Landowner in dead souls. H

Show skill N.V. Gogol in the description of the characters of the landlords in the poem "Dead Souls".

Decor:

1. Portraits of Chichikov and landowners.
2. The text of the poem "Dead Souls".
3. Presentation “Images of landowners in the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls. (Attachment 1)
4. Fragments of the video film "Dead Souls". (DVD series “Russian Classics”)

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizing moment (greeting).

The message of the topic of the lesson, goal setting.

II. opening speech teachers.

In the poem Dead Souls, images of landlords, these “masters of life”, who are responsible for its economic and cultural state, for the fate of the people, are drawn close-up.

What are they, the masters of life? A plan is proposed to analyze the images of the landowners. slide 2

III. Analysis of the image of Manilov.

Which of the landowners does Chichikov visit first? slide 3

When does the first meeting between Chichikov and Manilov take place? View in ideofragment “Chichikov at Manilov”

Task: using the plan-reminder, tell about Manilov. Performance of the 1st group of students.

What detail in the description of the hero is predominant?

What is hidden behind Manilov's smile? How does the author characterize the hero? ?

A pleasant Manilov smile for everyone is a sign of deep indifference to everything around; such people are not capable of experiencing anger, sorrow, joy.

With the help of what details does Gogol give a comic coloring to the images of his characters?

An integral part of Gogol's portrait drawing are poses, clothes, movements, gestures, facial expressions. With their help, the writer enhances the comic coloring of the images, reveals the true essence of the hero. Manilov's gestures testify to mental impotence, the inability to comprehend what goes beyond the limits of his miserable little world.

What is distinguishing feature Manilov?

His main psychological trait is the desire to please everyone and always.

Manilov is a calm observer of everything that happens; bribe-takers, thieves, embezzlers of public funds - all the most respectable people for him. Manilov is an indefinite person, there are no living human desires in him. This is a dead soul, a “so-so, neither this nor that” person.

Conclusion. slide 4

Instead of a real feeling, Manilov has a “pleasant smile”, sugary courtesy and a sensitive phrase; instead of thought - some kind of incoherent, stupid reflections, instead of activity - either empty dreams, or such results of "labor", as "hills of ash knocked out of a pipe, arranged not without diligence in very beautiful rows."

IV. Analysis of the image of the Box.

Give a brief summary of Chapter 3.

What can you learn about main line character of the Box from a direct author's description?

Gogol does not hide the irony regarding her mental abilities: she thought, opened her mouth, looked almost with fear. “Well, the woman seems to be strong-browed!”

The essence of Korobochka's character is especially visible through the dialogic speech of the characters. The dialogue between Korobochka and Chichikov is a masterpiece of comedy art. This conversation can be called a dialogue of the deaf.

Watching the video fragment “Dialogue between Korobochka and Chichikov”

What character traits of Korobochka came to light in the bargaining scene?

She was not embarrassed by the trade in dead souls, she is ready to trade in the dead, only she is afraid to sell too cheap. It is characterized by tedious slowness and caution. She went to the city to find out how much they sell now " dead Souls”.

What is the position of the peasants near Korobochka?

The village is a source of honey, lard, hemp, which Korobochka sells. She also trades with peasants.

Draw a conclusion about the meaning of housekeeping Boxes .

It turns out that landlord thrift can have the same vile, inhuman meaning as mismanagement.

What made the Box like this?

Traditions in the conditions of patriarchal life suppressed Korobochka's personality, stopped her intellectual development at a very low level; all aspects of life not connected with hoarding remained inaccessible to her.

Task: using the plan-reminder, tell about the Box. Performance of the 2nd group of students

Conclusion : slide 6

The "Cudgel-Headed" Box is the embodiment of those traditions that have developed among provincial small landowners who are engaged in subsistence farming.

She is a representative of the outgoing, dying Russia, and there is no life in her, since she is turned not to the future, but to the past.

V. Analysis of the image of Nozdryov.

It consists of separate fragments that tell about the habits of the hero, episodes from his life, manners and behavior in society. Each of these sketches is a concise story that reveals one or another trait of his character: drunken revelry, a passion for changing everything, an addiction to playing cards, empty vulgar talk, sheer lies.

How is Nozdryov's desire to lie revealed?

Turkish daggers are shown in Nozdryov's office, one of which was carved: master Savely Sibiryakov.

What is the character's speech ?

Swearing speech: fetyuk, piggy, scoundrel, rubbish. And this reveals not only a personal, but also a social trait. He is sure that he is allowed to offend and deceive with impunity - after all, he is a landowner, a nobleman, the master of life.

