otherworldly, afterlife visual images who are clairvoyant. The plot is presented by a visionary - a person to whom he revealed himself in hallucinations or dreams. Some authors refer to visions as journalism and narrative didactics, because in the era of the Middle Ages, the interaction of a person with the world of the unknown was precisely the way to convey any didactic content.

These are the main types of literary genres that differ in form. Their diversity tells us that literary creativity has always been deeply appreciated by people, but the process of formation of these genres has always been long and complex. Each of the genres as such bears the imprint of a certain era and individual consciousness, each expressed in their own ideas about the world and its manifestations, people and their personality traits. It is precisely due to the fact that there are so many genres and they are all different, any creative person had and has the opportunity to express himself in the form that more accurately reflects his mental organization.

Historically, three types of literature have developed in literature: epic, dramatic and lyrical. These are groups of genres that have similar structural features. If the epic in the story fixes the external reality (events, facts, etc.), then the drama does the same in the format of a conversation, not on behalf of the author, and the lyrics describe the inner reality of a person. Of course, the division is conditional and to a certain extent artificial, but, nevertheless, our acquaintance with the book begins with the fact that we see the genre, genus or combination of them on the cover and draw the first conclusions. For example, a person only likes to watch plays in the theater, which means that he does not need a volume of Molière and he will pass by him without wasting time. Knowledge of the basic foundations of literary criticism also helps during reading, when you want to understand the author, to penetrate into his creative laboratory, to unravel why, and not otherwise, his plan was embodied.

Each genre has an example and theoretical background, the most concise and simple.

The novel is big shape epic genre, a work with extended issues and many themes. As a rule, the classic novel depicts people involved in various life processes that give rise to external and internal conflicts. Events in the novel are not always described sequentially, for example, Lermontov in the novel "A Hero of Our Time" deliberately violates the sequence.

Thematically novels are divided into autobiographical (Chudakov "Darkness Falls on the Old Steps"), philosophical (Dostoevsky's "Demons"), adventure (Defoe "Robinson Crusoe"), fantastic (Glukhovsky "Metro 2033"), satirical (Rotterdam's "Praise of Stupidity"), historical (Pikul "I have the honor"), adventurous (Merezhko "Sonka the Golden Hand"), etc.

Structurally, novels are divided into a novel in verse (Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"), a pamphlet novel (Swift's "Gulliver's Travels"), a parable novel (Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea"), a feuilleton novel ("Countess of Salisbury" Dumas), epistolary novel(Russo "Julia or the new Eloise") and others.

The epic novel is a novel with a panoramic image of the life of the people at a turning point historical moments(Tolstoy "War and Peace").

The story is average (between short story and novel) in size epic work, which tells the story of a particular event in a natural sequence (Kuprin "The Pit"). How is a story different from a novel? At least by the fact that the material of the story is chronicled, and not for the sake of the action-packed composition of the novel. In addition, the story does not set tasks of a global historical nature. In the story, the author is more constrained, all his fabrications are subordinated to the main action, and in the novel the writer is fond of memories, digressions and analysis of the characters.

The story is small epic prose form. The work has a limited number of characters, one problem and one event (Turgenev "Mumu"). How is a novella different from a short story? The boundaries between these two genres are very arbitrary, but in the short story the finale most often develops unpredictably (O'Henry's "The Gift of the Magi").

The essay is small epic prose form (many refer to it as a kind of story). The essay usually deals with social problems and tends to be descriptive.

The parable is moral teaching in allegorical form. How is a parable different from a fable? The parable draws its material mainly from life, and the fable is based on fictional, sometimes fantastic stories (evangelical parables).

Lyric genres are...

The lyric poem is a small genre form of lyrics written on behalf of the author (Pushkin "I loved you") or on behalf of lyrical hero(Tvardovsky "I was killed near Rzhev").

elegy is a small lyrical form, a poem that is imbued with a mood of sadness and melancholy. Sad thoughts, grief, sad reflections make up the repertoire of elegies (Pushkin's elegy "On the rocks, on the hills").

The message is poetic letter. According to the content of the message, it can be divided into friendly, satirical, lyrical, etc. They can be dedicated both to one person and to a group of people (Voltaire's "Message to Friedrich").

The epigram is a poem that makes fun of a specific person (from friendly mockery to sarcasm) (Gaft "Epigram on Oleg Dal"). Features: wit and brevity.

