Which of the peoples of the Urals are the most ancient. Aborigines of the Northern Urals - Mansi people

Peoples of the Urals The Urals is known as a multinational region with a rich culture based on ancient traditions. Not only Russians live here (who began to actively populate the Urals from the 17th century), but also Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Mansi, Nenets, Mari, Chuvashs, Mordvins and others. The appearance of man in the Urals The first man appeared in the Urals about 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened earlier, but so far there are no finds related to an earlier period at the disposal of scientists. The oldest Paleolithic site primitive man was discovered in the area of ​​Lake Karabalykty, not far from the village of Tashbulatovo, Abzelilovsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan. Archaeologists O.N. Bader and V.A. Oborin, well-known researchers of the Urals, claim that ordinary Neanderthals were the great-proto-Urals. It is established that people moved to this territory from Central Asia. For example, in Uzbekistan, a whole skeleton of a Neanderthal boy was found, the time of whose life fell just on the first exploration of the Urals. Anthropologists recreated the appearance of a Neanderthal, which was taken as the appearance of the Urals during the period of settlement of this territory. Ancient people were not able to survive alone. Danger lay in wait for them at every step, and the capricious nature of the Urals now and then showed its obstinate disposition. Only mutual assistance and care for each other helped the primitive man to survive. The main activity of the tribes was the search for food, so absolutely everyone was involved, including children. Hunting, fishing, gathering are the main ways to get food. Successful hunting meant a lot to the whole tribe, so people sought to propitiate nature through complex rituals. Rites were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this are the preserved cave drawings, including unique monument- Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) river in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan. Inside the cave looks like an amazing palace with huge halls connected by wide corridors. The total length of the first floor is 290 m. The second floor is 20 m above the first and stretches for 500 m in length. Corridors lead to a mountain lake. It was on the walls of the second floor that unique drawings primitive man, created with the help of ocher. Here are figures of mammoths, horses and rhinos. The pictures indicate that the artist saw all this fauna in close proximity. Drawings of the Kapova cave (Shulgan-Tash) were created about 12-14 thousand years ago. There are similar images in Spain and France. Indigenous peoples of the Urals Voguls - Russian Hungarians Original Urals - who is he? For example, Bashkirs, Tatars and Mari have lived in this region for only a few centuries. However, even before the arrival of these peoples, this land was inhabited. The indigenous people were the Mansi, who were called Voguls before the revolution. On the map of the Urals, and now you can find rivers and settlements called "Vogulka". Mansi belong to the people of the Finno-Ugric language group. Their dialect is related to the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Hungarians. Ancient times given people inhabited the territory north of the Yaik (Ural) River, but later they were supplanted by warlike nomadic tribes. Vogulov even mentioned Nestor in his "Tale of Bygone Years", where they are called "Ugra". Voguls actively resisted Russian expansion. Pockets of active resistance were suppressed in the 17th century. Along with this, the Christianization of the Voguls took place. The first baptism took place in 1714, the second - in 1732, later - in 1751. After the conquest of the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals, the Mansi were obliged to pay tribute - yasak - submitting to the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. They had to pay one yasak to the treasury with two foxes, for which they were allowed to use arable and hay lands, as well as forests. They were released from recruitment until 1874. Since 1835, they had to pay a poll tax, and later to fulfill the Zemstvo duty. The Voguls were divided into nomadic and sedentary tribes. The first had canonical plagues in the summer, and wintered either in huts or in yurts with a hearth equipped there. The settled people built rectangular huts from logs with an earthen floor and a flat roof covered with split logs and birch bark. Mansi The main activity of the Mansi was hunting. They lived mainly on what was mined with the help of a bow and arrows. The elk was considered the most desirable prey, from the skin of which National clothes. The Voguls tried their hand at cattle breeding, but they practically did not recognize arable farming. When the owners of factories became the new owners of the Urals, the indigenous population had to engage in lumbering and burning coal. An important role in the life of any Vogul was played by a hunting dog, without which, as well as without an ax, not a single man would leave the house. Forced conversion to Christianity did not force this people to abandon the ancient pagan rituals. Idols were set up in secluded places, they were still sacrificed. The Mansi are a small people, which include 5 groups isolated from each other in accordance with the habitat: Verkhoturskaya (Lozvinskaya), Cherdynskaya (Visherskaya), Kungurskaya (Chusovskaya), Krasnoufimskaya (Klenovsko-Bisertskaya), Irbitskaya. With the advent of the Russians, the Voguls largely adopted their customs and customs. Mixed marriages began to form. Living together in villages with Russians did not prevent the Voguls from preserving ancient activities, such as hunting. Today Mansi is getting smaller and smaller. At the same time, only a couple of dozen people live according to the old traditions. Young people are looking for a better life and do not even know the language. In search of a job, young Mansi tend to leave for the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug to get an education and earn money. Komi (Zyryans) This people lived on the territory of the taiga zone. The main occupation was hunting for fur-bearing animals and fishing. The first mention of zyryans is found in a scroll dated to the 11th century. Starting from the 13th century, the tribes were obliged to pay yasak to Novgorod. In 1478, the Komi territory became part of Russia. The capital of the Komi Republic - Syktyvkar - was founded in 1586 as a churchyard Ust-Sysolsk. Komi-Zyryans Komi-Permyaks Komi-Permyaks living in the Perm Territory appeared towards the end of the first millennium. From the 12th century, Novgorodians entered the area, engaged in the exchange and trade of furs. In the 15th century, the Permians formed their own principality, which was soon annexed to Moscow. Bashkirs Mentions of the Bashkirs are found in chronicles starting from the 10th century. They were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, fishing, hunting, beekeeping. In the 10th century, they were annexed to the Volga Bulgaria and in the same period Islam penetrated there. In 1229, Bashkiria was attacked by the Mongol-Tatars. In 1236, this territory became the lot of Batu Khan's brother. When the Golden Horde collapsed, one part of Bashkiria passed into the Nogai Horde, the other - to the Kazan Khanate, the third - to the Siberian Khanate. In 1557 Bashkiria became part of Russia. In the 17th century, Russians began to actively come to Bashkiria, among whom were peasants, artisans, and merchants. The Bashkirs began to lead a settled way of life. The annexation of the Bashkir lands to Russia caused repeated uprisings of the indigenous people. Pockets of resistance each time were brutally suppressed by the tsarist troops. In the Pugachev uprising (1773-1775), the Bashkirs took an active part. During this period he became famous national hero Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev. As punishment for the Yaik Cossacks who took part in the rebellion, the Yaik River was named Ural. The development of these places accelerated significantly with the advent of the Samara-Zlatoust railway, which was built from 1885 to 1890 and passed through the central regions of Russia. An important moment in the history of Bashkiria was the opening of the first oil well, thanks to which the republic became one of the major oil regions of Russia. Bashkiria received a powerful economic potential in 1941, when more than 90 large enterprises were relocated here from the west of Russia. The capital of Bashkiria is Ufa. Mari The Mari or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in the Sverdlovsk region. First mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordanes. The Tatars called this people "cheremysh", which meant "obstacle". Before the start of the revolution in 1917, the Mari, as a rule, were called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then this word was recognized as offensive and removed from everyday life. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world. Nagaibaki There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. Nagaybaks are representatives of the ethnographic group baptized Tatars Volga-Ural region. It's indigenous small people RF. Nagaybak Cossacks participated in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. Live in the Chelyabinsk region. Tatars Tatars are the second largest people of the Urals (after Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. Agafurovs Agafurovs - in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars Culture of the peoples of the Urals The culture of the peoples of the Urals is quite unique and original. Until the Urals went to Russia, many local peoples did not have their own written language. However, over time, these same peoples knew not only their own language, but also Russian. The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious stories. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures. Not to mention the unrivaled craftsmanship and imagination folk craftsmen. The products of masters from the Ural minerals are widely known. They can be seen in leading museums in Russia. The region is also known for wood and bone carvings. Wooden roofs of traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved "skates" or "chickens". It is customary for the Komi to install wooden figures of birds near the house on separate poles. There is such a thing as "Permian animal style". What are the ancient figurines of mythical creatures cast in bronze, found during excavations. Kasli casting is also famous. These are amazing in their sophistication creations made of cast iron. Masters created the most beautiful candelabra, figurines, sculptures and Jewelry. This direction has gained authority in the European market. A strong tradition is the desire to have a family and love for children. For example, the Bashkirs, like other peoples of the Urals, revere the elders, so the main family members are grandparents. The descendants know by heart the names of the ancestors of seven generations.