What are life goals Nozdreva ?

Profit is not dear to Nozdryov: this tavern hero is in no way suitable for the role of an acquirer. He is possessed by a thirst for pleasures - those that are available to his dirty soul. And Nozdryov harms his neighbor with pleasure, without any malicious intentions, even good-naturedly, since his neighbor is only a means or source of pleasure for him. Pleasure denied or it did not take place: “fetyuk”, “scoundrel”, “rubbish”

Assignment: using the plan-memo, tell about Nozdryov Presentation of the 3rd group of students

Conclusion. Slide 8

In general, Nozdryov is an unpleasant person, since he completely lacks the concepts of honor, conscience, and human dignity.

Nozdryov's energy turned into a scandalous fuss, aimless and destructive.

VI. Analysis of Sobakevich's image.

What details-things does Gogol use when characterizing Sobakevich ?

Description of the manor house: “…a wooden house with a mezzanine was seen…”…In a word, everything he looked at was stubbornly, without shaking, in some kind of strong and clumsy order.

The Greek heroes in the pictures in his living room were sturdy, with thick sunbeds unheard of mustache.

Is there a difference in the characterization of Sobakevich in the 1st and 5th chapters?

In the 1st chapter, Sobakevich is characterized as a person "clumsy in appearance." This quality is emphasized and deepened in chapter 5: he is like “a medium size bear." The author persistently plays with the word “bear”: a bear-colored tailcoat, his name was Mikhail Semyonovich.

What strikes in the portrait of Sobakevich?

In the portrait, first of all, the complexion is striking: “..stone, hot, which happens on a copper penny”;

“It is known that there are many such persons in the world, over the decoration of which nature did not think long, did not use any small tools, such as files, gimlets and other things, but simply chopped from the whole shoulder: she grabbed with an ax once - her nose came out, she had enough in the other - her lips came out, she poked her eyes with a large drill ... "

“Chichikov glanced sideways at him once more as they passed into the dining room: a bear! Perfect bear!”

Why is Chichikov careful in his conversation with Sobakevich: he did not call the souls dead, but only non-existent?

Sobakevich immediately “felt” that the proposed deal was a scam. But he didn't even blink.

“Do you need dead souls? Sobakevich asked very simply, without the slightest surprise, as if they were talking about bread.

Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about SobakevichSpeech of the 4th group of students

Chichikov is right when he thinks that Sobakevich would have remained a kulak even in St. Petersburg, although he was brought up in fashion. Yes, it would have turned out even worse: “if he tried a little the tops of some science, he would let you know later, taking a more visible place. To all those who actually learned some kind of science.

Sobakevich, like Korobochka, is smart and practical in a businesslike way: they do not ruin the peasants, because it is unprofitable for them. They know that in this world everything is bought and sold.

VII. Analysis of the image of Plushkin.

The theme of moral decline, the spiritual death of the "masters of life" ends with a chapter dedicated to Plyushkin.

Plyushkin is the last portrait in the gallery of landowners. Before us is the complete collapse of the human in man.

How and why a hard-working owner turned into a “hole in humanity” ?

Why does the chapter on Plyushkin begin with a digression about youth?

Why Gogol details the story of Plyushkin's life ?

Gogol refers to the past of the hero, since the moral ugliness is the same as that of other landowners: soul ownership, which gives rise to soullessness, loss of ideas about the meaning of life, about moral duty, about responsibility for everything that happens around. The tragedy of Plyushkin is that he lost touch with people. He sees in everyone, even in his own children and grandchildren, enemies who are ready to plunder good.

The image of Plyushkin is the embodiment of extreme dilapidation and moldiness, and in the description of objects associated with him, Gogol reflected these qualities.

Find in text artistic means, with the help of which the author reveals the essence of the image of Plyushkin .

Dilapidation on all the buildings, the log on the huts was dark and old, the roofs pierced through like a sieve, the fence was broken ...

Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about Plyushkin. Performance of the 5th group of students

Conclusion. slide 12

Mold, dust, rot, death just wafts from the Plyushkin estate. Other details also chill the heart: the old man did not give a penny to either his daughter or his son.

So, for what purpose is the image of Plyushkin displayed in the poem ?

Consistently, from hero to hero, Gogol exposes the worthless life of the landowners.

The images of the landlords are given in proportion to their spiritual impoverishment and moral decline.

It is shown how the decay gradually took place human personality.

Once Plyushkin was only a thrifty owner. The thirst for enrichment turned him into a miser, isolated him from society.

