Russian literary language is different. Literary language

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Literary language

- the main form of existence of the national language, accepted by its speakers as an exemplary one; a historically established system of commonly used linguistic means that have undergone a long cultural processing in the works of authoritative masters of the word, in the oral communication of educated native speakers of the national language. Functional purpose and internal organization of L. Ya. are due to the tasks of ensuring speech communication in the main areas of activity of the entire historically established team of people who speak this national language. According to its cultural and social status, L. Ya. opposed to folk-colloquial. speech: territorial and social dialects used by limited groups of people living in a certain area or united in relatively small social groups, and vernacular - supra-dialect non-codified oral speech of limited topics. There is a relationship between the forms of the national language: L. i. constantly replenished at the expense of the people-colloquial. speech.

L. i. trace are inherent. the main features that distinguish it from other forms of existence of the national language:

1. Normalization. The language norm is a generally accepted use that is regularly repeated in the speech of speakers and is recognized at this stage of development of L. Ya. correct, exemplary. Lit. norms cover all aspects (levels) of the language system and therefore they themselves represent a certain system: lexical, phraseological, morphological, syntactic, word-formation, orthoepic, spelling norms. The presence of language norms is a condition for the universality of L. I. “To be generally accepted, and therefore generally understandable” is the main property of L. Ya., which “in essence makes it literary” ( L.V. Shcherba).

2. Codification. Codification - a scientific description of the norms, fixing them in grammars, reference books, dictionaries; the most explicit and objectified form of recognition of the normativity of a linguistic phenomenon. Lit. norms are updated as changes are made both in the language itself and in the assessments of its means by speakers. In modern society codification lit. norms takes place with the active participation of the scientific, pedagogical, literary community, and the media.

3. Relative stability (historical stability, tradition). Without this quality L. I. the exchange of cultural values between generations would be impossible. Stability L. I. is ensured, firstly, by the action of generally binding codified language norms, and secondly, by the maintenance of stylistic traditions thanks to written texts, i.e. is connected with one more sign of L. I. - the presence of its written fixation. Russian stability. L. i. also contributes to its integrity, the absence of significantly different local options.

4. Multifunctionality. The main forms of L. Ya., which is a dichotomous system, are colloquial and literary and bookish and literary speech (see. literary and colloquial style of speech,), opposed to each other as the largest functional and stylistic spheres. In turn, book speech demonstrates a functional and stylistic stratification into scientific, official business, journalistic, and artistic speech. The concept of "L. I." and "Language of Fiction" are not identical. The first is broader in the sense that it combines several functional and stylistic varieties of the language, the second is broader in another respect - in artistic. works are included, in addition to lit. language means, elements of folk-colloquial. speech (dialectisms, jargon, etc.). Besides, L. I. focused on universality, and artistic. language - on the creative individual originality.

5. Developed variability and flexibility, which provides parallel ways of expression and linguistic freedom of the individual. Formation of various means of expression in the field of vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, grammatical variation in the process of evolution L. Ya. contributed to the expansion of its functions. Gradually, it begins to serve all spheres of human activity, and this process is accompanied by a functional and stylistic stratification of L. I. The variety of replenishing L. I. styles generates a rich synonymy of linguistic means within a single language, makes it a complex, branched system of functions. varieties, which is of interest both for the theory of linguistics and for stylistics, the area of interaction between these linguistic disciplines, the intersection of their problems. Stylistic (expressive-stylistic, functional-stylistic) richness of L. Ya. constitutes the stylistic aspect of L. Ya., the source of the formation and development of stylistics as a science.

L. i. goes through several stages in its development, connected with the history of the people. In the development of Russian L. i. two main eras are distinguished: pre-national, which ends in the 17th century, and national. More detailed periodization of L. I. can be presented next. form: 1) L. I. Old Russian people (XI-beginning of the XIV century); 2) L. I. Great Russian people (XIV-XVII centuries); 3) L. I. period of formation of Russian. nations (from the middle–2nd half of the 17th century to Pushkin); 4) modern. L. i. (from Pushkin to our time). In a narrower sense, the term "modern. Russian. L. Ya." denotes the language of the XX-XXI centuries. (since 1917). An even narrower interpretation is L. I. new Russia (post-Soviet period).

L. i. - the concept is historical, since at different stages of the development of L. I. its symptoms change. With regard to Russian L. i. these changes were as follows: 1. L. I. originated as a written language (lat. littera - letter, letter). Under the old Russian L. I. refers to the language that has come down to us in the written monuments of the 11th–13th centuries, belonging to various genres, namely: the genres of secular narrative literature (literary and artistic work "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", chronicle narratives, etc.), business written language (code of laws "Russian Truth", contractual, bills of sale, letters of commendation and other letters), church-religious literature (sermons, lives). Rus. L. i. functioned only as a written language throughout the pre-national period. 2. L. i. pre-national era was not uniform: there were several of its types, among which were formed not only on the basis of the language of the Old Russian people, but also on the basis of the Church Slavonic language. 3. In the history of Russian. L. i. such an essential sign of L. I underwent changes, as the norm. Norms in the pre-national period had a spontaneous character, were not codified (before the appearance of the first Russian grammars), strictly binding. For each type of L. I. (for example, folk-literary or church-bookish) developed their own norms. They were related only to the written form of the language, since L. Ya. was written. 4. L. I. the pre-national period was distinguished by the narrowness of its use and its functions. It was owned by a limited part of society - representatives of the highest circles and monks. L. i. was primarily the language of.-cases. communication (some researchers, for example, A.I. Gorshkov, do not believe that in the early stages of development of L. Ya. business language can be recognized as L. Ya.); in addition, it was used in art. literature and chronicles. The formation of a system of func. styles within a single L. I. occurs later, at the end of XVIII-beginning. 19th century Patterns of the use of language units are gradually formed depending on the goals of communication in a particular function. sphere (see , ).

In the history of L. I. the work of outstanding masters of the word plays an important role. So, A.S. Pushkin, guided by the principles of proportionality and conformity, achieved in his work a bold synthesis of all the viable elements of L. Ya. with elements of lively folk speech and laid the foundation for the modern. Russian L. i.

Multifunctionality Russian. L. Ya., variability, interaction with various branches of the national language and with other national languages, as well as the history of Russian. L. i. determined its wealth in the field of stylistic resources: a variety of stylistic, expressive and figurative possibilities, a variety of intellectual and expressive-emotional means of expression.

