The resettlement of the Finno-Ugric peoples. The great migration of peoples or the history of the Finno-Ugric tribes

The Finno-Ugric peoples are not the largest, but rather large in terms of the number of peoples, language group. Most of the peoples live partially or completely on the territory of Russia.

There are hundreds of thousands of some (Mordovians, Maris, Udmurts), some can be counted on the fingers (in 2002, only 73 people were registered in Russia, calling themselves Vod). However most of speakers of Finno-Ugric languages ​​live outside of Russia. First of all, these are Hungarians (about 14.5 million people), Finns (about 6 million) and Estonians (about a million).

The largest variety of Finno-Ugric peoples is represented in our country. This is primarily the Volga-Finnish subgroup (Mordovians and Mari), the Permian subgroup (Udmurts, Komi-Permyaks and Komi-Zyryans) and the Ob subgroup (Khanty and Mansi). Also in Russia there are almost all representatives of the Baltic-Finnish subgroup (Ingrians, Setos, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhors, Vodians and Sami).
Old Russian chronicles retained the names of three more peoples that have not survived to our time and, apparently, completely assimilated by the Russian population: the Chud, who lived along the banks of the Onega and the Northern Dvina, Merya - in the interfluve of the Volga and Oka, and Murom - in the Oka basin.


Also by the archaeological and ethnographic expedition of the Dalnekonstantinovsky Museum Nizhny Novgorod region and the University of Nizhny Novgorod, another ethnic subgroup of the Mordovians, which disappeared quite recently, is now being studied in detail - the Teryukhans, who lived in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region.
The most numerous Finno-Ugric peoples have their own republics and autonomous regions within Russia - the republics of Mordovia, Mari El, Udmurtia, Karelia, Komi and the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug).

Where live

Originally living in the Urals and Western Siberia, the Finno-Ugric peoples eventually settled to the west and north of their ancestral lands - up to modern Estonia and Hungary. On the this moment four main areas of their settlement are distinguished: the Scandinavian, Kola Peninsula and the Baltic; the middle reaches of the Volga and the lower reaches of the Kama; Northern Ural and the Northern Ob; Hungary. However, over time, the borders of the settlement of the Finno-Ugric peoples become less and less clear. This is especially evident in the last 50 years, and this process is associated with labor migration both within the country (from the countryside to cities) and interstate (especially after the creation of the European Union).

Languages ​​and anbur

Language is in fact one of the main features of a given community, otherwise it is simply appearance one can hardly say that the Hungarians, Estonians and Mansi are relatives. In total, there are about 35 Finno-Ugric languages, divided into only two sub-branches:
Ugric - Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi; Finno-Perm - all the rest, including the dead Murom, Meryan, Meshchersky, Kemi-Sami and the Akkala language. According to researchers and linguists, all modern Finno-Ugric languages ​​had a common ancestor, named for the linguistic classification of the Proto-Finno-Ugric language. The oldest known written monument (the end of the 12th century) is the so-called "Tomb Speech and Prayer", which is written in Latin in Old Hungarian.
We will be more interested in the so-called Anbur - ancient Permian writing, which was used on the territory of Perm the Great in the XIV-XVII centuries by the peoples inhabiting it: Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Zyryans and Russians. It was created by the Russian Orthodox missionary, Ustyuzhan Stefan of Perm in 1372 on the basis of the Russian, Greek alphabets and tamga - runic Perm symbols.
Anbur was necessary for the Muscovites to communicate with their new neighbors in the east and northeast, since the Muscovite state systematically and fairly quickly expanded in the direction it usually does, baptizing new citizens. The latter, by the way, were not particularly opposed (if we are talking about Permians and Zyryans). However, with the gradual expansion of the Moscow principality and the inclusion of the whole of Perm, the Great Anbur is completely replaced by the Russian alphabet, since, in general, all literate people in those places already speak Russian. In the 15th-16th centuries, this writing was still used in some places, but already as a secret script - it is a kind of cipher, which is familiar to a very limited number of people. To XVII century Anbur is completely out of circulation.