In his image, one of the varieties of spiritual death is revealed. Plyushkin's image is typical.

Gogol exclaimed bitterly: “And a person could descend to such insignificance, pettiness, vileness! Could have changed! And does it look like the truth? Everything looks like the truth, everything can happen to a person.

VIII. Similarities between Chichikov and the landowners.

The character of Chichikov is multifaceted, the hero turns out to be a mirror of the landowner he meets, because he has the same qualities that form the basis of the characters of the landowners.

IX. Crossword . Slides 15 to 24

X. Summing up.

XI. Homework.

1. Fill in the table according to the plan:

• brief description of the landowner;
• description of the estate of the landowner;
• description joint meal;
• how the landowners react to Chichikov's proposal;
• further actions of the landowners.

2. Write an essay - a miniature “Why did Chichikov visit the landowners in such a sequence?”

The work of N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls" rightfully deserved recognition in all world literature. In it, the author vividly presents us with a whole gallery psychological portraits. Gogol reveals the characters of people, drawing their words and deeds.

The writer exposes the human essence of his characters on the example of landowners county town N. That's where he comes main character poems by Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov to realize his plan - buying up dead revision souls.

Chichikov pays visits to the landlords in a certain sequence. It is no coincidence that the first on his path is the landowner Manilov. There is nothing special in Manilov, he is, as they say, "neither fish nor fowl." Everything in him is fruitless, vague, even in the features of his face there is no concreteness.

The first impression of pleasantness that Manilov made on Chichikov turns out to be deceptive: “In this pleasantness, it seemed, too much sugar was conveyed. In the first minute of a conversation with him, you cannot but say: “What a pleasant and kind person!" In the next minute you will not say anything, and in the third you will say: “The devil knows what it is!” - and move away if you don’t move away, you will feel mortal boredom.”

Things, the interior, Manilov's dwelling, the description of the estate characterize their owner. In words, this landowner loves his family, the peasants, but in reality he does not care about them at all. Against the backdrop of the general disorder of the estate, Manilov indulges in sweet dreams in the "temple of solitary reflection." His pleasantness is nothing more than a mask that covers spiritual emptiness. Idle daydreaming, with seeming culture, allows us to classify Manilov as an "idle steadfast" who does not give anything to society.

Next on the way Chichikov comes across a collegiate secretary, Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka. She is completely mired in petty vital interests and hoarding. Korobochka's indifference, combined with stupidity, looks ridiculous and ridiculous. Even in selling dead she is afraid of being deceived, of selling too cheap: "... I'd better wait a little, maybe merchants will come and apply to prices."

Everything in this landowner's house is like a box. And the very name of the heroine - Korobochka - conveys her essence: limitedness and narrowness of interests. In a word, this is the heroine - "club-headed", as Chichikov himself called her.

In search of the landowner Sobakevich, Chichikov ends up in Nozdryov's house. Nozdrev is the complete opposite of the stingy Korobochka. This is a reckless nature, a player, a reveler. He is endowed amazing ability to lie unnecessarily, cheat at cards, change for anything and lose everything. All his activities have no purpose, his whole life is continuous revelry: “Nozdryov was in some respects a historical person. Not a single meeting where he was, did not do without history.

At first glance, Nozdryov may seem alive, active person, but in fact it is empty. But there is one feature both in him and in Korobochka, which unites these people who are different in nature. Just as senselessly and uselessly the old woman accumulates her wealth, just as senselessly and uselessly squanders her fortune Nozdryov.

Then Chichikov gets to Sobakevich. In contrast to Nozdryov, who is on a friendly footing with everyone, Sobakevich seems to Chichikov like “a medium-sized bear” with a characteristic feature - to scold everyone and everything. Sobakevich is a strong master, a "fist", suspicious and gloomy, going ahead. He doesn't trust anyone. This is clearly evidenced by the episode in which Chichikov and Sobakevich pass money and lists of dead souls into each other's hands.

Everything that surrounded Sobakevich “was solid, clumsy to the highest degree and had some strange resemblance to the owner of the house himself ... Every chair, every object seemed to say:“ And I, too, Sobakevich! It seems to me that, at its core, Sobakevich is a petty, insignificant, clumsy person with an inner desire to step on everyone's heels.

And the last on Chichikov's path is the landowner Plyushkin, whose stinginess is brought to the extreme, to the last line of human degradation. He is a “hole in humanity”, personifying the complete disintegration of the individual. Having met Plyushkin, Chichikov could not even think that he had met the owner of the estate, he first takes him for a housekeeper.

