Heroic epic of the peoples of the world. The concept of the heroic epic
Fundamentals of literary criticism. Analysis of a work of art [textbook] Esalnek Asiya Yanovna
Heroic epic
Heroic epic
This paragraph talks about the different forms of the heroic epic.
Historically, the first type of narrative genres was the heroic epic, which in itself is heterogeneous, because it includes works similar in problem orientation, but different in age and type of characters. The earliest form of the heroic epic can be considered a mythological epic, the main character of which is the so-called ancestor, a cultural hero who performs the functions of the organizer of the world: he produces fire, invents crafts, protects the family from demonic forces, fights monsters, establishes rituals and customs. The closest thing to this type of heroes is the character of Greek mythology Prometheus.
Another version of the heroic epos is distinguished by the fact that the hero combines the features of a cultural ancestor hero and a brave warrior, knight, hero, fighting for the territory and independence of a tribe, people or state. Such heroes include, for example, the characters of the Karelian-Finnish epic, known as "Kalevala", or the Kyrgyz epic, called "Manas".
The most mature forms of the heroic epic include the Greek Iliad, the Spanish Song of Side, the French Song of Roland, Serbian youthful songs, and Russian epics. They depict heroes in the struggle for the interests of the whole people, mostly in battles with foreign invaders. Of course, such heroes are extremely idealized and represent not real historical figures, but a utopian world that has gone into the past, in which the moods of the singer and his listeners seemed to merge, and the whole narrative received an emotionally sublime coloring.
The works of the heroic epic in its various variations are found in almost all peoples at the early stages of the development of verbal creativity, but chronologically at different times. So, Homer's Iliad dates back to the 8th century BC, Russian epics date back to the 11th-15th centuries of the Christian era. At the same time, such works have different names for different peoples: epics, thoughts, epics, songs about deeds, sagas, runes, olonkho, etc.
It follows from the foregoing that the typological quality of the neck, which gives grounds to classify works as a genre of heroic epos, consists, firstly, in emphasizing the strength, courage, courage of the hero, and secondly, in emphasizing the purpose and meaning of his actions, their focus on the common good, whether it be the dispensation of the world or the fight against enemies. Such aspirations are the German philosopher of the early 19th century G.W.F. Hegel called substantial, that is, universally significant, and the period when heroes of this type began to appear and works glorifying them, "the heroic state of the world." Objective prerequisites for the emergence of genres of the heroic type could have developed later, especially in connection with the understanding of national liberation wars, in particular the fight against fascism in the 40s of the XX century. The reflection of these processes is easy to find in the works of various writers dedicated to the Second World War.
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Topic: "The heroic epic of the peoples of the world" (lesson 1/2)
Municipal budgetary educational institution Sadovskaya secondary school
MHC. Grade 8 Compiled by the teacher of Russian language and literature Efimova Nina Vasilievna
Checking homework. What does the term "cultural diversity" mean? What is cultural diversity? Tell me about the tea ceremony. What is ikebana? What do its constituent parts mean? What is the meaning of Japanese gardens? Name their types.
Epos (from Greek - “word, narration”) is one of the three types of literature that tells about various events that occurred in the past.
In the history of world culture, a special place belongs to the heroic epic, which artistically reflected ideas about the historical past, recreated integral pictures of folk life.
N.K. Roerich. Illustration for the Mongolian heroic epic "Bum-Erdeni" 1947.
The heroic epic of the peoples of the world is the only witness to a distant era.
Heroic Epic
legends
about historical events
about the exploits of legendary heroes
The heroic epic of the peoples of the world reflects the depths of people's memory. Getting acquainted with the artistic traditions of the peoples of the world, we turn specifically to the heroic epic, to hoary antiquity.
Hercules
Alexander Nevskiy
Ilya Muromets
“The first victories over nature aroused in him (among the people. - G.D.) a feeling of his stability, pride in himself, a desire for new victories and prompted him to create a heroic epic.” A.M. Bitter
The heroic epic goes back to ancient myths and reflects the mythical ideas of man about nature and the world around him.