The history of the Southern Urals is the history of all the peoples who have inhabited its territory since ancient times. Ethnographers note the ethnic complexity, heterogeneity of the composition of the population of the South Ural region. This is due to the fact that the South Urals since ancient times served as a kind of corridor along which the “great migration of peoples” was carried out in the distant past, and subsequently waves of migration rolled over. Historically, three powerful layers formed, coexisted and developed on this vast territory - Slavic, Turkic-speaking and Finno-Ugric. Since time immemorial, its territory has been an arena of interaction between two branches of civilizations - sedentary farmers and nomadic pastoralists. The result of their interaction over thousands of years was the heterogeneous ethnographic and anthropological composition of the local population. There is one important aspect of the population problem. In strict accordance with the definition of the term “aboriginal” (“indigenous people”), there is no reason to consider any people in the region as indigenous. All the peoples now living in the territory of the Southern Urals are newcomers. The peoples who settled here at the very different time, chose the Urals as their place of permanent residence. Today it is impossible to divide peoples into indigenous and non-indigenous.

The first written information about the peoples of the Southern Urals dates back to ancient times. Many sites of ancient man have been discovered in the Southern Urals. Only near 15 lakes, about 100 of them were discovered. And there are more than three thousand lakes in our region. This is a camp at Lake Elovoe in the Chebarkul region, parking on Lake Itkul in the Kasli region, on Lake Smolino near Chelyabinsk, and many others.

People settled in the Urals gradually. Most likely, they came from the south, moving along the banks of the rivers after the animals they hunted.

Approximately 15-12 millennium BC. e. the ice age is over. The Quaternary glacier gradually receded, the local Ural ice melted. The climate became warmer, the flora and fauna acquired a more or less modern look. The number of primitive people increased. More or less significant groups of them wandered, moving along rivers and lakes in search of hunting prey. The Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) began.

Around the fourth millennium BC, copper came to the service of man. The Southern Urals is one of those places in our country where a person first began to use metal. The presence of native pieces of pure copper and rather large deposits of tin created favorable conditions for obtaining bronze. Bronze tools, being more durable and sharp, quickly replaced stone ones. In the II-I millennium BC. the ancient inhabitants of the Urals not only mined copper and tin and made tools, but also exchanged these tools and bronze with other tribes. So the products of the ancient Ural masters found distribution in the Lower Volga region and in Western Siberia.

During the Copper-Bronze Age, several tribes lived on the territory of the Southern Urals, which differed significantly from each other in culture and origin. Historians N.A. tell about them. Mazhitov and A.I. Alexandrov.

most large group were tribes that went down in history under the name "Andronov". They are named after the place of the first discovery of the remains of their life in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the 19th century.

The forests at that time were inhabited by the “Cherkaskul people”, who are called so because for the first time the remains of their culture were found on Lake Cherkaskul in the north of the Chelyabinsk region.

In the Southern Urals, burial mounds and settlements related to the Andronovo culture give an idea of ​​the time of the Bronze Age (KV Salnikov. The Bronze Age of the Southern Trans-Urals. Andronovskaya Culture, MIA, No. 21, 1951, pp. 94-151). This culture, which existed on a vast territory from the Yenisei to the Ural Mountains and the western borders of Kazakhstan, in the XIV-X centuries. BC e. extended to the territory of the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions. Characteristic features her are burial mounds in wooden log cabins and stone boxes with crouched bones laid on their side, and the head turned to the west.

The development of the Early Iron Age in the Southern Urals covers the time from the 6th century BC. BC e. according to the 5th century n. e. The Sauromatian, Sarmatian and Alan burial mounds and settlements give an idea of ​​it. Savromats and Sarmatians lived on the territory of the Southern Urals at a time when the Scythians dominated the Black Sea region. Sarmatian culture is the culture of the period of decomposition of the primitive communal system and the formation of a class society, developed nomadic cattle breeding, agriculture and handicrafts. All the finds indicate that the Sarmatians had metalworking, ceramics, weaving and other industries. (Salnikov K.V. Sarmatian burials in the Magnitogorsk region: Brief reports of the Institute of Material Culture, XXXIV, M.-L., 1950)

The Late Iron Age of the Urals coincides in time with early medieval Europe. In the Iron Age, in the vast steppe expanses of the Southern Urals, the ancient sedentary pastoral and agricultural population begins to move to nomadic pastoralism, and for more than two thousand years this territory has become a place of nomadic tribes.

