I was prompted to write the article by the incessant conversations that Ukrainians are Slavs, and Russians are not Slavs at all, but have long been Mongols.

Naturally, the initiators of such disputes are the so-called Ukrainian patriots. At the same time, conclusions are drawn on the basis of the theories of some newly-minted historians, hitherto unknown historical documents, etc. But in addition to history, and often pseudo-history, there is also such a science as genetics, and you can’t argue with genetics, my dear ones. So whether we like it or not, we have one genotype.

What is a haplogroup?

Y-chromosome haplogroups, which have become popular in biopolitics circles, are statistical markers for understanding the origin of human populations. But in most cases, such a marker does not say anything about the ethnic or racial affiliation of an individual (unlike other DNA analysis methods). Seeing in the aggregate the carriers of a particular haplogroup as an ethnos, subethnos, race or other unity of this kind, trying to put together some kind of identity on this basis is nonsense. And, of course, the haplogroup is in no way "reflected in the human spirit."

The peculiarity of the Y-chromosome is that it is transmitted from father to son almost unchanged and does not experience "mixing" and "dilution" by maternal heredity. This allows it to be used as a mathematically accurate tool for determining paternal descent. If the term "dynasty" has any biological meaning, then it is the inheritance of the Y chromosome. (Follow the link you can find a detailed, but easy-to-understand explanation of the phenomenon)

The Y chromosome is another matter: it consists of genes that are directly responsible for the male reproductive system, and the slightest defect, as a rule, makes a man sterile. "Marriage" is not transmitted further, and the Y-chromosome "self-purifies" in each generation.

But in addition to harmful mutations, neutral, ignored mutations occur from time to time in the male chromosome. natural selection. They are concentrated in the "junk" regions of the chromosome, which are not genes. Some of these mutations, which occurred between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago, proved to be convenient markers for ancient ancestral populations that subsequently spread throughout the Earth and formed modern humanity.

The Y-chromosomal haplogroup determines the set of men united by the presence of such a marker, i.e. descended from a common patriarchal ancestor who had a specific Y-chromosome mutation many thousands of years ago.

ORIGIN OF HAPLOGROUPS R1a1 - THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA!

Any modern ethnic group consists of representatives of several, at least two or three Y-chromosomal haplogroups.

The geographical distribution of haplogroups is associated with the history of migrations of ancient populations that became ancestral to ethnic groups or groups of ethnic groups. For example, haplogroup N3 can be called "Finno-Ugric": if it is found among representatives of some area, then in the past the population here mixed with Finno-Ugric peoples. Or already “mixed” tribes came here.

The study of haplogroup statistics has allowed anthropologists to reconstruct the picture of the migrations of human populations over the past tens of thousands of years, starting from the African ancestral home. But this data can also be used to debunk a variety of racist and xenophobic myths.

Ethnogeographic distribution of haplogroup R1a

Currently, high frequencies of haplogroup R1a are found in Poland (56% of the population), Ukraine (50 to 65%), European Russia (45 to 65%), Belarus (45%), Slovakia (40%), Latvia (40%), Lithuania (38%), Czech Republic (34%), Hungary (32%), Croatia (29%), Norway (28%), Austria (26%), Sweden (24%), northeast Germany (23%) and Romania (22%).

It is most common in Eastern Europe: among Lusatians (63%), Poles (about 56%), Ukrainians (about 54%), Belarusians (52%), Russians (48%), Tatars 34%, Bashkirs (26% ) (in the Bashkirs of Saratov and Samara regions up to 48%); and in Central Asia: among the Khujand Tajiks (64%), Kirghiz (63%), Ishkashimi (68%).

Haplogroup R1a is most characteristic of the Slavs. For example, the following haplogroups are common among Russians:

R1a - 51% (Slavs - Aryans, Poles, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians)
N3 - 22% (Finno-Ugrians, Finns, Balts)
I1b - 12% (Normans - Germans)
R1b - 7% (Celts and Italics)
11a - 5% (also Scandinavians)
E3b1 - 3% (Mediterraneans)

The most common haplogroup among Ukrainians:

R1a1 - about 54% (Slavs - Aryans, Poles, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians)
I2a - 16.1% (Balkan peoples, Thracians, Illyrians, Romanians, Albanians, Greeks)
N3 - 7% (Finno-Ugrians)
E1b1b1 - 6% ( African peoples, Egyptians, Berbers, Kushnirs)
N1c1 - 6% (Siberian peoples, Yakuts, Buryats, Chukchi)

As studies show, according to Y-chromosome markers, the tested Ukrainians are genetically closest to their neighboring southwestern Russians, Belarusians and eastern Poles. Three Slavic-speaking peoples (Ukrainians, Poles and Russians) form a separate cluster of Y haplogroups, which indicates the common origin of the listed ethnic groups.

myths

Everyone knows the myth that the Russians are largely the descendants of the Mongols who enslaved Russia in ancient times. Haplogroup statistics leave no stone unturned from this myth, since typical "Mongoloid" haplogroups C and Q are not found among Russians at all. This means that if the Mongol warriors once came to Russia with raids, then all the captured women were killed or taken away with them (like the Crimean Tatars in later times).