Finno-Ugric holidays and customs

Currently, the majority of Finno-Ugric peoples are Christians. The Russians are Orthodox, the Hungarians are mostly Catholics, the Baltic peoples are Protestants. However, in Russia there are many Finno-Ugric peoples - Muslims. also in recent times traditional beliefs are being revived: shamanism, animism and the cult of ancestors.
As is usually the case during Christianization, local holiday calendar timed to coincide with the church, churches and chapels were erected on the site of sacred groves, and the cult of locally revered saints was introduced.
The pre-Christian religion of the Finno-Ugric peoples was polytheistic - there was a supreme god (usually the god of heaven), as well as a galaxy of “smaller” gods: the sun, earth, water, fertility ... All nations had different names for the gods: in the case of the supreme deity, god The Finns called the sky Yumala, the Estonians - Taevataat, the Mari - Yumo.
Moreover, for example, among the Khanty, who are mainly engaged in fishing, "fish" gods were more revered, but among the Mansi, who are mainly engaged in hunting, various forest animals (bear, elk). That is, all nations prioritized depending on their needs. Religion was quite utilitarian. If the sacrifices made to some idol had no effect, then the same Mansi could easily flog him with a whip.
Also, until now, some of the Finno-Ugric peoples practice dressing up as animal masks during the holidays, which also takes us back to the times of totemism.
The Mordovians, who are mainly engaged in agriculture, have a highly developed cult of plants - the ritual significance of bread and porridge, which were mandatory in almost all rituals, is still great. The traditional holidays of the Mordovians are also associated with agriculture: Ozim-purya - a prayer for the harvesting of bread on September 15, a week later for Ozim-purya, the Keremet molyans, Kaldaz-Ozks, Velima-biva (worldly beer) are celebrated near Kazanskaya.


The Mari people celebrate U Ii Payrem ( New Year) from 31 December to 1 January. Shortly before this, Shorykyol (Christmas) is celebrated. Shorykyol is also called "sheep's leg". All because on this day the girls went from house to house and always went into the sheepfolds and pulled the sheep by the legs - this was supposed to ensure well-being in the household and family. Shorykyol is one of the most famous Mari holidays. It is celebrated during the winter solstice (from December 22) after the new moon.
Roshto (Christmas) is also celebrated, accompanied by a procession of mummers led by the main characters - Vasli kuva-kugyz and Shorykyol kuva-kugyz.
In the same way, almost all local traditional holidays are timed to coincide with church ones.

It should also be noted that it was the Mari who gave a strong rebuff to Christian missionaries and still visit on traditional holidays sacred groves and sacred trees, conducting rituals there.
Among the Udmurts, traditional holidays were also timed to coincide with church holidays, as well as agricultural work and the days of the winter and summer solstices, spring and autumn equinoxes.
For Finns, the most important are Christmas (as for decent Christians) and Midsummer (Juhannus). Yuhannus in Finland is the holiday of Ivan Kupala in Russia. As in Russia, the Finns believe that this is a holiday in honor of John the Baptist, but it is immediately clear that this is pagan holiday, who could not eradicate himself, and the church found a compromise. Like ours, on Ivanov's day, young people jumped over the fire, and the girls let the wreaths float on the water - whoever catches the wreath will be the groom.
This day is also revered by the Estonians.


Karsikko rite among Karelians and Finns is very interesting. Karsikko is a specially chopped or felled tree (necessarily coniferous). The rite can be associated with almost any significant event: a wedding, the death of an important and respected person, a good hunt.
Depending on the situation, the tree was chopped down or all its branches were cut off completely. They could leave one branch or only the top. All this was decided on an individual basis, known only to the performer of the ritual. After the ceremony, the tree was watched. If his condition did not worsen and the tree continued to grow, this meant happiness. If not, grief and misfortune.