Lit.: Sobolevsky A.I. History of Russian. lit. language. - M., 1980; Shcherba L.V. Fav. works in Russian language. - M., 1957; Istrina E.S. Russian norms. lit. language and culture of speech. – M.; L., 1948; Vinokur G.O. Fav. works in Russian language. - M., 1959; Vinogradov V.V. Essays on the history of Russian. lit. language of the 17th–19th centuries. - 3rd ed. - M., 1982; Him: Problems lit. languages and patterns of their formation and development. - M., 1967; Him: Lit. language // Fav. tr. History of Russian. lit. language. - M., 1978; Prague Linguistic Circle. - M., 1967; Rus. language and Soviet society: In 4 vols. - M., 1968; Itskovich V.A. language norm. - M., 1968; Gukhman M.M. Lit. language // LES. - M., 1990; Semenyuk N.N., Norma (ibid.); Shmelev D.N. Rus. language in its functions. varieties. - M., 1977; Filin F.P. Origins and fate of Russian. lit. language. - M., 1981; Bragina A.A. Synonyms in lit. language. - M., 1986; Belchikov Yu.A. Speech communication as a cultural-historical and historical-linguistic factor in the functioning of lit. language, "Stylistyka-II". – Opole, 1993; Him: Lit. language // Ents. Rus. lang. - M., 1997; His: and. - M., 2000; Rus. language of the late 20th century (1985–1995). - M., 1996; Rus. language (1945–1995). – Opole, 1997.

T.B. Trosheva

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .

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Literary language is not only the language of writers, but also a sign of an intelligent and educated person. Unfortunately, people not only do not own it, but not everyone knows about its existence, including some modern writers. The works are written in very simple words, jargon and slang are used in large quantities, which is unacceptable for the literary language. For those who want to master the language of poets and writers, the signs of the literary language will be described.

Definition

Literary language is the highest form of language, which is opposed to vernacular, jargon, dialectisms. Some experts oppose it to the colloquial form, because they consider it to be a written language (for example, in the Middle Ages they only wrote in the literary language).

This form is considered a historical category, because this category is formed in the process of language development. The literary language is an indicator of the level of national culture, because works are created and cultured people communicate in it.

There are many definitions: some are built from a linguistic point of view, others use delimitation with the help of native speakers of this language. Each definition is correct, the main thing is that you know how to distinguish it from other categories. Below the concept of signs of a literary language will be given.

The formation of a cultural language form

The basis of the literary language is the dialect, which is dominant in the political, economic and cultural center of the state. The basis for the Russian language was the Moscow dialect. The Church Slavonic language served as a great influence on the formation of this species. The first written translations into our language were Christian books, which later affected the formation of the language. For a long time, learning to write took place through the church, which undoubtedly influenced the cultural written language.

But one should not combine the literary language and the artistic one, because in the first case it is a broad concept that includes the variety with which works are written. Signs of the literary language are its strict standardization and accessibility for everyone, while some authors of works of art do not have enough knowledge of the literary form of the language in the broadest sense.

How to determine the language of writers

The cultural form of speech does not tolerate excessive use of slang words, clericalism, speech stamps, and vernacular. There are norms that allow you to keep the purity of the language by providing a language standard. These norms can be found in grammar references and dictionaries.

There are main features of the literary language:

Literary language as part of the national

Each language has its own national limits, so it reflects the entire cultural heritage of its people, its history. Due to ethnic features, each language is unique and peculiar, has characteristic folk features. The national and literary languages are closely interconnected, which creates unlimited possibilities for the language. But it is still possible to distinguish the signs of the national literary language.

The form under consideration, along with the national one, also includes the use of non-literary styles. Every nation has its own dialect. The Russian is divided into North Russian, Central Russian and South Russian. But some words for various reasons fall into the literary language. They will be called dialectisms. Their use is permissible only from the point of view of style, that is, it is considered possible in a certain context.

One of the types of the national language is jargon - these are words used by a certain group of people. Its use is also possible in the literary language, jargon was especially widely used in Russian literature in the post-Soviet period. Their use is strictly regulated by literary norms:

characterization of the hero;
with proof of the appropriateness of use.

Dialect is another feature of the national language, which is typical for people living in the same territory or united on a social basis. In literature, dialect words can be used in the following cases:

Signs of the modern Russian literary language

In the traditional sense, the language has been considered modern since the time of A. S. Pushkin. Since one of the main features of the literary language is the norm, you should know what norms the modern one is based on:

stress norms;
orthoepic;
lexical;
phraseological;
word formation;
spelling;
punctuation;
grammatical;
syntactic;
stylistic.

The literary language is characterized by strict observance of all norms in order to preserve the entire cultural heritage. But the modern literary language has problems associated precisely with the preservation of the purity of the language, namely, the large use of devalued vocabulary (foul language), a large number of borrowings, and the frequent use of jargon.

Functional style views

As it was written above, its stylistic diversity belongs to the features of the literary language.

Written and bookish speech, which is divided into official business, journalistic and scientific.
Artistic speech.

The colloquial form of speech was not included here, because it does not have strict regulation, that is, one of the main features of the literary language.

Russian literary language in the late 20th - early 21st centuries.

The processes taking place in a language are a natural phenomenon, because it is not a static unit. It also changes and develops along with society. In the same way, new signs of the literary language have appeared in our time. Now the media is becoming an influential sphere, which forms new functional language features. With the development of the Internet, a mixed written and spoken form of speech begins to develop.

The literary language performs a very complex and important task: to preserve the accumulated knowledge, to unite the entire cultural and national heritage and to pass everything on to new generations, while maintaining national identity.