It was the time of the “great migration of peoples”. With the movement of nomads, the formation Bashkir people and the spread of the Turkic language in the region.

Anticipating the forthcoming narrative about the history of peoples, I will make a reservation in advance. I will start it with the history of the Bashkir people. And that's why. Among modern peoples living in the Southern Urals, the first inhabitants of the region were the Bashkirs. Therefore, the beginning of the story with the Bashkirs in no way distorts the historical truth, does not diminish the role of other peoples. At the same time, the historicism of the presentation of the material is observed.

The first historical information about the Bashkirs dates back to the 10th century. The traveler Ibn-Fadlan reported that he visited the country of the Turk people, called al-Bash-tird (Travel of Ibn-Fadlan to the Volga. M.-L., 1939, p. 66).

Another Arab writer Abu-Zand-al-Balkhi (who visited Bulgaria and Bashkiria in the first half of the 10th century) wrote: “It takes 25 days to travel from the internal Bashdzhars to Burgaria ... The Bashdzhars are divided into two tribes, one tribe lives on the border of Georgia (Kuman country) near the Bulgars. It is said that it consists of 2000 people who are so well protected by their forests that no one can conquer them. They are subject to the Bulgars. Other Bashdzhars border on the Pechenegs. They and the Pechenegs are Turks” (Abu-Zand-al-Balkhi. Book of Land Views, 1870, p. 176).

The Bashkirs have lived on the lands of modern Bashkiria since ancient times, occupying the territory on both sides of the Ural Range, between the Volga and Kama rivers and the upper reaches of the Ural River. They were nomadic pastoralists; They were also engaged in hunting, fishing, beekeeping. In the western part of Bashkiria, agriculture was developed, destroyed by the Tatar-Mongol conquerors and restored with the appearance of the Russian population in Bashkiria.

The craft of the Bashkirs was poorly developed. But still, as written sources testify, already in the X century. The Bashkirs knew how to extract iron and copper ores in a handicraft way and process them. They were engaged in dressing leather, made pikes, arrowheads from iron, horse harness decorations from copper.

Western part of Bashkiria in the IX-XIII centuries. was subordinate to the Bulgar kingdom, to which the Bashkirs paid tribute in furs, wax, honey and horses. According to Ibn Rust (circa 912), each of the subjects of the Bulgar Khan who married had to give a riding horse.

In the pre-Mongolian period, the population of Bashkiria traded wax and honey with neighboring peoples and with Russian merchants. Bashkiria was divided into clans and tribes, headed by ancestors and collectors.

The strongest of the bais subjugated other tribal associations and sometimes became khans. However, the power of such khans was unstable, and none of them managed to subjugate all the Bashkir tribes. Particularly important issues were resolved at public meetings and at the council of elders (kurultai). People's meetings of the Bashkirs ended with festivities, at which competitions in wrestling, horse racing and horse riding, archery were held.

The decomposition of the tribal system and the transition of the Bashkirs to a class society falls on the X-XII centuries, and the end of the XII and XIII centuries. characterized by the emergence of feudal relations. In the XII-XVI centuries. formed the Bashkir people. The tribes of the Alans, Huns, Hungarians and especially the Bulgars played an important role in the formation of the Bashkir people. In 1236, the Tatar-Mongols conquered the Bulgar kingdom and, together with it, the southwestern part of Bashkiria. Following this, all of Bashkiria was conquered, which became part of the Golden Horde formed in the Volga region. The Golden Horde khans imposed yasak on the Bashkirs in the form of expensive furs, and possibly a tax in the form of one tenth of their herds.

The aggravation of the struggle of the peoples conquered by the Tatar-Mongols for their liberation and, especially, the remarkable victory of the Russian united army on the Kulikovo field in 1380 weakened the Golden Horde. In the XV century. she began to fall apart.

With the collapse of the Golden Horde, a significant part of the population of Bashkiria fell under the rule of the Nogai Horde, which roamed between the middle and lower reaches of the Volga in the west and the river. Yaik in the east. The Trans-Ural Bashkirs recognized their dependence on the Siberian Khanate, the western regions of Bashkiria - on Kazan. Bashkiria was dismembered.

In addition to the Bashkirs, the territory of the Southern Urals was inhabited by Tatars, Mari, Udmurts, Kazakhs, Kalmyks and other peoples. They, like the Bashkirs, initially submitted to the khans of the Golden Horde, and with the collapse of the latter, to the Kazan, Siberian and Nogai khans.

The severity of the Tatar-Mongol oppression was aggravated by the fact that the Bashkirs, being part of different khanates, were divided and used by khans and other feudal lords in the fight against each other. Civil strife was detrimental to the working masses. Often, the khan or murza himself, in the event of a defeat, fled from the enemy by flight, leaving his subjects to the mercy of fate. The latter were subjugated by another khan or murza and established an even more cruel regime for them.

The Bashkirs waged a long and stubborn struggle against Tatar-Mongol yoke. In the Bashkir folklore and genealogies, echoes of the Bashkir people's actions against their oppressors have been preserved. In the 16th century, the struggle in the Nogai part of Bashkiria between the Nogai murzas and the Bashkir foremen, who sought to free themselves from foreign domination, became especially aggravated. But the Bashkirs could not do this on their own.

the only the right exit from the extremely difficult situation in which the Bashkirs were under the rule of the Tatar-Mongols, there was accession to the then strengthened Russian state. However, the absence of an organization uniting all the Bashkirs and the fragmentation of the tribes did not allow them to join the Russian state at the same time.

Ethnographers managed to restore the tribal composition of the Bashkirs in the 17th-19th centuries. They singled out the most ancient Bashkir ethnic formations, which consisted of a number of independent tribal groups - these are Burzyans, Usergans, Tangaurs, Tamyans, etc. All of them were carriers of the Bashkir ethnos, but had their own names, which had large areas of distribution among the Turkic peoples.

Previously, the Bashkirs lived in the steppes and led nomadic image life. Subsequently, pressed from the south by other nomads, primarily the Kirghiz, they left the steppes and moved to the mountainous and wooded areas of the Southern Urals. At the end of the 19th century, the Bashkirs lived, in addition to Bashkiria, in a large territory of the Chelyabinsk, Troitsk, Verkhneuralsk, Orsk and Orenburg counties. They switched to a semi-nomadic way of life - in the winter they were in the villages, and in the spring they went with their family and livestock to the mountains and stayed there until winter, when they returned to the village again.