Plyushkin's once rich economy is completely falling apart. This hero has eight hundred souls, his pantries and barns are bursting with good, but because of greed and senseless accumulation, all this wealth has turned to dust: cabbage, flour in the cellars turned into stone, and it was necessary to chop it, it was terrible to touch the cloth, canvas and household materials: they turned into dust.

Plyushkin's peasants are "dying like flies", dozens are on the run. But in the past he was known as an economic and enterprising landowner. But after the death of his wife, Plyushkin's suspicion and stinginess intensified to the highest degree. Passion for hoarding killed in him even the love of children. As a result, losing human form, Plyushkin becomes like a beggar, a man without gender and gender.

The images of the landlords in Dead Souls show all the horror and absurdity of what is happening in Russia contemporary to Gogol. Indeed, under serfdom, such Plyushkins, Manilovs, Sobakevichs get all the rights to the same living people and do with them whatever they want.

In his poem, the writer considers all types of Russian landowners, but does not find anyone with whom the future of the country could be connected. In my opinion, Gogol in his poem very vividly described all the soullessness of contemporary landlord Russia.

The compositional basis of Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" is Chichikov's journey through the cities and provinces of Russia. According to the author's intention, the reader is invited to "travel the whole of Russia with the hero and bring out a wide variety of characters." In the first volume of Dead Souls, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol introduces the reader to a number of characters that represent " dark kingdom”, familiar from the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky. The types created by the writer are relevant to this day, and many proper names eventually became common nouns, although in recent times in colloquial speech are used less and less. Below is a description of the heroes of the poem. In "Dead Souls" the main characters are the landlords and the main adventurer, whose adventures are the basis of the plot.

Chichikov, the protagonist of Dead Souls, travels around Russia, buying documents for dead peasants who, according to the audit book, are still considered alive. In the first chapters of the work, the author tries in every possible way to emphasize that Chichikov was a completely ordinary, unremarkable person. Knowing how to find an approach to every person, Chichikov, without any problems, was able to achieve location, respect and recognition in any society that he had to face. Pavel Ivanovich is ready for anything to achieve his goal: he lies, impersonates another person, flatters, uses other people. But at the same time, he seems to readers to be a completely charming person! Gogol masterfully showed a multifaceted human personality, which combines depravity and the desire for virtue.

Another hero of the work "Dead Souls" by Gogol is Manilov. Chichikov comes to him first. Manilov gives the impression of a carefree person who does not care about worldly problems. Manilov found his wife to match - the same dreamy young lady. Servants took care of the house, and teachers come to their two children, Themistoclus and Alkid. It was difficult to determine the character of Manilov: Gogol himself says that in the first minute you might think “what an amazing person!”, A little later, you will be disappointed in the hero, and after another minute you will be convinced that they can’t say anything about Manilov at all. It has no desires, no life itself. The landowner spends his time in abstract thoughts, completely ignoring everyday problems. Manilov easily gave the dead souls to Chichikov without asking about the legal details.

If we continue the list of heroes of the story, then the next will be Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna, an old lonely widow who lives in a small village. Chichikov came to her by chance: the coachman Selifan lost his way and turned onto the wrong road. The hero was forced to stop for the night. External attributes were an indicator internal state landowners: everything in her house was done sensibly, firmly, but nevertheless there were a lot of flies everywhere. Korobochka was a real entrepreneur, because in every person she was used to seeing only a potential buyer. Nastasya Petrovna was remembered by the reader for the fact that she did not agree to the deal in any way. Chichikov persuaded the landowner and promised to give her several blue papers for petitions, but until he agreed to order flour, honey and lard from Korobochka next time, Pavel Ivanovich did not receive several dozen dead souls.

Next on the list was Nozdryov- a reveler, a liar and a merry fellow, a playboy. The meaning of his life was entertainment, even two children could not keep the landowner at home for more than a few days. Nozdryov often got into various stories, but thanks to his innate talent to find a way out of any situation, he always got out of the water dry. Nozdryov communicated easily with people, even with those with whom he managed to quarrel, after a while he talked like with old friends. However, many tried not to have anything in common with Nozdryov: the landowner invented various fables about others hundreds of times, telling them at balls and dinner parties. It seemed that Nozdryov was not at all worried about the fact that he often lost his property in cards - he certainly wanted to win back. The image of Nozdryov is very important for characterizing other heroes of the poem, in particular Chichikov. After all, Nozdryov was the only person with whom Chichikov did not make a deal and, in general, did not want to meet with him anymore. Pavel Ivanovich barely managed to escape from Nozdryov, but Chichikov could not even imagine under what circumstances he would see this man again.