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The beginning of the classification of the Finno-Ugric languages ​​was laid in the 17th century, when the German scientist Martin Vogel proved the relationship of the Finnish, Sami and Hungarian languages. This classification was substantiated more fully and in detail in the 18th century. In the writings of the Swedish scientist Philipp Johann von Stralenberg, a former Poltava captive officer.

Having described in detail the peoples known in Western Europe according to a number of works under common name"Tatars", F. Stralenberg showed that some of them, living in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, are incorrectly considered Tatars. He attached a table to the book, grouping all these peoples, including the Tatar, into six language classes according to the linguistic principle: 1) Finno-Ugric; 2) Turkic; 3) Samoyed; 4) Kalmyk, Manchu and Tangut; 5) Tungus; 6) Caucasian. Stralenberg attributed Finnish, Hungarian, Mordovian, Mari, Permyak, Udmurt, Khanty and Mansi to the class of Finno-Ugric languages, noting that the ancestors of the peoples who speak these languages ​​and live partly in Europe, partly in Asia (in Siberia), in antiquity lived in one place and were one people.

The conclusions of M. Vogel and F. Stralenberg about the kinship of the Finno-Ugric languages, their origin from the "universal beginning", "one beginning" were supported and developed further in the works of Russian scientists of the 18th century. V. N. Tatishcheva, P. I. Rychkova, M. V. Lomonosov and others.

A very interesting conclusion about the origin of the Finno-Ugric peoples was made by Professor of the University of Helsingfors I.R. Aspelin based on the results of expeditions of the Finnish Archaeological Society to Orkhon. Below I present short review these studies.

According to Chinese sources, the Usun people (they are also Turks) are known - blue-eyed (green-eyed) red-bearded cattle breeders of the Country of the Turks, similar in life and blood to the khans (Huns, Huns).

Turk and Ugor mean "highlander" in the modern sense.

These are the Aryan pastoral peoples of the Afanasiev culture. At the same time, the "Turk" should be considered a derivative of the branch of the Aryan people Turan, mentioned in the Avesta ( academic history considers the Turans less cultured than the original branch of the RACE, the Mongols proper from Skitia).

Academics from history also talk about the State of the Turks of the 61st (6th) century from China to Byzantium.

After the departure of the khans (Huns) to Skitia in the warm period of Years 6023-6323 (515-815), in the Summer of 6060 (552) the Turkic Khaganate (state) was created.

In Summer 6253 (745) the Ugrian Khaganate was formed.

After 25 years, fair-haired blue-eyed Kirghiz came and settled from the North to Orkhon.

The Kirghiz is a Slavic-Aryan paramilitary estate of pastoralists, / moreover, settled, raising mainly cows and pigs /. That is, like the Cossacks - who were a paramilitary estate of tillers, who were actually Ases - they are khans (Huns), they are sketes, they are Russians….

With the arrival of the Kirghiz in Summer 6348 (840), the Turks (Ugric peoples) living in the Orkhon region began to move due to overpopulation:

* to the South, to the Chinese wall (they were completely destroyed in the 71-72 (16-17) centuries by the Kalmyks who came from China);

* to the southwest (they were ethnically destroyed - partly in the 71-72 (16-17) centuries by the Kalmyks who came from behind the Chinese wall and created Dzungaria from Myanmar to modern Kalmykia, and finally after the occupation by the Chinese in Summer 7225-7266 (1717-1758) .), immediately after climate warming);

* not the west, those Ugric peoples who today have survived in their birthright left for the Kola Peninsula - these Ugric people today call themselves Finns.

The official story tells of wild khans (Huns) who tormented Venia (Europe.)

In fact, on the contrary, the settlers in Vienna - Ases (from Asia, Asia) gave Europe modern culture based on "Odinism" (God Odin).

It is also possible to draw a conclusion about ethnic roots on the example of the most numerous Finno-Ugric people - the Hungarians.

According to legend, the Hungarians are a union of seven tribes, of which two were Ugric, and the rest were Turks and Indo-Iranians.