A.M. Gorky (1868-1936)
The epic was formed in oral form, passed from mouth to mouth, from one generation of storytellers to another. Then he acquired new plots and images. Later, it was fixed in book form and has come down to us in the form of extensive works.
Guslars
Chronicler Nestor (mid-11th century - early 12th century)
The heroic epic is the result of collective folk art, we do not know the names of its creators. But there are works that were created by individual storytellers or singers. The famous "Iliad" and "Odyssey", as you know, were written by a single author - Homer.
Covers of audiobooks "Iliad" and "Odyssey"
Homer (VIII century BC)
In the story "The Kemeian Singer" the picture of the creation of the epic is very accurately recreated in the conversation between the Greek youth Meges and the ancient elder storyteller.
French writer A. France (1844-1924)
Monuments of the heroic epic of the peoples of the world
Among the outstanding monuments of the heroic epic is the Sumerian epic "The Tale of Gilgamesh" (c. 1800 BC). One of the most poetic works tells about the brave folk hero Gilgamesh, who went in search of wisdom, happiness and immortality.
Statue of Gilgamesh with a lion from Sargon II's palace at Dur-Sharrukin. 8th c. BC.
Gilgamesh and Enkidu
An interesting Indian folk epic "Mahabharata", created by the middle of the 1st millennium AD in Sanskrit - the oldest Indian literary language. It was formed on the basis of tales and legends and tells about the battle of two clans and their allies for dominance in the kingdom located in the upper reaches of the Ganges River.
"Mahabharata" - book illustrations
In the Middle Ages, many peoples of Western Europe developed a heroic epic that reflected the knightly ideals of valor and honor.
Among the most significant are
Beowulf in England
The Nibelungenlied in Germany
Elder Edda in Iceland
Karelian-Finnish epic "Kalevala"
"Song of Roland" in France
"Song of my Side" in Spain
Folk-heroic French epic "Song of Roland".
Roland receives the sword Durandal from the hands of Charlemagne
Roland's death.
Fixing the material. What does the word epic mean? What is a heroic epic? How did the heroic epic of the peoples of the world arise and develop? What was the name of the people who "said"? Name the monuments of the heroic epic of the peoples of the world. Whom does the Sumerian epic "The Tale of Gilgamesh" tell us about?
Literature. Textbook "World Artistic Culture". Grades 7-9: Basic level. G.I. Danilova. Moscow. Bustard. 2010 The world of artistic culture (lesson planning), Grade 8. N.N.Kutsman. Volgograd. Corypheus. year 2009. http://briefly.ru/_/pesn_o_rolande/ Wikipedia - https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%BE_%D0%93 %D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5 Wikipedia - https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ %D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0 %B5
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Epics. The term epic was first introduced in 1839 by Ivan Sakharov in the collection Songs of the Russian People. The popular name for these works is “old, old, old”. “I lay down on a sack near a skinny fire ... and, warming myself by the fire, fell asleep imperceptibly; strange sounds woke me up: before that I had heard a lot of songs and poems ... but I had never heard such a tune. Lively, whimsical and cheerful, sometimes it became faster, sometimes it broke off and in its own way resembled something ancient, forgotten by our generation. For a long time I did not want to wake up and listen to the individual words of the song: it was so joyful to be in the grip of a completely new impression ... ”recalls the folklore collector P. N. Rybnikov.
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Epics: fiction or history with elements of fantasy? Most of the epics known to us were created in the 9th - 12th centuries. However, one can notice in the texts of epics echoes of events and life of much later eras (16th and even 19th centuries). Why did this happen? “Far from all the events and heroes sung in epics remained in the memory of descendants. Previously emerged works were reworked in relation to new events and new people, sometimes feats performed later were attributed to former heroes. So over the centuries, a special world of epics was formed, which united people from different centuries and eras. So, all Kyiv heroes became contemporaries of one Prince Vladimir, although they had to fight enemies who plagued Russia from the 10th to the 16th centuries.