The Russian national language (native word) enters a person's life from the cradle, awakens his mind, shapes his soul, inspires thoughts, reveals the spiritual wealth of the people. Like other languages of the world, the Russian language is a product of human culture and at the same time a condition for its development.
In the linguistic aspect, language is “a system of verbal and other sound means that serve to convey thoughts and express feelings, to communicate people with each other” . People need it to communicate, exchange thoughts, store knowledge and pass it on to future generations.
Language is a purely human phenomenon. It exists only in human society and serves truly human needs - thinking and communication. The native language of any nation, including Russian, is the true soul of the nation, its primary and most obvious sign. In the language and through the language, such features as the national psychology of the people, their character, features of thinking and artistic creativity are revealed.
Language is a powerful tool of culture, the most important factor in the spiritual development of a nation. Love for it implies an intolerant attitude towards its impoverishment and distortion, therefore the culture of the native language is the value of every modern person and society as a whole.
In the Russian national language, its processed and standardized part is distinguished, which is called the literary language. About the relationship between the literary language and local dialects, M. Gorky said: “The division of the language into literary and folk only means that we have, so to speak, a“ raw language ”and processed by masters.”
The modern Russian literary language is a literary form of the national language that has developed historically and establishes strict standards in the pronunciation of speech sounds and in the use of words and grammatical forms.
Speaking in literary language, a person has the right to rely on what will be correctly understood by the interlocutor or addressee.
The term "modern" has two meanings:
1) language from Pushkin to the present day;
2) the language of the last decades.
Native speakers living in the 21st century use this term in the first (narrow) sense.
The modern Russian literary language is the language of the people with a rich history and traditions, it is an integral part of the Russian national culture, the highest form of the national language.
The masters who polished their native language were writers, scientists, and public figures. They all admired his power and wealth. So, M.V. Lomonosov wrote: “The master of many languages, the Russian language is not only the vastness of the places where it dominates, but also great in its own space and contentment in front of everyone in Europe ... Charles V, the Roman emperor, used to say that in Spanish - with God, French - with friends, German - with the enemy, Italian - with the female sex to speak decently. But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would add to that that it was decent for them to speak with all of them, for he would find in it the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, moreover, wealth and strong in depictions of the brevity of Greek and Latin".
In these words, M.V. Lomonosov expressed not only an ardent love for the language of his people, but also a true assessment of the remarkable properties and practical qualities of the Russian language.
“The word of the British will respond with heart-knowledge and wise knowledge of life,” wrote N.V. Gogol, - the short-lived word of the Frenchman will flash and scatter like a light dandy; the German will intricately invent his own, not accessible to everyone, cleverly thin word; but there is no word that would be so bold, briskly, so burst out from under the very heart, would tremble and tremble so vividly, like the aptly spoken Russian word.
Boundless love for the native language, a passionate desire to preserve and increase its wealth are heard in the address of I.S. Turgenev to future generations of Russian people: “Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property handed down to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin shines. Treat this mighty weapon with respect; in the hands of the skilful, it is able to perform miracles!
Russian literary language serves as a single means of communication between people. It incorporates all the wealth of speech and visual means created by the people over the centuries. However, the vocabulary of the literary language does not include everything that folk speech has. So, non-literary varieties of the Russian language include:
dialects (from Greek dialektos - dialect, dialect) - such non-literary variants of the language that are used in certain territories, incomprehensible to people living in places where this dialect is unknown: kuren - house, veksha - squirrel, poneva - a kind of skirt, etc. Dialecticisms (local words and expressions), if they occur in speech that should be literary, can distract listeners from the content and interfere with correct understanding;
slang vocabulary - special words and expressions characteristic of various professional groups and social strata, placed in separate conditions of life and communication;
argotic words and expressions inherent in the language of thieves, gamblers, cheaters and swindlers;
abusive (obscene, taboo) words and expressions.
At the same time, the literary language is closely connected with vernacular - the everyday everyday vocabulary of the people, which has great figurative power and accuracy of definitions.
In the manner of speech, in the language habits of a person, the era in which he lives, and the features of the social environment to which he belongs are always reflected. For example, the characters of "Dead Souls" N.V. Gogol is spoken in a completely different way than the peasants in the "Notes of a Hunter" by I.S. Turgenev. Social varieties are a phenomenon that is historically conditioned and quite natural, since various social circles, according to the conditions of their life, always have specific interests. In human society, language is used differently. Residents of the village and the city speak differently, people young and old, educated and semi-literate. There are such territorial differences as local dialects (dialects), since the language changes much more slowly than society. A specific manner of speech is more characteristic of the older generation of the inhabitants of the modern village, and the rural youth, under the influence of the language of books, print, radio, television, and cinema, are increasingly becoming attached to the literary language. In addition, dialects have only an oral form of existence.
It is impossible to treat dialectisms with disdain, because the best Russian writers drew expressive means from folk speech, who introduced many dialect words into literary use.
There are also elements of language differences depending on the gender of the speakers. The science of speech etiquette deals with similar gender features in the language. For example, men and women greet each other in different ways: men, especially young and well-known to each other, can use along with the phrases “hello (those)”, “good afternoon”, “hello”, etc. the form “great” which is rare for women. In the speech of a woman, the appeals “mother”, “dad”, “friend” are almost never found, but the words “baby” (to the child), “darling” are more often used. In general, linguistic differences between men and women are expressed primarily in the forms of greetings, farewells, thanks, apologies, etc.
Thus, the modern Russian literary language is understood as an ideal mental phenomenon that makes verbal information accessible, excludes dialect, swear words, slang and slang elements, and serves as a means of communication in the modern cultural space, both on the territory of the Russian Federation and in other countries.

More on the topic 1.1. The concept of the modern Russian literary language:

1. Language as a system. The concept of the modern Russian literary language. Standard of the literary language. Changing language norms. Violation of language norms.

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1. THE CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF THE LITERARY LANGUAGE

The most amazing and wise thing that humanity has created is language.

Literary language It is the main means of communication between people of the same nationality. It is characterized by two main properties: processing and normalization.

Processedness literary language arises as a result of purposeful selection of all the best that is in the language. This selection is carried out in the process of using the language, as a result of special studies by philologists and public figures.

normalization- the use of language means, regulated by a single universally binding norm. The norm as a set of rules of word usage is necessary to preserve the integrity and comprehensibility of the national language, to transfer information from one generation to another. If there were no single language norm, then changes could occur in the language, in which people living in different parts of Russia would no longer understand each other.

The main requirements that a literary language must meet are its unity and general intelligibility.

The modern Russian literary language is multifunctional and is used in various fields of human activity.

The main ones are: politics, science, culture, verbal art, education, everyday communication, interethnic communication, press, radio, television.

If we compare the varieties of the national language (vernacular, territorial and social dialects, jargon), the literary language plays a leading role. It includes the best ways to designate concepts and objects, express thoughts and emotions. There is a constant interaction between the literary language and non-literary varieties of the Russian language. This is most clearly seen in the sphere of colloquial speech.

In the scientific linguistic literature, the main features of the literary language are highlighted:

1) processing;

2) sustainability;

3) mandatory (for all native speakers);

4) normalization;

5) the presence of functional styles.

Russian literary language exists in two forms - oral and written. Each form of speech has its own specifics.

The Russian language in the broadest sense is the totality of all words, grammatical forms, pronunciation features of all Russian people, that is, all those who speak Russian as their native language. The more correct and accurate the speech, the more accessible it is for understanding, the more beautiful and expressive it is, the stronger it affects the listener or reader. In order to speak correctly and beautifully, one must observe the laws of logic (consistency, evidence) and the norms of the literary language, observe the unity of style, avoid repetition, take care of the harmony of speech.

The main features of Russian literary pronunciation have developed precisely on the basis of the phonetics of Central Russian dialects. Nowadays, dialects are being destroyed under the pressure of the literary language.

2. MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE. THE DIFFERENCE IN THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LITERARY LANGUAGE AND THE LANGUAGE OF ART LITERATURE

The basis of the culture of speech is the literary language. It constitutes the highest form of the national language. It is the language of culture, literature, education, mass media.

The modern Russian language is multifunctional, that is, it is used in various fields of human activity. The means of the literary language (lexicon, grammatical constructions, etc.) are functionally delimited by their use in various fields of activity. The use of certain language means depends on the type of communication. The literary language is divided into two functional varieties: colloquial and bookish. In accordance with this, colloquial speech and book language are distinguished.