Another common myth is that Russians in Central and Northern Russia- these are for the most part not Slavs, but the descendants of the Finno-Ugric natives, in the sea of ​​which, allegedly, a few Slavs disappeared. From this they deduce “Russian drunkenness”, “Russian laziness”, etc. Meanwhile, the proportion of the "Finnish" haplogroup N3 among Russians in Central Russia is approximately 16% (in sparsely populated regions north of Moscow, in some places it reaches 35%, and in densely populated regions south and west of Ryazan, it drops to 10%). Those. out of every six fathers, only one was Finnish. It can be assumed that the ratio of the maternal gene pool is approximately the same, since the Slavs and the Finno-Ugric peoples, as a rule, peacefully coexisted.

By the way, among the Finns of Finland, haplogroup N3 is represented in approximately 60% of the population. This means that out of every five fathers, two were not “original Finns”, but “traveling fellows”, perhaps yasak collectors from Novgorod. Among ethnic Estonians and Latvians, the “share of Finnish fathers” is even smaller – about 40%. "Traveling fellows" of German and Slavic origin clearly dominated by hot Estonian guys. But Lithuanian girls fell in love with them: Lithuanians, despite the Indo-European language, are descendants of the Finno-Ugric peoples by the same 40%.

Ethnic Ukrainians also have a “share of Finnish fathers”, although three times less than Russians. However, the Finno-Ugric tribes did not live in Ukraine, and this share was brought from Central Russia. But if the “share of Finnish blood” among ethnic Ukrainians is only three times less than among Russians, then at least a third of them are descendants of Russian fathers. Apparently, in the past, "irresponsible" South Russian girls liked to play pranks with the "Muscovite occupiers." While the Ukrainian lads had fun in the Zaporizhzhya Sich in a purely male company, their sisters and daughters found understanding among the friendly Suvorov miracle heroes with heavy Finnish Y-chromosomes.

Helping to understand the failure of certain myths, haplogroups, in turn, are able to give rise to new myth-making. There are people who give them a racial meaning. It is important to understand that haplogroups alone cannot serve as a criterion for racial, ethnic or sub-ethnic identity. In relation to a specific person, they do not say anything at all. For example, no adequate community uniting people from the "Aryan" haplogroup R1a1 can be formed. And vice versa, there is no objective difference between Russians living in the same region, carriers of the "Finnish" haplogroup N, and Russians, carriers of the "Aryan" haplogroup R1a, does not exist. The rest of the gene pool of the descendants of "ancestral Finn men" and "ancestral Aryan men" has long been mixed up.

Of the more than 20,000 genes in the human genome, only about 100 are included in the Y chromosome. They encode mainly the structure and functioning of the male genital organs. There is no other information there. Facial features, skin color, features of the psyche and thinking are registered in other chromosomes, which, when inherited, go through recombination (paternal and maternal parts of the chromosomes are mixed randomly).

If representatives of some ethnic group belong to several haplogroups, this does not mean that given ethnos is a mechanical combination of populations with different gene pools. The rest of the gene pool, except for the Y-chromosomes, they will be mixed. Subtle differences between representatives of different Russian haplogroups may be of interest only to people who professionally specialize in blowjobs.

And vice versa, people from the same haplogroup can belong to different ethnic groups and even different races, have fundamental differences in terms of genotype and phenotype.

For example, the record holders for the presence of the "Aryan" haplogroup are such dissimilar peoples as the Poles (56.4%) and the Kyrgyz (63.5%). The "Aryan" haplogroup is found in more than 12% of Ashkenazi Jews, and not among some "half-breeds", but among the most real, typical representatives of their ethnic group.

If a Russian sailor, having visited Angola, “gives” a native woman a boy-child, then he, and all his descendants in the male line, will have a father’s haplogroup. 1000 generations will change, the descendants in all respects will turn into the most typical Angolans, but they will still carry the “Aryan” Y-chromosome. And in no other way, except for DNA analysis, this fact cannot be revealed.

In the distant past, the carriers of the haplogroup R1a1, the ancestors of modern Indo-Europeans, set off from South Russia and the Urals to explore Europe, the Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan, India and other neighboring countries, on whose population they imposed their customs and passed on their language. But if their historical success was somehow related to advanced biology (let's say), then it was rooted not in the features of the Y chromosome, but in other genes that were present in the ancestral population. This “advanced gene pool” was associated with a certain haplogroup only statistically. At modern representatives haplogroup R1a1, these "advanced" genes may be absent. Possession of the "Aryan" chromosome is not reflected in any way "in the spirit."

Those sections of the Y-chromosome that serve as markers for isolating haplogroups do not encode anything by themselves and have no biological meaning. These are markers in pure form. They can be compared with the orange and green LEDs in the film "Kin-dza-dza", which were used to identify chatlans and patsaks, and there was no other difference between these "races" except for the color of the light bulb.

I was prompted to write the article by the incessant conversations that Ukrainians are Slavs, and Russians are not Slavs at all, but have long been Mongols. Naturally, the initiators of such disputes are the so-called Ukrainian patriots. At the same time, conclusions are drawn on the basis of the theories of some newly-minted historians, hitherto unknown historical documents, etc. But in addition to history, and often pseudo-history, there is also such a science as genetics, and you can’t argue with genetics, my dear ones. So whether we like it or not, we have one genotype.

What is a haplogroup?