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Kyiv cycle of epics. Features: The action takes place in Kyiv or near it. In the center of the story is Prince Vladimir. The main theme: the protection of the Russian land from the nomads. Heroes: Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich.
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Ilya Muromets. The main character of Russian epics, only the plot of his battle with the Nightingale the Robber has more than a hundred options. Until the age of 30, Ilya sat in a seat, unable to use his arms and legs, then he received miraculous healing and heroic strength from kalik passers-by (wandering pilgrims). His personality symbolizes the transition from "senior" to "younger" heroes: he was familiar with Svyatogor, and he, according to some versions, gave him part of his great power before his death (according to others, Ilya refused it). In the epics, Ilya Muromets appears before us as an "old Cossack", possessing remarkable strength, mighty and wise.
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Nikitich. The most popular hero of the Russian epic after Ilya Muromets. The most "intelligent" of the epic heroes; it embodies those qualities that the people collectively denoted by the word "knowledge": education, excellent education, knowledge of etiquette, the ability to play the harp, intelligence (Dobrynya plays chess superbly). All this makes him especially suitable for diplomatic assignments: in epics he often represents the interests of Prince Vladimir in foreign lands. In addition to these qualities, he, like all heroes, is brave and courageous. Already from childhood (from the age of 12 or 15), Dobrynya has excellent command of weapons.
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Alyosha Popovich. The youngest of the famous trinity of epic heroes, the son of the Rostov priest Levontiy (rarely - Fedor). He is known for his valiant prowess, resourcefulness and heroic courage, as well as his temper and boastfulness. Alyosha is cheerful, mocking and sharp-tongued. He often defeats enemies not by force, but by military cunning: pretending to be deaf and forcing the enemy to come closer, under some pretext forcing the enemy to turn around, etc.
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Volga Svyatoslavovich (Volkh Vseslavevich). The name of the hero, Magus, indicates that a great magician, a sorcerer, was born. By birth, he is connected with nature, as the whole life of primitive man was connected with nature and the struggle with it. The ancestors of the Russians, before becoming farmers, depended on hunting, which was once the main form of obtaining a livelihood. When Volkh is born, animals, fish and birds hide in fear: a great hunter is born. Volkh can turn into animals: he catches fish in the form of a pike, birds - turning into a falcon, forest animals - a gray wolf. He is a sorcerer and a werewolf. Volkh can turn into animals: he catches fish in the form of a pike, birds - turning into a falcon, forest animals - a gray wolf. He is a sorcerer and a werewolf. He fights in the same way as he hunts: by magical skill, "cunning-wisdom."
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Mikula Selyaninovich. A plowman with remarkable strength. Volga Vseslavievich met him when, accompanied by a squad, he went for tribute to the cities of Gurchevets, Krestyanovets and Orekhovets. Orest Miller saw in Mikul an ancient deity of agriculture; thus, his meeting with Volga is a meeting of the god-hunter with the god-plowman. Enormous strength, the ability to easily lift the earth's thrust (which turned out to be beyond the power of the mighty Svyatogor), bring him closer to the so-called "senior" heroes - the most ancient characters of the Russian epic.