Despite the fact that the Hungarian language belongs to the Finno- Ugric group the Uralic language family, the Hungarians themselves consider themselves Magyars, and prefer to call their country Magyaristan. That is, the Hungarians believe that in terms of culture they are closer to the ancient Hunno-Turkic tribes of Central Asia. And since both the Sarmatians, and the Huns, and the Magyars, and the Kipchaks come from the Kazakh steppes, the Hungarians half-jokingly call themselves the westernmost of the Kazakhs, and the Kazakhs - the easternmost of the Hungarians. Hence the craving of the Magyars for everything nomadic, for the Turkic in particular, and for their ancestral home - Kazakhstan. Regularly social organization"Turan-Hungary" arranges in the camp the traditional Kurultai of the Hunno-Turkic peoples:

Modern linguists pay attention to the fact that there are a lot of ancient Turkic borrowings in the Hungarian language. This is evidenced by the phonetic and morphological similarities of these languages. Linguists believe that the Turkic influence on the Hungarian language dates back to ancient times when at the beginning of our era the ancestors of the Hungarians lived in the vicinity of the middle reaches of the Volga and Kama.

In the IV century. n. e. part of the Ugric tribes moved to the south of Eastern Europe, while part of the more western tribes remained and gradually dissolved into the Turkic tribes. At the end of the IX century. n. e. Ugro-Hungarians entered the territory of their current homeland, occupied mainly by the Slavs and the remnants of the Avar tribes, where they managed to firmly establish themselves.

Hungarian ethnologist András Biro, who studies Bashkir-Hungarian and Turkic-Hungarian ties, claims that the ancient Magyars and Bashkirs lived together on Southern Urals. More than a thousand years ago, the Magyars went to the West, to Central Europe, but they still brings together ancient culture nomadic grammar of languages ​​and even national cuisine.

Many researchers are amazed at the similarity of the northern Altaians with the Finns. So, in the notes of the traveler G.P. von Gelmersen, who visited Altai in 1834, we read about the similarity between the Kumandins and the Finns that struck him. Their appearance and culture are so close that the author of the notes sometimes forgot which lake is located - Teletskoye or Ladyzhskoye. In the Kumandin clothes, he saw a resemblance to the Mordovian and Cheremis costumes, and in appearance, a resemblance to the Chukhons: beardless high cheekbones with straight blond hair and half-closed eyes.

It is very interesting that the well-known onomastic scientist V. A. Nikonov comes to the same conclusions, but already on the basis of ... cosmonyms. “Cosmonims,” he writes, are the names of space objects ... They can tell a lot about the previous movements of peoples and their connections.

How different peoples saw the same cosmic object in different ways is shown by the names of the Milky Way. For some, it is the Ski Trail, for others, the Silver River ... With such a variety of names (even within the same language they are called differently), the coincidence of its names among neighboring peoples is incredible.

And in the Volga region, not two or three, but the majority of neighboring peoples, the names of the Milky Way are semantically homogeneous.

Turkic: Tatar Kiek kaz yuly ‘ wild geese way', Bashkir Kaz yuly and Chuvash Khurkainak sule - with the same etymological meaning; Finno-Ugric; Mari Kaiykkombo Korno is the same, Erzya and Moksha Kargon ki ‘crane way’, Moksha also has Narmon ki ‘bird way’.

It is easy to assume that the neighbors adopted cosmonyms from each other.

To determine which of them has it originally, you need to find out what is called Milky Way in their related languages. Here a surprise awaits. Among Finns-Suomi Linnunrata, among Estonians Linnunree also meant "bird path"; it was preserved among the Komi and in the dialects of the Mansi language; among the Hungarians, after their resettlement to the Danube, it still held on for several centuries.

AT Turkic languages names with the same meaning are known among Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Turkmens. A striking unity was revealed from the Finns of the Baltic to the Kirghiz of the Tien Shan, who did not touch anywhere. This means that the distant ancestors of both the Turkic and the Finno-Ugric peoples either descended from the same source, or lived side by side in close long-term contact.