Y-chromosome haplogroups, which have become popular in biopolitics circles, are statistical markers for understanding the origin of human populations. But in most cases, such a marker does not say anything about the ethnic or racial affiliation of an individual (unlike other DNA analysis methods). Seeing in the aggregate the carriers of a particular haplogroup as an ethnos, subethnos, race or other unity of this kind, trying to put together some kind of identity on this basis is nonsense. And, of course, the haplogroup is in no way "reflected in the human spirit."

The peculiarity of the Y-chromosome is that it is transmitted from father to son almost unchanged and does not experience "mixing" and "dilution" by maternal heredity. This allows it to be used as a mathematically accurate tool for determining paternal descent. If the term "dynasty" has any biological meaning, then it is the inheritance of the Y chromosome. (Follow the link you can find a detailed, but easy-to-understand explanation of the phenomenon)

The Y chromosome is another matter: it consists of genes that are directly responsible for the male reproductive system, and the slightest defect, as a rule, makes a man sterile. "Marriage" is not transmitted further, and the Y-chromosome "self-purifies" in each generation.

But in addition to harmful mutations, in the male chromosome neutral ones occur from time to time, ignored by natural selection. They are concentrated in the "junk" regions of the chromosome, which are not genes. Some of these mutations, occurring between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago, have proven to be convenient markers for the ancient ancestral populations that subsequently spread across the Earth and formed modern humanity.

The Y-chromosomal haplogroup determines the set of men united by the presence of such a marker, i.e. descended from a common patriarchal ancestor who had a specific Y-chromosome mutation many thousands of years ago.

ORIGIN OF HAPLOGROUPS R1a1 - THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA!

Any modern ethnic group consists of representatives of several, at least two or three Y-chromosomal haplogroups.

The geographical distribution of haplogroups is associated with the history of migrations of ancient populations that became ancestral to ethnic groups or groups of ethnic groups. For example, haplogroup N3 can be called "Finno-Ugric": if it is found among representatives of some area, then in the past the population here mixed with Finno-Ugric peoples. Or already “mixed” tribes came here.

The study of haplogroup statistics has allowed anthropologists to reconstruct the picture of the migrations of human populations over the past tens of thousands of years, starting from the African ancestral home. But this data can also be used to debunk a variety of racist and xenophobic myths.

Ethnogeographic distribution of haplogroup R1a

Currently, high frequencies of haplogroup R1a are found in Poland (56% of the population), Ukraine (50 to 65%), European Russia (45 to 65%), Belarus (45%), Slovakia (40%), Latvia (40%), Lithuania (38%), Czech Republic (34%), Hungary (32%), Croatia (29%), Norway (28%), Austria (26%), Sweden (24%), northeast Germany (23%) and Romania (22%).

It is most common in Eastern Europe: among Lusatians (63%), Poles (about 56%), Ukrainians (about 54%), Belarusians (52%), Russians (48%), Tatars 34%, Bashkirs (26% ) (in the Bashkirs of Saratov and Samara regions up to 48%); and in Central Asia: among the Khujand Tajiks (64%), Kirghiz (63%), Ishkashimi (68%).

The halo group R1a is most characteristic of the Slavs. For example, the following haplogroups are common among Russians:

R1a - 51% (Slavs - Aryans, Poles, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians)
N3 - 22% (Finno-Ugrians, Finns, Balts)
I1b - 12% (Normans - Germans)
R1b - 7% (Celts and Italics)
11a - 5% (also Scandinavians)
E3b1 - 3% (Mediterraneans)

The most common haplogroup among Ukrainians:

R1a1 - about 54% (Slavs - Aryans, Poles, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians)
I2a - 16.1% (Balkan peoples, Thracians, Illyrians, Romanians, Albanians, Greeks)
N3 - 7% (Finno-Ugrians)
E1b1b1 - 6% (Africans, Egyptians, Berbers, Kushnirs)
N1c1 - 6% (Siberian peoples, Yakuts, Buryats, Chukchi)

As studies show, according to Y-chromosome markers, the tested Ukrainians are genetically closest to their neighboring southwestern Russians, Belarusians and eastern Poles. Three Slavic-speaking peoples (Ukrainians, Poles and Russians) form a separate cluster of Y haplogroups, which indicates the common origin of the listed ethnic groups.

myths.

Everyone knows the myth that the Russians are to a large extent the descendants of the Mongols who enslaved Russia in ancient times. Haplogroup statistics leave no stone unturned from this myth, since typical "Mongoloid" haplogroups C and Q are not found among Russians at all. This means that if the Mongol warriors once came to Russia with raids, then all the captured women were killed or taken away with them (like the Crimean Tatars in later times).

Another common myth is that the Russians in Central and Northern Russia are for the most part not Slavs, but descendants of the Finno-Ugric natives, in whose sea a few Slavs allegedly disappeared. From this they deduce “Russian drunkenness”, “Russian laziness”, etc. Meanwhile, the proportion of the “Finnish” haplogroup N3 among Russians in Central Russia is approximately 16% (in sparsely populated regions north of Moscow, in some places it reaches 35%, and in densely populated regions south and west of Ryazan, it drops to 10%). Those. out of every six fathers, only one was Finnish. It can be assumed that the ratio of the maternal gene pool is approximately the same, since the Slavs and the Finno-Ugric peoples, as a rule, peacefully coexisted.