Oda is a poem distinguished by solemnity of tone and loftiness of content (Lomonosov "Ode on the day of the accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna 1747").

The sonnet is a poem of 14 verses ("Twenty sonnets to Sasha Zapoeva" by Timur Kibirov). The sonnet is one of the strict forms. A sonnet usually consists of 14 lines, forming 2 quatrains-quatrains (for 2 rhymes) and 2 three-line tercetes (for 2 or 3 rhymes).

The poem is the average lyric-epic form, in which there is a detailed plot, and several experiences are embodied, that is, attention to the inner world of the lyrical hero (Lermontov's "Mtsyri").

The ballad is middle lyric-epic form, story in verse. Often the ballad has a tense storyline (Zhukovsky "Lyudmila").

Dramatic genres are...

Comedy is a type of drama in which the content is presented in a comical way, and the characters and circumstances are comical. What are comedies? Lyric (" The Cherry Orchard"Chekhov), high ("Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov"), satirical ("Inspector General" by Gogol).

Tragedy is a type of drama based on an acute life conflict, which entails the suffering and death of heroes (Shakespeare's "Hamlet").

Drama is play with acute conflict, which is common, not so lofty and resolvable (for example, Gorky "At the bottom"). How is it different from tragedy or comedy? Firstly, the material used is modern, not from antiquity, and secondly, the drama appears new hero who rebelled against circumstances.

Tragifars - a dramatic work that combines tragic and comic elements (Ionesco, "The Bald Singer"). This is a postmodern genre that has appeared relatively recently.

The main genres of literature are groups of works that are identical formally and in style of presentation. Even in the time of Aristotle, there was a division of literature into genres, evidence of this is the "Poetics" of the Greek philosopher, a treatise on literary evolution, written three hundred years before the birth of Christ.

in literature?

Literature originates from biblical times, people have always written and read. containing at least some text - this is already literature, because what is written is the thoughts of a person, a reflection of his desires and aspirations. Reporting, petitions, church texts were written in a multitude, and thus the first literary genre appeared - birch bark. With the development of writing, the genre of chronicle arose. Most often, what was written was already worn by some literary signs, graceful turns of speech, figurative allegories.

Epics, epic tales about heroes and other heroes became the next genre of literature. historical plots. Religious literature, descriptions of biblical events, lives of the higher clergy can be considered separate.

The advent of printing in the 16th century marked the beginning of the rapid development of literature. Throughout the 17th century, styles and genres were formed.

18th century literature

To the question of what genres are in one can answer unequivocally that the literature of that time is conditionally divided into three main areas: drama, narrative and poetic verses. Dramatic works often took the form of tragedy, when the heroes of the plot died, and the struggle between good and evil became more and more deadly. Alas, the conjuncture of the literary market dictated its conditions even then. The genre of calm narrative also found its reader. Novels, novellas and stories were considered "middle", while tragedies, poems and odes belonged to the "high" genre of literature, and satirical works, fables and comedies - to "low".

Verse is a primitive form of poetry that was in use at balls, social events and other events of the highest capital nobility. Poems in the verse genre had signs of syllogistic, the verse was divided into rhythmic segments. The mechanical style, deadly for real poetry, dictated fashion for a long time.

Literature19-20 centuries

Literature of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th is distinguished by several genres, most in demand in the golden age of Pushkin and Gogol, and then in the silver age of Alexander Blok and Sergei Yesenin. Drama, epic and lyrics - that's what genres are in the literature of the past and the century before last.

The lyrics had to have an emotional coloring, be meaningful and purposeful. Its categories were ode and elegy, and ode - with enthusiastic surprise, chanting and elevation to the rank of heroes.

The lyrical elegy was built on the principle of the sad tone of the verse, sadness, as a result of the hero's experiences, regardless of what was the cause - or the disharmony of the universe.

What are genres in contemporary literature?