Over many centuries of fixed history, the Bashkir people have created a unique, inimitable and rich culture that includes all types of human creativity: art, architecture, language, music, dance, folklore, decorations, original clothing, etc. Knowledge of the basics and stages of development various areas culture helps to study the history of the people, a better understanding of the specifics and ways further development national culture of the Bashkir people.

Tatars are ethnically close to the Bashkirs, and their long life in the neighborhood has led to a significant erasure of many national differences. It is interesting to note that a significant part of the Bashkir population of the Urals speaks Tatar and considers the Tatar language as their mother tongue. In most regions of the modern Southern Urals, Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, and other peoples live interspersed. They work together at enterprises, organizations and institutions of the region, live in peace and harmony.

Among historians, there is an opinion that the Tatars, as individual people does not exist; the word "Tatars" is a collective name for a whole family of peoples of Mongolian, and mainly Turkic origin, who speak Turkic and professing the Koran. In the 5th century, under the name Tata or Tatan (where, apparently, the word “Tatars” comes from), the Mongol tribe was understood.

Where did this name come from anyway? Some authors believe that the word “Tatar” does not at all mean the “name” of some nationality, but rather it is a nickname, all the same as the word “German”, that is, a dumb person who cannot speak our language.

Tatars began to appear in the region with the founding of the city of Orenburg in 1743 and the construction of fortified settlements along the rivers Yaik, Samara and Sakmara. This opened up broad prospects for vigorous settlement and development of sparsely populated and uninhabited lands. The bulk of people arrived here from the Middle Volga region. The settlers were complex ethnic composition of the population, a significant proportion of which were Tatars - immigrants mainly from the Kazan Khanate.

The main reasons that prompted the Tatars, like the peasant masses of other peoples, to move to new places of residence were lack of land, extreme poverty, the natural desire of people to improve material well-being by obtaining land in the Southern Urals, where it could be easily purchased.

For the Muslim world, the transition from the former location to another, more distant one was also associated with the fear of being converted to another faith. This was a kind of protest against the policy of the tsarist authorities to forcibly impose Christianity on people of other faiths. In turn, tsarism, interested in the development of free lands, not only did not prohibit, but also facilitated the resettlement of the population to the South Urals. This made it possible to involve new agricultural areas in the economic circulation. And, finally, the authorities sought to attract people of Tatar nationality to the establishment of trade relations with the Muslim peoples of Kazakhstan, Central Asia and even distant India. After all, the Tatars were considered good merchants.

Arriving from different districts of the Middle Volga region to the lands of the Southern Urals, the Tatars settled near the coachmen's stations. They settled for the most miscellaneous work: engaged in the sale of horses, camels, sheep, became coachmen, artisans, saddlers, shoemakers, tanners, herdsmen, shepherds, buyers.

After the fall of the Kazan Khanate in the 16th century, a significant part of the Tatar population first settled in the Southern Urals, on the territory of modern Bashkortostan, and then they settled throughout the Urals. A large number of Tatars settled in the Orenburg region. By the end of the 19th century, Tatars lived everywhere - in cities and villages. In the cities, they were mainly engaged in petty trade, and in the villages - agriculture and cattle breeding. Tatars, as I. S. Khokhlov testifies, are a sober, hardworking people, capable of hard work. They were engaged in agriculture, carting, cattle breeding, but trade was still their favorite craft.

Along with the Tatars, Teptyars also moved to the South Urals in the 16th century. Some researchers, until the end of the 19th century, took the Teptyars as a separate nationality, an independent group of the population. However, most of them came to the conclusion that there is no reason to consider them as such. Rather, Teptyari is an estate. It was formed from a mixture of different foreign tribes - Cheremis (since 1918 Mari), Chuvash, Votyak (Udmurt), Tatars, who fled to the Urals after the conquest of Kazan. Subsequently, the Teptyars also mixed with the Bashkirs, adopted their manners and customs, which made it even difficult to distinguish them from each other. Most of them spoke a middle dialect Tatar language. Separate groups of Teptyars, who lived in a dense environment of the Bashkirs, were strongly influenced Bashkir language. This is how the Zlatoust dialect appeared. The Uchalinsky Teptyars completely switched to the Bashkir spoken language. According to their religion, they were divided into separate groups. Some of them were Sunni Muslims, others were pagans (from the Finno-Ugric peoples), others were Christians.

The Teptyars existed until 1855, when they were assigned to the “Bashkir army”. At the same time, the second name of the Teptyars appeared - “new Bashkirs”, although the former name could not be completely ousted. At the same time, the Teptyars formed a special community ethnic character with their ethnonym and ethnic identity.

Until the second half of the XVI century. There was no Russian population in the Southern Urals. Russian people appeared here with the conquest of the Kazan Khanate. The conquest of the Kazan Khanate had great importance both for the peoples of the Volga region and for the Bashkirs, who began the struggle for liberation from the power of the Nogai Horde and the Siberian Khanate.
Immediately after the defeat of the Kazan Khanate, in 1552 an embassy was sent to Moscow with an offer of citizenship from the Bashkirs of the Minsk aimaks. Following the Mintsy in the winter of 1556-1557, two more embassies from the Bashkir tribes went to Moscow with a request to join. Both embassies reached Moscow on skis.

After 1557 only a small eastern and northeastern parts of Bashkiria remained subject to the Siberian Khanate. They submitted to Moscow at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries, after the fall of the Siberian Khanate (1598).

Voluntary accession to the Russian state was a deeply progressive event in the history of Bashkiria. It put an end to the cruel rule of the Nogai, Kazan and Siberian khans. Bashkiria, having joined the strong Russian state, received protection from the attacks of neighboring nomadic tribes. The separated Bashkir tribes began to draw closer, making up the Bashkir people. The trade relations of the Bashkirs also strengthened. They sold cattle, skins, furs of fur-bearing animals, honey, wax, and hops to the peoples of the Volga region and to Russian merchants.

Close contact with the Volga tribes and peoples and, mainly, with the more developed and culturally advanced Russian people was very fruitful for the Bashkirs. Russian peasants brought with them a relatively high agricultural culture and had a positive impact on the economic and cultural development Bashkir people. A significant part of the Bashkir population, who almost did not know agriculture in the past, during the 17th-18th centuries. transitioned to settled life and agriculture.

Settling mainly took place “from below”. Fugitive serfs arrived here from the center of Russia, schismatics fleeing persecution, and later - state peasants, to whom the government allotted free lands in Bashkiria, known as "wild fields".