By the way, among the Finns of Finland, haplogroup N3 is represented in approximately 60% of the population. This means that out of every five fathers, two were not “original Finns”, but “traveling fellows”, perhaps yasak collectors from Novgorod. Among ethnic Estonians and Latvians, the “share of Finnish fathers” is even smaller - about 40%. "Traveling fellows" of German and Slavic origin clearly dominated the hot Estonian guys. But Lithuanian girls fell in love with them: Lithuanians, despite the Indo-European language, are descendants of the Finno-Ugric peoples by the same 40%.

Ethnic Ukrainians also have a “share of Finnish fathers”, although three times less than Russians. However, the Finno-Ugric tribes did not live in Ukraine, and this share was brought from Central Russia. But if the “share of Finnish blood” among ethnic Ukrainians is only three times less than among Russians, then at least a third of them are descendants of Russian fathers. Apparently, in the past, "irresponsible" South Russian girls liked to play pranks with the "Muscovite occupiers." While the Ukrainian lads had fun in the Zaporizhzhya Sich in a purely male company, their sisters and daughters found understanding among the friendly Suvorov miracle heroes with heavy Finnish Y-chromosomes.

Helping to understand the failure of certain myths, haplogroups, in turn, are able to give rise to new myth-making. There are people who give them a racial meaning. It is important to understand that haplogroups alone cannot serve as a criterion for racial, ethnic or sub-ethnic identity. In relation to a specific person, they do not say anything at all. For example, no adequate community uniting people from the "Aryan" haplogroup R1a1 can be formed. And vice versa, there is no objective difference between Russians living in the same region, carriers of the "Finnish" haplogroup N, and Russians, carriers of the "Aryan" haplogroup R1a, does not exist. The rest of the gene pool of the descendants of "ancestral Finn men" and "ancestral Aryan men" has long been mixed up.

Of the more than 20,000 genes in the human genome, only about 100 are included in the Y chromosome. They encode mainly the structure and functioning of the male genital organs. There is no other information there. Facial features, skin color, features of the psyche and thinking are registered in other chromosomes, which, when inherited, go through recombination (paternal and maternal parts of the chromosomes are mixed randomly).

If representatives of an ethnic group belong to several haplogroups, this does not mean that this ethnic group is a mechanical combination of populations with different gene pools. The rest of the gene pool, except for the Y-chromosomes, they will be mixed. Subtle differences between representatives of different Russian haplogroups may be of interest only to people who professionally specialize in blowjobs.

And vice versa, people from the same haplogroup can belong to different ethnic groups and even different races, have fundamental differences in terms of genotype and phenotype.

For example, the record holders for the presence of the "Aryan" haplogroup are such dissimilar peoples as the Poles (56.4%) and the Kyrgyz (63.5%). The "Aryan" haplogroup is found in more than 12% of Ashkenazi Jews, and not among some "half-breeds", but among the most real, typical representatives of their ethnic group.

If a Russian sailor, having visited Angola, “gives” a native woman a boy-child, then he, and all his descendants in the male line, will have a father’s haplogroup. 1000 generations will change, the descendants in all respects will turn into the most typical Angolans, but they will still carry the “Aryan” Y-chromosome. And in no other way, except for DNA analysis, this fact cannot be revealed.

In the distant past, the carriers of the haplogroup R1a1, the ancestors of modern Indo-Europeans, set off from South Russia and the Urals to explore Europe, the Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan, India and other neighboring countries, on whose population they imposed their customs and passed on their language. But if their historical success was somehow related to advanced biology (let's say), then it was rooted not in the features of the Y chromosome, but in other genes that were present in the ancestral population. This “advanced gene pool” was associated with a certain haplogroup only statistically. Modern representatives of the haplogroup R1a1 may not have these "advanced" genes. Possession of the "Aryan" chromosome is not reflected in any way "in the spirit."

Those sections of the Y-chromosome that serve as markers for isolating haplogroups do not encode anything by themselves and have no biological meaning. These are pure markers. They can be compared with the orange and green LEDs in the film "Kin-dza-dza", which were used to identify chatlans and patsaks, and there was no other difference between these "races" except for the color of the light bulb. So the presence of an "Aryan" haplogroup in itself does not guarantee a person not only Aryan brains, but even an Aryan member ("racist blowjobs" may be disappointed). 

Haplogroup

(in human population genetics, the science that studies the genetic history of mankind) - large group similar haplotypes, which are a series of alleles on non-recombinable regions of the Y chromosome. Halpogroups are divided into Y-chromosomal (Y-DNA) and mitochondrial (mt-DNA). Y-DNA is the direct paternal line, i.e. son, father, grandfather, etc., and mtDNA is the direct maternal line, i.e. daughter, mother, grandmother, great-grandmother, and so on. The term "haplogroup" is widely used in genetic DNA genealogy.

Haplogroup R1a1 has about 300 million males. The first common ancestor of modern R1a1 carriers lived about 300 generations ago.

Distribution of haplogroup R1a:
The percentage indicates the share of R1a from the total number of the ethnic group

• Russians 48%


• Poles 56%


• Ukrainians 54%


• Belarusians 51%


• Czechs 34%


• Kyrgyz 63%


• Shors 56%


• Altaians 54%


• Chuvash 31.5%


• Tajiks 53%


• Punjabis 54% (Pakistan-India)


• India as a whole 30%, upper castes 43%

Excursion to ancient history haplogroup R1a

It originated about 15,000 years ago in Asia and subsequently broke up into several subclades, or, as they are also called, child haplogroups. We will consider the main ones - these are Z283 and Z93. R1a1-Z93 is an Asian marker characteristic of the Turks, Jews, Indians. With the participation of the haplogroup R1a1-Z93, they invented the wheel in the steppe, designed the first wagons and tamed the horse. These were the cultures of the Andronov circle. The haplogroup quickly mastered the entire strip of the Eurasian steppes from the Caspian Sea to Transbaikalia, breaking up into many different tribes with different ethno-cultural characteristics.