The point on the question of the origin of the Finno-Ugric peoples is put today by scientists modern science DNA genealogy, the conclusions of which confirm the studies of other scientists cited above.

The fact is that human DNA has a label ancient family, called "snip", defining the haplogroup, which is the definition of the ancient family.

Moreover, unlike the nationality recorded in the passport, which can always be changed, unlike the language, which eventually adapts to the environment, unlike ethnographic factors that are subject to fairly rapid changes, the haplogroup does not assimilate. It is determined by the "pattern" of mutations in the male Y-chromosome DNA, which is passed from father to son for hundreds and thousands of generations.

As a result of fairly simple and reliable tests, it is possible to determine to which genus any person belongs. So: The genus of all Finno-Ugric and Slavic peoples- one, but the tribes are different.

Finno-Ugrians who came from Siberia to the Russian North-West 3500 - 2700 BC

(?? here the archaeological dating is given earlier than the dating of geneticists)

Unfortunately, scientists find it difficult to accurately determine the age of the common ancestral ethnic group of the Finno-Ugric peoples and Slavic tribes. Presumably, this age should be of the order of 10-12 thousand years or more. It takes us far beyond the boundaries of written history.

But more accurately it turned out to be possible to determine that the Slavic ancestor Eastern Slavs, lived 5000 ± 200 years ago, and the common ancestor of the Slavic Finno-Ugric haplotypes lived approximately 3700 ± 200 years ago (a thousand years later). Other genealogical lines later went from him (Finns, Estonians, Hungarians, Komi, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts, Chuvashs).

What are the genetic differences between these tribes?

Today's genetics can easily determine the history of the descendants of one chromosome - the one in which a rare point mutation once occurred. So, among the Finns - the closest relatives of some ethnic groups of the Urals - a high frequency of Y-chromosomes containing the replacement of thymidine (T-allele) with cytosine (C-allele) in a certain place of the chromosome was found. This replacement is not found in other countries Western Europe, nor in North America nor in Australia.

On the other hand, chromosomes with the C allele are found in some other Asian ethnic groups, for example, among the Buryats. The common Y-chromosome, which occurs with noticeable frequency in both peoples, indicates an obvious genetic relationship. Is it possible? It turns out that there is a lot of evidence for this, which we find in cultural and territorial factors. For example, between Finland and Buryatia, one can find territories inhabited by various peoples related to the Finns and Buryats.

The presence of a significant proportion of Y-chromosomes carrying the C-allele also showed genetic research Ural populations belonging to the Finno-Ugric ethnic groups. But perhaps the most unexpected fact was that the proportion of this chromosome was unusually high in the Yakuts - about 80 percent!

And this means that somewhere at the base of the branch of the Finno-Ugric peoples there were not only Slavs, but also the ancestors of the Yakuts and Buryats, whose roots stretch to Southeast Asia.

Geneticists have also established the path of movement of the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes to their common place settlement - to the Central Russian plain: the Slavs moved from the west - from the Danube, from the Balkans, from the Carpathians, and the Finno-Ugric peoples, they are the Urals, they are the Altaians, moved along their arc from the northeast, and earlier - from the south of Siberia.

Thus, converging in the northeast, in the region of the future Novgorod-Ivanovo-Vologda, these tribes formed an alliance that became Ugric-Slavic, and then Russian (Russian is a definition meaning belonging to the same genus of Rus, that is, light), in the first half of the first millennium of our era, and possibly much earlier.

It is estimated that at that time there were four times more Eastern Slavs than Finno-Ugric peoples.

One way or another, there was no particular enmity between them, there was peaceful assimilation. Peaceful existence.