In oral colloquial speech, there are three styles of pronunciation: full, neutral, colloquial.

One of the most important properties of the bookish language is the ability to preserve the text and thus serve as a means of communication between generations. The functions of the bookish language are numerous and become more complex with the development of society. When selecting styles public language, many varieties are taken into account, covering the language material from “high”, bookish elements to “low”, colloquial. What functional styles is the bookish language divided into?

functional style- a kind of bookish language, characteristic of a certain sphere of human activity and having a certain originality in the use of language means. In the book language, there are three main styles - scientific, official business, journalistic.

Along with the listed styles, there is also the language of fiction. It belongs to the fourth functional style of the bookish language. However, artistic speech is characterized by the fact that all linguistic means can be used here: words and expressions of the literary language, elements of vernacular, jargons, territorial dialects. The author uses these means to express the idea of the work, to make it expressive, to reflect the local color, etc.

The main function of artistic speech is influence. Used exclusively in works of art. Also, such speech has an aesthetic function, as an evaluation function is a communicative one. Fiction acts as an assessment of the surrounding world and an expression of attitude towards it.

Rhyme, rhythm- distinctive features of speech. The tasks of artistic speech are to influence the feelings and thoughts of the reader, listener, to arouse empathy in him.

The recipient is usually anyone. Conditions of communication - participants in communication are separated by time and space.

Language means of artistic speech (words in a figurative sense, emotionally figurative words, specific words (not birds, but thunder), interrogative, exclamatory, incentive sentences, with homogeneous members.

3. ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

Until the 14th century Old Russian existed as a common language of the ancestors of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians. The Russian language belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages. This group includes Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. In addition to the eastern group, among the Slavic languages there is also a southern group (Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian) and a western group of languages (Polish, Slovak, Czech and some other languages). All Slavic languages are closely related, have many common words, and are significantly similar in grammar and phonetics. In the XIV century. there was a separation of this East Slavic language (in connection with the formation of the Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian nation), and since then the Russian language of the Russian people has existed.

In the combination "modern Russian literary language", first of all, the term "literary" requires clarification. Most people think that literary language is the language of fiction. But this understanding of the term is incorrect.

Literary language is the language of culture; it is the language of cultured people. The modern Russian literary language fulfills both of these purposes. But this is not always the case. For example, in the XVII century. in Russia, the language of written culture was mainly Church Slavonic, and the living language of cultured people, the means of their last communication, was Russian.

Artistic works and scientific works are created in the Russian literary language; it is the language of the theater, schools, newspapers and magazines, radio and television. At the same time, it is spoken in the family, at work, among friends, in public places. The fact that the same language performs both functions enriches the culture; it is built with the help of a living, dynamic means of communication, capable of conveying the newest, newly emerging meanings, and conveys their very dynamics, helps them to arise and form.

But in different eras, the Russian language faced various dangers. In the 20s. 20th century - this is an influx of borrowed words (and borrowed without need), slang vocabulary, colloquial, i.e. non-normative, phenomena in the field of pronunciation and grammar.

In the 1930s many cultural figures fought against the excessive influence of dialects on the literary language, against the influx of jargon. And this problem was solved in the 1930s. thanks to the efforts of writers, teachers, journalists.

One of the dangers for literary speech is the influence on everyday, journalistic and even artistic speech of book stamps of an official business style.

The habit of using clichés, fused blocks of habitual, official-soulless words leads to the loss of a living sense of the language, and this is reflected in its grammatical side.

So, literary language is:

1) the language of the national culture;

2) the language of communication of cultured people.

3) a language that has firm norms, the preservation of which is taken care of by the whole society.

4. TERRITORIAL DIAECTS AND SPEECH

Dialect - a kind of national language used as a means of communication between people connected by a close territorial community.

There are three groups of territorial dialects.

1. Northern Russian dialects are common north of Moscow, on the territory of Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vologda, Arkhangelsk and some other regions. They have the following features:

1) okane- sound pronunciation [about] in an unstressed position where in the literary language [a];

2) clatter- indistinction of sounds [c] and [h](tsasy, kuricha);

3) [know], [know]- contraction of vowels in the personal endings of the verb;

4) the coincidence of the form of the instrumental case of the plural of nouns with the form of the dative case [let's go for mushrooms and berries].

2. Southern Russian dialects are common south of Moscow, in the territories of Kaluga, Tula, Oryol, Tambov, Voronezh and other regions. They have features:

1) akanye- indistinction of sounds [about] and [a] [vada];

2) yak- sound pronunciation [e] after a soft consonant in place I › E;

3) special pronunciation of sound [G], it's pronounced like a slit [G];

3. Central Russian dialects occupy an intermediate position between northern and southern Russian. They are located between the distribution areas of northern and southern dialects. Distinguishing features:

1) hiccup - sound pronunciation [and] on the spot I and E(rooster);

2) sound pronunciation [w] on the spot sch(chaste);

3) pronunciation [and] long soft in place LJ and zzh.

Dialects are destroyed under the pressure of the literary language, which, with the help of the mass media, penetrates into the most remote areas.

vernacular- a kind of national Russian language. It has no attachment to any particular place - this is the speech of an urban poorly educated population who does not know the norms of the literary language. The main feature of vernacular is anorativity, i.e., the absence of the norms of the literary language in speech.

Modern Russian vernacular has the following characteristic features.

1) the use of words denoting the degree of kinship when referring to strangers: father, brother, daughter, sister, man, woman;

2) the use of nouns in a diminutive suffix: do you want a seagull? Shave your temples?;

3) replacement of some words that are falsely understood as rude: rest (instead of sleeping), express (instead of talking), eat (instead of eating);

4) the use of emotional vocabulary in a "blurred" meaning: to play up, to spit, to chip, to scratch.

5) alignment of consonants in the stem of a word during conjugation: want - want, bake - bake;

6) mixing genders of nouns: eat all the jam, what apples are sour;

7) building up the end - ov in the genitive plural: a lot of business, no bridges;

8) declension of indeclinable nouns.

5. JARGON AND ARGO AS LIMITED SPEECH

Under argonisms it is necessary to understand such a specially limited vocabulary in use, which is an emotionally expressive expression of stylistically neutral words.

Jargon- the speech of people who make up separate groups that are united by a common profession. Jargons do not represent a complete system. The specificity of jargons lies in their vocabulary. Many words in them have a special meaning and sometimes differ in form from commonly used words.