R1a1-Z283 is a European marker and is typical for the most part for the Slavs, but not only, the Scandinavians and the British also have their own separate subclades. In general, today the ancient haplogroup R1a1 is most characteristic of the Slavic, Turkic and Indian ethnic groups.

Excavations "Country of cities" on Southern Urals confirmed that already about 4000 years ago in the fortified settlement of Arkaim there were premises for personal and public use, residential and workshops. In some rooms, not only pottery workshops, but also metallurgical production were found.

During the excavations, about 8,000 sq. m of the area of ​​the settlement (about half), the second part was investigated using archeomagnetic methods. Thus, the layout of the monument was completely established. Here, for the first time in the Trans-Urals, the reconstruction method was applied, and L.L. Gurevich made drawings of a possible type of settlement. R1a1-Z93 was probably one of the main haplogroups in Arkaim and Sintasht.

Currently most of Europe speaks Indo-European languages, while the haplogroup R1b more specific to Western Europe, and R1a- Eastern Europe. In countries closer to central Europe, both of these haplogroups are present. So haplogroup R1a occupies about 30% of the population of Norway, and about 15% in East Germany - apparently the remnants of the direct Y-lines of the Polabian Slavs once assimilated by the Germans.

In the second millennium BC, presumably due to climatic changes or due to military strife, part of R1a1 (subclade Z93 and other haplogroups Central Asia) began to migrate to the south and east beyond the steppe, part (subclade L657) went towards India and, having joined the local tribes, took part in the creation of a caste society. Those distant events are described in ancient literary source humanity - "Rig Veda".

The other part began to move in the Middle East direction. On the territory of modern Turkey, they presumably founded the Hittite state, which successfully competed with ancient Egypt. The Hittites built cities, but could not become famous for building huge pyramids, because, unlike Egypt, the Hittite society was a society free people , and they were alien to the idea of ​​using forced labor. Hittite state disappeared suddenly, swept away by a powerful wave of barbarian tribes known as the "peoples of the sea." In the middle of the last century, archaeologists found the richest library of clay tablets with Hittite texts, the language turned out to belong to the Indo-European group of languages. So we gained detailed knowledge about the first state, part of the male lines of which presumably consisted of the haplogroup R1a1-Z93.
Slavic subclades of the haplogroup R1a1-Z283 form their own cluster of haplotypes, which is completely unrelated to any Western European subclades haplogroup R1a, nor Indo-Iranian, and the separation of European R1a1-Z283 speakers from Asian R1a1-Z93 speakers occurred about 6,000 years ago.

In October 539 (BC), the Iranian tribe of Persians captured Babylon, the leader of the Persians, Cyrus, decided not to leave, but to seriously settle in the captured city. Subsequently, Cyrus managed to significantly expand his possessions, so the great Persian Empire arose, which lasted longer than all the empires in the world - 1190 years! In 651 AD, Persia, weakened by civil strife, fell under the onslaught of the Arabs, and this may have led to a change in the haplogroup composition of the population. Now in present-day Iran haplogroup R1a makes up about 10% of the population.

Three world religions are associated with the Indo-Aryans - Hinduism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism.
Zoroaster was a Persian and possibly a carrier of R1a1, and the Buddha came from the Shakya Indian tribe, among whose modern representatives haplogroups O3 and J2 were found.

Most peoples consist of many haplogroups, and there is no genus that would dominate the rest. There is also no connection between the haplogroup and the appearance of a person, and as you can see, many representatives of the haplogroup R1a1 even belong to different races. many R1a1-Z93 are characterized by Mongoloid features (Kyrgyz, Altaians, Khotons, etc.), while the carriers of R1a1-Z283 are mostly European in appearance (Poles, Russians, Belarusians, etc.). A large number of Finnish tribes have high percentages haplogroup R1a1, some of which were assimilated with the arrival of the Slavic colonists of the 9th century.

Achievements that R1a1 may be related to:

Wheel, wagons, horse domestication, metallurgy, trousers, boots, dresses, the world's first paved "autobahn" with a length of more than 1000 km with "refueling" stations - replacing horses, and much more.

In a small article it is difficult to tell the whole history of the first Indo-Europeans, it is possible to arouse interest in the history of the ancient ancestors of the Slavs only with some historical fragments. Type words in the search engine Indo-Aryans, Turks, Slavs, Scythians, Sarmatians, Persia, and you will plunge into a fascinating journey through the glorious history of the Indo-European and Slavic peoples.

haplogroup tree.

Until 2007, no one carried out detailed reconstructions of childbirth, no one came up with this idea, and it was not possible to solve such a grandiose task. Many population geneticists have worked with small samples of short 6-marker haplotypes, which make it possible to obtain general genographic ideas about the distribution of haplogroups.

In 2009, a professional population geneticist set out to build a detailed genealogical tree this haplogroup. Faced with a number of problems, for example, the calculation of large samples over long haplotypes by conventional methods was impossible due to the astronomical number of operations, not a single computer was able to sort through the required number of combinations, but thanks to resourcefulness and the desire to build a tree of its haplogroup, these problems were overcome.
After R1a1 many haplogroups began to create their own trees.