Sobakevich was the fourth seller of dead souls. his appearance and in behavior he resembled a bear, even the interior of his house and household utensils were huge, out of place and cumbersome. From the very beginning, the author focuses on Sobakevich's thriftiness and prudence. It was he who first offered Chichikov to buy documents for the peasants. Chichikov was surprised by this course of events, but did not argue. The landowner was also remembered for the fact that he filled the price of the peasants, despite the fact that the latter were long dead. He talked about their professional skills or personal qualities, trying to sell documents at a higher price than Chichikov offered.

Surprisingly, it is this hero who is much more likely to spiritual rebirth, after all, Sobakevich sees how small people have become, how insignificant they are in their aspirations.

This list of characteristics of the heroes of "Dead Souls" contains the most important characters for understanding the plot, but do not forget about coachman Selifane, and about Pavel Ivanovich's servant, and about good-natured landowner Plyushkin. Being a master of words, Gogol created very vivid portraits of heroes and their types, which is why all descriptions of the heroes of Dead Souls are so easy to remember and immediately recognizable.

Artwork test

Images of landowners and their comparison with Chichikov ("Based on the poem "Dead Souls")

"Dead Souls" is one of the brightest projects in Russian and world literature, the pinnacle of thin. Gogol's skill. One of the main themes in Gogol's TV yavl. the theme of the Russian landlord class, of the Russian nobility as the ruling class, of its fate and role in public life. It is characteristic that Ggol's main way of depicting landowners is yavl. satire. The images of the landowners reflect the process of gradual dugradation of the landowner class, revealing all its faults and shortcomings. Gogol's satire is colored with irony and "He hits right on the forehead." Gogol's laughter seems good-natured, but he spares no one, each phrase has a deep, hidden meaning, subtext. The poem is built as the story of the adventures of Chichikov, an official who buys up "dead souls". The composition of the poem allowed the author to tell about different landowners and their villages. Gogol creates five characters, five portraits, which are so different from each other, and at the same time, in each of them typical features Russian landowner. Our acquaintance begins with Manilov and ends with Plyushkin. This sequence has its own logic: from one landowner to another, the process of impoverishment of the human personality deepens, more and more scary picture the decomposition of serf society

Opens the portrait gallery of the landowners Manilov (I chapter). Already in the surname itself, his character is manifested. The description begins with a picture of the village of Manilovka, which "could lure few with its location." With irony, the author describes the master's courtyard, with a claim to "an English garden with an overgrown pond", sparse bushes and with a pale inscription "Temple of solitary reflection." Speaking about Manilov, the author exclaims: "God alone could tell what Manilov's character was." He is kind by nature, polite, courteous, but all this has taken ugly forms with him. Manilov is beautiful-hearted and sentimental to the point of cloying. Relations between people seem to him idyllic and festive. Manilov did not know life at all, reality was replaced by his empty fantasy. He liked to think and dream, sometimes even about things useful to the peasants. But his searchlight was far from the demands of life. He did not know about the real needs of the peasants and never thought.
Manilov fancies himself a bearer of spiritual culture. Once in the army, he was considered the most educated person. Ironically, the author speaks about the atmosphere of Manilov's house, in which "something was always missing", about his sugary relationship with his wife. When talking about dead souls Manilov was compared to a too smart minister. In comparison with other landowners, Manilov really seems to be an enlightened person, but this is only one appearance.

The third chapter of the poem is devoted to the image of the Box, which Gogol refers to the number of those "small landowners who complain about crop failures, losses and hold their heads somewhat to one side, and meanwhile they are gradually gaining money in motley bags placed in chests of drawers!" (or M. and Korobochka are in some way antipodes: Manilov’s vulgarity is hidden behind high phases, behind arguments about the good of the Motherland, and Korobochka’s spiritual scarcity appears in its natural form. The box does not pretend to be a high culture: in all its appearance, a very unpretentious simplicity is emphasized. This is emphasized by Gogol in the appearance of the heroine: he points to her shabby and unattractive appearance. This simplicity reveals itself in relationships with people. the main objective her life is the strengthening of her wealth, incessant accumulation. It is no coincidence that Chichikov sees traces of skillful management in her estate. This household reveals its inner insignificance. She, apart from the desire to acquire and benefit, has no feelings. Confirmation is the situation with "dead souls". Korobochka trades peasants with the same efficiency with which he sells other items of his household. For her, there is no difference between an animate and an inanimate being. In Chichikov's proposal, only one thing scares her: the prospect of missing something, not taking what can be obtained for "dead souls". The box is not going to give them to Chichikov on the cheap. Gogol awarded her with the epithet "cudgelhead".) These money are obtained from the sale of a wide variety of nat products. households. The box understood the benefits of trading and after much persuasion agrees to sell such an unusual product as dead souls.