Professional jargons are used by people of the same profession, mainly when communicating on industrial topics. In the jargon of pilots, the bottom of the fuselage of an aircraft is called belly, aerobatics - barrel, slide, loop. In the speech routine of physicians, for example, the words brilliant green, castor oil, injections are slang.

social jargon is the speech of a socially isolated group of people. Often the emergence of social jargon is dictated by the needs of the functioning and livelihood of a social group. An example is the argot ofenei that existed in pre-revolutionary Russia. Ofenya is a wandering merchant of small goods, a peddler. It happened that pedlars were attacked, their money and goods were taken away from them, so they were forced to hide their intentions and actions from outsiders. A specially developed “language” helped them in this, incomprehensible

Hny surrounding. Some elements of the beggarly, thieves' and Offen jargons have survived in our time, and some words have become common, having lost their jargon coloring and undergone semantic changes: double-dealer(among the poor, this was the name of the one who collected alms with two hands), Linden(fake), rogue, sly.

In modern Russian, there are no such jargons that would be created with the special purpose of encrypting a way of communication. Now there are such groups of jargons that reflect specific associations of people according to their interests (“fans”, “car enthusiasts”, “movie fans”, etc.).

In many languages there are youth jargons- school and student (ancestors, spurs, tail, cool). Sometimes, when characterizing speech, representatives of various social strata use the following terms: slang, pidgin, koie.

Slang is a set of slang words that make up a layer of colloquial vocabulary, reflecting a rudely familiar, sometimes humorous attitude to the subject of speech.

pidgins name the structural-functional types of languages that do not have a community of native speakers and have developed by simplifying the structure of the source language. Pidgin - languages widely spoken in former colonies: in Southeast Asia, in India, Bangladesh, where pidgin English is spoken. This is "corrupted" English. In African countries, the population, communicating with foreigners, speaks pidgin French, pidgin Portuguese.

Koyie- a functional type of language used as the main means of everyday communication and used in various communicative areas.

6. FOREIGN LANGUAGE WORDS IN THE MODERN LITERARY LANGUAGE

The question of foreign borrowings is connected with the general problem of the historical formation of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language. In stylistic terms, the conditions and expediency of using such words in various styles of speech are of interest.

According to F. Engels, such words in most cases - generally accepted scientific and technical terms - would not be necessary if they could be translated. Translation often only distorts the meaning. V. G. Belinsky said: “A lot of foreign words have necessarily entered the Russian language, because a lot of foreign concepts and ideas have entered Russian life. Therefore, with a new concept, which one takes from another, he also takes the very word that expresses this concept. M. Gorky adhered to the same point of view.

... All these sounds merge into a deafening symphony of a working day. The boat sped off again, tackling silently and lightly among the ships. Revision 1935:

... All these sounds merge into the deafening music of the working day. The boat sped off again, moving silently and lightly among the ships.

Nominative and stylistic functions are performed by exotic vocabulary (words that characterize the life of different peoples).

A. S. Pushkin: Throw off your mantilla, dear angel; Panna weeps and yearns; Delibash is already at its peak. They play a double function barvariums(words from foreign languages). On the one hand, they are introduced into the Russian text (sometimes in a foreign language spelling) to convey the relevant concepts and create "local color". A. S. Pushkin in "Eugene Onegin": wearing a wide bolivar; and far niente my law...

Barvariums serve as a means of satire to ridicule people who grovel before foreigners. The speech saturated with barvariums is called pasta; most often it takes the form of poetry (macaronic verses). For example, the comic poem by I. P. Myatlev “Sensations and remarks of Mrs. Kurdyukova”: Adyu, adyu, I'm leaving, Luan de wu I will live, Me sepandan I'll try En souvenir de wu to keep ... The 1955 Concise Dictionary of Foreign Words explains the meaning of new foreign words used by some motorists. Who has been to Germany says: "autobahn" - a wide highway for high-speed traffic of cars. A Russian driver will simply say: highway, concrete without thinking about the fact that the first word is foreign, and the second is native.

Most of our common names are Greek, they began to be used in Russia from the end of the 10th century, after its baptism. In Greek, these names had a special symbolic meaning. For example: Nikita - "winner"

In our time, the main evil is the unjustified replacement of understandable Russian words with borrowed, pseudoscientific and sometimes not entirely clear ones.

7. STYLES OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Language style- this is its variety, which serves any side of public life: everyday communication; official business relationship; agitation and mass activity; science; verbal and artistic creativity. Each style is characterized by the following features: the purpose of communication, a set of language tools and forms (genres) in which it exists. Each style uses the linguistic means of the national language, but under the influence of a number of factors (theme, content, etc.), their selection and organization in each style is very specific and serves the most optimal communication.

Functional style of speech- this is a peculiar character of speech of one or another of its social varieties, corresponding to a certain field of activity and a form of consciousness correlative with it. Thus, the style of the literary language is called functional, as it performs a specific function in speech.

Conversational style speech is used in everyday speech, in conversations with friends in a relaxed atmosphere. The purpose of the conversational style is communication, the exchange of thoughts. In conversational style, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures. The implementation form of this style is dialogue.

In book speech several styles stand out: scientific, journalistic, business. The authors turn to the artistic style if they need to paint a picture with words, to convey their feelings to the reader.

scientific style- a kind of literary language, used in the scientific works of scientists to express the results of research. The purpose of scientific style is communication, explanation of scientific results. The implementation form of this style is dialogue.

The scientific style uses linguistic means: terms, special phraseology, complex syntactic constructions. The scientific style is realized in the genres: monograph, article, dissertation, report, abstract, thesis, etc.

Formal business style used in the official business sphere - in the correspondence of citizens with institutions, institutions with each other, etc. The task of style is to provide accurate information of practical importance, to give precise recommendations, instructions. The official business style has its own genres: charter, code, law, decree, order, power of attorney, receipt, act, protocol, instruction, statement, report. The usual form of implementation is a dialogue.

Journalistic style used in the socio-political sphere of life, in newspapers, in radio and television broadcasts, in speeches at meetings. The purpose of the style is to communicate information of socio-political significance; influence listeners and readers. It is implemented in the form of a journalistic article, essay, feuilleton.

Art style used in verbal and artistic creativity. Its goal is to draw a living picture, depict an object or events, convey the author's emotions to the reader, influence the feelings and thoughts of the listener and reader with the help of the created images.

Readers widely use linguistic means of various styles of the Russian language, including colloquial. In artistic speech, there is a deep metaphor, figurativeness of units of different language levels, the rich possibilities of synonymy, ambiguity are used.

8. LANGUAGE NORM, ITS ROLE IN THE FORMATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE LITERARY LANGUAGE

The most important feature of the literary language is its normativity, which is manifested in written and oral form.

Language norm- this is a uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences); rules for the use of speech means of the literary language.

Characteristic features of the norm of the literary language: relative stability, prevalence, general use, general obligatoryness, compliance with use, custom, and the possibilities of the language system.

The main sources of the language norm include the works of classical and contemporary writers, analysis of the language of the media, generally accepted modern usage, data from live and questionnaire surveys, scientific research by linguists.

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional slang, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural.

The literary norm depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out. Language means that are appropriate in one situation (everyday communication) may turn out to be ridiculous in another (official business communication).