The haplogroups themselves do not carry genetic information, because genetic information located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution of genetic components in Europe. Haplogroups are just markers for a long time past days, at the dawn of the formation modern peoples.

Haplogroup R1b

Haplogroup R1b is a parallel subclade for haplogroup R1a. The ancestor of the haplogroup R1b was born about 16,000 years ago in Central Asia from the parent genus R1. Approximately 10,000 years ago, the haplogroup R1b broke up into several subclades, which began to diverge in different directions. The eastern branch, subclade R1b-M73, is associated by some scientists with the ancient Tocharians, who took part in the ethnogenesis of such a people as the modern Uighurs.

Promotion haplogroup R1b west to Europe probably took place in several stages. Some may be associated with Neolithic migrations from Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, and some with post-Neolithic migrations and the spread of the archaeological culture of the Bell-shaped Cups.
There is also a version about migration along the North African coast to the Strait of Gibraltar, with further transfer to the Pyrenees in the form of the archaeological culture of the Bell-shaped Cups - but there are too many stretches in this hypothesis. In any case, most European representatives of the R1b haplogroup have the P312 snip, which definitely occurred already in Europe.

After Egyptian scientists analyzed the mummy Tutankhamen, it was found that Pharaoh turned out to be a member of the haplogroup R1b.

Now the majority of representatives haplogroup R1b1a2 lives in Western Europe, where haplogroup R1b1a2 is the main haplogroup. In Russia only Bashkir people has a large percentage of this haplogroup. In the Russian people, the haplogroup R1b is no more than 5%. In the Petrine and Catherine eras, the state policy of mass attraction of foreign specialists from Germany and the rest of Europe was carried out, many Russian R1b are their descendants. Also, some part could enter the Russian ethnos from the East - this is primarily a subclade of R1b-M73. Some R1b-L23 may be migrants from the Caucasus, where they came from the Transcaucasus and Western Asia.

Europe

Modern concentration haplogroup R1b is maximum in the territories of the migration routes of the Celts and Germans: in southern England about 70%, in northern and western England, Spain, France, Wales, Scotland, Ireland - up to 90% or more. And also, for example, among the Basques - 88.1%, Spaniards - 70%, Italians - 40%, Belgians - 63%, Germans - 39%, Norwegians - 25.9% and others.

In Eastern Europe haplogroup R1b occurs much less frequently. Czechs and Slovaks - 35.6%, Latvians - 10%, Hungarians - 12.1%, Estonians - 6%, Poles - 10.2% -16.4%, Lithuanians - 5%, Belarusians - 4.2% , Russians - from 1.3% to 14.1%, Ukrainians - from 2% to 11.1%.

In the Balkans - among the Greeks - from 13.5% to 22.8%, Slovenes - 21%, Albanians - 17.6%, Bulgarians - 17%, Croats - 15.7%, Romanians - 13%, Serbs - 10, 6%, Herzegovinians - 3.6%, Bosniaks - 1.4%.

Asia

In the Southern Urals, it is significantly common among the Bashkirs - about 43%.

In the Caucasus, Digora was found among Ossetians - 23% and Armenians - 28.4%.

In Turkey it reaches 16.3%, in Iraq - 11.3% and in other countries of Western Asia.

In Central Asia, it was found, in particular, among Turkmens - 36.7%, Uzbeks - 9.8%, Tatars - 8.7%, Kazakhs - 5.6%, Uighurs - from 8.2% to 19.4%

In Pakistan - 6.8%, in India it is insignificant - 0.55%.

Africa

Among Algerian Arabs from Oran - 10.8%, Tunisian Arabs - 7%, Algerian Berbers - 5.8%, in Morocco - about 2.5%, in sub-Saharan Africa distributed in Cameroon - about 95% (subclade R1b-V88) .

Haplogroup R1a probably branched off from R1 during the last glacial maximum (19,000-26,000 years ago). Her place exact origin not known. Some think it originated in the Balkans or around Pakistan and Northwest India, due to the great genetic diversity found in these regions. However, this can be explained by other reasons as well. Migrations to the Balkans from the Eurasian steppes took place over a period of 5,000 years, each migration bringing new subspecies of the haplogroup R1a. South Asia has always had more population than other parts of the world (sometimes on par with China) for 10,000 years. And a large number of people led to a great genetic diversity. The most likely place of origin of the haplogroup R1a is Central Asia or Southern Russia, Siberia.

R1a is believed to have been the most common haplogroup among northern and eastern speakers Proto-Indo-European, which developed into the Indo-Iranian, Thracian, Baltic and Slavic branches. The speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language were representatives of the Yamnaya archaeological culture (3300-2500 BC). Their expansion is associated with the early use of bronze tools and weapons, the domestication of the horse in the Eurasian steppes, and the invention of chariots. The cultures of the southern part of the steppe were inhabited, as is assumed, by representatives of the haplogroup R1b1b, and in the north in forest-steppe carriers of the haplogroup R1a lived. The first expansion from the forest-steppes is associated with the archaeological Corded Ware Culture (see the Germanic branch below). The migration of carriers of the haplogroup R1b left free spaces for R1a in the southern steppes during the Catacomb culture (2800-2200 BC). The forest-steppe origin of this culture is evident due to the use of Corded Ware and the massive use of polished battle axes, the two most characteristics Corded Ware culture. Probably, at this moment, the process of satemization took place, since this process affected the Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages, probably their speakers were representatives of the catacomb archaeological culture.
DNA samples taken from ancient burials confirm the presence of haplogroup R1a carriers in the Corded Ware culture in Germany (2600 BC), in Tocharian mummies (2000 BC) in Northern China, in the burials of the Kurgan archaeological culture (1600 BC), in the Andronovo archaeological culture in southern Russia and southern Siberia, and in various Iron Age burials in Russia, Mongolia, and Central Asia.