In the transition to the image of Nozdryov, Gogol emphasizes the contrast between him and the box. In contrast to the motionless landowner, Nozdrev is distinguished by his daring and "broad scope of nature." He is mobile, ready to do anything, without thinking about what, but all his activity is devoid of ideas and goals. Therefore, all his impulses end as easily as they begin, without any positive results: "Everything ends either with trifles, or with all kinds of stories" . His activity is aimed at burning life. He was a drunkard and a scorcher. Nozdryov finds himself wherever the pleasures of life can be expected. Unlike Korobochka, Nozdryov is not prone to petty hoarding. His ideal is people who always know how to have fun living life, not burdened with any worries. There are few details in the chapter about Nozdryov that reflect the life of his serfs, but the description of the landowner itself provides comprehensive information about this, since for Nozdryov serfs and property are equivalent concepts. Both are a life-burning source. Wherever Nozdryov appears, there is confusion, scandal. In Nozdryov's understanding, his life is filled with meaning. In this respect, he resembles Manilov, but differs in that he likes to invent, embellish. In a conversation with Chichikov, he boasts of absolutely everything: a stallion, a pond, a dog, and in his lies we simply will not exhaust him. Lies for lies. In relation to people, Nozdrev is free from any norms and principles. He easily converges with people, but does not remain true to his word, not to anyone else. In Nozdryov's desire to bring discord into someone else's life, one feels a desire to harm everyone. As a result, the whole versatility of the hero is devoid of any positive beginning. Gogol Nozdryova called " historical man". ("Nozdryov was in some respects a historical person") Not a single meeting where he was, did not do without stories.

Unlike Nozdryov, Sobakevich cannot be counted as people hovering in the clouds. This hero stands firmly on the ground, does not entertain illusions, soberly evaluates people and life, knows how to act and achieve what he wants. With the character of his life, Gogol notes solidity and fundamentality in everything. These are natural features of Sobakevich's life. On him and on the furnishings of his house lies the stamp of clumsiness, ugliness. Physical strength and clumsiness appears in the guise of the hero himself. "He looked like a medium-sized bear," Gogol writes about him. In Sobakevich, the animal principle prevails. He is devoid of any spiritual inquiries, far from daydreaming, philosophizing and noble impulses of the soul. The meaning of his life is to saturate the stomach. He himself has a negative attitude towards everything connected with culture and education: "Enlightenment is a harmful invention." The local being and the hoarder coexist in it. Unlike Korobochka, he understands the environment well and understands the time in which he lives, knows people. Unlike other landowners, he immediately understood the essence of Chichikov. Sobakevich is a cunning rogue, an impudent businessman who is difficult to deceive. He evaluates everything around him only from the point of view of his own benefit. In his conversation with Chichikov, the psychology of a kulak is revealed, who knows how to make the peasants work for themselves and extract the maximum benefit from it. He is straightforward, quite rude and does not believe in anyone. Unlike Manilov, in his perception, all people are robbers, scoundrels, fools. (Everything in Sobakevich's house surprisingly resembled himself. Every thing seemed to say: "And I, too, Sobakevich"
The last landowner visited by Chichikov, Plyushkin, is similar in aspirations to K. and S., but the desire for hoarding takes on the character of an all-embracing passion in him. The only purpose of his life is the accumulation of things. As a result, he does not distinguish the important, the necessary from the little things, the useful from the unimportant. Everything that comes to his hand is of interest. Plyushkin becomes a slave to things. The thirst for hoarding pushes him onto the path of all sorts of restrictions. But he himself does not experience any discomfort from this. Unlike other landowners, the story of his life is given in full. She reveals the origins of his passion. The more the thirst for hoarding becomes, the more insignificant his life becomes. At a certain stage of degradation, Plyushkin ceases to feel the need to communicate with people. He began to perceive his children as plunderers of his property, not experiencing any joy when meeting with them. In the end, he ended up all alone. Gogol dwells in detail on the description of the situation of the peasants of this richest landowner. ***************************************** ************************************ Chichikov