For example, in Russian you cannot use such forms as “my last name”, “they ran away”; need to talk "my last name", "they ran." The norms are described in textbooks, special reference books, as well as in dictionaries (spelling, explanatory, phraseological, synonyms). The norm is approved and supported by the speech practice of cultured people. The norm in colloquial speech is the result of a speech tradition, determined by the appropriateness of using an expression in a given situation. Depending on how clearly the words are pronounced, there are three styles of pronunciation: full, neutral, colloquial.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. The change in literary norms is due to the constant development of the language. What was the norm in the last century and even 15-70 years ago may become a deviation from it today. For example, in the 1930s and 1940s words were used "graduate student" and diplomat to express the same concept: student doing a thesis. In the literary norm of the 1950s-1960s. there was a distinction in the use of these words: the former colloquial "graduate student" now denotes a student, a student in the period of defending a thesis, receiving a diploma. Word diplomat began to be called mainly the winners of competitions, prize-winners of reviews awarded with a diploma (Diploma winner of the All-Union Piano Competition).

The indicators of various normative dictionaries give grounds to speak of three degrees of normativity:

1st degree - strict, rigid, not allowing options;

2nd degree - neutral, allows equivalent options;

3rd degree - more mobile, allows the use of colloquial, as well as obsolete forms.

The historical change in the norms of the literary language is a natural phenomenon and does not depend on the will and desire of people. The development of society, the emergence of new traditions lead to a constant renewal of the literary language and its norms.

9. SPEECH INTERACTION

Speech- this is the main way to satisfy personal, and not only personal, communication needs.

Voice communication- this is a motivated living process of interaction, which is aimed at the implementation of a specific, vital goal setting, proceeds on the basis of feedback in specific types of speech activity.

Communicating Interaction- this is an exchange in the process of communication not only by speech statements, but also by actions, deeds. Interaction is carried out in the form of contact, conflict, partnership, cooperation, competition, etc. Verbal and non-verbal interaction of communication participants is distinguished.

The means of verbal communication is language, and the mode is speech. Communication channels of non-verbal communication are vision, gestures, motor skills, kinesthesia (smell, touch, sensations). Speech interaction is preceded by social interaction.

Social interaction begins with the establishment of psychological contact (he saw, nodded, smiled or turned away sharply). Social interaction (began to listen and understand the purpose of what is being communicated by the interlocutor) proceeds to influence (began to look at the message through the eyes of a partner), and then to semantic contact. There are three interrelated components in the structure of interpersonal interaction:

1) behavioral component. It includes the results of activities, speech actions and non-verbal actions of each of the participants in the communication, as well as facial expressions, pantomime, gestures, everything that other X people can observe in their interlocutors. Observing the behavior of a person, one can interpret his personal characteristics, motives of behavior, character, temperament. Thanks to auxiliary means of communication (gestures, facial expressions), a person more easily and quickly assimilates the information that the interlocutor conveys;

2) effective ingredient. Includes everything related to the expression of the emotional state of a person, such as satisfaction and dissatisfaction with communication;

3) information component- awareness by the interlocutor of the goals and objectives of interaction, the situation of communication as a whole.

Living and working together, people constantly communicate: exchange knowledge, thoughts, feelings, agree on joint work, consult with each other. Thus, the interaction of people is a versatile manifestation of joint human activity. It is carried out in the labor process, friendly conversation, scientific debate, etc. Interaction in the labor process involves understanding production activities, developing a strategy and its improvement, change, transformation.

Interaction is a complex process between people, the purpose of which is to establish contacts in the process of joint activities. For communication to be successful, you must first of all know the language and have a good command of speech. We must always take into account for what purpose and to whom we are addressing, that is, the characteristics of the addressee of the speech. After all, we will ask for something in different ways or convince a loved one or a stranger, an adult or a child, which means that we must be familiar with the elements of speech etiquette. According to the data of linguistics and psychology, the main types of speech activity are listening, reading, speaking and writing.

10. BASIC UNITS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is a complex process of human interaction, the phenomenon is far from unambiguous. Therefore, the peculiarities of people's behavior in the process of communication, the use of various methods and techniques, the use of speech means are largely determined by the type and method of communication that have to be dealt with in each case. The main components of communication:

1) the conversation will take place if at least two people (the subject and the addressee) participate in it, and often there are much more participants in the conversation;

2) this is a thought, that is, the main and relevant topic for conversation;

3) knowledge of the language in which they communicate. Depending on various features, both domestic and business communication can be divided into the following types:

1) contact - remote;

2) direct - indirect;

3) oral - written;

4) dialogic - monologue;

5) interpersonal - mass, etc. The effectiveness of communication depends on how much a person involved in its process imagines the real conditions of communication and, in accordance with it, corrects his speech communication. Usually a person does this intuitively, without thinking.

For communication to take place, the interlocutors need a communication channel. When speaking, these are the organs of speech and hearing (auditory contact). The form and content of the letter are perceived through the visual (visual) channel. A handshake is a way of conveying a friendly greeting through the kinesico-tactile (motor-tactile) channel, i.e. the message came to us through visual contact, but not visual-verbal, since no one told us verbally (verbally).

Language is the perfect means of communication. Thanks to language, it is possible to exchange information in different areas of life. For communication to be successful, you need to know the language and have a good command of speech. We must always take into account the purpose for which we are addressing, as well as the characteristics of the addressee's speech, since each person communicates differently: with a loved one - one way of communicating, and with a stranger - another, with an adult - one, with a child - another, and accordingly, we must be familiar with the elements of speech etiquette.

The ability to communicate allowed a person to reach a high civilization, break into space, sink to the bottom of the ocean, penetrate into the bowels of the earth. Mastering the art of communication, the art of the word, the culture of written and oral speech is necessary for every person, regardless of what type of activity he is engaged in or will be engaged in. Being able to communicate is especially important for business people, entrepreneurs, managers, production organizers, people involved in management.

Communication is carried out through speech, in the process of speech.

Speech- this is language in action, this is the use of language, its system for the purpose of speaking, transmitting thoughts, communicating.

Communication- a complex process of human interaction, the phenomenon is far from unambiguous. Therefore, the peculiarities of people's behavior in the process of communication, the use of various methods and techniques, the use of speech means are largely determined by the type of communication that has to be dealt with in each case.

literary language artistic jargon

11. ORAL AND WRITTEN VARIETY OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Russian literary language exists in two forms - oral and written.

Oral speech- this is a sounding speech, it uses a system of phonetic and prosodic means of expression, it is created in the process of conversation. It is characterized by verbal improvisation and some language features: freedom in the choice of vocabulary, the use of simple sentences, the use of incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences of various kinds, repetitions, incomplete expression of thought.

The oral form is presented in two of its varieties: colloquial speech and codified speech.