Settlement also proceeded “from above”, by order of the tsarist government. With the construction of military fortresses in the region, a Russian military service class was formed - governors, officials, archers. For their service, they began to receive Bashkir lands as allotments and settle peasants on them (especially a lot near the city of Ufa). Russian landowners also began to acquire Bashkir lands and resettle their peasants from the central provinces to them. Among the colonialists were, as elsewhere, Russian monasteries, which appeared here quite early, but then for the most part were ruined by the Bashkirs.

In addition to the Russians, settlers from the non-Russian population were sent to the South Urals from the north-west: Tatars who did not want to submit to Russian rule, Meshcheryak, Chuvash, Mari, Teptyari, Mordovians, etc. All of them rented Bashkir lands on the rights of “prisoners”. The Russian government considered them at first as almost serf Bashkirs. Among these new settlers there were many immigrants from Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Uzbekistan, Bukhara, Khiva, Turkmenistan - Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Turkmens, Persians, etc.
In the 17th century colonization began to move south towards our Chelyabinsk region, then known as Isetsky. The Iset region abounded in many small rivers, tributaries of the Miass and Techa, convenient for settlement and rich in fish. Famous traveler and scientist of the XVIII century. Peter Simon Pallas, who lived for quite a long time in the Iset province, was delighted with the abundance of its nature. The rich black soil made it possible to engage in agriculture here. The nature of the region was convenient for gardening, sheep breeding and horse breeding. The region abounded in fish and animals. Indigenous people The Iset region was mainly Bashkirs, followed by Meshcheryaks, Tatars, Kalmyks and other peoples.

The first Russian settlers here were black-skinned peasants and townspeople from various counties of Pomorye, palace peasants of the Sarapulsky district, peasants and workers in the salt mines of the Stroganov estate and people from other places who sought salvation from the intensifying feudal exploitation.

First, they settle at the mouth of the Iset River, then move up the river and its large tributaries: Miass, Barnev and Techa. From 1646 to 1651, the Chinese prison was built up. In 1650, the Iset and Kolchedan prisons were built on the Iset River. David Andreev, an equestrian Cossack from Verkhoturye, took an active part in the construction of the Iset prison, who gathered hunters in various places of the Kazan province. In 1660, the Mekhon prison was built, in 1662 - Shadrinsky, in 1685 - Krutikhinsky, on the right bank of the Iset, below the tributary of the Krutikha.

There were few settlers, and in order to withstand the raids of the nomads, some of them went to Russia, where they recruited peasants, luring them to a distant land with promises of various benefits and natural wealth. Peasants of Ukraine, Don and inner Russia. The government at that time provided assistance to the settlers by allotments of land and the issuance of money.

The settlement of the Iset region was largely facilitated by the early monasteries. The monasteries served as a safe haven for the surrounding Russian inhabitants when they were attacked by the neighboring Bashkirs and Kazakhs. They attracted many Russian peasants who had a hard time living in the center of Russia.

The government gave monasteries lands with the right to settle peasants on them, awarded letters of commendation, according to which the trial of the monastic peasants was presented to the abbot with the brethren, and in the case of a “local” (joint) court, the abbot with governors and clerks had to judge. In view of the fact that the monastic courts were more lenient than the courts of the governors, the peasants willingly settled on the monastic lands. Under the cover of prisons and monasteries, the settlement of the region by Russian peasants began. The Iset region attracted them not only with its land wealth, but also with the fact that the peasants settled here as free people. They had to bear only a number of duties in favor of the state, among which the sovereign's tithe arable land was very common.

From the Iset, Russian colonization passes to the lower reaches of the Sinara, Techa and Miass. The first Russian settlement on these rivers is the monastic settlement of Techenskoe (1667), advanced far to the west. Following this, the activities of the peasant settlements are activated. In 1670, the Ust-Miassskaya Sloboda was built in the lower reaches of the Miass, then in 1676, the settlement owner Vasily Kachusov started the Sredne-Miassskaya or Okunevskaya Sloboda. In 1682, Beloyarskaya Sloboda (Russian Techa) was founded by the settlement Ivashko Sinitsin. In 1684, at the confluence of the Chumlyak River with the Miass, Vasily Sokolov built the Verkhne-Miassskaya or Chumlyakskaya Sloboda; The semicircle of Russian settlements formed in this way created the prerequisites for the further advance of the Russian peasantry to the west, to the eastern slopes of the South Ural mountains. In 1710, along the lower reaches of the Miass, there were already 632 households, in which 3955 people lived. Most of the households belonged to state peasants (524 households). But there were also yards of peasants (108), who belonged to the Tobolsk Bishop's House.

All settlements were located on the left bank of the river. Miass. This is explained by the dangerous neighborhood of nomadic tribes. The settlers used the Miass River, which flowed from west to east, as a barrier that protected them from sudden attacks by nomads from the south.

As can be seen from the census books of L. M. Poskotin, the population that arrived in the 17th century. in the Iset region, came directly from the Verkhotursky and Tobolsk counties, from the Kama region, from the northern Russian Pomor counties, the Upper and Middle Volga regions. A small part of this population also came from central Russia.

But in the 17th century peasant colonization of the Southern Trans-Urals has not yet developed sufficiently. It was held back by the danger of constant raids by the steppe nomads. Intervention on the part of the Russian government was required in order to secure the lives of the peasant settlers and create favorable conditions for the development of agriculture, crafts and trade throughout this richest region.

As a result of a powerful migration flow that captured a significant territory of the Southern Urals, by the last quarter of the 17th century, this vast region found itself in a dense ring of Russian and Cossack settlements. Populating and developing the uninhabited lands, the Slavic, Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples settled nearby. For many decades, Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Chuvashs, Mordvins, Germans and other peoples lived in the neighborhood and cooperated with each other.

In 1734, the Orenburg expedition began to work in the Southern Urals under the leadership of I.K. Kirilov. She lays the Orenburg fortified line to cover the southeastern borders Russian state from the raids of the Kazakhs and Dzungarian Kalmyks. Strongholds - fortresses are placed along the Ural (Yaik) and Uy rivers. The first of the fortresses created at that time was the Verkhneyaitskaya pier, which later became the city of Verkhneuralsk.

On the Orenburg fortified line there were fortresses, redoubts, which turned much later into villages and villages on the territory of the Chelyabinsk region: Spassky, Uvelsky, Gryaznushensky, Kizilsky and others. The village of Magnitnaya has become one of the most famous cities in the country - Magnitogorsk. The continuation of the Verkhneyaitskaya line in the east was the Ui fortified line, the key fortress of which was Troitskaya.