Geographic distribution

Among modern peoples, a high percentage of the haplogroup R1a is observed in the European part of Russia (45-65%), Poland (55%), Belarus (49%), Ukraine (43%), Slovakia (42%), Latvia (40%), Lithuania (38%), Czech Republic (34%), Hungary (32%), Croatia (29%), Norway (27%), Austria (26%), northeast Germany (23%) and Sweden (19% ).

Subclades and haplotypes

Most R1a carriers are dominated by the R1a1a1 (R1a-M417) subclade, which is divided into the following subclades:

• R1a-L664- predominantly in Northwest Europe: in West Germany, the Benelux countries and the British Isles.
• R1a-Z645- many people from Central Europe to South Asia
  • R1a-Z283 is the main one in Central and Eastern Europe
    • R1a-Z284 – Scandinavian a subclade with a core in Norway is also present in those areas that were colonized by the Norwegian Vikings in Scotland, England and Ireland.
    • R1a-M458 – Balto-Slavic a subclade with a maximum frequency in Poland, Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, distributed in the South-East of Ukraine and in the North-Western part of Russia.
      • R1a-L260 – West Slavic subclade, maximally represented in Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as in East Germany, East Austria, Slovenia, Hungary.
    • R1a-Z280 – Balto-Slavic a marker present in people from Central and Eastern Europe (except the Balkans) to southwest Germany and northeast Italy. It is divided into many clusters: East Slavic, Baltic, Pomeranian, Polish, Carpathian, East Alpine, Czechoslovak, etc.
      • R1a-L365 is a subclade of the Pomeranian cluster, also present in southern Poland.
  • R1a-Z93– main Asian subbranch of R1a. Represented in Central, South and Southwest Asia. R1a-Z93 is a genetic marker for such historical peoples like Tatars, Indo-Aryans, Persians, Medes, Mitannians, through whom he penetrated to the Arabs and Jews.
    • R1a-M434 The subclade makes up a small percentage of Pakistan's population. Also present in Oman.

History of R1a

Germanic branch

The first expansion of R1a consisted of the westward spread of the Corded Ware (battle ax) culture (3200-1800 BC) from the Pit-pit culture. This was the first wave of R1a in Europe, which is the reason for the presence of the R1a haplogroup in Scandinavia, Germany, partly in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. The high prevalence of R1a in the Balto-Slavic countries at present is not only a consequence of the expansion of the Corded Ware culture, but also of later migrations from Russia, the last of which took place from the 5th to the 1st century AD.

The Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages ​​probably comes from the merger of representatives of the Corded Ware culture (native speakers of the Proto-Slavic language) and the Italo-Celts who later arrived from Central Europe with the haplogroup R1b. This is confirmed by the fact that modern Germans are also carriers of the R1a and R1b haplogroups, these two haplogroups came in different ways to different time. And this is also confirmed by the fact that the Proto-Germanic language has similarities with both Italic and Celtic, and with Slavic languages. The R1a speakers of the Corded Ware culture intermingled with the Proto-Germanic native Scandinavian population, as expressed in the culture of the Scandinavian Bronze Age (1800-500 BC). It is assumed that the carriers of haplogroup R1b reached Scandinavia later in the form of the northern migration of the Hallstatt culture (1200-500 BC). According to linguists, the first Germanic language arose in the region of 500 BC. This supports the theory that the Germanic peoples arose from a mixture of the Proto-Celtic Hallstatt culture with the Proto-Slavic Corded Ware culture. The uniqueness of some Germanic vocabulary points to borrowings from the Proto-Indo-European language. The Celtic language itself is known to have evolved from the Afro-Asiatic languages ​​spoken by immigrants from the Middle East in Central Europe. The fact that in modern Scandinavia 40% of people have haplogroup I1, 20% R1a and 40% R1b, confirms the fact that the Germanic language and ethnos acquired a tri-hybrid character in the Iron Age.

Baltic branch

It is assumed that the Baltic branch of R1a comes from the Fatyanovo archaeological culture (3200-2300 BC), which was a northeastern extension of the Corded Ware culture. In the early Bronze Age, nomads from the northern steppes and forest-steppes mixed with the indigenous population who spoke the languages ​​of the Uralic language family and were carriers of the haplogroup N1c1. This confirms the large presence of haplogroups R1a and N1c1 in Southern Finland, Lithuania and adjacent regions of Russia.