In "M.d." Gogol typifies the images of Russian landowners, officials and peasants. The only person who stands out overall picture Russian life- This is Chichikov. Revealing his image, the author tells about his origin and the formation of his character. Chichikov is a character whose life story is given in all details. From the eleventh chapter we learn that Pavlusha belonged to a poor noble family. His father left him a legacy of half a copper and a covenant to study diligently, to please teachers and bosses, and, most importantly, to save and save a penny. Chichikov quickly realized that all high concepts only hinder the achievement of his cherished goal. He makes his way in life by his own efforts, without relying on anyone's patronage. He builds his well-being at the expense of other people: deceit, bribery, embezzlement, fraud at customs - the tools of the protagonist. No setbacks can break his greed. And every time, committing unseemly acts, he easily finds excuses for himself.
With each chapter, we see more and more opportunities for Chichikov: with Manilov he is sugary-gracious, with Korobochka he is petty-persistent and rude, with Nozdryov he is assertive and cowardly, with Sobakevich he bargains cunningly and relentlessly, Plyushkin conquers with his "generosity".
But let us pay special attention to those moments of the poem where Chichikov does not need to disguise himself and change himself for the sake of adaptation, where he remains alone with himself. When examining the city of N, our hero "teared off the poster nailed to the post, so that when he came home he could read it well," and after reading it, he "folded it neatly and put it in his chest, where he used to put everything that came across." This collection of unnecessary things, the careful storage of rubbish vividly resembles Plushkin's habits. What brings Chichikov closer to Manilov is uncertainty, which makes all assumptions about him equally possible. Nozdryov notices that Chichikov looks like Sobakevich: "No straightforwardness, no sincerity! Perfect Sobakevich." In Chichikov's character there is Manilov's love for the phrase, Korobochka's pettiness, Nozdryov's narcissism, Sobakevich's rude stinginess, Sobakevich's cold cynicism, and Plyushkin's greed. It is easy for Chichikov to be a mirror of any of these interlocutors, because he has all the qualities that form the basis of their characters. Nevertheless, Chichikov is different from his counterparts on the estates, he is a man of the new time, a businessman and an acquirer, and has all the necessary qualities: "Her pleasantness in turns and actions, and glibness in business games," but he is also a "dead soul", because he the joy of life is unavailable.
Chichikov knows how to adapt to any world, even his appearance is such that he will suit any situation: "not handsome, but not bad-looking", "not too fat, not too thin", "middle-aged man" - everything in him is indefinite , nothing stands out.
The idea of ​​success, enterprise, practicality obscure all human impulses in him. "Self-denial", patience and strength of character of the protagonist allow him to constantly be reborn and show tremendous energy to achieve his goal.
Chichikov is forced to flee the city, but this time he achieved his goal, approached one more step towards his faceless "happiness", and everything else is no longer important for him now.

Pros: Different types of heroes

Disadvantages: Shows the negative features of the society of that time

N. V. Gogol's novel "Dead Souls".

From the Russian program fiction for high school draws particular attention to interesting novel Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol's "Dead Souls", in which the writer depicted the society of Russian landowners of that time.

The work depicts images of many landowners who met on the path of the enterprising swindler Chichikov, who wanted to make a fictitious deal - to buy the souls of dead peasants, in order to later receive money from the state for their maintenance. This brilliant idea came to the head of the protagonist of the novel "Dead Souls" by chance, and he began to bring it to life with special zeal.

So, in the novel by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls" the images of several provincial landowners of average income from the Russian hinterland are derived and described in sufficient detail. Only five of them deserve special attention:

1) Manilov is a person who lives his dreams and is far from reality, very lazy, constantly immersed in the world of his dreams.

2) Korobochka is a kind woman, but stupid and fisted, active and practical.

3) Nozdrev is an unrestrained reveler and spendthrift, he likes to spend money thoughtlessly and go on a spree with friends, besides, he is not indifferent to playing cards.

4) Sobakevich is a strong, practical and tight-fisted owner, a solid and monumental figure.

5) Plyushkin is an elderly landowner who, after the death of his wife, abandoned housekeeping, and began to plunge into the abyss of stinginess and dementia.

Now let's take a closer look characteristics each of these images.

The characterization of one of the characters in the novel - the landowner Manilov - N.V. Gogol begins with a description of his appearance. Manilov's facial features are very regular, pleasant and harmonious, but at the same time, there is a somewhat sugary, even nasty sweetness in his whole appearance.

This is a completely weak-willed and lack of initiative person, lazy and dreamy, who spends all his time in sweet dreams about the possible reorganization of his economy. But only now his hands do not reach the adoption of specific decisions and their implementation.