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Text content of presentation slides: The heroic epic of the peoples of the world Outstanding monuments of the heroic epic "The first victories over nature caused the people to feel their stability, pride in themselves, the desire for new victories and prompted the creation of a heroic epic" M. Gorky "The Tale of Gilgamesh" or "The Poem of the Who Has Seen Everything" (about 1800 BC), one of the most poetic works telling about a brave folk hero who went in search of wisdom, happiness and immortality. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a hymn about friendship, which not only helps to overcome external obstacles, but also transforms and ennobles. "Mahabharata" or "The Great Legend of the Descendants of Bharata", created in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. in Sanskrit, the oldest Indian literary language. One of the largest literary works in the world, the Mahabharata is a complex set of epic narratives, short stories, fables, parables, legends, cosmogonic myths, hymns, laments, united according to the framing principle typical of large forms of Indian literature, consists of eighteen books (parv ) and contains over 75,000 couplets (shlok). One of the few works of world literature, which claims about itself that it has everything in the world. "Bhagavad Gita" (Skt. भगवद् गीता, "Divine Song") - a monument of ancient Indian literature, part of the "Mahabharata", consists of 700 verses, is one of the sacred texts of Hinduism, which presents the main essence of Hindu philosophy. The philosophical discourse of the Bhagavad-gita takes place just before the start of the great Battle of Kurukshetra. Two people are involved in the conversation - Arjuna and Krishna. sri-bhagavan uvaca urdhva-mulam adhah sakham aswattham prahur avyayam chandamsi yasya parnani yas tam veda sa veda-vit sri-bhagavan uvaca--the Supreme Lord said; urdhva-mulam--that whose roots are directed upwards; adhah--down; sakham--that whose branches; aswattham--banyan tree; prahuḥ—say; avyayam -- eternal; chandamsi—Vedic hymns; yasya—whom; parnani—leaves; yah - which; there - then; veda - knows; sah -- that; veda-vit--knower of the Vedas. The Supreme Lord said: The scriptures speak of an eternal banyan tree whose roots are up and branches down, whose leaves are the Vedic hymns. Knowing this tree, a person comprehends the wisdom of the Vedas. tri-vidham narakasyedam dvaram nashanam atmanah kamah krodhas tatha lobhas tasmad etat trayam tyajet tri-vidham--comprising three kinds; narakasya—hell; idam - these; dvaram—the gate; nashanam--death; atmanah--souls; kamah--lust; krodhah--anger; tatha—and also; lobhah -- greed; tasmat - therefore; etat - these; trayam--three; tyajet - let him leave. There are three gates to hell: lust, anger and greed. And every sane person should renounce these vices, for they destroy the soul. Knightly epic In the Middle Ages, many peoples of Western Europe developed a heroic epic that reflected the knightly ideals of valor and honor. Beowulf (England) Nibelungenlied (Germany) Song of my Side (Spain) Elder Edda (Iceland) Song of Roland (France) Kalevala (Karelian-Finnish epic) Beowulf An Anglo-Saxon epic poem set in Scandinavia before the Angles migrated to Britain. Named after the main character. The text was created at the beginning of the 8th century and has been preserved in a single copy of the 11th century. This is the oldest epic poem of "barbarian" (Germanic) Europe, preserved in its entirety. The main content lies in the tales of Beowulf's victory over the terrible monsters Grendel and his mother, and over the dragon that devastated the country. The Nibelungenlied A medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author in the late 12th or early 13th century. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures". It tells about the marriage of the dragon slayer Siegfried to the Burgundian princess Kriemhild, his death due to Kriemhild's conflict with Brunhilda, the wife of her brother Gunther, and then about Kriemhild's revenge for the death of her husband. The Song of Roland An epic poem written in Old French. The work tells about the death of the rearguard detachment of the army of Charlemagne, returning in August 778 from an aggressive campaign in Spain. The Elder Edda The Song Edda is a collection of Old Norse songs about the gods and heroes of Scandinavian mythology and history. Songs were first recorded in the second half of the 13th century. The songs about the gods contain the richest mythological material, and the central place in the songs about heroes is occupied by a person (hero), his good name and posthumous glory.
Attached files
Completed by: teacher of the Russian language and literature of the MOU "Secondary School No. 8"
Saransk, Republic of Moldova
- "Epos" - (from Greek) a word, a narrative, one of the three types of literature that tells about various events of the past.
- The heroic epic of the peoples of the world is sometimes the most important and the only evidence of past eras.
- It goes back to ancient myths and reflects man's ideas about nature and the world. Initially, it was formed in oral form, then, acquiring new plots and images, it was fixed in writing.
- The epic was formed in different ways. Lyrical-epic, and based on them, epic songs, like drama and lyrics, arose from ritual performances (at the initial stages of human culture, when music, singing, poetry, dance were not separated from each other).