The first inhabitants of the newly built fortresses were soldiers and officers, as well as Cossacks. Most of them were Russians, later among them appeared Ukrainians and Tatars, Mordovians, Germans and Poles, as well as representatives of other nationalities who served in the Russian army.

Soldiers, as well as free settlers who became Cossacks, settled in the Chelyabinsk, Chebarkul and Miass fortresses, built in 1736 north of the Uiskaya line, on the way from the habitable Trans-Urals to the Yaik-Ural.
In the second quarter 19th century the border of Russia, passing through the modern territory of the Chelyabinsk region, is transferred to the east by 100-150 km. The newly formed Novolineiny district was also bounded from the east by fortresses, two of which - Nikolaevskaya and Naslednitskaya - were located on the territory of the current region. Brick fences were built around the fortresses, which have survived to this day.

The settlement of the western and northwestern mountainous parts of the region began somewhat later than the southern regions, only in the 50s. XVIII century. Then, in the Southern Urals, the richest, often lying on the surface, iron and copper ores began to be developed, and metallurgical plants were built. Such industrial settlements are founded - now cities - as Sim, Minyar, Katav-Ivanovsk, Ust-Katav, Yuryuzan, Satka, Zlatoust, Kusa, Kyshtym, Kasli, Upper Ufaley and Nyazepetrovsk.

Land for factory dachas was bought from the Bashkirs. Serfs from different provinces of Russia moved to the purchased lands, becoming “working people” of mining factories.

For the construction of factories, debugging of smelting technologies, foreign specialists, mostly Germans, were invited to the Urals. Some of them did not want to return to their homeland. Places of their compact residence arose - streets, settlements, later settlements, most of them remained in Zlatoust.

It is worth noting that the Germans were well known in Russia since ancient times. And, above all, because the Germanic and Slavic tribes lived in the neighborhood.

In the 18th century, the Russian government adopted a Decree on the permission of German settlements on the territory of the Russian state. But foreigners, including Germans, also settled in Russian cities in the 16th-17th centuries. But the Germans at that time meant not only persons of German nationality, but also the Dutch, Austrians, Swiss, Frisians. In the XVIII - early XX claims, German colonies appear on empty lands in the region of the Volga River, in Ukraine, the Urals.

Huge land plots, the richest Natural resources attracted immigrants. The indigenous population of Kalmyks, Bashkirs, Russians, Chuvashs, Tatars and others greeted the newcomers in a friendly manner, without preventing German settlements from settling here. Moreover, many local peoples led a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle.

In the 19th century, entrepreneurial enterprises based on the use of hired labor and selling their goods on the market gradually developed in Russia. The first of them began to appear, first of all, in those areas where there was no landownership or it developed poorly. Free and fertile land attracted immigrants. And not only the Germans. In the Urals, the German population compared to other nationalities was a small percentage. And only by the time of the First World War, the number of German colonists increased to 8.5 thousand people. Where did the Germans move to the territory of the Orenburg region? Since the First World War, repressions against German settlers have begun: eviction, arrests for detention of suspicious people of German nationality, restrictions on economic and political activities. In addition, according to the laws of wartime, in Orenburg, other cities of the province, there was a significant part of the German, Austrian population, who were evicted Russian government from settlements and cities of the western provinces of Russia, where there were fierce battles between Russian and German-Austrian troops. The Orenburg governor was obliged to verify numerous inquiries about the political reliability of individuals, who even at this Time of Troubles wanted to take Russian citizenship. The German population adhered to the Protestant faith. It's basically Baptism. The population wants to keep national customs, culture, language. Main occupation - Agriculture. But at the same time, the Germans were also willingly engaged in handicraft production: they made various painted and carved objects, pottery, were fond of artistic processing metals, weaving and embroidery. Maintaining originality and national traits in the planning of farms, residential and utility premises, roads. For example, German dwellings are characterized by the so-called Saxon house, where various living and utility rooms are located together under one roof. The subsequent decades of the Soviet period of life had a sharp impact on the life of the German population, as well as the whole country as a whole: there were repressions, dispossession. Many German residents in the Urals were arrested, evicted, ended up in Siberia, Altai, and Northern Kazakhstan. Part of the population moved to the cities of Orenburg, Orsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm. Entire districts inhabited by Germans even appeared in some cities.

The first World War and the revolution that followed. Large masses of people moved from east to west and vice versa. Some of these people remained in the Urals. The economic difficulties associated with the war were not so strong here.
So, for example, there are quite a few representatives of the Belarusian nationality in the territory of the Southern Urals.

The appearance of the first Belarusians in the Southern Urals (as well as in the Trans-Urals and Siberia) is associated with the fact that they arrived here as exiled prisoners of war in the 17th century, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, when the Russians conquered Ukraine and pressed the Lithuanians. Then people were taken prisoner and sent away from the western borders of Russia, who were called Litvins. These are the Belarusians, they spoke their own language, they were Orthodox. From the name of these prisoners, the surname “Litvinov” went. At that time, the territory inhabited by Belarusians was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Now, few people know that until the end of the 17th century, Belarusian was its state language, since the bulk of the population of this state is Slavs. In the 17th century, captured soldiers of the Lithuanian state were called both “Litvins” and “Lithuanians”. Moreover, these names had nothing to do with nationality. A Lithuanian (and later a Pole) could be called a Ukrainian, a Belarusian, or a Lithuanian proper.

In the cities of the Urals and Siberia in the 17th century there were special groups service people, the so-called "Lithuanian list". Subsequently, most of them settled in Siberia, and soon nothing but a surname reminded of a “Lithuanian” or “Polish” origin. In the 18th - early 19th centuries, Belarusians also came to our region more often as exiles, unfortunately, we do not know the statistics of that time.

The beginning of the active resettlement of Belarusians to the east is associated with the abolition of serfdom. Like the population of the central regions of Great Russia, the inhabitants of Belarus began to gradually go to the Urals and Siberia in search of a better life.

A sharp intensification of the resettlement movement occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, in connection with the Stolypin agrarian reform. Then the great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers of many of our Belarusians arrived in the South Urals, very often they came with their whole families. Belarusians in the Urals live everywhere, according to the census, their number is a little more than 20 thousand people.

The population of the modern Southern Urals (Chelyabinsk region) is more than 130 nationalities.