There are a lot of genres in modern literature, among them we can distinguish the most popular, in demand by a wide readership:

• Tragedy is a kind of literary genre of drama, characterized by extreme emotional stress, with the obligatory death of heroes.
• Comedy is another variation of the drama genre, the opposite of tragedy, with a hilarious plot and a happy ending.
• The fairy tale genre is a literary direction for children, their creative development. There are many literary masterpieces in the genre.
• The epic is a literary genre of a historical nature, it describes individual events of past times in the style of heroism, and is distinguished by a large number of characters.
• The genre of the novel is an extensive narrative, with several storylines, describing in detail the life of each character individually and all together, characterized by a tendency to analyze current events.
• The story is a genre of medium form, written according to the same scheme as the novel, but in a more concise context. In the story, one character is usually singled out as the main one, the rest are described in "binding" to him.
• The story is a genre of narration of a small form, summary one event. Its plot cannot be continued, it represents the quintessence of the author's thought, it always has a finished form.
• A short story is a genre similar to a short story, the difference is only in the sharpness of the plot. The novel has an unexpected, unpredictable ending. This genre is well suited to thrillers.
• The genre of the essay is the same story, but in a non-artistic manner of presentation. There are no flowery turns of speech, grandiloquent phrases and pathos in the essay.
• Satire as a literary genre is not common, its accusatory orientation does not contribute to popularity, although satirical plays in theater production well received.
• The detective genre is the most demanded literary trend of recent times. Millions of paperback books popular authors, such as Alexandra Marinina, Daria Dontsova, Polina Dashkova and dozens of others, have become desktop for many Russian readers.

Conclusion

Diverse, each contains the potential for further creative development, which will definitely be used contemporary writers and poets.

Instruction

Study the epic genre of literature. It includes the following: - story: relatively small in volume prose work(from 1 to 20 pages), describing a case, a small incident or an acute dramatic situation in which the hero finds himself. The action of the story usually takes no more than one or two days in duration. The scene may not change throughout the story;
- a story: a work is enough (an average of 100 pages), where from 1 to 10 characters are considered. The location may change. The duration of action can cover a significant period, from one month to a year or more. The story in the story unfolds vividly in time and space. Significant changes can occur in the lives of heroes - moving, and meetings;
- novel: large epic form from 200 pages. The novel can trace the life of the characters from the very beginning. Includes an extensive system of storylines. Time can affect past epochs and be carried far into the future;
- an epic novel can consider the life of several generations.

Check out lyrical kind literature. It includes the following genres:
- ode: a poetic form, the theme of which is the glorification of a person or event;
- satire: a poetic form that aims to ridicule some vice, situation or person worthy of ridicule
- sonnet: a poetic form that has a strict compositional structure. For example, the English model of a sonnet, which ends with two obligatory stanzas containing some kind of aphorism;
- the following poetic genres are also known - elegy, epigram, free verse, haiku, etc.

The following genres belong to the dramatic genre of literature: - tragedy: a dramatic work, in the final of which there is the death of the hero. Such an ending for the tragedy is the only possible solution to the dramatic situation;
- : a dramatic work in which the main meaning and essence is laughter. It can be satirical or more kind, but every incident causes the viewer / reader to laugh;
- drama: a dramatic work, in the center of which is the inner world of a person, the problem of choice, the search for truth. Drama is the most widespread genre in our time.

note

In some cases, genres may be mixed. This is especially true in drama. You have probably heard such definitions of movie genres as comedy melodrama, action comedy, satirical drama etc. The same processes are possible in the literature.

Useful advice

Check out the works of Aristotle "Poetics", M.M. Bakhtin "Aesthetics and Theory of Literature" and other works devoted to the problem of gender and genres in literature.

In contemporary literature, there are many genres each one is unique and distinctive. But if tragedy or comedy is easy enough to identify, then give precise definition drama genre is not always possible. So what does it represent dramatic work and how not to confuse it with something else?

Unlike, the drama shows life experiences and various intricacies of fate. Of course, people's lives, their morals and characters can be quite vivid in comedy works, but the drama is not so inherent in ridiculing vices and comically exposing any actions of characters. Here the life of the hero, his thoughts and feelings, is put on. Dramatic works are very realistic, because they show a person exactly as he is without allegories, grotesques and embellishments. That is why the drama is considered the most complex and, at the same time, one of the most interesting literature. Sometimes the drama is very much like a tragedy, because sharp corners are exposed here and light is shed on many unpleasant details of the characters' lives. Often the drama becomes so tense and heavy that it is almost impossible to distinguish it from. But tragic works now they are no longer so popular and never have a chance for a successful denouement. But the drama can end well, despite all the intricacies of the plot and difficult fates heroes. In our language, the very word "drama" has become firmly combined with a tragic plot or the life drama of characters, while historically the meaning of this word does not have at all similar value. Any dramatic the work, regardless of its content, shows real life ordinary people, their sorrows, joys, experiences and bright moments. It is not at all necessary that the reader will have fun in the course of the plot, but the drama should not intimidate or make you cry. It is just a part of life, no scarier or uglier than reality. It is interesting that the very concept of drama, as in works of art, back in the 18th century. She was very much among enlightened pundits, politicians and philosophers. Initially dramatic works were strongly associated with tragedies, tragicomedies, farce and even masked costume performances. But centuries later, the drama became part of artistic reproduction and received its own, separate from others. genres, place. Dramatic works amaze with their realism and genuineness of the plot. There are few places where you can meet a fate that is not fictional, but similar to your own, like two drops of water. In dramas, of course, there are also, but such dramas are necessary, because they teach us goodness and faith in the best and brightest. Love drama, because it is based on life.