). This time we will talk about the Finno-Ugric peoples, i.e. peoples who speak Finno-Ugric languages. This branch of languages ​​is part of the Uralic language family, the other branch of which is the Samoyedic languages ​​(which are currently spoken by the Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and Selkups).
Finno-Ugric languages ​​​​are divided into 2 groups: Finno-Permian and Ugric. The following peoples belong to the Finno-Permian group: Finns (sometimes Ingrian Finns are considered an independent ethnic group), Estonians, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhorians, Livs, Vods, Sami, Mordovians (this people actually represents two different peoples: Erzyans and Mokshans), Mari, Udmurts, Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Permyaks. The Ugric group includes Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi.
Currently, there are 3 independent Finno-Ugric states: Hungary, Finland and Estonia. There are several Finno-Ugric national autonomies in Russia, but in all of them the Finno-Ugric nations are inferior in number to the Russians.
The total number of Finno-Ugric peoples is 25 million people, of which more than half are Hungarians (14.5 million). Finns are second in number (6.5 million), Estonians are third (1 million). The most numerous Finno-Ugric people of Russia is the Mordovians (744 thousand).
The ancestral home of the Finno-Ugric peoples is Western Siberia, from where the ancestors of the modern Finno-Ugric peoples settled in Eastern Europe and the Scandinavian Peninsula. The Finno-Ugric peoples influenced the ethnogenesis of the Russian people, this influence is especially great on the northern Russians (the territory of the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions). Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “Our Great Russian physiognomy does not accurately reproduce common Slavic features. Other Slavs, recognizing these features in it, however, notice some third-party admixture: namely, the high cheekbones of the Great Russian, the predominance of swarthy complexion and hair, and especially the typical Great Russian nose, resting on a broad base, with highly likely bet on Finnish influence".

The most beautiful Finnish- model Emilia Järvela. Known as the face of the Finnish cosmetics company Lumene. Height 180 cm, figure parameters 86-60-87.

The most beautiful ingrian - Russian actress, Honored Artist Russian Federation Elena Kondulainen(born April 9, 1958, Toksovo village, Leningrad region).

The most beautiful Lapp - Berit-Anne Juuso. In 2012, she won the Hymytyttö (Girl's Smile) competition, held annually by the Finnish Internet portal hymy.fi. She was born and lives in the Finnish province of Lapland. Her father is Sami, mother is Finnish.

The most beautiful Hungarian - Catherine Schell / Catherine Schell(born July 17, 1944, Budapest) is a British actress of Hungarian origin. Real name -Katherina Freiin Schell von Bauschlott / Katherina Freiin Schell von Bauschlott. In spite of German surname(inherited from her German great-grandfather), Catherine Schell is almost completely Hungarian by blood, her parents belonged to the Hungarian nobility: her father had the title of baron, and her mother was a countess.

Most famous films with her participation: the 6th Bond film "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" (1969, the role of Nancy), "Moon 02" (1969, the role of Clementine), "The Return of the Pink Panther" (1975, the role of Lady Claudine Lytton). In the UK, the actress is best known for her role as Maya in the 1970s sci-fi series Space: 1999.

Katherine Shell in the film "Moon 02" (1969):

The most beautiful Estonian- singer (born September 24, 1988, Kohila, Estonia). Represented Estonia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013.

The most beautiful mokshanka -Svetlana Khorkina(born January 19, 1979, Belgorod) - Russian gymnast, two-time Olympic champion in uneven bars (1996, 2000), three-time absolute world champion and three-time absolute European champion. In an interview, he calls himself a Mordovian: "My parents are Mordovians, and since their blood flows in me, I consider myself a purebred Mordovian."

The most beautiful Erzyanka -Olga Kaniskina(born January 19, 1985, Saransk) - athlete, Olympic champion in 2008, the first three-time world champion in the history of race walking (2007, 2009 and 2011), European champion in 2010, two-time champion of Russia.

The most beautiful Komi Permian - Tatyana Totmyanina(born November 2, 1981, Perm) - figure skater, Olympic champion in Turin, paired with Maxim Marinin. The same pair won the World Championship twice and the European Championship 5 times.

The most beautiful Udmurt- singer Svetlana (Sveti) Ruchkina(born September 25, 1988). She is the vocalist of the Udmurt rock band Silent Woo Goore.

The most beautiful karelka - Maria Kalinina. The winner of the contest "Miss students of Finno-Ugria 2015".

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