The Russian population is still the most numerous and makes up 82.3 percent of the total population of the region. This predominance is typical for both urban and rural areas.
In the process of historical development in the Urals, a mixture of many nationalities took place, resulting in the formation of a modern population. Its mechanistic division along national or religious lines is unthinkable today (thanks to huge amount mixed marriages) and therefore in the Urals there is no place for chauvinism and ethnic hatred.

The traditions of the peoples of the Urals interested me for a long time. Do you know what I suddenly thought? The entire Internet is flooded with blogs, posts and reports on travel and tradition research. European countries and peoples. And if not European, then still some fashionable, exotic. Recently, a lot of bloggers have gotten into the habit of educating us about life in Thailand, for example.

I myself am attracted by super-popular places of unprecedented beauty (oh, my favorite!). But after all, peoples inhabited any corner of our planet, sometimes even seemingly not quite suitable for habitation. And everywhere they settled down, acquired their own rituals, holidays, traditions. And surely this culture of some small peoples is no less interesting? In general, I decided, in addition to my old objects of interest, to slowly add new, unexplored traditions. And today I'll take it for consideration ... well, at least this: the Urals, the border between Europe and Asia.

The peoples of the Urals and their traditions

Ural is a multinational region. In addition to the main indigenous peoples (Komi, Udmurts, Nenets, Bashkirs, Tatars), it is also inhabited by Russians, Chuvashs, Ukrainians, Mordovians. And this is still an incomplete list. Of course, I will begin my research with some common culture peoples of the Urals, without subdividing it into national fragments.

For residents of Europe, this region in old days was inaccessible. The sea route to the Urals could only run along the northern, extremely harsh and dangerous seas. Yes, and by land it was not easy to get there - dense forests and the fragmentation of the territories of the Urals between different peoples, who often were not in very good neighborly relations, prevented it.

Therefore, the cultural traditions of the peoples of the Urals have been developing for quite a long time in an atmosphere of originality. Imagine: until the Urals became part of the Russian state, most of the local peoples did not have their own written language. But later, with the interweaving of national languages ​​with Russian, many representatives of the indigenous population turned into polyglots who know two or three languages.

Oral traditions of the peoples of the Urals, passed down from generation to generation, are full of flowery and mysterious stories. They are mainly associated with the cult of mountains and caves. After all, the Urals are, first of all, mountains. And the mountains are not ordinary, but representing - alas, in the past! - a treasury of various minerals and gems. As a Ural miner once said:

“There is everything in the Urals, and if something is missing, it means that they haven’t dug in yet.”

Among the peoples of the Urals, there was a belief that required special care and respect in relation to these innumerable treasures. People believed that caves and underground storerooms were guarded by magical powers that could bestow or destroy.

Ural Gems

Peter the Great, having founded the cutting and stone-cutting industry in the Urals, laid the foundation for an unprecedented boom in Ural minerals. Architectural structures decorated with natural stone, decorations in the best traditions of jewelry art have won not only Russian, but also international fame and love.

However, one should not think that the crafts of the Urals became famous only thanks to such a rare luck with natural resources. The peoples of the Urals and their traditions are, first of all, a story about great craftsmanship and imagination. craftsmen. This region is famous for the tradition of wood and bone carving. Wooden roofs look interesting, laid without the use of nails and decorated with carved “horses” and “hens”. And the Komi people also installed such wooden sculptures of birds on separate poles near the house.

I used to read and write about the Scythian "animal style". It turns out that there is such a thing as “Permian animal style”. It is convincingly demonstrated by ancient bronze figurines of mythical winged creatures found by archaeologists in the Urals.

But I am especially interested in telling you about such a traditional Ural craft as Kasli casting. And do you know why? Because not only did I already know about this tradition before, I even have my own craft specimens! Kasli craftsmen cast amazingly elegant creations from such a seemingly ungrateful material as cast iron. They made not only candelabra and figurines, but even jewelry, which was previously made only from precious metals. The following fact testifies to the authority of these products on the world market: in Paris, a cast-iron Kasli cigarette case had the same price as a silver one of equal weight.

Kasli casting from my collection

I can't say about famous people Ural cultures:

• Pavel Bazhov. I don’t know if Bazhov’s fairy tales are read to children today, but my generation in childhood trembled from these fascinating, breathtaking tales that seemed to shimmer with all the colors of the Ural gems.
• Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. He is a native of Orenburg, and I think there is no need to explain anything about his contribution to Russian literature, literature, history, traditions of the peoples of the Urals.
• But here about the next surname - I want more details. The Stroganovs are a family of Russian merchants and industrialists, and from the 18th century - barons and counts Russian Empire. Back in the 16th century, Tsar Ivan the Terrible granted Grigory Stroganov vast land holdings in the Urals. Since then, several generations of this kind have developed not only the industry of the region, but also its cultural traditions. Many Stroganovs were interested in literature and art, collected priceless collections of paintings and libraries. And even - attention! - in the traditional dishes of the Southern Urals, the surname left its noticeable mark. For the well-known dish "beef stroganoff" is the invention of Count Alexander Grigoryevich Stroganov.

Various traditions of the peoples of the Southern Urals

The Ural Mountains are located almost along the meridian for many hundreds of kilometers. Therefore, this region in the north goes to the shores of the Arctic Ocean, and in the south it borders on the semi-desert territories of Kazakhstan. And is it not natural that the northern Urals and the southern Urals can be regarded as two very different regions. Not only geography is different, but also the way of life of the population. Therefore, when I say “traditions of the peoples of the Urals”, I will nevertheless single out the most numerous people of the southern Urals as a separate item. It will be about the Bashkirs.

In the first part of the post, I somehow became more interested in describing the traditions of an applied nature. But now I want to focus on the spiritual component, it seemed to me that some traditions of the people of Bashkortostan are especially relevant in our time. At least these are:

• Hospitality. Elevated among the Bashkirs to the rank of a national cult. The guest, whether invited or unexpected, is always met with extraordinary cordiality, the best treats are put on the table, and the following tradition is observed when parting: giving a small gift. For the guest, there was only one essential rule of propriety: stay no more than three days :).
• Love for children, the desire to have a family- this is also a strong tradition of the Bashkir people.
• Honoring the Elders. Grandparents are considered the main members of the Bashkir family. Each representative of this nation must know the names of relatives of seven generations!

What I was especially happy to learn was the origin of the word "sabantuy". Isn't it a common word? And somewhat frivolous, I thought it was slang. But it turned out - this is the name of the traditional national holiday about the end of spring field work. The Tatars also celebrate it, but the first written mention of Sabantuy was recorded by the Russian traveler I. I. Lepekhin among the Bashkir people.