Related videos

Sources:

• drama as a genre

To identify a person by laughter You don't have to be a professional psychologist. The power of laughter, its intensity, as well as the actions that accompany it - all this can tell a lot about a person.

Instruction

Laughter from the heart speaks of a cheerful disposition and complaisant character e. Laughter to the point of wheezing, to tears relieves any nervous tension.

Quiet, soft laughter are people with a weak will.

A quiet short laugh is evidence of strength, great intelligence, will. Such people are often excellent storytellers. They easily deal with heavy loads.

Silent laughter is a sign of secrecy, caution, prudence and cunning.

A jerky laugh is usually distinguished nervous people with restless character ohm.

Rough laughter is a sign of dominance, selfishness, animal nature. Often these people laugh in private.

Laughter ending in a sigh indicates a tendency to hysteria, susceptibility to sudden mood swings, weak will.

A person who laughs openly and loudly is self-confident and knows how to enjoy life. True, sometimes these people show rudeness and sarcasm. They love to make fun of others.

If a person laughs quietly, tilting his head slightly, he is not too confident in himself. People with such a laugh are trying to adapt to the situation and please others.

A person who squints his eyelids is balanced and self-confident. He is stubborn and persistent, always achieves his goal.

If during laughter your interlocutor wrinkles his nose, then he is prone to frequent changes of views. Such people are emotional, capricious, act depending on their mood.

A person covering his mouth with his hand is shy and timid. He doesn't like being the center of attention. People with such a laugh are quite stiff and cannot open up to an unfamiliar person.

Laughter accompanied by touching the face character examines its owner as a dreamer and visionary. Such a person is emotional, sometimes even unnecessarily. He has difficulty navigating the real world.

If a person often holds back laughter, he is reliable and self-confident. Such people are balanced, do not exchange for trifles, firmly go to the goal.

Your interlocutor does not smile, but smirks, twisting his mouth to the right. Be careful! Before you is a rough, thick-skinned and unreliable person, prone to deceit and cruelty.

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Until now, people who are far from literary criticism as a science believe that “romance” and “romantic” are close concepts, which means that novels are about love. Of course, this is far from true. The novel is an ancient, complex and ambiguous literary genre, which includes Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment, Palahniuk's Fight Club, and Apuleius' Golden Ass. But these are, of course, very, very different novels.

The novel received its second birth in the Middle Ages, it either - or romance. These include, for example, about King Arthur, about Tristan and Iseult, etc.

What can be called a novel

The novel is a very complex and ambiguous genre, the study of which is still difficult for literary critics. According to researcher M.M. Bakhtin, this is because all others, except for the novel, have already become established, have their own specific canons and distinctive ones, while the novel is still a very mobile, constantly changing genre, which has been in its infancy for many hundreds of years.

Distinctive features of the novel can be distinguished only very roughly. As a rule, this is an epic work of a large form, in the center of which is a separate person. Most often, this person is depicted at a turning point, a crisis moment in his life. Depending on the literary movement, to which the novel belongs, a personality can develop (for example, the well-known technique of “dialectic of the soul” by L.N. Tolstoy), fall into non-standard situations and experience adventure (adventurous or adventure novel), experience love ups and downs (in love story).

The novel should be built on conflict - interpersonal, intrapersonal, social, etc.

A unified classification of the types of the novel does not exist to this day, but they are different. For example, according to the content most often distinguish:

Social,
- descriptive
- cultural and historical,
- psychological,
- a novel of ideas,
- adventure.

Recently, more and more new types of novels have appeared, for example, novel-. Many of the novels combine features of both.

Some literary works, which are essentially novels, are classified by authors as short stories, and novels and short stories are often written down as novels.