- The formation of the prose genres of the epic, in particular fairy tales, is associated with individually told myths (a fantastic idea of the world, characteristic of a person of a primitive communal formation, as a rule, transmitted in the form of oral narratives - myths).
- Early epic creativity and the further formation of forms of artistic narration were also influenced by oral, and then recorded in writing, historical traditions.
- The heroic epic is the result of collective folk art.
- But this does not detract from the role of individual storytellers. The famous "Iliad" and "Odyssey", as you know, were recorded by the only author Homer.
- "The Great Tale of the Descendants of Bharata" or "The Tale of the Great Battle of the Bharatas".
- The Mahabharata is a heroic poem of 18 books, or parvs. In the form of an appendix, she has another 19th book - Harivansha, i.e., "The genealogy of Hari." In its current edition, the Mahabharata contains over one hundred thousand slokas, or couplets.
"Nibelungenlied"- a medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author in the late 12th - early 13th century. Belongs to the number of the most famous epic works of mankind. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures".
Quarrel of Kings
Competitions at the court of Brunnhilde
The epic primarily reflects the chivalrous worldview of the Staufen era ( Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) - the imperial dynasty that ruled Germany and Italy in the XII - the first half of the XIII century. The Staufen, especially Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190), tried to carry out a wide external expansion, which ultimately accelerated the weakening of the central government and contributed to the strengthening of the princes. At the same time, the Staufen era was characterized by a significant but short-lived cultural upsurge. ).
Death of Siekfried
Zikfried
The funeral
Zikfrida
Kriemhilde shows Hagen
Gunter's head
Halen throws gold into the Rhine
- Kalevala - Karelian - Finnish poetic epic. Consists of 50 runes (songs). It is based on Karelian folk epic songs. The processing of Kalevala belongs to Elias Lönnrot (1802-1884), who linked individual folk epic songs, making a certain selection of variants of these songs and smoothing out some of the bumps.
- Name "Kalevala", given to the poem by Lönnrot, - this is the epic name of the country in which Finnish folk heroes live and act.
Väinämöinen plays the kantele
Väinämöinen protects the sampo from
Witches of Louhi.
Väinämöinen
- EPOS gave a complete and comprehensive picture of the world, explained its origin and further destinies, including the most distant future, taught to distinguish good from evil, instructed how to live and how to die.
- The epic contained ancient wisdom, knowledge of it was considered necessary for every member of society.
- Epics are as diverse as the fate of countries and peoples, as national characters, as language.
- Each country has its own folk epic heroes. In England, the invincible robber was sung Robin Hood - defender of the disadvantaged; in Asia Geser - great archer: evenki heroic tales - brave Sodani-bogatyr ; in the Buryat heroic epic - Alamji Mergen young and his sister Agui Gokhon .
- The heroic epic has come down to us both in the form of extensive epics, bookstores ("Iliad", "Odyssey", "Mahabharata", "Ramayana", "Beowulf" ) or oral (« Dzhangar", "Alpamysh", "Manas »), and in the form of short "epic songs" (Russian epics , South Slavic songs, poems Edda the Elder ),
1. The epic often includes a plot creation of the world, how the gods create the harmony of the world from the initial chaos.
2.Story miraculous birth of the hero and his first youthful exploits .
3.Story the matchmaking of the hero and his trials before the wedding .
4. Description of the battle , in which the hero shows miracles of courage, resourcefulness and courage.
5. Glorification of fidelity in friendship, generosity and honor .
6. Heroes not only defend their homeland, but also high value their own freedom and independence .
- It is represented by heroic-mythological and heroic-epic works about the origin of the world (heaven, earth, man, gods) and about the birth of ethnic statehood (songs and tales about Tsar Tyushte).
- By nature, the heroic epic is not heroic.
- An integral part of heroic poetry is the legend of the hero Saban, acting as an archaic hero; the legend of the wonderful Guryan, the tragic leader of Erzi and Moksha.
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