The traditions of the peoples of the Urals interested me for a long time. Do you know what I suddenly thought? The entire Internet is flooded with blogs, posts and reports on travel and exploration of the traditions of European countries and peoples. And if not European, then still some fashionable, exotic. Recently, a lot of bloggers have gotten into the habit of educating us about life in Thailand, for example.

I myself am attracted by super-popular places of unprecedented beauty (oh, my beloved Venice!). But after all, peoples inhabited any corner of our planet, sometimes even seemingly not quite suitable for habitation. And everywhere they settled down, acquired their own rituals, holidays, traditions. And surely this culture of some small peoples is no less interesting? In general, I decided, in addition to my old objects of interest, to slowly add new, unexplored traditions. And today I'll take it for consideration ... well, at least this: the Urals, the border between Europe and Asia.

The peoples of the Urals and their traditions

Ural is a multinational region. In addition to the main indigenous peoples (Komi, Udmurts, Nenets, Bashkirs, Tatars), it is also inhabited by Russians, Chuvashs, Ukrainians, Mordovians. And this is still an incomplete list. Of course, I will begin my research with a certain common culture of the peoples of the Urals, without subdividing it into national fragments.

For the inhabitants of Europe, this region in the old days was inaccessible. The sea route to the Urals could only run along the northern, extremely harsh and dangerous seas. Yes, and by land it was not easy to get there - dense forests and the fragmentation of the territories of the Urals between different peoples, who often were not in very good neighborly relations, prevented it.

Therefore, the cultural traditions of the peoples of the Urals have been developing for quite a long time in an atmosphere of originality. Imagine: until the Urals became part of the Russian state, most of the local peoples did not have their own written language. But later, with the interweaving of national languages ​​with Russian, many representatives of the indigenous population turned into polyglots who know two or three languages.

Oral traditions of the peoples of the Urals, passed down from generation to generation, are full of flowery and mysterious stories. They are mainly associated with the cult of mountains and caves. After all, the Urals are, first of all, mountains. And the mountains are not ordinary, but representing - alas, in the past! - a treasury of various minerals and gems. As a Ural miner once said:

“There is everything in the Urals, and if something is missing, it means that they haven’t dug in yet.”

Among the peoples of the Urals, there was a belief that required special care and respect in relation to these innumerable treasures. People believed that caves and underground storerooms were guarded by magical powers that could bestow or destroy.

Ural Gems

Peter the Great, having founded the cutting and stone-cutting industry in the Urals, laid the foundation for an unprecedented boom in Ural minerals. Architectural structures decorated with natural stone, decorations in the best traditions of jewelry art have won not only Russian, but also international fame and love.

However, one should not think that the crafts of the Urals became famous only thanks to such a rare luck with natural resources. The peoples of the Urals and their traditions are, first of all, a story about the magnificent craftsmanship and imagination of craftsmen. This region is famous for the tradition of wood and bone carving. Wooden roofs look interesting, laid without the use of nails and decorated with carved “horses” and “hens”. And the Komi people also installed such wooden sculptures of birds on separate poles near the house.

I used to read and write about the Scythian "animal style". It turns out that there is such a thing as “Permian animal style”. It is convincingly demonstrated by ancient bronze figurines of mythical winged creatures found by archaeologists in the Urals.

But I am especially interested in telling you about such a traditional Ural craft as Kasli casting. And do you know why? Because not only did I already know about this tradition before, I even have my own craft specimens! Kasli craftsmen cast amazingly elegant creations from such a seemingly ungrateful material as cast iron. They made not only candelabra and figurines, but even jewelry, which was previously made only from precious metals. The following fact testifies to the authority of these products on the world market: in Paris, a cast-iron Kasli cigarette case had the same price as a silver one of equal weight.

Kasli casting from my collection

I cannot but say about the famous cultural figures of the Urals:

• Pavel Bazhov. I don’t know if Bazhov’s fairy tales are read to children today, but my generation in childhood trembled from these fascinating, breathtaking tales that seemed to shimmer with all the colors of the Ural gems.
• Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. He is a native of Orenburg, and I think there is no need to explain anything about his contribution to Russian literature, literature, history, traditions of the peoples of the Urals.
• But here about the next surname - I want more details. The Stroganovs are a family of Russians, first merchants and industrialists, and from the 18th century - barons and counts of the Russian Empire. Back in the 16th century, Tsar Ivan the Terrible granted Grigory Stroganov vast land holdings in the Urals. Since then, several generations of this kind have developed not only the industry of the region, but also its cultural traditions. Many Stroganovs were interested in literature and art, collected priceless collections of paintings and libraries. And even - attention! - in the traditional dishes of the Southern Urals, the surname left its noticeable mark. For the well-known dish "beef stroganoff" is the invention of Count Alexander Grigoryevich Stroganov.

Various traditions of the peoples of the Southern Urals

The Ural Mountains are located almost along the meridian for many hundreds of kilometers. Therefore, this region in the north goes to the shores of the Arctic Ocean, and in the south it borders on the semi-desert territories of Kazakhstan. And is it not natural that the northern Urals and the southern Urals can be regarded as two very different regions. Not only geography is different, but also the way of life of the population. Therefore, when I say “traditions of the peoples of the Urals”, I will nevertheless single out the most numerous people of the southern Urals as a separate item. It will be about the Bashkirs.

In the first part of the post, I somehow became more interested in describing the traditions of an applied nature. But now I want to focus on the spiritual component, it seemed to me that some traditions of the people of Bashkortostan are especially relevant in our time. At least these are:

• Hospitality. Elevated among the Bashkirs to the rank of a national cult. The guest, whether invited or unexpected, is always met with extraordinary cordiality, the best treats are put on the table, and the following tradition is observed when parting: giving a small gift. For the guest, there was only one essential rule of propriety: stay no more than three days :).
• Love for children, the desire to have a family- this is also a strong tradition of the Bashkir people.
• Honoring the Elders. Grandparents are considered the main members of the Bashkir family. Each representative of this nation must know the names of relatives of seven generations!

What I was especially happy to learn was the origin of the word "sabantuy". Isn't it a common word? And somewhat frivolous, I thought it was slang. But it turned out - this is the name of a traditional national holiday on the occasion of the end of spring field work. The Tatars also celebrate it, but the first written mention of Sabantuy was recorded by the Russian traveler I. I. Lepekhin among the Bashkir people.