Slavic branch

The origin of the Slavs dates back to about 3000 BC. Slavic branch stands out when the Corded Ware culture absorbed the Trypillian culture (5200-2600 BC), which was in Western Ukraine and Northeastern Romania, its carriers were Paleo-Europeans with haplogroup I2a2 with a small admixture of Middle Eastern migrants (haplogroups E-V13 and T). This is how the hybrid culture of Globular Amphora (3400-2800 BC) appeared in the territory modern Ukraine, Belarus and Poland. This process was accompanied by the spread of haplogroups I2a2, E-V13, T (along with R1a) in this territory in Poland, Belarus and western Russia. This explains the rather high percentage of the I2a2 haplogroup with a small amount of E and T among the Eastern and Northern Slavs and Lithuanians. This hybrid culture was later absorbed by the Corded Ware culture.

The Corded Ware culture was replaced by Tshinetskaya (1700-1200 BC), Luzhitskaya (1300-500 BC), Chernolesskaya (1025-700 BC) and Milogradskaya (600 g. BC - AD 100). The last important Slavic migration was in the 6th century AD. from Ukraine to Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, filling the empty spaces left by the Germans who went to the Roman Empire.

It so happened historically that the Balkans were subjected to the most numerous seizures of the steppe peoples in Europe. The first expansion of R1a into the Balkans was the Corded Ware culture (3200 BC), followed by Mycenaean (1600 BC), Thracian (1500 BC), Illyrian (1200 BC). BC), Huns, Alans (400 AD), Avars, Bulgarians, Serbs (about 600 AD), Magyars (900 AD). These peoples originated in different parts Eurasian steppes between Eastern Europe and Central Asia. This explains the high diversity of haplogroups in the Balkans. It is not yet possible to determine the ethnicity of each of the varieties of the haplogroup R1a, except for the fact that they all came from the Eurasian steppes.

Indo-Iranian branch

People who spoke Proto-Indo-Iranian later called themselves Aryans in the Rig Veda and Avesta. They were representatives of the Sintashto-Petrovskaya archaeological culture (2100-1750 BC) in the Tobol and Ishim valleys east of the Ural Mountains. They came from the Abashevskaya archaeological culture (2500-1900 BC) from the upper reaches of the Volga and Don to the Urals. And from the Poltavka archaeological culture (2700-2100 BC) from the lower reaches of the Don and Volga to the Caspian Sea. Sintashto-Petrovskaya culture was the first European culture Bronze Age west of the Urals, which opened the way to the vast deserts and plains of Central Asia and the Altai Mountains, rich in deposits of metal ores. Aryans quickly spread throughout Central Asia, from the Caspian Sea to South Siberia and the Tien Shan, thanks to trade, seasonal migrations of nomadic pastoralism and predatory raids.

Horse-drawn war chariots were invented by the people of the Sintash culture around 2100 BC. and quickly spread in the mountainous region of Margiana and Bactria (in the area of ​​modern border regions of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan). Copper was intensively mined in the Urals and the Proto-Indo-Iranians of the Sintash-Petrovskaya culture in huge quantities distributed throughout the Middle East. They were attracted and natural resources Zeravshan valley. In Tugai around 1900 BC representatives of the Petrine archaeological culture. Soon tin mining was established in Karnab and Mishiston. Tin was a particularly valuable resource at the end Bronze Age, since weapons made from an alloy of tin and copper were stronger than those made from copper and arsenic. In the 1700s BC. Indo-Iranians extended their presence to the valleys in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. And they began to engage in agriculture there (Tazabagyab culture). By 1600 BC. the old fortified cities of Margina and Bactria were abandoned and filled with newcomers from the northern steppes. The group of Central Asian cultures that arose under the influence of the Indo-Iranians is known as Andronovo and continued until 800 BC.

Indo-Iranian migrations led to a high density of the R1a haplogroup in the southern part of Central Asia, Iran and the Indian subcontinent. The highest frequency of R1a in Asia (about 65%) is observed in the region of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and northern Afghanistan. In India and Pakistan, R1a density ranges from 15% to 50% depending on area, people and caste. R1a is more widely represented in the northwest of the Deccan and much weaker in the south (Tamil Nadu, Karela, Karnataka, Andha Pradesh) and east of Bengal. Over 80% of Brahmins (Hindu's highest caste) are R1a1a due to the founder effect.

Female genetic lines in South Asia are overwhelmingly pre-European. For example, in India, more than 75% of non-European female genetic lines (M and R mitochondrial DNA) and another 10% are East Asian. Half of the remaining 15% too oriental origin. And only 7-8% of female genetic lines are Russian (come from the Pontic-Caspian steppes): U2 and W (although the origin of U2 has not yet been fully elucidated). European genes are more common in Central Asian women and even in Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. This suggests that European genes were brought to India mainly by men during the war. The first large settlements in India, where women of European origin lived, were in northern Pakistan, Western India (Punjab, Gujarat) and northern India (Uttar Pradesh), where female European (U2 and W) haplogroups are the most common.

Greek branch

Little is known about the arrival of Proto-Greek speakers from the steppes. The Mycenaean culture began around 1650 BC. and it clearly bears traces of the steppe influence. The close relationship between Mycenaean and Proto-Indo-Iranian suggests that they split between 2500 and 2000 BC. BC. Mycenaean spears, chariots, daggers and other bronze objects show a striking resemblance to the Seimsko-Turbinsky culture (1900-1600 BC) from the northern Russian forest-steppe, known for its large territories when nomadic (nomads of the Seimsko-Turbinsky culture are found even in Mongolia). Therefore, it is likely that Mycenaean culture descended from Russia to Greece between 1900 and 19650. BC to create Greek culture mingling with the local population.

Material translated from http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1a_Y-DNA.shtml

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