Speaking serves such a language sphere, which is characterized by: ease of communication; informality of relations between speakers; unprepared speech; the use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures and facial expressions); the fundamental possibility of changing communication "speaking - listening".

codified speech used in official areas of communication (conferences, meetings, etc.). Usually it is prepared in advance (delivering a lecture, reports) and does not always rely on a non-linguistic situation; it is characterized by a moderate use of non-verbal means of communication.

Written speech- this is a speech graphically fixed, premeditated and corrected, it is characterized by some linguistic features: the predominance of book vocabulary, the presence of complex prepositions, strict adherence to language norms,

Xlack of extralinguistic elements. Written speech is usually directed to visual perception.

Any written text is a complex statement about reality.

To construct a written text, it is necessary to observe the rules of reference and predication.

The design of predicativity and reference is associated with the actual division of the sentence, with the allocation of a “topic” or “new” in the message in it.

Written and oral forms of speech have different material bases: moving layers of air (sounds) - in oral speech and paint (letter) - in written speech. This difference is associated with the rich intonational possibilities of oral speech and the absence of such in written speech. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the place of logical stress, its strength, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, the presence or absence of pauses. Written speech is not able to convey all this. At her disposal are only punctuation marks, punctuation.

In oral speech, the language means of conveying meaning is intonation, and in writing it is a derivative. In oral speech, there are no such means of writing as quotation marks, capital letters, which can cause difficulties in listening to the text. The use of the written form means the possibility of restructuring the sentence, replacing words, referring to dictionaries and reference books.

The first two differences of the oral form unite it with the written speech spoken aloud. The third difference characterizes speech produced orally. Oral speech is divided into colloquial and non-verbal. Conversational is divided into scientific, journalistic, business, artistic, non-conversational - into public speech and non-public. Public speech is divided into mass and collective. This division coincides with the division into monologue and dialogic speech.

12. NORMATIVE, COMMUNICATIVE, ETHICAL ASPECTS OF ORAL AND WRITTEN SPEECH

Culture of speech - science axiological, as it evaluates the quality of speech. She considers both her own data and the data of other related sciences that are relevant to her from an evaluative point of view. It gives overall estimates of speech quality and estimates for individual levels-aspects, as well as for more specific indicators. Moreover, the higher the level, the more “weighty” it is estimated. We are ready to forgive defects in pronunciation of a speaker who touches on really acute problems in his speech and speaks clearly, logically, truthfully, boldly. And the other speaker has a well-placed voice and excellent pronunciation, but if we guess a toady behind all this, then this speech causes us drowsiness and irritation.

It is necessary to distinguish between insufficient or weak knowledge of the culture of speech in one or another type of speech activity and anticulture of speech. Anti-culture is understood as a conscious and deliberate violation, distortion of the generally accepted principles and criteria of the culture of speech and speech behavior, usually in the name of immoral goals. “The norms of speech behavior,” write N. D. Artyunova and E. V. Paducheva, “although they are part of the education system, they belong to the sphere of tacit agreements between communicatively obliged members of society. The main thing is to find and form them. The very existence of these unspoken rules becomes apparent when they are violated.” The authors establish, for example, the relationship between speech goals and the quality (truth) of the real content of the statement. As they write, "most reprehensible purposes (deceit, slander, slander, gossip, boasting, insult) either directly imply the falsity of the sentence, or distort the picture of reality in one form or another."

The generally accepted communicative rules are conditioned by the very nature of human society and constitute a set of conditions without which social production as the basis of the life of society cannot normally exist and develop, science cannot develop, morality is destroyed; normal relations between states are violated, etc. However, as long as social antagonisms, exploitative classes, and the activity of possessive instincts do not disappear in society, various manifestations of the anticulture of speech will also exist.

One of the speech culture theorists B. N. Golovin emphasized that “speech in the process of its manifestation and understanding always solves certain communicative tasks and is always correlated with other structures external to it (language itself, consciousness, thinking)”. He highlights five "levels" of the communication circle. The first level is from reality to the consciousness of the author. Here the idea of the statement is born, the communicative task is manifested. At the second level, the intention of the utterances is "connected" with the linguistic data of the author. On the third stage, the “verbal execution” of the idea takes place. At the fourth stage, the utterance is perceived by the addressee. The addressee is required to understand the transmitted information. And at the fifth level, the recipient correlates the information received during perception with reality, with previously accumulated knowledge and draws appropriate conclusions.

13. FUNCTIONAL STYLES IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

The problem of style, which many researchers refer to as central in linguistic stylistics, is solved by them in different ways. The disagreements are:

2) principles of classification (number of distinguished styles);

3) the question of the place of the literary and artistic style in the system of styles of the literary language.

Style- this is a speech concept, and it can be defined by going beyond the language system, taking into account such extra-linguistic circumstances as the tasks of speech, the sphere of communication.

Functional style of speech- this is a peculiar character of speech of a particular social variety, corresponding to a certain sphere of social activity and, in relation to it, a form of consciousness, created by the peculiarities of the functioning of language means and a specific speech organization in this area, bearing a certain stylistic coloring. There are the following functional styles: scientific, technical, official-business, newspaper-journalistic, colloquial-everyday. The styles of the literary language are most often compared on the basis of an analysis of their lexical composition, since it is in the lexicon that the difference between them is most noticeable.

It should be borne in mind that the functional and stylistic boundaries of the modern Russian literary language are very mobile. Functional styles are not a closed system. The main part of the language material is general language, interstyle means. Therefore, it is very important to know and subtly feel the specific features of each style, to skillfully use the language means of different styles, depending on the situation of communication and the purpose of the statement. Possession of functional styles is a necessary element of the speech culture of every person.

Functional styles are divided into two groups associated with specific types of speech. The first group (scientific, journalistic, official business) is characterized by monologue speech. For the second group (conversational style), dialogic speech is a typical form. Forms of speech - written and oral - should be distinguished from functional styles.

Most often, styles are compared on the basis of their lexical content, since it is in the field of vocabulary that the difference between them is most noticeable.

The style-forming factors include the content of the statement, the attitude of the speaker (writer) to the quality of speech, the presence or absence of feedback, the number of participants in communication, the relationship between them, etc. The attachment of words to a certain style of speech is explained by the fact that the lexical meaning of many words includes emotional and stylistic coloring.

The word is able to express feelings, as well as an assessment of various phenomena and real styles of speech. Emotionally expressive vocabulary is presented in colloquial and everyday speech, which is marked by liveliness and accuracy of presentation. Such words are typical for journalistic style. In scientific, technical and official business styles of speech, emotionally colored words are inappropriate. Spoken words are opposed to book vocabulary. Words of colloquial style are distinguished by greater semantic capacity and brilliance, give speech liveliness and expressiveness.