To match Manilov and his wife - a woman pleasant in all respects, but completely lazy and boring. Their house is full of desolation and mismanagement, but at the same time decorated with a claim to rich decoration. There are luxurious pieces of furniture, in a peaceful neighborhood with which there are old shabby chairs - and this obvious discrepancy does not bother any member of the landowner's family at all. Rather, they simply do not notice.

Due to constant daydreaming, isolation from real life and the complete stupidity of Manilov in business matters, his estate and economy are in complete decline. His servants get drunk and shamelessly steal without minding their own business.

But the owner of the estate is clearly not up to it - he is not interested in such trifles, because it is much more pleasant to make various cute surprises for his wife in the form of useless gifts and enjoy life in constant idleness.

Chichikov's request for the sale of the souls of dead serfs caused Manilov incredible surprise. But he agreed to help such a pleasant and courteous person, despite the obvious illegality of the actions taken. Moreover, Manilov gives away "dead souls" for free, philosophically arguing about the frailty of earthly existence.

The only one female image landowners in the novel Dead Souls, portrayed by the author with particular irony and sarcasm. Korobochka represents the elderly owner of a small landowner's estate, in which, in spite of everything, order reigns and vigorous economic activity is in full swing.

The box is a stupid and narrow-minded woman, but at the same time she is practical and stingy, she knows the value of every penny. Therefore, her estate flourishes, despite the seeming stupidity of the hostess. The serfs on the estate Korobochki work, their huts are strong and well-groomed.

Nothing goes to waste in the economy, because the landowner sees everything, notices and remembers, and she taught her serfs to order.

When Chichikov suggested that she sell the dead peasants, Korobochka was surprised at first, but then she suspected him of selfish intentions. At first, she does not agree to the deal, because she is afraid to sell too cheap. The doubts of the landowner Korobochka are expressed in one single phrase: "What if buyers come running?"

She cares little about moral and ethical issues, because for the landowner the dead peasants are the same commodity that is subject to sale but can also be useful in her own household. In the image of Korobochka, N.V. Gogol brought out the image of a Russian landowner, for whom the aimless accumulation of material values ​​​​became the meaning of her whole life.

This character deserves special attention, which is why he is described by the author in great detail and colorfully. Nozdryov is a cheerful, strong and fresh middle-aged man, cheerful and lively, who will always and in any place find friends for himself. At the same time, he was drinking, playing cards and completely recklessly spending money, taking away the last crumbs from the serfs.

The landowner Nozdryov does not manage his own household at all, and therefore his entire estate is in a deplorable state - with the exception of the kennel, where everything is well-groomed and arranged just perfectly. It is here that Nozdryov feels best - he comes and plays with small puppies, as with his own children.

To all the negative character traits of the landowner Nozdrev, one can add his immense love for drinking and drinking. cheerful companies. Fairs and hunting trips with dogs - these are the elements of Nozdrev, in which he feels like a fish in water.

At the same time, the landowner often lies and is rude to everyone around him. His speech is incoherent and often devoid of meaning, he jumps from one topic of the narrative, not caring about the semantic load of phrases.

With regard to Chichikov, Nozdryov immediately behaved like an old friend, but at the same time, it was precisely his statements that became the reason that Chichikov's idea received wide publicity.

The houses of serfs in the estate of Sobakevich are new, strong and well-groomed. In everything you can feel the practicality and thoroughness of the owner.

Hearing Chichikov's proposal, Sobakevich was not at all surprised, but began to praise his "product", talking about the professional and personal qualities of each deceased peasant. Thus, he wanted to fill them with a price in order to sell at a higher price.

During the first meeting with the landowner Plyushkin, Chichikov initially found it difficult to determine who was standing in front of him - a woman or a man? The old man was dressed in some nondescript, tattered and greasy dressing gown.

In more early years Plyushkin was simply a thrifty and diligent owner, and order reigned in his estate. He lived with his wife and children. But after the death of his wife, the landowner fell into despondency and practically stopped monitoring the household.

The most negative qualities of his character came to the fore: stinginess and suspicion. He began to reproach the peasants for stealing and tried to drag everything into his house. As a result, it turned out that Plyushkin remembered where the smallest feather or piece of sealing wax was hidden in his house, but at the same time did not pay attention to the mass of perishable food in the pantries and the general decline of the economy.

When Chichikov offered Plyushkin to sell the souls of the dead peasants, the landowner was very happy and even moved. He bargains a little with Chichikov, and asks to increase the price for each peasant. For Plyushkin, this deal is beneficial, if only because he received a small income.