14. INTERACTION OF FUNCTIONAL STYLES

The most important public functions of the language - communication, message and impact. To implement these functions, separate varieties of the language historically developed and took shape, characterized by the presence in each of them of special lexico-phraseological, partially syntactic, means used exclusively or mainly in this variety of language. These varieties are called functional styles.

Functional styles often interact with each other. In the journalistic style, the communicative and informational functions, i.e., the functions of communication, are mixed to a greater or lesser extent with the function of influence. The combination of two functions - aesthetic and communicative - is characteristic of the language of fiction.

Literary and artistic style belongs to the number of book styles, but due to its inherent originality, it does not fall on a par with other book styles.

Functional styles can be divided into two groups: the first group includes scientific, journalistic and official business styles; for the second group, formed by various types of conversational style, dialogic speech is a typical form. The first group - book styles, the second - colloquial style.

It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of speech - oral and written - from functional styles and types of speech. They converge with styles in the sense that bookish styles are clothed in written forms, and colloquial styles in oral.

The material for the stylistic differentiation of linguistic means and the selection of individual styles can be either a literary language or a common language as a whole.

Scientific and journalistic styles can function in oral form (lecture, report, speeches, etc.), in the form of a political polylogue (discussion, debate), there is a penetration into them of elements of a colloquial style.

Depending on the goals of communication and the sphere of language use, our speech is formed in different ways. These are different styles.

Style- the concept of speech, and it can be defined only by going beyond the limits of the language system, taking into account extralinguistic circumstances, for example, the tasks of speech, the sphere of communication.

Each speech style uses language means of the national language, but under the influence of factors (theme, content, etc.), their selection and organization in each style is specific and serves to ensure optimal communication.

Among the factors underlying the allocation of functional styles, the leading function of each style is common: for colloquial - communication, for scientific and official - communication, for journalistic and artistic - impact. The leading functions of styles are distinguished according to the classification of V. V. Vinogradov.

Speech functions:

1) communication (establishment of contact - an actual function, incentive), exchange of thoughts, feelings, etc.;

2) message (explanation);

3) influence (beliefs, influence on thoughts and actions);

4) message (instructing);

5) influence (image, influence on feelings, imagination of people).

15. SCIENTIFIC STYLE

The scientific style is one of the bookish styles of the literary language, which has a number of common language features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue, strict selection of language means, gravitation towards normalized speech.

At first, the scientific style was close to the artistic style. The separation of styles occurred in the Alexandrian period, when scientific terminology began to be created in the Greek language.

In Russia, the scientific style began to take shape in the first decades of the 8th century.

The scientific style has a number of common features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences and genre differences. The scientific style has varieties (sub-styles): popular science, business science, science and technology, science and journalism and educational and science.

The scientific style is used in the works of scientists to express the results of research activities. The purpose of scientific style is communication, explanation of scientific results. The form of implementation is a dialogue. Typical for scientific speech are semantic accuracy, ugliness, hidden emotionality, objectivity of presentation, rigor.

The scientific style uses linguistic means: terms, special words and phraseology.

The words are used in their direct meaning. Genres are inherent in it: monograph, article, dissertation, report, etc. One of the features of scientific speech is the operation with concepts that reflect the properties of entire groups, objects and phenomena. Each concept has its own name and term. For example: console(a term naming the concept being defined) is a significant part of the word (generic concept), which is located before the root and serves to form new words (specific features).

The scientific style has its own phraseology, which includes compound terms (angina pectoris, solar plexus, right angle, freezing and boiling points, participle turnovers etc.).

The language of science and technology also has a number of grammatical features. In the field of morphology, this is the use of shorter variant forms, which corresponds to the principle of “saving” language means (key - keys).

In scientific works, the singular form of nouns is often used in the meaning of the plural. For example: wolf - a carnivorous animal from the genus of dogs(a whole class of objects is called with an indication of their characteristic features); linden begins to bloom at the end of June(the specific noun is used in the collective concept).

Of the syntactic features of the scientific style, a tendency to complex constructions is distinguished. For this purpose, sentences with homogeneous members and a generalizing word are used. In the scientific literature, different types of complex sentences are common. They often contain subordinating conjunctions characteristic of book speech.

To unite parts of the text, paragraphs, words and their combinations are used, indicating their connection with each other.

Syntactic structures in scientific prose are more complex and richer in lexical material than in fiction. Sentences of a scientific text contain one and a half times more words than sentences of a literary text.

16. THE SPECIFICITY OF USING ELEMENTS OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGE LEVELS IN SCIENTIFIC SPEECH

The scientific style belongs to the book styles of the literary language, which are characterized by a number of general conditions for functioning and linguistic features: reflection on the statement, its monologue character, strict selection of language means, and a tendency to normalized speech.

The scientific style has a number of common features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of science (natural, exact, humanitarian) and the differences between the genres of expression (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. And it is clear that texts on physics and mathematics differ markedly in the nature of presentation from texts on philosophy or history.

The style of scientific works is determined by their content and the goals of the scientific message - to explain the facts as accurately and fully as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to find out the patterns of historical development, etc. The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of connections between parts of the statement, the desire of the authors for accuracy, unambiguity, conciseness of the expression while maintaining the richness of the content.

Scientists say about the language that it is “dry”, devoid of elements of emotionality and figurativeness. Such an opinion is of a generalized nature: often in scientific works emotionally expressive and figurative means of language are used, which, although being, however, an additional means, stand out noticeably against the background of a purely scientific presentation, giving scientific prose more persuasiveness.

A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their saturation with terms. On average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-25% of all vocabulary used in the work.

An important role in the style of scientific works is played by abstract vocabulary. The Russian language serves as the main instrument of culture, the main factor in the spiritual development of the nation, its creativity, and national self-consciousness. Abstract nouns - factor, development, creativity, self-awareness.

The scientific style has its own phraseology, where compound terms can be attributed (solar plexus, voiced consonants), different kinds of cliches (consists of ..., consists of ...). In scientific works, the singular form of nouns is often used in the plural sense: studying the shape of the ear, nose - the word "form" is used instead of form, since it is in the same relation to subsequent nouns. Real and abstract nouns are used in the plural form: noise in the radio.

When constructing sentences, nouns are used more often than verbs, that is, the names of concepts are mainly given, less often - the names of actions. Adjectives are used, clarifying the content of the concept by pointing to its various features and performing a terminological function.

In scientific works, a tendency to complex constructions is noticeable. Often sentences are built with homogeneous members and a generalizing word: a broader concept is revealed by listing narrower ones. To combine paragraphs, words are used that indicate the connection between them: thus. The average sentence size in the author's narrative in novels is 17.2 words, in scientific research - 28.5 words.

17. SPEECH STANDARDS OF EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

In the first years of high school in relation to educational literature, the following installation principle mainly operates: read - understand - remember - retell or apply in educational and practical actions. Students must first master at least the passive-informative (basic disciplines) and speech (scientific style in its educational variety) base of their future specialty.

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